Sport Policy in Canada
| ,Index
Texte intégral
Note: A guide to abbreviations is on pages x–xiii.
Aboriginal sport, 267–93; accountability, 275, 279–80; assimilation, 392, 395; in Australia, 267, 289n2, 290n6; background, 274–78; Best Practices, 286–87; and CSP, 277–80, 287–88; double helix model, 268–73, 286, 289; duality of structure (Giddens), 268, 272–73; elite athletes, 277, 283, 286, 289; F-P/T bilateral agreements, 60–61, 63–64, 63t, 283–86; funding, 60–61, 281–82, 284, 286, 288–89, 333; funding for bilateral agreements, 63t; limitations, 280–88; Maskwachees Declaration, 277; Mills Report, 271–72, 276–77; Olympics and Paralympics, 53–54, 386–87; overview, 267–69, 288–89; power relations, 274, 285–86; and self-determination, 270; and social development, 275–76, 279–80, 282, 283, 286–87, 289; sport as socially constructed, 273–74; sport policy (2005), 267–69, 272, 277–80, 282–83, 289n1; sport policy action plans, 279, 287–89; two-row wampum belt model, 290n3
Aboriginal Sport Circle (ASC): and CSP, 268, 277; demographics, 282; elite sport, 289; funding, 281, 284–86; history, 276–78; mandate, 284; power relations, 274, 285–86; PTASBs, 276, 284–86, 288
Actively Engaged (2009), 278, 287, 319, 334–36, 339
An Act to Encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport. See Bill C-131 Act to Encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport (1961)
Adam, Dyane, 361, 363
Adams, Jeff, 310–11
Africa and SDP programs, 77–80, 88
agreements and multi-level governance. See multi-level governance and agreements
Alberta: funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t. See also Calgary; Edmonton; Olympic Games, 1988, Calgary
Allinger, Cathy Priestner and Todd, 116–17, 120, 127, 140n4, 224
Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU), 320–21
An Act to Promote Physical Activity and Sport (2003). See Bill C-12: An Act to Promote Physical Activity and Sport (2003)
anti-doping policies. See doping in sport
apartheid, 73–74, 343
archery, 188
Arctic Winter Games, 270–71
Athlete Assistance Program (AAP): agreements, 157–59; overview, 25, 105, 155–59, 156t, 160, 165; people with disabilities, 306–8
athlete development, 147–76; AAP athlete agreements, 157–59; advocacy by AthletesCAN, 75, 147, 165–67; B2ten, 162–63; CAN Fund, 162–63; CCES and ethics, 19, 168, 231, 235–36; COC funds, 160–62; corporate funds, 163–64; crowdfunding, 164; dispute resolution, 4, 26, 158, 166, 167–68, 364; funding history, 154–55, 163–64; image rights, 158–59; NSO funds, 163; overview, 147–49, 168–70; stakeholder theory, 148. See also Athlete Assistance Program; Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes; Long-Term Athlete Development; Own the Podium
AthletesCAN, 75, 147, 165–67
Athletics Canada: event areas, 308; funding, 313n2; people with disabilities, 296, 302–3, 305–12, 313n2
Atlantic provinces: Sport Centres/Institutes, 151
Australia: Aboriginal sport, 267, 289n2, 290n6; facilities, 209n15; LTAD, 140n5; Olympics and Paralympics, 100t, 124, 188, 201; Sport Institutes, 121, 135; public policy, 398–99
B2ten, 162–63
Babiak, Katherine, 165–66, 168–69, 411; on athlete development, 147–76
Balyi, Istvan, 26, 128
Barbados and SDP, 78
basketball, 112t, 133, 188
Baumann, Alex, 117, 121, 135
Beamish, Rob, 411; on doping policies, 217–42
Beatty, Perrin, 16t
Beijing Olympics. See Olympic Games, 2008, Beijing
Best Ever, 15, 118, 225, 259
Best Practices—Physical Activity Programs for Aboriginal Youth, 286–87
Best Report, 107–8, 140n2, 359
bilingualism. See official languages
Bill C-12: An Act to Promote Physical Activity and Sport (2003): Aboriginal sport, 277–78; dispute resolution, 4, 167; funding, 45, 354; hosting mega-events, 251, 254; multi-level governance, 45; official languages, 354, 363–64; overview, 26; participation, 190, 191, 193, 332–33; sport for development, 83; women in sport, 339
Bill C-131 Act to Encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport (1961): background, 190; hosting policy, 246; multi-level governance, 45; overview, 13, 26, 45; participation, 179; people with disabilities, 298–99
Bilodeau, Alexandre, 136
bisexuals. See sexual orientation
Blainey, Justine, 325
Blais Report (2003), 250–55
blindness and sport, 297, 306
Botswana and SDP, 81
boxing, 123
boys in sport. See children and youth; men and gender
The Brighton Declaration, 331, 333
Brisson Report, 120
British Columbia: advocacy for athletes, 167; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; Sport Centre, Victoria, 26–27, 135. See also Olympic Games, 2010, Vancouver; Paralympic Games, 2010, Vancouver; Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC)
Brundage, Avery, 219–20
Cadieux, Pierre, 17t, 230
Calgary: Sport Institute, 151. See also Olympic Games, 1988, Calgary; WinSport Canada
Campagnolo, Iona, 14–15, 16t, 247, 248, 1 323
Campbell, Kim, government, 19, 250
Canada Games, 13, 51–53, 55, 56f, 57 1
Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity (CAAWS), 324, 328–31, 333, 343–44 1
Canadian Athletes Association, 75. See also AthletesCAN
Canadian Athletes Now Fund, 162–63, 170n5. See also CAN Fund
Canadian Centre for Drug-Free Sport, 19, 230–31
Canadian Centre for Ethics in Sport (CCES), 19, 168, 231, 235–36 1
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982): official languages, 353, 358; people with disabilities, 295–96, 311; sex, gender or sexual orientation, 324–25, 343 1
Canadian Francophone Games, 353
Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), 77, 79, 84–85, 88–89 1
Canadian Olympic Committee (COC): athlete development, 160–62; doping policies, 222; and IOC, 40, 409; overview, 104t, 170n3; partnerships, 151; people with disabilities, 310–11. See also Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes
Canadian Olympic Foundation, 161–62
Canadian Paralympic Committee (CPC): funding, 120, 165, 299–300; 1 OTP, 116–17, 118; overview, 104, 104t
Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes (CSC/CSI): funding, 152, 156t; as legacies, 257–58; official languages, 362; overview, 25, 104t, 151–52; university partnerships, 135–36
Canadian Sport Council, 329–30
Canadian Sport for Life (CS4L), 139n1, 149–52, 170n1. See also Long-Term Athlete Development
Canadian Sport Leadership Corps., 69, 80, 81, 88
Canadian Sport Policy (2002): Aboriginal sport, 277–80, 287–88; consultations 1 on, 27–29, 193, 277, 385; enhanced 1 capacity, 26, 200–201, 279; enhanced 1 excellence, 26, 99, 102–3, 134–36, 1 152–53, 200–201, 279, 336; enhanced 1 interaction, 26, 40, 59, 200–201, 279; 1 enhanced participation, 26, 29, 103, 177, 195–96, 200–201, 332–33, 1 336, 385; evaluation, 29, 135; F-P/T bilateral agreements, 60–61, 62t–63t, 1 63–64, 284; F-P/T collaboration, 55, 1 58–59; funding by SFAF, 333–34; 1 gender equity, 332–34, 339–40; high 1 performance athletes, 100, 102, 115; hosting mega-events, 251, 254; official languages, 363–64; overview, 1 26–29; people with disabilities, 129, 1 299, 311; social inclusion, 385; underrepresented groups, 284, 339
Canadian Sport Policy (2012): Aboriginal sport, 280, 287–88; 1 collaboration, 40–41; consultation 1 on, 135, 339–40, 385; evaluation, 59; 1 focus on stakeholders, 148; F-P/T collaboration, 55, 59–60; funding, 1 103–6, 104t–105t, 407–8; future 1 challenges, 64–65; high performance 1 sport, 31, 41, 102–4; history, 27–30; 1 implementation and monitoring, 31, 61, 63; official languages, 354; overview, 30–31, 30f; participation, 1 41, 206–8, 407; people with 1 disabilities, 129; policy framework, 30–31, 30f, 40–41, 150; profit-oriented 1 language, 340–41; social inclusion, 1 207, 299, 385–86; under-represented 1 groups, 59, 339–40; women in sport, 1 339–40 1
The Canadian Strategy for Ethical Conduct in Sport (2002), 48
CAN Fund, 162–63, 170n5. See also Canadian Athletes Now Fund
Capacity Support, 88
Caribbean and SDP, 77–78, 80, 88 1
cerebral palsy and sport, 297, 306, 308–9 1
Charest, Jean, 16t, 224, 249–50 1
children and youth: Aboriginal programs, 285; athlete development, 150; Canadian Sport for Life, 149–50; children’s fitness tax credit, 44, 65n5, 195; data collection on, 198; high performance sport, 131, 134; participation, 180, 203–6; social inclusion, 388–89, 395–96, 398; sport academies, 132–33; sport for development, 78–80, 83; Sport Participation Strategy (2008), 195–96, 198. See also Canada Games; education; Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD)
Chong, Michael D., 18t
cities. See hosting mega-events; municipalities
coaches: Aboriginal sports, 271; gender, 318; official languages, 362, 365; Olympic medal rewards, 161; Paralympics, 309; sport for development, 69, 77–78; women 1 in sport, 327, 335, 338, 342. See also Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes
Coaching Association of Canada (CAC), 13, 104t, 151, 318
Coderre, Denis, 11, 17t, 21, 26
Coe, Sebastian, 125
Cold War, 73, 185, 190, 209n7, 219
Cole, John, 230
Collins, Mary, 17t, 32n4
Commissioner of Official Languages. See Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (OCOL)
Commission of Inquiry into the Use of Drugs and Banned Practices (1990). See Dubin inquiry
Commonwealth: sport for development, 69, 71, 76–82, 88–89 1
Commonwealth Games: anti-apartheid, 73–74, 343; sport for development, 77–82, 84–85, 88 1
Commonwealth Games, 1978, Edmonton, 14–15, 259 1
Commonwealth Games, 1986, Edinburgh, 224
Commonwealth Games, 1994, Victoria, 75–76, 258 1
Commonwealth Games, 1998, Kuala Lumpur, 360
Commonwealth Games, 2010, Delhi, 88
Commonwealth Games International Development through Sport (CGC IDS), 80–81, 84–85, 88 1
Commonwealth Sport Development Program (CSDP), 69, 77–80
Commonwealth Sport Leadership Corps, 80
Copps, Sheila, 17t
Core Sport Commission (Best Report), 107–8, 140, 359 1
crowdfunding, 164
CS4L (Canadian Sport for Life), 139n1. See also Long-Term Athlete Development
cycling, 112t, 220, 231
Daniels, Lyle, 285–86
Danis, Marcel, 17t
Davis, Shani, 127
de Bosscher, V., 98, 99, 181, 190, 208n1, 209n9
de Coubertin, Pierre, 221, 227–30, 236, 1 238–39 1
Department of Health. See Fitness Canada
Dept. of Canadian Heritage, 19, 45, 274–75, 279–80, 376n8. See also Sport Canada
DeVillers, Paul, 17t, 18t, 311
Diefenbaker, John, 13
Dimeo, Paul, 219
disabilities, people with. See people with disabilities
dispute resolution: AAP agreements, 158; AthletesCAN, 166; official languages, 364; SDRCC, 4, 26, 167–68, 364. See also athlete development
Donnelly, Peter, 76, 86, 89n4, 98, 122, 123, 126, 153–54, 364–65, 383–84, 388, 390, 412; on sport participation, 177–213
doping in sport, 217–42; AAP agreements, 158; anti-doping program, 158, 168, 235–36, 239n3; CCES role, 235–36; harm-reduction strategies, 237–38; history, 15, 19, 219–23, 232–35, 238; IOC policies, 220–22; media, 226; NSO policies, 221, 229–30; Olympics, 219–20, 224, 227–30; penalties, 223–24; policies, 15, 19, 48, 235; proposed changes, 237–38; research needed, 237–38; Sport Canada, 221–25, 229, 235–36; tests, 220–21, 237–38; UNESCO Convention, 234; WADA, 70, 109, 232–36. See also Dubin inquiry
doping substances: defined, 231–32; lists of substances, 220, 233–34; pseudoephedrine, 236; steroids, 219–21, 223–24, 226–27
Dubin inquiry: competition vs. ideals, 227–29, 238–39; ethics, 75, 106, 139, 191, 276; gender equity, 327, 329–30; goals of sport, 98; history, 15, 19, 227–30; and participation, 190–91, 209n10; and ‘sport for good’ movement, 74–75. See also doping in sport
Duplessis, Maurice, 37–38
Dupuy, Michel, 17t
Eastern Europe. See Europe, Eastern
Edmonton: mega-events, 14–15, 32n7, 248, 259, 276
education: physical education, 200; social class and elite athletes, 187; sport academies, 132–33; UN Millennium Goals, 69. See also children and youth; universities and colleges
Eisenhardt, Jan, 37–38
elite athletes. See high performance sport
Emerson, David, 18t
ethics and values: and businessoriented approaches, 394; CCES, 19, 168, 231, 235–36; CSP (2012), 30–31, 103; and doping, 221, 223, 227, 231, 237; Dubin inquiry, 75, 106, 139, 191, 276; overview, 19, 237; social inclusion, 383–84, 394. See also doping in sport; social inclusion; sport for development and peace
ethnicity. See race/ethnicity
Europe: history of Olympics, 217–18; participation, 76, 180, 183, 196; social inclusion, 390–91; sport for all, 179, 180, 184, 207
Europe, Eastern: ‘medals arms race,’ 185–86, 187
FACE program, 163, 170n6
facilities for sports: F-P/T collaboration priorities, 59; maintenance deficit, 200, 209n15; mega-events, 187, 258; participation, 180, 187, 200, 207–8; shortages, 204
Federal Policy for Hosting International Sport Events (2008), 102, 254–55, 354–55
Federal-Provincial/Territorial Priorities for Collaborative Action 2002–2005 (2002), 251, 284
federal sport policy: administrative structures, 45–47; F-P/T bilateral agreements, 60–61, 62t–63t, 63–64, 284; F-P/T collaboration, 55–60, 56f; funding, 39; jurisdiction, 43–44, 46; recreation and leisure, 51; vertical/horizontal relations, 47. See also history of federal sport policy; multilevel governance; Sport Canada
Fédération internationale de natation (FINA), 54
Felicien, Perdita, 188, 309–10 females in sport. See women and gender; women and girls in sport
fencing, 112t
First Nations. See Aboriginal sport
fitness. See participation
Fitness and Amateur Sport (FAS): Aboriginal sport, 270–71; doping policies, 230–31; gender inequality, 323–24; history, 11, 14, 16t, 19, 32n5, 76, 179, 184; hosting policies, 246–49; multi-level governance, 45; official languages, 357–59; publications, 20t; women in sport, 323–24. See also Bill C-131 Act to Encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport (1961); Fitness Canada; participation in sport
Fitness Canada: funding, 186; history, 19, 45, 179, 184–85; overview, 182–86, 191
Ford, David, 123
Forsyth, Janice, 412; on Aboriginal people and sport, 267–93
Fortier, D’Iberville, 357–59
Francophones: discrimination against, 360, 361; history of language rights, 355–60; OCOL’s study of (2000), 361–64; participation, 362; underrepresentation, 361, 362, 364, 365. See also official languages
la Francophonie and SDP, 69
Fraser, Graham, 412; on official languages, 351–79
Frisby, Wendy, 206, 384–85, 393, 396, 397, 413; on social inclusion, 381–403
funding: history of federal, 27–28t, 62t–63t, 155, 407–8. See also Aboriginal sport; hosting megaevents; Sport Canada, funding; Sport Funding and Accountability Framework
Game Plan 76, 248
Gauthier, Dominick, 162–63
gays. See sexual orientation
gender: Charter Rights, 324–25; coaches and officials, 318; CSP (2012) participation targets, 197; gender relations and sport, 86; gender verification tests, 70; male-defined sport models, 341; UN working group, 83. See also men and gender; women and gender
General Social Survey (GSS): coaches and officials, 318; definition of sport, 197, 209n13; male/female participants in sport, 317–18; participation, 184–85, 191, 195–99, 202, 209n14
Giddens, A., 268, 272–73
girls in sport. See children and youth; women and gender; women and girls in sport
Goldbloom, Victor, 360–61
Gosal, Bal, 18t, 88, 122
Governance of the Canada Games (1997), 48
Green, M., 98, 107, 209n9, 283, 298, 300, 304, 308
Greene, Nancy, 13, 32n1
Guergis, Helena, 18t
Halifax: hosting, 245; Sport Centre, 151
Hall, M.A., 320, 322–25, 327–29, 331, 337–38, 341–42
Hargreaves, J., 338, 343
Harnessing the Power of Sport (UN), 83
Harvey, Jean, 299, 393, 413; on history of federal sport policy, 11–35; on multilevel governance, 37–68; on sport policy, 1–8, 405–10
health education: HIV/AIDS and SDP, 69, 71, 79–81, 84, 85; infant and maternal health, 69, 78, 80; social inclusion and low-income families, 203, 206; sport for development, 80–81, 85; UN working group, 83
Heil, Jennifer, 124, 162–63
Hervieux-Payette, Céline, 16t
High Performance Athlete Development (1985), 48, 49
high performance sport, 97–145; defined, 97–98; and Dubin inquiry, 106–7; funding, 102, 134, 154–55; history, 14, 25, 320; ‘medals arms race,’ 98–99, 123, 127, 185–88, 209n9; and national identity, 3, 13, 45, 98, 136–37, 275; official languages, 362, 364–65; overview, 97–103, 134–39; and participation, 186–87, 201; post-2010 Olympics review, 120; social inclusion, 389–90; Sport Canada strategy (2005), 102; values issues, 106, 136–39. See also Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes; Commonwealth Games; doping in sport; Long-Term Athlete Development; Olympic Games; Own the Podium; Pan American Games; Paralympic Games; Sport Canada; Sport Funding and Accountability Framework
history of federal sport policy, 11–35; 1910s and 1920s, 44; 1950s and 1960s, 12–14; 1970s and 1980s, 14–15; 1990s, 15, 19, 25; 2000s, 26–31, 30f; CSP (2002), 26–29; CSP (2012), 27–31, 30f; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; funding history, 28t–29t, 62t–63t; list of legislation and policies, 12t; list of ministers, 16t–18t; list of publications, 20t–25t. See also policies, sports
HIV/AIDS and SDP, 69, 71, 79–81, 84, 85
hockey: Bill C-131 Fitness and Amateur Sport Act, 137, 190; Cold War battles, 190, 209n7; female players, 137; funding, 113t; junior hockey fighting, 47; Olympic medals, 12; participation statistics, 198, 209n14
Hoffman, Abby, 249, 322–23, 325–27, 338–39, 341, 344, 390
Hollingsworth, Melissa, 124
hosting mega-events, 243–65; 1967 to 2000 policies, 249–51, 255–56; 2008 policy, 251–55; assessments, 250, 255, 261–62; bidding process, 245, 247, 252–54, 257, 262; Blais Report, 250–55; broadcasting and marketing, 252, 261; CSP (2012) policy, 256–57, 262; economic development, 246, 251, 256, 262; emotional connections, 136–37; federal support and bidding, 248, 250, 252; F-P/T collaboration priorities, 59; funding, 105, 247, 248–49, 250, 354–55; leadership involvement, 252, 254; legacies, 186, 248, 251, 253–54, 257–60; multiparty agreements, 51–55; official languages, 354–55, 360–61; overview, 245–46, 260–62; partnerships, 250, 251; Sport Canada strategy, 102
Houlihan, B., 32n5, 107, 133, 209n9, 232, 298, 300, 304, 308
Howe, P. David, 413; on sport for people with disabilities, 295–316
Hughes, Clara, 136–37, 141n8
illegal substances. See doping in sport
immigrants: and CSP, 64; federal programs for integration, 65n7; immigrant sport associations, 72; participation, 203; social inclusion, 390, 395, 397; as volunteers, 388. See also social inclusion
inclusion, as term, 381–82. See also social inclusion
Indigenous people. See Aboriginal sport
infant health. See health education
intellectual disabilities and sport, 297, 388
intergovernmental relationships. See multi-level governance
International Olympic Committee (IOC): amateurism clause, 238; and COC, 40, 409; doping policies, 220–22, 224, 231–32; and IPC, 305–6, 311; multi-party agreements, 53; trademarks, 409; women’s ski jumping controversy, 89n2, 342–43. See also Olympic Games
International Organizations of Sports for the Disabled (IOSD), 297–98, 304–8, 313n3
International Paralympic Committee (IPC), 297–98, 300, 305–6, 311; and IOC, 305–6, 311. See also Paralympic Games
International Working Group on Women and Sport (IWG), 70, 331–32
Investors Group funding, 164
Jackson, Roger, 26t, 117–18, 119, 154
Jarvis, Patrick, 310
Jelinek, Otto, 16t, 223–24
Jensen, Knud, 220
Jeux de l’Acadie, 353
Johnson, Ben, 15, 74, 106, 226–27
kayaking, 123
Keyes, Stan, 17t
Kidd, Bruce, 98, 122, 321, 322, 414; on sport for development, 69–94
Kihl, L.A., 168–69
Kikulis, Lisa M., 168–69, 407, 414; on high performance sport, 97–145
Koss, Johann Olav, 79
Landry, Monique, 17t, 32n3
languages, official. See official languages
Lapierre, Jean, 16t
Laumann, Silken, 236
Lay, Marion, 322, 330
Legacies Now (2010), 259–60
Lenihan, D., 40, 408
Lenskyj, H.J., 261, 338–39, 341
lesbians. See sexual orientation
London Declaration on Expectations for Fairness in Sport (2001), 48
Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD), 128–34; adoption in other countries, 132, 140n5; Canadian Sport for Life (CS4L), 59, 139n1, 149–52, 170n1, 208; and CSP, 59, 129; evaluation of, 131–34, 140n6; F-P/T collaboration priorities, 60, 64; funding, 130; overview, 27, 128–29, 140n5; people with disabilities, 129, 139n1, 149, 300, 313n4; sport academies, 132–33; Sport Canada strategy, 102, 128–30; sport-specific plans, 130; stages, 128, 140n5, 149–50
low-income people: participation barriers, 203–6; and social inclusion, 203, 206, 382, 384–86, 389, 391, 393; women in poverty, 384. See also social inclusion
Lunn, Gary, 18t, 120
Lynch, Jack, 221
MacEachen, Allan, 246
males. See men and gender
Mandela, Nelson, 73
Manitoba: bilateral agreements, 61; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t. See also Winnipeg
Manley, John, 25
Maskwachees Declaration, 277
maternal health. See health education
McCloy, Cora, 187, 246, 248, 414; on hosting policies, 243–65
McMurtry, Roy, 74
mega-events: facilities, 187; funding, 245; media coverage, 186, 243, 245; official languages, 353, 363, 372–74; overview, 243–45; participation, 186–87, 201. See also hosting mega-events
men and gender: Charter rights, 324–25; coaches and officials, 318; gender relations and sport, 86; gender verification tests, 70; male-defined sport models, 341; UN working group, 83
Merklinger, Anne, 121
Miller, J.D., 162–63
Mills, Dennis, 239n2, 290n4
Mills Report (1998), 25–26, 231, 271–72, 276–77, 360
ministers of sport, list of federal, 16t–18t
ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, list of provincial, 46t
Montreal: major facilities, 258; Sport Institute, 135, 151, 170n2, 362. See also Olympic Games, 1976, Montreal
Morrison, Denny, 125
multi-level governance, 37–68; administrative structures, 45–47, 46t; Canada Games, 51–53; conflict of interest, 54; and CSP, 40–41, 61–63; definitions, 42; F-P/T collaboration and implementation, 55–61, 56f, 1 63; history, 38–41, 43–44, 55; 1 horizontal/vertical relations, 47, 64; jurisdictions, 43–44; legislation, 1 45; municipalities, 38–39, 43, 55, 1 64; overview, 38–42, 63–65. See also provincial/territorial governments
multi-level governance and agreements: Aboriginal bilateral agreements, 60–61, 63–64, 283–84, 285–86; F-P/T bilateral agreements, 60–61, 62t–63t, 63–64, 284; funding for Aboriginal bilateral agreements, 63t; jurisdiction agreements, 49–51; 1 multi-party agreements, 51–55; 1 Olympics and Paralympics, 53–55, 1 368, 370, 375nn7–8; overview, 48–51, 1 48t, 50t
multi-sport events: list, 244t; multi-level governance, 43; official languages, 367; overview, 243–45. See also hosting mega-events
multi-sport/service organizations (MSOs): funding from SFAF, 108–9, 108t, 354; gender equity, 329, 331–34, 342; and LTAD, 128, 130, 131; official languages, 354; performance criteria, 140n2; women in sport, 320, 328. See also Long-Term Athlete Development (LTAD)
municipalities: facilities, 204; fitness, 14; multi-level governance, 38–39, 43, 55, 64; participation support, 39, 178–79, 203–4; powers, 39, 55; social 1 inclusion, 387, 396. See also multilevel governance
Munro, John, 13
Namibia and SDP, 81
National Fitness Council (NFC), 37–38, 45
National Hockey League, 25
National Physical Fitness Act (1943), 45, 65n1, 298
National Recreation Statement (1987), 48, 49–50, 55, 58, 183, 189, 191 1
National Sport and Recreation Centre, 356–57
national sport organizations (NSOs): AAP agreements, 157–58; funding, 1 163; funding from SFAF, 108–9, 108t, 1 133, 192–93, 354; gender equity, 1 330–34, 342; LTAD requirement, 1 133; official languages, 353, 354, 366–67; participation, 192–93, 198; 1 performance criteria, 140n2. See also Sport Funding and Accountability Framework
National Summit on Sport (2001), 26
Native people. See Aboriginal sport
Native Sport and Recreation Program, 270–71, 285 1
Nelson, Alex, 269
Neo-corporatist, 53
Neo-liberal, 73, 84, 184, 187, 202, 223, 391, 394
New Brunswick: athlete assistance program, 160; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for 1 sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; Sport Centre, 151
newcomers. See immigrants; social inclusion
Newfoundland and Labrador: funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t
Nisga’a, 273, 290n5
No Accidental Champions, 129, 139n1, 149, 300, 313n4
non-profit organizations: federal funding, 355; official languages, 357
North American Indigenous Games (NAIG): athlete travel, 60, 282, 283; elite athletes, 283; F-P/T bilateral agreements, 60; funding, 281–82; 1 history, 276–77; participation, 283 1
North American Indigenous Games (NAIG), 1990, Edmonton, 276
Northern Games Association, 270–71
Northwest Territories: Aboriginal sport, 63t, 283; athlete assistance program, 160; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t
Nova Scotia: funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; hosting, 245; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; multi-level governance, 53; Sport Centre, 151
Nunavut: funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t
Nye, Barry, 221
Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (OCOL): guidelines, 372–74; and high performance sports, 352–53; major events, 358–59, 372–74; mandate, 352–53, 356, 376n8; Olympics and Paralympics, 366–74, 376nn9–14; reports and studies, 361–64
official languages, 351–79; Anglophones, 365; audits, 358–59, 362; Charter rights, 353, 358; CSP (2012), 354; discrimination against, 360, 361; funding, 358, 365; funding from SFAF, 354, 359–60, 362, 366; history, 27, 355–61; Linguistic Barriers (2006), 364, 365–66; national and cultural identity, 353, 354, 355; Official Languages Act (1969), 351–56; Olympics and Paralympics, 53, 54–55, 366–74, 376nn9–14; overview, 351–52, 355–56; participation, 362; Sport Canada policies, 364–66; studies of, 361–65; under-representation, 361, 362, 364, 365; websites and social media, 366–67. See also Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages (OCOL)
officials, sport, 318
Olivier, Jacques, 16t
Olympic Aid, 79
Olympic Games: and Aboriginal people, 53–54; amateurism, 238; athlete assistance programs, 160–62; coaches, 318; Coaches Reward Program, 161; competition vs. ideals, 218, 219, 221, 223, 227–28, 237–38; cultural events, 369, 371–72; de Coubertin’s vision, 29, 217–18; doping, 219–22, 224, 227–30; eligibility code, 238–39; federal/provincial jurisdictions, 38; fundraising programs, 161–62; gender verification tests, 70; history, 217–21; individual vs. team sports, 188; male-defined sport models, 341; medals and participation trends, 189f; medal standings, 100t–101t; media, 186, 368; Multi-Party Agreement, 53–55, 368, 370, 375nn7–8; official languages, 53, 54–55, 366–74, 376nn9–14; people with disabilities, 309–11; social inclusion, 386–87; women ski jumping controversy, 70, 89n2, 342–43, 390–91. See also Canadian Olympic Committee; Own the Podium
Olympic Games, 1936, Berlin, 218–19
Olympic Games, 1952, Helsinki, 218–19
Olympic Games, 1960, Rome, 220
Olympic Games, 1972, Munich, 140n4
Olympic Games, 1976, Montreal: funding, 14, 38; Game Plan, 249; medals, 14, 114–15, 140n4
Olympic Games, 1984, Los Angeles, 222–23, 248
Olympic Games, 1988, Seoul, 15
Olympic Games, 1992, Barcelona, 225
Olympic Games, 1996, Atlanta, 185
Olympic Games, 2000, Sydney, 100t, 124, 201
Olympic Games, 2004, Athens, 100t, 309–10
Olympic Games, 2008, Beijing: female coaches, 318; funding, 123–24, 161; medals, 100t, 161; OTP funding, 117–18, 123–24, 125
Olympic Games, 2012, London, 26, 101t, 125–26, 318
Olympic Games, 2016, Rio de Janeiro, 99
Olympic Winter Games, 1988, Calgary: Best Ever, 15, 118, 225, 259; doping, 15, 74, 106, 185, 226; funding, 15, 225, 248; legacies, 257, 259; long-term planning, 259; medals, 15, 114–15, 185
Olympic Winter Games, 1992, Albertville, 225
Olympic Winter Games, 1994, Lillehammer, 185
Olympic Winter Games, 1998, Nagano, 360
Olympic Winter Games, 2002, Salt Lake City, 101t, 118–19
Olympic Winter Games, 2006, Turin, 101t, 123
Olympic Winter Games, 2010, Vancouver: budget cuts after, 260; funding, 26, 124, 161; highlights, 136–37; legacies, 201, 258–62; medals, 101t, 119, 124, 161; ‘medals arms race,’ 98–99; Multi-Party Agreement, 53–55, 368, 370, 375nn7–8; official languages, 54–55, 367–72, 376nn9–14; social inclusion, 386–87; women ski jumpers, 70, 89n2, 342–43, 390–91. See also Own the Podium
Olympic Winter Games, 2014, Sochi, 89n2, 127, 390
Ontario: Aboriginal sport, 63t, 282; athlete assistance program, 160; bilateral agreements, 61; facilities, 209n15; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; gender equality, 325; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; social inclusion, 390; sport academies, 132–33. See also Toronto
overseas development. See sport for development and peace
Owen, Stephen, 18t
Own the Podium (OTP), 114–28, 152–54; background, 114–16; business plans, 26, 117; evaluation of, 122–28, 153–54; funding, 116, 117, 118, 119–20, 122, 125, 127–28, 153; funding of specific sports, 188; governance and structure, 121–22; legacies, 259; ‘medals arms race,’ 98–99; medal targets, 98–99, 115–16, 118, 123–26, 135; name, 118, 122–23, 127; non-profit status, 120–21; overview, 104t, 115, 152–54; Paralympics, 116–17, 118, 120; Road to Excellence, 26, 117, 123, 152; Sport Canada strategy (2005), 102; sport research (‘top secret’), 117, 123, 125, 127; tiered sports, 116, 123–24, 126; use by other nations, 127
Pan American Games: doping, 221–22; official languages, 55, 363
Pan American Games, 1983, Caracas, 221
Pan American Games, 1995, Mar del Plata, 236
Pan American Games, 1999, Winnipeg, 258, 260, 363
Pan and Parapan American Games, 2015, Toronto, 2, 55, 135, 372
Paproski, Steve, 16t
Paralympic Games: classification systems, 297–98, 305–8; coaching, 309; cultural events, 369; funding, 120, 161, 304–7; gender verification tests, 70; history, 297–99, 304–5; and IPC, 297–98, 300, 305–6, 311; medals, 100t–101t, 161; media, 120, 368; Multi-Party Agreement, 53–55, 368, 370, 375nn7–8; official languages, 54–55, 366–74, 376nn9–14; OTP, 116–17, 118, 120; overview, 304–6; social inclusion, 120, 161, 386–87. See also Canadian Paralympic Committee; Own the Podium
Paralympic Games, 1968, Tel Aviv, 298
Paralympic Games, 2000, Sydney, 100t
Paralympic Games, 2004, Athens, 100t, 309–10, 313n3
Paralympic Games, 2008, Beijing, 100t, 309–10, 313n5
Paralympic Games, 2012, London, 99, 101t
Paralympic Winter Games, 2002, Salt Lake City, 101t
Paralympic Winter Games, 2006, Turin, 101t
Paralympic Winter Games, 2010, Vancouver: funding, 120, 165, 299–300; legacies, 258–59; ‘medals arms race,’ 98–99; medal standings, 102t, 119; Multi-Party Agreement, 53–55, 368, 370, 375nn7–8; official languages, 54–55, 367–72, 376nn9–14; OTP, 116–17, 118
Paraschak, Victoria, 415; on Aboriginal people and sport, 267–93
ParticipACTION, 13, 180, 182–83, 185, 195
participation in sport, 177–213; Aboriginal policy (2005), 177, 267, 276–79, 284–87, 289n1; Active Living, 182–85; barriers, 202–4; children’s fitness tax credit, 44, 65n5, 195; commercialization, 182; CSP (2002) goals, 189–90; CSP (2012) goals, 197, 206–8; differentiation, 181, 199; facilities, 180, 187, 200, 207–8; Fitness Canada, 179, 182–85, 186, 191; F-P/T roles, 183, 189, 191, 196; funding, 186–89, 192–93; high performance vs. participation, 186–92, 189f; history, 177–80; measuring of, 196–99, 202–3; municipal support, 39, 178–79, 203–4; National Recreation Statement (1987), 48–50, 55, 58, 183, 189, 191; new ‘sport for all,’ 202–3; non-competitive activities, 181; Olympic medals and participation trends, 189f; overview, 177–78, 406–7; ParticipACTION, 13, 180, 182–83, 185, 195; research initiative, 193–94; and social inclusion, 389; Sport for All movement, 179–81, 184–85, 207; ‘sportization’ and ‘de-sportization,’ 181; Sport Participation Strategy (2008), 189–92, 194–96, 198; statistics, 180, 184–85, 191, 194–97; values, 178; women, 317–18, 332. See also Bill C-12: An Act to Promote Physical Activity and Sport (2003); Bill C-131 Act to Encourage Fitness and Amateur Sport (1961); Fitness and Amateur Sport; Fitness Canada
Partners in Pursuit of Excellence— A National Policy on Amateur Sport, 14
Pearson, Lester B., 82, 355
Peel, Ann, 75, 76, 157–58, 162, 165–67
people with disabilities, 295–316; AAP support, 306–8; Athletics Canada, 296, 302–3, 305–12, 313n2; barriers, 391; Charter rights, 295–96, 311; classification systems, 297–98, 305–8; congenital/acquired disabilities, 307–8; disablism, 312; elite sport, 296, 298, 300–301, 303–5, 308; funding, 306–8, 333; funding by charities, 304–5, 308; gender equity, 339, 341; history, 296–301; integration continuum, 302; integration/segregation, 300–304, 307–12; international federations, 297; IOSDs, 297–98, 304–8, 313n3; media coverage, 298, 309; No Accidental Champions (LTAD), 129, 139n1, 149, 300, 313n4; overview, 295–96, 311–12; participation, 296, 297, 301; SFAF assessment grid, 111t; social inclusion, 308, 388–89, 391; Special Olympics, 388–89; sport for development, 78; sport policy (2006), 287, 299, 304, 311, 312; terminology, 301–3, 312, 313n1; “universal female” model, 339; UN working group, 83. See also Paralympic Games; wheelchair sports
Perrault, Raymond, 16t
Petitclerc, Chantal, 309–10, 313n5
Petro-Canada FACE program, 163, 170n6
Physical Activity and Sport Act. See Bill C-12: An Act to Promote Physical Activity and Sport (2003)
Physical Activity and Sport Monitor (PASM), 197–99
Physical Inactivity: A Framework for Action (1997), 48
physical literacy: defined, 32n9
Podium Canada, 118, 152. See also Own the Podium
policies, sport: business-oriented models, 340–41, 391, 394; goals and objectives, 278; level of authority, 274; levels of abstraction, 3–4; overview, 1–4, 408; political backgrounds, 341; power relations, 274, 285–86, 382; public policy, as term, 4; sport, as term, 2. See also history of federal sport policy
Policy on Aboriginal Peoples’ Participation in Sport (2005), 177, 267, 278–79, 287, 289n1
Policy on Sport for Persons With a Disability (2006), 287, 299, 304, 311, 312
Ponic, Pamela, 384, 395, 396, 415; on social inclusion, 381–403
Porritt, Arthur, 220
Porter, Bob, 230
poverty. See low-income people
Prince Edward Island: funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; Sport Centre, 151
professional sport franchises: history of federal funding, 25; mega-event legacies, 258
Project Stream, 105
Provincial/Territorial Aboriginal Sport Bodies (PTASB), 276, 284–86, 288
provincial/territorial governments: administrative structures, 45–47, 46t; athlete assistance programs, 159–60; F-P/T collaboration, 55–60, 56f; funding, 39, 159–60; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t; jurisdiction, 43–44, 46, 49–50; ministries for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; recreation and leisure, 49–51; vertical/horizontal relations, 47. See also multi-level governance
Public Health Agency, 45, 56f
Quebec: Aboriginal sport, 63t, 285; athlete development, 155; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; multi-level governance, 37–38, 43, 47, 66n15; official languages, 54–55, 360, 362; sport academies, 133; Sport Institute, 135, 151, 170n2, 362. See also official languages; Olympic Games, 1976, Montreal
race/ethnicity: apartheid, 73–74, 343; female participation, 341; gender equity and “universal female,” 339; social inclusion, 390. See also social inclusion
RBC funding, 164
Read, Ken, 121
recreation: CSP (2012), 31; government units, 46t; National Recreation Statement (1987), 48–50, 55, 58, 183, 189, 191; provincial and local jurisdiction, 14, 49–51. See also participation in sport
refugees. See immigrants
Regan, Gerald, 16t, 248
Report to the Secretary of State on Hosting International Sport Events (2003), 250–55
research: on doping, 237–38; granting councils, 193–94; GSS on gender, 317–18; GSS on participation, 184–85, 191, 195–97; OTP ‘top secret,’ 117, 123, 125, 127; participation (SPRI), 193–94; Sport Canada (SCRI), 193–94. See also Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes
Right to Play (RTP), 70–71, 77, 79, 82–83, 89
Road to Excellence (RTE), 26, 117, 123, 152. See also Own the Podium
Rona funding, 164
Roos, Jane, 162, 170n5
rowing, 125
Roy, Diane, 310–11
Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 270, 276
Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism, 355–56
running, 202–3
Russia and OTP program, 127
Safai, Parissa, 415; on women in sport, 317–49
Samaranch, Juan Antonio, 231
Saskatchewan: funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; LTAD, 61; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t; Sport Centres/Institutes, 151
Scandinavia and SDP, 76
Schalm, Sherraine, 124
SDP (sport for development and peace). See sport for development and peace
seniors: participation, 202, 204; social inclusion, 385, 388, 389
sexual orientation: Charter rights, 324–25; gender equity and “universal female,” 339; social inclusion, 382
Sherrill, C., 297–98, 305
Simpson, Tommy, 220
single sport events: mega-events, 243–45, 253. See also hosting mega-events
skiing: women ski jumping controversy, 70, 89n2, 342–43, 390–91
sliding sports, 188, 198
soccer, 77, 78, 112t, 133
social class: and elite athletes, 187; gender equity and “universal female,” 339; and participation barriers, 202. See also low-income people
social inclusion, 381–403; as ‘access,’ 392; and assimilation, 392, 395; benefits, 85–86, 382, 385, 388–89; business-oriented models, 340–41, 391, 394; community development approaches, 384, 388, 396–99; as complex and dynamic process, 383–86, 392–95, 398–99; and CSP, 207, 299, 385–86; and ethics, 383–84, 394; evaluation, 398; exclusion benefits, 388–89, 392–93; exclusion mechanisms, 389–92; history, 383–87; immigrants, 390, 395, 397; overview, 381–82, 398–99; people with disabilities, 383, 388–89, 391; power relations, 382, 384; research approaches, 395–96; strategies, 1 394–99; VANOC goals, 386–87; 1 women in sport, 390–91. See also low-income people
South Africa: apartheid, 73–74, 343
Special Olympics, 244t, 388–89
speed skating, 125, 257
Spicer, Keith, 356
Sport: The Way Ahead (1992), 11, 190–91, 276, 327–28, 330
Sport Canada: bilateral agreements with other countries, 70; collective bargaining by athletes, 75; F-P/T bilateral agreements, 60–61, 62t, 63–64; funding, 105, 156t; funding history (1985–2013), 28t, 29t, 360; high performance sport, 102, 186–92; history, 19, 45, 179; official languages, 364–66; overview, 105t; participation, 191–92; sport for development, 88; Sport Participation Strategy (2008), 189–92, 194–96, 198. See also Canadian Sport Policy (2002); Canadian Sport Policy (2012); Sport Funding and Accountability Framework
Sport Canada Policy on Women in Sport (1986), 319, 320, 325–27, 334, 337
Sport Canada Research Initiative (SCRI), 193
Sport Centres/Institutes. See Canadian Sport Centres/Institutes
Sport Dispute Resolution Centre (SDRCC), 4, 26, 167–68, 364
sport for development and peace (SDP), 69–94; advocacy, 75–76; benefits, 84–88; Commonwealth Games (CGC IDS), 80–81, 84–85, 88; development of or through sport, 77–81; framework (2000), 79–80; funding, 81–82, 88–89; future challenges, 88–89; and gender relations, 86–88; history, 72–77, 81; monitoring and evaluation, 84–88; overview, 69–72, 408–9; policy framework, 81–83; power relations, 72, 84, 87–88; Right to Play, 70–71, 77, 79, 82–83, 89; sport as social intervention, 86–87; ‘sport for good,’ 72–75, 87, 89n4; UN initiatives, 82–83, 88–89; UN Millennium Development Goals, 69, 79, 82, 84; Victoria Declaration, 75–76. See also health education
Sport for More, 61
Sport Funding and Accountability Framework (SFAF), 108–14, 192–93; agreements, 114; assessment, 110, 111t–113t, 192–93; background, 106–8; eligibility, 109–10; funding, 108–10, 114; funding decline, 108t–109; gender equity, 333–34; high performance sport, 109–10, 114; history, 19, 25; and LTAD, 110, 130, 133; official languages, 354, 359–60, 362, 366; participation, 192–93
Sport Gender Snapshot, 331–32
Sport in Canada (1998). See Mills Report
Sport Leaders Abroad, 88
Sport Medicine Council of Canada, 229–30
sport officials and gender, 318
Sport Participation Research Initiative (SPRI), 193–94
Sport Participation Strategy 2008–2012 (2008), 189–92, 194–96, 198
Sport Schools in Canada, 132–33
Sport Support Program (SSP), 105–6, 366
Status of the High Performance Athlete reports, 159, 160, 163, 165, 166
Steadward, Robert, 298, 300, 305–06, 339
substances, doping. See doping in sport
Summative Evaluation of the Department of Canadian Heritage’s Sport Hosting Program (2003), 253–54
Svoboda, Mira, 23t, 364–65
swimming, 112t, 209n15, 296, 306, 394
Targets for Athlete Performance and the Sport System (2004), 120
Tenasco, René, 270
tennis, 112t, 209n14
Tewksbury, Mark, 126
Thibault, Lucie, 165–66, 168, 416; on athlete development, 147–76; on history of federal policy, 11–35; on hosting policies, 243–65; on sport policy, 1–8, 405–10
Toronto: facilities, 209n15; Pan/Parapan (2015), 2, 55, 135, 372; participation, 203–4; sport academies, 133; Sport Institute, 135, 151
Toward 2000: Building Canada’s Sport System (1988), 224–25, 229–30
track and field: team vs. individual sports, 188. See also Athletics Canada
transgendered people. See sexual orientation
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott, 13, 16t, 70, 98, 190
True Sport, 168, 200, 386, 389–90
Trupish, Adam, 123–24
under-represented groups: and CSP, 59, 284, 339–40, 385; official languages, 361, 362, 364, 365; participation, 195–96; social inclusion, 385, 406. See also Aboriginal sport; immigrants; low-income people; people with disabilities; race/ethnicity; seniors; social inclusion; women and girls in sport
UNESCO, 180, 234
United Kingdom: LTAD model, 132, 140n5; social class and elite athletes, 187; sport academies, 133; sport for development, 76; UK Sport, 77, 127. See also Olympic Games, 2012, London
United Nations: Millennium Development Goals, 69, 79, 82, 84; sport for development and peace (UNOSDP), 82–83, 88–89
United States: Aboriginal sports, 281–82; Cold War and sports, 185, 190, 209n7, 219; doping policies, 226–27; LTAD model, 140n5; ‘medals arms race,’ 98–99, 123, 127, 185–88, 1 209n9; social class and elite athletes, 187; sport for development, 72
Universiade Games, 1983, Edmonton, 248
universities and colleges: AAP tuition support, 157; hosting legacies, 259; sport for development, 73; sport institutes, 135–36
USSR: Cold War and sports, 185, 190, 209n7, 219
Vail, Sue, 319, 323, 326, 338, 388, 396
values in sport. See ethics and values
Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC): Multi-Party Agreement, 53–55, 368, 370, 375nn7–8; social 1 inclusion, 386–87; women’s ski 1 jumping controversy, 342–43. See also Olympic Games, 2010, Vancouver; Paralympic Games, 2010, Vancouver
van Loan, Peter, 18t
Victoria, Sport Centre/Institute, 151
Visa funding, 164
visual impairment and sport, 297, 306
volleyball, 112t, 245
weightlifting: doping, 219, 221, 222–23, 1 224; funding, 113t
wheelchair sports: elite sports, 306, 310–11; history, 298, 306; integration, 1 308; organizations, 297, 313n3; Paralympic Games, 298, 310; sport for development, 78; and technology, 310
Whistler, Sport Centre/Institute, 151
Windhoek Call for Action, 331, 333
Winnipeg: inner city youth, 396; mega-events, 244, 258, 260, 363; Sport Centre, 151, 258, 362
WinSport Canada, Calgary, 105t, 116, 133, 136, 257
women and gender: barriers in sport, 341–44; CAAWS advocacy, 328–29, 333, 343–44; Charter rights, 324–25, 343; data collection on, 334; Dubin inquiry recommendations, 75, 327; equality to equity shift, 338–39; 1 federal policies, 332–34; feminism, 1 322, 324, 338–39, 341; funding and 1 accountability, 332–34; gender 1 equity and NSOs/MSOs, 330–35, 342; 1 global principles, 331–33; IWG on 1 Women and Sport, 70, 331–32; and 1 liberalism, 341; Olympic ski jumping controversy, 70, 89n2, 342–43, 390–91; Sport: The Way Ahead, 327–28; sport officials, 318; and “universal female,” 339; UN Millennium Development Goals, 69
women and girls in sport, 317–49; Actively Engaged (2009), 278, 287, 319, 334–36, 339; benefits, 85–86; Brighton Declaration, 331, 333; Charter rights, 324–25, 343; coaches, 318, 1 327, 335, 338, 342; conferences, 322–23, 332–33; CSP (2002) underrepresented group, 339–40; CSP (2012) targets, 197; Dubin inquiry recommendations, 327; elite athletes, 318, 336, 342; funding, 328–29, 330, 1 333–34; history (1960s–1980s), 320–27, 1 337–38; history (1990s–2010s), 327–36; 1 international organizations, 331–32; 1 leadership, 318, 327–28, 335–36, 338, 1 341–42; NSO women’s committees, 1 326–27; overview, 317–19, 344; 1 participation, 317–18, 326, 327, 335, 1 341; segregation/integration, 321, 322; and SFAF, 333–34; social inclusion, 1 390–91; Sport: The Way Ahead, 327–28, 330; Sport Canada policy 1 (1986), 319, 320, 325–27, 330, 334–35, 1 337–38; Sport Gender Snapshot, 331–32; 1 WAAF, 320–22. See also Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity; women and gender
Women in Sport Policy. See Sport Canada Policy on Women in Sport (1986)
Women’s Amateur Athletic Federation (WAAF), 320–22
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 70, 109, 232–36. See also doping in sport
World Championships in Athletics (IAAF), 2001, Edmonton, 32n7
World University Games, 1983, Edmonton, 259
Yalden, Maxwell, 356–57
Yukon: Aboriginal sport, 63t, 282–83; funding for bilateral agreements, 62t–63t; ministry for sport, recreation and physical activity, 46t
Zambia and SDP, 80–81
Ziegler, John, 219
Zimbabwe and SDP, 77–78, 80
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