Index

Abanomey, A., 97

Abedi, J., 149

ability (see language ability)

achievement test, 105

Alderson, J. C., 2, 24, 26, 37, 38, 48, 51, 52

Alderson, J. C., N. Figueras, G. Nold, B. North, S. Takala, and C. Tardieu, 25, 26

Alderson, J. C. and A. Hughes, 44, 50

Allan, A., 102

American Council on the Teaching of Foreign

Languages (ACTFL), 21–22, 57

Anderson, M. L, 65

Anderson, N. J, 96

Anderson, N. J, L. F. Bachman, K. Perkins. and A. Cohen, 96

Atkinson, J. M. and J. Heritage, 116, 127

authenticity, 29
real-life, 43, 48, 51–52, 77–80, 86
content/text, 96–97
context, 48, 66
tasks, 44, 45, 54, 56, 57

Bachman, L. F., 2, 3, 5, 16, 23, 31, 42, 43, 45, 54–56, 58, 61–63, 66–68, 69, 70, 77, 95, 113, 132, 133, 137

Bachman, L. F. and A. S. Palmer, 45, 54–56, 58, 62

Bailey, A. and F. Butler, 74

Banerjee, J. and F. Franceschina, 37

Bennett, R., 38

Bialystok, E., 149

bias, 143 (see also fairness)

Brindley, G., 21, 22, 45, 56

Brindley. G. and H. Slatyer, 32

British Council, 10, 74, 77, 83

Broadfoot, P., 34, 35

Brown, A., 133

Brown, A. and T. McNamara, 133

Brown, J.D., T. Hudson, J. Norris, W. Bonk, 45, 56

Butler, F. and R. Stevens, 35

Butler, J., 136

Byrnes, H., 137, 146

C-test, 10, 91, 94

Cambridge English Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL), 23, 83, 84, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 125, 126 (see also UCLES)

Campbell, D. T. and D. W. Fiske, 53

Canale, M., 44, 50

Canale, M. and M. Swain. 44, 49–50, 53–54, 60, 143

Canagarajah, S., 151

Carroll, J. B., 11, 15, 44, 46–47, 77

Carroll, J. B., A. S. Carton, and C. Wilds, 10

Center for Applied Linguistics, 11

Certificate in Advanced English (CAE), 116–119, 123–125

Chalhoub-Deville, M., 31, 32, 45, 61–65, 69

Chalhoub-Deville, M. and C. Deville, 61

Chalhoub-Deville. M. and E. Tarone, 70

Chamot, A. and J. O’Malley, 74

Chapelle. C., 45, 58, 59, 63, 65–66

Cheng, L., T. W. Rogers, and H. Hu, 33

Chomsky, N., 14, 46

Clapham, C., 77

Clark, J. L. D., 44, 48

classroom assessment, 2, 33–35, 62, 110, 142–144

Clay, M., 33

Cloze, 10, 48–49, 79, 91, 97–98, 105

Cohen, A. D., 4, 90–93, 106, 126

Cohen, A. D. and E. Aphek, 105

Cohen, A. D., and A. Brooks-Carson, 93–94

Cohen, A. D., and E. Macaro, 109

Cohen, A. D. and T. Upton, 98–99, 101

construct, 1, 3–4, 6, 21, 24–25, 28, 41–45, 66–71, 78
communicative language testing, 44, 49–55, 73, 79–81
direct/performance testing, 44, 47–48
interactionalist, 31, 43, 45, 57–66, 68–69
pragmatic, 44, 48–49
structural (skills and elements), 44, 46–47, 78–79, 81
task-based performance assessment. 45, 55–57

context
ability-in-individual-in-context, 61–65
co-construction. 31, 59–63
domain (target language use), situation, 51–52, 55, 132–133
contemporary social theory, 61–62, 133–137
role of discourse, 134–135
subject positions, 34–35, 134–137

Conversation Analysis (CA), 115, 121, 133
examples of, 116–119

Cooper, R. L., 14

Council of Europe, 15, 21–22, 24, 137

Coxhead, A., 75

Cunningham, J. and D. Moore, 74

Darnell, D., 10

Davies, A., 2–4, 15, 44, 46, 75, 77

diagnostic assessment, 2–3 (see also DIALANG)
diagnosis, 28–37
The Dutch CEFR Construct Project, 2, 24–26, 29–30

DIALANG, 2, 23–24, 26, 28–30

Discourse Analysis (DA), 33, 119–121, 126
examples of, 120

Dollerup, C., E. Glahn, and C, Rosenberg Hansen, 91

Douglas, D., 10, 61, 76

Douglas, D. and V. Hegelheimer, 100–101

Eades, D., 132

Eades, D., H. Fraser, J. Siegel, T. McNamara, and B. Baker, 132

Earl, L., 35

Edelenbos, P. and A. Kubanek-German, 34

Edgeworth, F. Y., 12–13

Educational Testing Service (ETS), 2, 13–14, 47, 98, 102, 104

Elder, C., N. Iwashita, and T. McNamara, 32

English Language Development (ELD) test, 35

English Language Testing Service (ELTS), 3, 73, 77–84, 86

English Proficiency Test Battery (EPTB), 3, 73–75, 77, 86

Evans, E. and N. Hornberger, 145–146

fairness, 68, 145–149, 151–152

Falvey, F. and S, Shaw, 126

First Certificate in English (FCE) Speaking Test, 119–121, 125

Fishman, J., 14

Flowerdew, J., 75

Forster, D. and R. Karn, 105

Foucault, M., 5, 133–135

Franceschina, F., 37

Fulcher, G., 15, 61, 137

Gaies, S., H. Gradman, and B. Spolsky, 10

Gibbons, P., 74

Gordon, C., 91

graduateshotline, 76

Green, A., 122, 123

Grotjahn, R., 126

Hamp-Lyons, L., 122

Hamp-Lyons, L. and B. Kroll, 75

Harrison, A., 52

Hartog, P. and E. C. Rhodes, 12

Hawkey, R., 84

He, A. W. and R. Young, 45, 59, 60, 62, 64

Hill, A. A., 11

Holtzman, P., 10

Homburg, T. and M. Spaan, 91

Hughes, A. and D. Porter, 44, 50

Hyland, K., 76, 86

Illinois Measure of Annual Growth in English (IMAGE), 35

International English Language Testing System (IELTS), 73, 76–78, 80–86, 126

International Language Testing Association (ILTA), 2, 6, 8, 145, 153

Iolanthe, Gilbert and Sullivan opera, 12

Jacoby, S. and T. McNamara, 61

Jacoby, S. and E. Ochs, 59

Jamieson, J., S. Jones, I. Kirsch, P. Mosenthal, and C. Taylor, 101

Jones, R., 15, 44, 47–18

König, K. and B. Perchinig, 137

Kaftandjieva, F. and S. Takala, 25

Kane, M., 77

Key English Test (KET), 115–119

Klein-Braley, C., 10, 91

Klein-Braley, C. and U. Raatz, 91

Kramsch, C., 45, 57–59, 61

Kress, G., 151

Kress, G. and V. Leeuwen, 151

Kunnan, A., 137

Labov, W., 14

Lado, R., 11, 44, 46–48, 78

language ability (see also construct)
ability for language use, 45, 56
ability-in-individual-in-context. 45, 61–65, 69
academic language proficiency. 73–78, 84–86
Communicative Language Ability (CLA). 77–81, 86, 132–133
Bachman, 23, 31, 44, 54–55, 58, 61, 77
Canale and Swain, 44, 49–50, 53–54, 60, 143
integrative/sociolinguistics, 11, 26
interactionalist perspective, 3, 31–32, 42, 45, 57–65
pragmatic, 44
proficiency, 10, 13–14, 48–49, 51–52
structuralist/psychometrics, 11, 44, 46–47, 77–79, 86

Language and National Origin Group, 132

LanguEdge Courseware, 98–99

Latham, H., 12

Lazaraton. A., 4, 5, 121

Lazaraton. A. and R. Frantz. 120–121

Leung. C. and B. Mohan, 33

Levin, T., E. Shohamy, and B. Spolsky. 146

Lowry, D. T. and T. J. Marr, 10

Lumley, T. and A. Brown, 101

Marinelli, V., 137

McNamara, T., 4, 5, 31, 32, 45, 56, 61, 62, 65, 131, 132, 135

McNamara, T. and K. Hill and L. May. 114

McNamara, T. and C. Roever. 137

Messick, S., 63, 65, 73, 137, 145

Milanovic, M., N. Saville, and S. Shuhong, 125

Milanovic. M. and N. Saville, 123, 125

Monroe. P., 12

Morrow. K., 44, 51

Nation, P., 16

Nevo, N., 92, 106

noise test, 2, 10, 13–14

Norris, J., J. D. Brown, T. Hudson, and J. Yoshioka, 45, 56

Nyhus, S., 95

Occupational English Test (OET). 5, 131, 135–136

Oller, J. W., Jr., 10, 44, 48–39, 51, 5, 3

O’Malley. J. and A. Chamot, 51–53, 93, 103

Oxford, R., 103

Palmer. A. S., P. J. M. Groot, and G. A. Trosper, 44, 52

Pennycook, A., 133

Phakiti, A., 104

policy, 151 (see also stakeholders)
government. 144–145
immigration and citizenship, 132, 135, 137, 146–148, 149–150
No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, 137, 145–146, 148–149
testing corporations (industrial), 14, 78

Pope, A., 85

Psychological Corporation, The. 104

Purpura. J. E., 103–105

QSR International, 100

Raatz. U. and C. Klein-Braley, 91

rater
behaviour. 122–126
training. 16, 119, 126

rating scales
American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). 21–22, 57
Canadian Language Benchmarks. 22
Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). 2, 15, 21–26, 32–33, 37, 116, 136–137
Foreign Service Institute (FSI), 15, 22, 48, 143
Interagency Language Roundtable (ILR). 15, 22
task-specific, 61
writing scale, 16

Ravelli, L. and R, A. Ellis. 74

Rea-Dickins. P. 33

Read, J., 58

Read, J. and C. Chapelle, 58

Reath, A., 132

Rivera, C., 44, 53

Roach. J., 16

Rogers, W. T. and D. J. Bateson, 102

Sarig, G., 106

Saville, N., 121

Saville, N. and B. O’Sullivan, 121

Second Language Acquisition (SLA), 1, 3, 26–28, 32, 36–37, 39, 43, 55–56, 64–65
attainment of academic proficients. 146–149

Sfard, A., 64

Shannon, C. E. and W. Weaver, 10

Shohamy, E., 5, 6, 150, 151, 152

Shohamy, E., T. Bejarano, and Y. Reves, 144

Short, D., 74

Sigurd, B., 2, 10

Skehan, P., 2, 32, 42–43, 45, 56

Solano-Flores, G. and E. Trumbell, 149

Song, W., 105

Spolsky, B., 2, 6, 10–13, 75, 132, 133

Spolsky, B., P. Murphy, W. Holm, and A. Ferrel, 13

Stakeholders
industrial, 13–14, 83–84
policy makers, 144–145, 149–150
researchers, 68–69
teachers, 9–10
test developers, 69–70, 150–152
test developers vs. researchers, 66–68
test takers, 34–35, 141–142

standards, 21–22, 35, 56, 137, 151

Storey, P., 97–98

Swain, M., 44, 49–50, 53–54, 60, 143

Taguchi, N., 103–104

Tarone, E., 64

Taylor, L., 4, 5, 119

Taylor, W. S. 10

TechSmith, 94, 98, 100

Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL), 11, 13–14, 47, 75
Internet-based Test (iBT), 76, 98–101
Paper-based Test (PBT), 78, 102, 105–106

Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), 105–106

Test of Spoken English (TSE), 78

Test of Written English (TWE), 78

test-taking strategies, 92–98, 108–110
on listening tests, 100–101, 103–104
on reading tests, 96, 98, 104–106
on speaking tests, 104
on writing tests, 98
proficiency level, 94, 98, 103–105
research, 95–103
test method, 91, 94, 96–98
test-wiseness, 93, 99, 102–103
Thomas, W. and V. Collier, 147

Thorndike, E. L., 12, 16

Tian, S., 106, 109

Tsagari, C., 96

University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), 77, 83 (see also Cambridge ESOL)

Upshur, J. A., 11, 14, 57

Upshur, J. A. and C. E. Turner, 61

validation, 28, 70, 89, 95–98, 100, 101–103, 107, 109–110, 113, 126 (see also validity)
listening, 100–101
reading, 98–100
speaking, 114–115
candidate behaviour, 119–121
interlocutor behaviour, 116–121
Observation Checklist (OC), 121, 128

validity, 46, 47–48, 58, 68 (see also validation)
construct validity, 37–38, 56, 58, 76–78, 95–96
predictive validity, 4, 48, 82–84
sampling, 4, 42–43, 51–52, 55, 76–78, 80, 81–82, 91

van Lier, L., 74–75, 86, 114

verbal protocols (reports), 4, 67, 90, 92, 94–96, 99–100, 102, 106–107, 109–110
coding, 100, 123–125
Verbal Protocol Analysis (VPA), 122–126

washback, 3, 5, 50, 82, 84, 145, 150
sites of social control, 136–137

Weir, C. J., 51

Weir, C. J. and M. Milanovic, 121, 128

Wesche, M., 44

Wilds, C., 15

Wiley, E. and D. Ingram, 21

Yang, P., 102

Yoshida-Morise, Y., 104

Yoshizawa, K., 104

Young, R., 45, 59, 60, 62, 64–65

Young, R. and A. W. He, 133

Zamel, U. and R. Spack, 74