TABLES

4.1 English Proficiency Test Battery (EPTB), in operation from 1965 to 1980 79

4.2 English Language Testing Service (ELTS) test, in operation from 1980 to 1990 80

4.3 International English Language Testing Service (IELTS) test, in operation since 1989 81

6.1 Coding categories 123

FIGURES

3.1 Approaches to defining the construct in language testing, 1960 to the present 44

8.1 Ninth-grade Hebrew standard grades, according to years of residence 146

8.2 Eleventh-grade math standard grades, according to years of residence 147

8.3 Math grades in monolingual vs. bilingual test versions 148