Table des matières

Leen d’Haenens

Beyond Infrastructure: Canadian and European Identities in Cyberspace

Part One: Stationary Travelers?

Irwin Shubert

The Trans-Canada Highway vs The Information Highway: The Road Less Traveled?

Robert Kroetsch

On the (Information) Highway: So Is This a Journey or What?

Part Two: Cyberlaw

Cees J. Hamelink

Human Rights in Cyberspace

• I INTRODUCTION
• II THE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS REGIME
• III HOW ARE THE BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS RELEVANT TO CYBERSPACE?
• IV INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE RIGHTS
• V NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE FREEDOM
• 5.1 Equal entitlement
• 5.2 Horizontal effect
• 5.3 Institutions
• VI HOW DOES THIS APPLY TO CYBERSPACE?
• 6.1 Collective claims
• 6.2 Liberty
• 6.3 Equal entitlement
• 6.4 Security
• 6.5 Horizontal effect
• 6.6 Institutional consideration
• 6.7 Cyberspace and public accountability
• 6.8 Implementation
• 6.9 The People’s Communication Charter

Stylianos Garipis

Internet and public order

Patrick van Eecke

The Legal Aspects of Digital Signatures

• I INTRODUCTION
• II THE EC COMMUNICATION ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
• 2.1 Electronic commerce – A need for trust
• 2.1.1 What is electronic commerce?
• 2.1.2 Electronic commerce: Need for trust and confidence
• 2.1.3 Electronic commerce: Ensuring full access to the single market
• 2.2 Digital signatures as a tool to ensure trust and confidence
• III CURRENT INITIATIVES WITH RESPECT TO DIGITAL SIGNATURES
• 3.1 Practical initiatives
• 3.2 Legal initiatives
• IV BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CONCEPTS AND TERMINOLOGY
• 4.1 What is a digital signature?
• 4.2 What is cryptography?
• 4.3 Where does the user get his keys from?
• 4.4 How does the user store his private key?
• 4.5 Can the private key not be stolen?
• 4.6 How does the user obtain the partner’s public key?
• 4.7 How can the user be sure this public key really belongs to his partner?
• 4.8 How does the certification authority check the identity of the user?
• 4.9 What is the content of a digital certificate?
• 4.10 What if the certificate is not valid any longer?
• 4.11 Why should the user trust the certification authority of the other party?
• 4.12 What is the difference between traditional and digital signatures?
• 4.13 Can traditional signatures be replaced by digital substitutes?
• V GENERAL OVERVIEW OF LEGAL ISSUES
• 5.1 Legal issues regarding the use of digital signatures
• 5.1.1 “Taper-Based” legislation in some member states may hinder a free flow of digitally signed electronic documents
• 5.1.2 New “electronic-based” legislation in some member states may hinder a free flow of digitally signed electronic documents
• 5.2 Legal issues regarding the introduction of digital signature services
• 5.2.1 National procedures and conditions on establishment may hinder the freedom of establishment of digital signature services
• 5.2.2 National conditions on providing services may hinder a free flow of CA services
• National rules on consumer protection
• National divergent scope of application
• National rules on certifícate issuance
• National rules on the recognition of foreign certificates
• National licenses for CAs
• National rules on the generation of the keys
• 5.3 Legal issues regarding digital signature products
• 5.3.1 National technical and operational requirements may inhibit a free circulation of digital signature products
• 5.3.2 National certification of products may inhibit a free circulation of goods
• 5.3.3 Current community legislation may hinder the free flow of digital signature products
• 5.3.4 National cryptography regulations may cause an internal market obstacle
• VI CONCLUSION
• 6.1 Digitally signed electronic documents
• 6.2 Digital signature services
• 6.3 Digital signature products

Part Three: Communities in Cyberspace

Lorna Roth

How Comfortably Does the Internet Sit on Canada’s Tundra? Reflections on Public Access to the Information Highway in the North

• I HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF NORTHERN MEDIA
• II BROADCASTING MEDIA
• III TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE
• IV THE INFORMATION HIGHWAY DEBATES: CONNECTING THE NORTH
• V NUNAVIK.NET: A CASE OF MARKET FAILURE
• VI PAUKTUUTIT (THE INUIT WOMEN’S ASSOCIATION): REFLECTIONS ON COMMUNITY CONTROL AND ACCESS
• VII NEGOTIATING THE TECHNOLOGICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
• VIII CONCLUDING COMMENTS

Cees Leeuwis

Policy-Making and the Value of Electronic Forms of Public Debate: Underpinning, Assumptions and First Experiences

• I INTRODUCTION
• II ELECTRONIC DEBATES FROM A COMMUNICATION SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE
• 2.1 Characteristics of public debates in policy processes
• 2.1.1 Selective participation due to place and time constraints
• 2.1.2 The “peak” rhythm: Concentration of the debate in time
• 2.1.3 The timing of collective memory and information provision
• 2.1.4 Sequential organization and the role of the discussion leader
• 2.1.5 Social presence and convergence
• 2.1.6 Negotiation, openness and flexible identities
• 2.1.7 Participation of decision makers and the influence of the debate
• 2.2 Conclusion on advantages and disadvantages of electronic forms of public debate
• III THE ASSUMPTIONS IN PRACTICE: A PRELIMINARY EXPLORATION
• IV FINAL CONCLUSION

Alan L. Cobb

Two Canadian Models of Communities on the Net: SchoolNet and Community Access (www.schoolnet.ca)

• I RELEVANT FACTS ON CANADA
• II THE POLITICAL AND POLICY CONTEXT
• III CANADIAN NETWORK FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF RESEARCH, INDUSTRY AND EDUCATION (CANARIE)
• IV SCHOOLNET
• V COMMUNITY ACCESS
• VI CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS
• VII THE VOLUNTARY SECTOR-A NEW CHALLENGE
• 7.1 Common vision
• VIII CONCLUSION

Nicholas Jankowski, Cees Leeuwis, Peter Martin et al.

Teledemocracy in the Province: An Experiment with Internet-Based Software and Public Debate

• I INTRODUCTION
• II BESLISWIJZER – MODEL FOR TELEDEMOCRACY
• III RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
• 3.1 Communication between citizen and government
• 3.2 Impact of technology
• 3.3 Electronically-mediated versus conventional forms of public debate
• 3.4 Interactivity
• IV RESEARCH DESIGN
• V PROFILE OF PARTICIPANTS
• VI PARTICIPATION IN THE DEBATE
• VII INVOLVEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONS AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
• VIII CONCLUSIONS
• 8.1 Further research

Part Four: (Business) Opportunities on the Net

Caroline Haythornthwaite

Work and Community in Networked Organizations

• I COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION IN ORGANIZATIONS
• II A SOCIAL NETWORK STUDY OF A COMPUTER-SUPPORTED SOCIAL NETWORK
• 2.1 Defining the types of information exchange
• 2.2 Assessing information exchange and media use in Cerise
• Information exchange
• Media use
• Information-media combinations
• Interpersonal ties, information exchange and media use
• III CONCLUSIONS

Karel Uyttendaele

ICTs for SMEs: the SME Wins on the Information Highway

• I INTRODUCTION
• II YOUR SME WINS ON THE INFO HIGHWAY
• III CONTENT
• 3.1 Internet-based electronic purchasing (E-commerce)
• 3.2 Internet-enabled networking with complementary SMEs (virtual company)
• IV POSITIVE MESSAGES
• 4.1 Positive message one: ICT is within the reach of SMEs
• 4.2 Positive message two: The immediate future of E-commerce, or paperless commerce
• 4.3 Positive message three: There are no more advantages to big business
• 4.4 Positive message four: Jobs along the information highway
• Bottom-up stimulation for the implementation of web-commerce servers at the vendors
• Top-down stimulation of tele-working, distance learning, home shopping, tele-administration, infotainment and the residential user
• The export of “broadband” know-how
• V CONCLUSIONS
• 5.1 Some observations with respect to the spring 1997 roadshow

Mary Jane Edwards

The Centre for Editing Early Canadian Texts (CEECT) and Cyberspace

• I CEECT
• II CEECT AND COMPUTERS
• III CEECT AND CYBERSPACE
• 3.1 Obsolescence
• 3.2 Cheapness
• 3.3 Availability
• 3.4 Copyright and copying
• 3.5 Canadian culture and identity

Part Five: The Role of Government

Luc Van Fleteren

The Position of Flanders with Regard to Some Internet-Related Matters

• I THE REGULATORY ROLE OF GOVERNMENT
• 1.1 Bit tax
• 1.2 Government as catalyst
• 1.3 Universal service and public access
• II THE POLICY OF FLANDERS

Serge Proulx

Québécois Policy and the Development of the Information Highway

• I MAIN THRUSTS OF QUÉBÉCOIS INFORMATION HIGHWAY POLICY
• 1.1 Services to the population
• 1.2 Business services
• 1.3 Government services and the modernization of the State apparatus
• 1.4 Language, culture and the promotion of Québec abroad
• 1.5 Education
• 1.6 Health care and social services
• 1.7 Technology, infrastructure and financing
• II COMMENTS ON THE GOVERNMENT’S POSITION AND ACTIONS
• III THE GLOBALIZATION OF MEDIA: TOWARDS NEW CITIZEN IDENTITIES?

David Johnston et Natasha H. Faraqui

Advancing Canada’s Information Highway: Strategies for the New Millennium

• I THE PROMISE OF A KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY
• II THE ECONOMIC IMPERATIVE
• 2.1 Infrastructure development
• An open, competitive regulatory environment
• Technological neutrality
• Open standards
• Research and development
• Strategic investments
• 2.2 Economic development
• The Internet and electronic commerce
• 2.3 Sectoral strategies
• Small business enterprises
• Health
• Technology-assisted learning
• 2.4 The workplace and human resource development
• III THE CONTENT IMPERATIVE
• 3.1 Shifting environment for content
• 3.2 Content development strategy
• Strong creative base
• Access to capital
• Access to content
• Export development strategy
• French-language content
• IV THE ACCESS IMPERATIVE
• Access to basic networks
• Access to the Internet
• Definition of essential services
• V THE LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVE
• 5.1 Government as a model user
• VI MEETING THE CHALLENGE
• 6.1 The road ahead

Paul Timmers

Electronic Commerce Policy and the European Commission

• I INTRODUCTION
• II ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION
• III EUROPEAN INITIATIVE IN ELECTRONIC COMMERCE
• IV CONCLUSION

References

Abstracts

• The Trans-Canada Highway vs The Information Highway: The Road Less Traveled?
• On the (Information) Highway: So Is This a Journey or What?
• Human Rights in Cyberspace
• Internet and Public Order
• The Legal Aspects of Digital Signatures
• How Comfortably Does the Internet Sit on Canada’s Tundra? Reflections on Public Access to the Information Highway in the North
• Policy-Making and the Value of Electronic Forms of Public Debate: Underpinning, Assumptions and First Experiences
• Two Canadian Models of Communities on the Net: SchoolNet and Community Access
• Teledemocracy in the Province: An Experiment with Internet-based Software and Public Debate
• Work and Community in Networked Organizations
• ICTs for SMEs: The SME Wins on the Information Highway
• The Centre for Editing Early Canadian Texts (CEECT) and Cyberspace
• The Position of Flanders with Regard to Some Internet-Related Matters
• Québécois Policy and the Development of the Information Highway
• Advancing Canada’s Information Highway: Strategies for the New Millennium
• Electronic Commerce Policy and the European Commission

About the authors