4. Shaping Sound
p. 93-99
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The articulators
1Speaking a foreign language often makes different demands on the articulators from those of our mother tongue. We must be able to produce sounds that we are not used to making. Therefore, we need to explore all the possibilities of our organs of articulation, to reinforce their mobility and to tone the muscles we use to shape sounds.
2We also want to encourage our learners to become more familiar with different sensations: speaking a foreign language should feel different! Feeling comfortable with the different sensations of pronunciation can be considered an important step towards feeling comfortable with a different prosody.
3The following exercises aim at bringing a clear understanding of what the organs of articulation are, how they function and where they are situated. This will develop the awareness needed to help learners with their oral communication in English.
4Some of the speech organs of articulation are located, unsurprisingly, inside the mouth. Looking into the mouth can be embarrassing for some people. Therefore, you might feel uncomfortable or fear that your learners will. This should not be a reason to avoid exercises on the articulators. Such exercises may indeed be an opportunity to bring a good atmosphere to the classroom, offering the possibility for laughter and silliness.
5The general approach is to start on the outside, or mask, of the face and then to proceed, via the jaw and lips, into the mouth.
6Finally, we would recommend that you do speech organ activities regularly, for a short period of time, rather than spending an extended session on them.
4:1 Face-gurning
7All work on the speech organs should start by loosening up the mask of the face, giving it more mobility. Fixed facial expressions do not facilitate prosodic variation! You can do these exercises on the spot, standing in a circle, or in pairs facing each other while trying not to laugh.
Activity
- Stand with good posture.
- Make your face as small as possible.
- Now make your face as big and large as possible.
- Do this several times.
- Now imagine that you have got a fly on your nose. Try to remove it without using your hands.
- Continue by pulling the silliest faces you can imagine. This is known as ‘gurning’ in Britain, where there are competitions to see who can pull the silliest face. Go for it!
- Now, to finish, place one hand on your face and drag it slowly down, as though removing a mask from your face. As the hand comes off the face, the jaw should follow it and drop down.
4:2 Jaw
8Any restriction of freedom of movement in the jaw will result in a lack of intelligibility as a result of insufficient volume and limited resonance, as well as pronunciation difficulties.
Activity
- Touch your skull with your fingertips next to your ears. Gently move the jaw to locate the joint where the jaw meets the skull.
- Gently massage that area.
- Now put the heel of your hands on the jaw hinge area and press into the cheeks. Smooth the lower jaw down away from the upper jaw until the mouth hangs loosely.
- Then release the pressure and let the lower jaw come back up.
- Do this several times.
- Finally, imagine that you are chewing gum. As you chew, the gum gets larger and larger.
- Now finish with a good yawn.
4:3 Lips1
9The lips, situated as they are at the exit of the buccal cavity, play an essential role in the production of various consonant sounds: the bi-labial /p/, /b/, /m/ sounds, formed by the meeting of the lips, the labio-velar /w/ sound formed by the rounding of the lips, and the fricatives /v/ and /f/ formed by the meeting of the upper teeth and the lower lip. The role of the lips in the production of vowel sounds is less obvious, but in moving from the /u/ to the /i:/ sound, the importance of the lips in shaping vowel sounds can be felt.
Activity
- Relax and gently blow through your lips. If you have a problem doing this, squeeze your cheeks as you blow, using one hand.
- Then bring your lips together as if kissing someone.
- Now open your lips into a large smile.
- Repeat the following sound several times: /p/. Make sure that you really push the /p/ off your lips.
- Now, repeat this sound several times: /b/. Bounce your lips off each other whilst doing this /b/.
- Continue by repeating the next sound several times: /m/. Feel the tingle in your lips as you do this and open your mouth between each repetition of the /m/.
- Finally, repeat the following sound: /w/. Blow gently through the lips on a kiss to make this /w/.
- Now, to appreciate the importance of the lips, turn to a partner and try having a conversation without closing your lips.
- Finally, have the same conversation, this time allowing the lips to touch when necessary. Be aware of the lips touching, and as you enjoy this feeling, exaggerate their movements.
4:4 Tongue2
10The tongue is our major organ of articulation. Its central position in the mouth, size, strength and mobility determine its role in the subtle shaping of sound when we speak. It is active in the production of nearly all the vowel, consonant and diphthong sounds. This activity is meant to make your learners more aware of the role of the tongue, to reinforce its mobility, to stretch and tone it.
Activity
- Stand, or sit, with good posture.
- Stick out your tongue.
- Flatten it.
- Now point it.
- Relax your tongue.
- Repeat this several times. As you are doing this, you are strengthening, or toning, your tongue. Now fold the tongue whilst sticking it out. If you can’t do this, don’t worry not everybody can. It’s a genetic thing!
- Brush your teeth with your tongue. Do this with the tip of the tongue in a real exploration of the mouth.
- To finish, stretch the tongue. This can only be done by placing the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth and pushing the central part of the tongue out of the mouth. Relax the tongue back into the mouth. Do this several times. If you do this properly, the tongue will start to feel tired.
4:5 Tongueless conversation
11This exercise is an amusing way to reinforce an appreciation of the importance of the tongue. It may be useful to give the learners a subject for conversation.
Activity
- Choose a partner to work with in pairs.
- You are going to have a conversation without using your tongue. You will use the jaw and the lips, but not the tongue!
- I want you to have a ‘proper’ conversation: you are really trying to tell your partner something and not just firing out bizarre sounds. And as in a proper conversation, you don’t speak both at the same time or interrupt each other!
- Finally, tell your partner the same story, but this time with the tongue: feel the difference!
4:6 Soft palate3
12The soft palate tends to be ignored as an organ of articulation, hidden away as it is at the back of the mouth, behind the hard palate. The uvula, the fleshy conic projection that descends from the back of the soft palate, can be seen easily when looking in a mirror. The fact that it is so discrete should not detract from its importance as an organ of articulation. The soft palate is raised in swallowing to close off the air passage through the nose, and it is also raised for much of the time when speaking. There are just three consonant sounds where the soft palate is lowered: /m/, /n/, and /ŋ/. However, with the condition that we call a “lazy” soft palate, where it is not fully raised, air may pass through the nose when making other sounds, which gives a nasality to the voice. This nasality robs the voice of its vitality, and thus, the voice is perceived as lacking in energy. Therefore, we need to tone the muscles which lift the soft palate and help open the vocal tract in order to produce a clear and dynamic voice.
13Yawning, which has already been identified as an energy activity (see 2:2), is a very good starting point for working on the soft palate.
14The following activity involves the first stage of the gagging reflex. But only the first stage, you will be pleased to read! It has the important benefit of taking the learner’s focus to the back of the mouth.
Activity
- Stand, or sit, with good posture.
- Gently open your mouth by dropping the jaw. The tongue should remain relaxed.
- Make the ‘guh-guh-guh’ sound. Repeat it several times. Feel where the action is located in the back of the mouth: this is where the root of the tongue and the soft palate meet.
- Now make the ‘kuh-kuh-kuh’ sound. Repeat it several times. Make sure that neither the jaw nor the tongue is moving.
- Now put the two sounds together: ‘guh-kuh-guh-kuh-guh-kuh’ and repeat the sequence several times.
4:7 The gasp
15This is a very simple exercise for raising the soft palate.
Activity
- Stand with good posture.
- When I clap my hands, open your mouth wide in a silent gasp of horror or pleasure. Feel the air touch the back of your mouth.
- Repeat this.
4:8 The ‘ah—ng’
16This completes the soft palate exercises by focusing on the raising and lowering of the soft palate.
Activity
- Stand, or sit, with good posture.
- Gently open your mouth by dropping the jaw; the tongue should remain relaxed.
- Now, make an ‘ah’ sound. Feel the opening of the back of the mouth as your soft palate lifts, preventing air from passing through the nose. Repeat this ‘ah’ sound several times.
- This time, as you are making the ‘ah’ sound, bring the root of the tongue and the soft palate together and hum on a ‘ng’ sound. Keep your mouth open, don’t move the jaw.
- Then, go onto an ‘ah’ sound again. Repeat this several times.
4:9 Texts for articulation
17Exercises for articulation often focus on tongue twisters. Such exercises are certainly useful for pronunciation work but are not necessarily useful if we want to work on prosody at the same time. The alliterative nature of tongue twisters often leads the speaker to deliver them quickly, not allowing for pausing between words. In addition, the rhyme within them can produce an emphatic delivery, which does not have the prosodic features that we are trying to encourage.
18Instead of tongue twisters, we use sentences which have been created to include a variety of phonemes following close one upon the other, which make demands on the articulators but also allow the opportunity to incorporate prosody. Like tongue twisters, our sentences mix sense and nonsense, the latter allowing scope for play and exaggeration.
19In addition to the sentences shown below, we would encourage you to create your own, or even have the learners invent sentences using “difficult” sounds. They should be grammatically correct, but it doesn’t matter if they don’t mean anything!
Sentences
- ‘Ouch!’ Went the oyster on being opened.
- ‘Aw!’ Went the admiral in epicurean appreciation.
- Bertie buys books about brown bears and boats.
- We wish Willy would whistle when Walt walks with Whitney.
- Kicking Ken’s gong is creation gone wrong.
- ‘Discombobulation’ is a jolly, challenging, and tickling word to pronounce.
- Writing rhymes in Mandarin was Thang’s way of pondering on oriental thoughts and themes that came to him in crazy dreams!
- He would occasionally ask himself if he was capable of catching the crabs that skedaddled on the glistening seashore after the retreating tide.
- Peregrine was told that frying shrimps over an open fire was generally recommended as a therapeutic exercise for anyone suffering from a stiff neck.
- He pooh-poohed the idea as palpable nonsense, saying, ‘Oh, honestly, whatever next?’
- Wriggling awkwardly into her newly purchased jeans, Desdemona managed to dislocate her right knee.
- She could only be extricated after the drastic measure of cutting the denim with scissors was employed by her boyfriend, Jason.
- Claudius collected unusual mosaics depicting zebras on the Serengeti plains, inspired by his Uncle John’s own whimsy for arranging multifarious artefacts of African origin into abstruse shapes of mythological beasts.
4:10 Only consonants—Only vowels
20This activity focuses on both the production and the reception of sounds. When we read a text aloud, we should be able to hear the sounds coming off the page—sounds that are being created by the combination of letters into phonemes and then words.
21The deconstruction of sentences into vowel and consonant sounds, and then their reconstruction into words, allows learners to acquire more intimacy with sound flow in spoken text. For most learners, it is very difficult to make the difference between vowel and consonant sounds and vowel and consonant letters. Be very clear that there is a difference and that you want them to focus on the sound.
22The text that you hand out should not be too long and should be adapted to the level of your learners.
Activity
- Choose a partner to work with.
- Here is a short text, one for each of you. Take the time to read it through and make sure you are comfortable with the pronunciation of all the words in it. If not, check with your partner or me.
- You are going to read the text aloud together. But one of you is going to read only the vowel sounds, and the other one the consonant sounds. So, before we start the activity, you must agree with your partner on who is going to say the vowel SOUNDS and who the consonant SOUNDS.
- Now, for a moment, work on your own. Take the time to identify the sounds which you are going to make. Practise pronouncing these sounds, either the vowel SOUNDS or the consonant SOUNDS.
- Now come together with your partner. The person who has prepared the vowel sounds will read the text, but just the vowel sounds. Your partner will listen to you.
- Now do the same with the consonant sounds.
- Finally, do a joint ‘reading’; read the text together with your partner as if you were one voice. Try and make it fluid. This is not easy!
Allow your learners time to experiment and to discuss the pronunciation of words. - Now to finish, I’d like to have a pair volunteer to read the text aloud for the whole class!
Notes de bas de page
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