1 Israeli 1991, pp. 46-55, Israeli 2003, pp. 54-58. Stern 1999, pp. 441-484, esp. pp. 446-47.
2 Pottery workshops were active from the end of the 3rd c. B.C. until the 1st c. A.D. at the site where later the Roman Forum was erected (Valavanidou 2001, pp. 119-123. Boli, Skiaradesis 2001, p. 91. Adam Veleni 2003, p. 146). Several artisans like potters, blacksmiths, bone carvers, dyers of threads and textiles used (the site of) the Forum for their professional activities during the 5th and 6th c. A.D., when it had already lost its official character. (Vitti 1996, pp. 102-103. Valavanidou 2001, pp. 123, 127-129). Finally, the society (σύλλογος) of purple dyers (πορφυροβάφοι), the one of the “eighteenth” (της οκτωκαιδεκατης) must had been in the proximity of the Forum. (IG X. 2, 291. Comments on the topic by Robert 1937, p. 535 note 3. Vitti 1996, pp. 78-79).
3 Bakirtzis 1983, pp. 310-329, with bibliography.
4 An extended complex of workshops was active during the 2nd c. B.C.-1st c. A.D. under the North Stoa of the Galerius’ complex where metallurgical remains, clay matrixes, and purple-dying remains were documented: Karaberi, Christodoulidou, Kaïafa 1996, p. 534. What was possibly a potter’s workshop, dated to the 3rd c. A.D., was found at 18, K. Palaiologou street: E. Kourkoutidou-Nikolaïdou, ADelt 38 (1983), B2, pp. 281-289.
5 Several furnaces connected with potters’ activities were unearthed in rescue excavations. A Roman pottery furnace was found on Eirinis street, adjacently to the western city wall: A. Varvitsas, ADelt 27 (1972), B1, p. 50. Two Byzantine pottery furnaces were found by the tower of Anaglyfou and the frourio Vardariou: Marki 1982, p. 139, fig. 7 and Theocharidou 1986, p. 99 note 10, where relevant bibliography can be found. Also, Despini 1982, pp. 81-82, fig. 15-16, pl. 14.
6 Roman imperial period furnaces, possibly used for the production of pottery, were found in the plot of the Museum of Byzantine Culture: D. Nalpantis, ADelt 43 (1988), B2, p. 381, and ADelt 44 (1989), B2, p. 346. Remains of a workshop with moulds for clay lamps were found in the excavation of the Theological Department’s of the Aristotle University plot, dated possibly to the 3rd-4th c. A.D.: (Ph. Petsas, ADelt 21 (1966), B2, pp. 334-339, pl. 345-359. In the eastern necropolis, possibly at the Theological Department’s excavation, was also found a clay lamp mould dated to the end of the 4th c.: Thessaloniki, History and Art 1986, p. 22, no. 7.
7 Furnaces, possibly used for the production of pottery during the Roman imperial period, were unearthed at the plot located on the junction of Koloniari, Galanaki and Papathanasiou streets: D. Nalpantis, ADelt 42 (1987), B2, pp. 403-406. A workshop for pottery, possibly for bricks, was unearthed at 93, Monastiriou street. It is quite possibly one of the workshops which developed west of the city walls on the “Κεραμήσιος κάμπος”, toponym known from the 5th miracle in the second book of St Demetrius’ Miracles, dated to the 7th c.: Theocharidou 1986, p. 99; on the excavation, D. Makropoulou, ADelt 43 (1988), B2, pp. 379-380. It has been suggested that more than one brick workshops were active simultaneously during the 4th and 5th c. around Thessaloniki, due to the diversity of brick stamps found in the city’s monuments: Vickers 1973, pp. 285-294; Theocharidou 1986, p. 109. Also, two furnaces of undeterminable use were uncovered in 2004 in the western necropolis, near the Axios complex next to Langada street. I thank the excavator E. Lambrothanasi for rendering this information.
8 Due to the use of open-air fire.
9 For a detailed overview of this, see Antonaras 2016.
10 Antonaras 2009b, pp. 61-77. Antonaras 2010b, pp. 93-105.
11 Van Geesbergen 1999, p. 107.
12 Foy 1991, pp. 58-59. Sternini 1995, pp. 144, 181, 192-194. Gounaris 2000, pp. 323-331, 351, fig. 2-4, 6. Petridis 2002, p. 90. Schauer 2002, p. 42. Brouscari 2002, pp. 135-141.
13 Wiseman 1969, pp. 105-106. Price, Cool 1989, p. 24. Sternini 1995, pp. 146-48, 155, 158, 179-80. Price 1998, pp. 341-342. Lazar 2003, p. 221.
14 Goethert-Polaschek 1977, p. 6, note 44. Follmann-Schulz 1991, p. 35. Sternini 1995, pp. 152, 158, 163.
15 Ph. Petsas, ADelt 22 (1967), B2, pp. 393-396, pl. 299-300.
16 Xyngopoulos 1952, pp. 472-487. S. Pelekanidis, ADelt 17 (1961-1962), B1, pp. 252-253. Ph. Petsas, ADelt 22 (1967), B2, pp. 393-396, pl. 299-300. Bakirtzis 1983, pp. 310-329. Asimakopoulou-Atzaka 1998, pp. 127, 227-228, note 129.
17 Rim diam. 13 cm, pres. H. 3,5 cm, Th. 0,6 cm – coat at 1,5 cm near the base, and 3,5 cm on the rim. A thin layer (0,1 cm.) of greenish glass covers the vessel and the clay coating. Then, another thin grey (0,7 cm.) layer of clay was applied over the glass in order to reinforce the pot. A final layer of glass covers this outer layer of clay. This reinforcement was quite large and went all around the rim, except for a flat part, which was probably turn towards the glory hole in order to facilitate the glassblower’s movements while taking the viscous glass from the kiln. Except coarse hand-made ware deliberately made for this purpose, ordinary household vessels were also often used as melting pots: Price, Cool 1989, pp. 24-25. Sternini 1995, pp. 73-82. Van Geesbergen 1999, pp. 112-113.
18 On metal and wooden tools used within a glass workshop, see Sternini 1995, pp. 83-87.
19 For an intact example of the same shape, see Thessaloniki, History and Art 1986, p. 59, no 4.
20 Petsas 1967, pp. 295 ff, nos. 55-57. Petsas 1968, pp. 156-161. Adam Veleni et al. 1996, p. 501, with exhaustive bibliography.
21 Vitti 1996, pp. 102-103. Valavanidou 2001, pp. 123, 127, 128-129.
22 Ph. Petsas, ADelt 21 (1966), B2, pp. 334-339, pl. 345-359, esp. pp. 338-339, pl. 347 β.
23 Ph. Petsas, ADelt 21 (1966), B2, p. 337.
24 Ph. Petsas, ADelt 21 (1966), B2, pl. 356 α, γ, ε. Analogous motives were found on 4th c. products from Athenian workshops: Perlzweig 1961, p. 115, nos. 715-718, esp. 717, pl. 16, pp. 32-133, nos. 1044-1046, pl. 22, p. 152, nos. 1788-1809, pl. 31, p. 160, no. 2047, pl. 34, pl. 51, rim type no. 22. An unpublished matrix from the same excavation is kept at the Museum of Byzantine Culture of Thessaloniki. It is relevant to the products of the 3rd-4th c. Athenian workshops. See Perlzweig 1961, pp. 136-137, nos. 1181-1182, dated to the second half of the 3rd and the first half of the 4th c. Also, another find from the eastern necropolis, published in Thessaloniki, History and Art 1986, p. 22, no. 7, dated to the end of the 4th c., might also originate from the same excavation.
25 Isings 1957, pp. 139-140, form 111. Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002, pp. 285, no. 299.
26 Isings 1957, pp. 113-114, form 96α.
27 For complete examples, see Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002, p. 285, no. 298.
28 Trowbridge 1930, pp. 174, 190, 191, where references to early Christian texts including the term can be found.
29 Uboldi 1995, pp. 115-116, type III. 1. Antonaras 2006a, form 34.
30 Thessaloniki, History and Art 1986, p. 59, no. 4.
31 Isings 1957, pp. 122-123, form 104.
32 Along with the glass shards was found a follis of Anastasios I.
33 Mavromichali 2001, pp. 131-143.
34 Voutiras 1997, p. 81. Sverkos 2001, p. 99.
35 The Roman communities of negotiatores are well attested (Rizakis 1986, Velenis 1996), as well as the Jews (Nigdelis 1994), and other foreigners (Robert 1974), mostly originating from Asia Minor (Sverkos 2001, p. 99 note 23).
36 For a thorough and detailed study of glass vessels from Thessaloniki’s region, see Antonaras 2009b. For a shorter communication on the same subject in English, see Antonaras 2009a. For a comparative study of glass and clay finds, see Antonaras 2010c, pp. 309-319.
37 Antonaras 2009b, pp. 75-83. Antonaras 2010b, pp. 93-105.
38 Antonaras 2008, pp. 23-30.
39 Antonaras 2006, pp. 413-420.
40 Antonaras 2008, pp. 23-30.
41 Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki, Reg. No ΜΘ 7224. For its form, see Isings 1957, pp. 122-123, form 103. Antonaras 2009b, pp. 322-324, form 145.
42 Whitehouse 1997, pp. 268-269, no. 457. Similar glass vessel with the same hunting scene where the hunter has been identify as Diana. The vessel and its decoration were thoroughly examined in: Antonaras 2010a, pp. 301-334, where all prior bibliography is cited and commented.
43 Ph. Petsas, ADelt 22 (1967), B2, p. 391, pl. 296 ε and 298, drawing 12 ε. Pallas 1977, p. 75. Feissel 1983, no. 127.
44 Isings 1957, pp. 144-145, form 116. Antonaras 2009b, pp. 131-133, form 16.
45 The vessels and their decoration were thoroughly examined in Antonaras 2010a, pp. 301-334.
46 For a more detailed report on the subject, see Antonaras 2008, pp. 23-30.
47 Diocletian’s edict of 301 (Giacchero 1974). On prices of glass objects, see Barag 1985, pp. 109-116, esp. pp. 113-116, and Stern 1999, p. 466.
48 Verage bottles or jugs, were widely used in Late Antique Thessaloniki and weighted ca 80-150 gr. Therefore, if a pound (327,45 gr) costs 20 or 30 denarii, depending on the quality of the glass, an average bottle vessel would cost around 5 and up to 10 denarii.
49 Makropoulou 1997, pp. 56-69. Makropoulou 2003, pp. 61-62.
50 For color photos of necklaces, see Antonaras 2003, passim.
51 Spaer 2001, pp. 66, 76, nos 56, 57.
52 Spaer 2001, p. 177, nos. 332-38. Markopoulou 1997, p. 64, tab. 2. Spaer 2001, p. 185, no. 409-413. Napantis 2003, p. 63, drawing 32. Spaer 2001, p. 185, nos. 414-422.
53 For examples dated from the 3rd to the 7th c. A.D., see Kypraiou 1997, p. 156, no. 157. Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002, p. 424, no. 542, p. 558, no. 768.
54 They appear black due to their thickness. Thessalonikki 1986, pp. 123, 132, photo 133. Kypraiou 1997, p. 150, no. 149. Makropoulou 1997, p. 65, tab. 3.
55 Spaer 2001, p. 193. Antonaras 2003, pp. 331-334. Especially on later examples, see Antonaras 2006b, pp. 423-434.
56 Nalpantis 2003, pp. 35, 133 drawing 10, tab. 45.
57 Papanikola-Bakirtzi 2002, p. 425, no. 544.
58 Nalpantis 2003, p. 34, tab. 46. Makropoulou 1997, tab. 4.
59 Copper alloy brooches covered with enameling are in exhibition in the permanent collection of the Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki, nos. BKο 87/15 and BKο 244/214.
60 Golden earrings are in exhibition in the permanent collection of the Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki. no. BKο 214/5.
61 For the latest and most up-to-date information about glass windowpanes in the Mediterranean world, see communications in Foy 2005, passim, esp. pp. 15-52.
62 Pelekanidis 1955. Kourkoutidou-Nikolaïdou 1984, pp. 277-96. Antonaras 2007, passim.
63 Ai. Rhomiopoulou, ADelt 31 (1976), B2, pp. 241-242, pl. 194 a, with considerable quantities of window glass found in the debris of a 3rd c. A.D.’s bathhouse possibly from a Roman villa. Similar unpublished material has been unearthed in the Roman villa located under the Galerius’ palace, dated to the 2nd half of the 3rd c. A.D. I express my warmest thanks to the excavator, Mrs. M. Karaberi, for sharing this information with me.
64 For similar finds from Philippi, see Antonaras 2007.
65 James 2006, pp. 29-47, esp. p. 39.
66 Sotiriou 1972, pp. 191-204. Kourkoutidou-Niolaïdou, Tourta 1997, pp. 48-68.
67 Xyngopoulos 1952, pp. 472-487. Kourkoutidou-Nikolaïdou 1989.
68 Cormack 1969, pp. 16-52. Bakirtzis 1986. Kourkoutidou-Niolaïdou, Tourta 1997, pp. 153-174.
69 Xyngopoulos 1929, pp. 142-180. Tsigaridas 1987. Kourkoutidou-Niolaïdou, Tourta 1997, pp. 91-99.