1 « Catholic as well as Protestant, poor as well as rich », « as revolutionary a change as “Bolshevism” would be today », Constance Markievicz, « Wolfe Tone’s Ideals of Democracy », An Phoblacht (26 June 1925), 4.
2 Lindie Naughton, Markievicz: A Most Outrageous Rebel, op. cit., 11-12.
3 Sonja Tiernan, Eva Gore-Booth: An Image of Such Politics, op. cit., 14-15.
4 Ibid., 11.
5 Amanda Sebestyen (éd.), Prison Letters of Countess Markievicz, op. cit., 7.
6 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 3-4.
7 Sonja Tiernan, « Sligo Co-operative Movements (1895-1905); the Birth of an Irish Political Activist », in Shane Alcobia-Murphy, Lindsay Milligan and Dan Wall (éds), Founder to Shore: Cross-currents in Irish and Scottish Studies (Aberdeen : AHRC Centre for Irish and Scottish Studies, 2010), 189-196.
8 Beverley Skeggs, Des femmes respectables : classe et genre en milieu populaire (Marseille : Agone, 2015), 38-39.
9 Conor Reidy, « “Loose and immoral lives”: prostitution and the female criminal inebriate in Ireland, 1900-1918 », in Jennifer Redmond, Sonja Tiernan, Sandra McAvoy et Mary McAuliffe (éds), Sexual Politics in Modern Ireland (Dublin : Irish Academic Press, 2015), 54.
10 François Beck, Stéphane Legleye et Gaël De Peretti, « L’alcool donne-t-il un genre ? », Travail, genre et sociétés, vol. 15, no 1 (2006), 141-160.
11 « Drunkenness, immorality, misery and frequently suicide », in « Abolition of Barmaids: Important Memorial », Manchester Guardian (13 December 1907), 7 ; cité par Sonja Tiernan, Eva Gore-Booth: An Image of Such Politics, op. cit., 119.
12 Katherine Mullin, Working Girls: Fiction, Sexuality and Modernity (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2016), 167.
13 « The glamourous embodiment of a distinct form of modernity – parasexuality », Peter Bailey, Popular Culture and Performance in the Victorian City (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999), 151.
14 « Midnight Electioneering », Manchester Guardian (23 April 1908), 10.
15 Sonja Tiernan, Eva Gore-Booth: An Image of Such Politics, op. cit., 123-126.
16 « A referendum on the [barmaid] issue », Katherine Mullin, « “The Essence of Vulgarity”: The Barmaid Controversy in the “Sirens” episode in James Joyce’s Ulysses », Textual Practice 18:4 (2004), 477.
17 « Women resented being treated as children », « Barmaids’ Political Defense League », Manchester Guardian (1 April 1908), 9.
18 « No conservative – I am a Home Ruler » ; « the only candidate who takes a straight view of the barmaid question », « The Barmaid Cause », Manchester Guardian (22 April 1908, 24 April 1908), 8.
19 Tiernan cite la biographie écrite par Stanislas, le beau-fils de Constance Markievicz. Sonja Tiernan, Eva Gore-Booth: An Image of Such Politics, op. cit., 125.
20 « Give us women’s rights – the right to work, the right to vote », « Women and the Suffrage », The Times (15 June 1908), 9.
21 Katherine Mullin, Working Girls: Fiction, Sexuality and Modernity, op. cit., 189.
22 Joanna Bourke, Husbandry to Housewifery: Women, Economic Change and Housework in Ireland, 1890-1914 (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1993), 265-7.
23 Frank A. Biletz, « Women and Irish-Ireland: The Domestic Nationalism of Mary Butler », New Hibernia Review, vol. 6, no 1 (Spring, 2002), 59-72.
24 Maca, « Irish Women’s Duty: A Rejoinder », Irish Nation and the Irish Peasant (15 May 1909), 5.
25 « She would rather see women working for the nation as comrades with men, each according to her own abilities and power ». « Irishwomen in the Nation: Lecture by Countess Markievicz in Drumcondra », Irish Nation and the Irish Peasant (27 May 1909), 7.
26 Lauren Arrington, « Liberté, Égalité, Sororité: The poetics of suffrage in the work of Eva Gore-Booth and Constance Markievicz », in Anna Piltz et Whitney Standlee, Irish Women’s Writing, 1878-1922 (Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2016), 211.
27 « Labour Notes », Bean na hÉireann (April 1910), 10.
28 D. L., « Women Workers’ Column », Irish Worker (2 September 1911), 2.
29 « Without organisation you can do nothing, and the purpose of this meeting is to form you into an army of fighters. You will all, I hope, join this union: by doing so you will be doing a good day’s work, not only for yourselves, but for Ireland. (…) As you are all aware, women have at present no vote, but a union such as has now been formed will not alone help you to obtain better wages, but will also be a great means of helping you to get votes… and thus make men of you all », « Women Workers’ Union: Great Meeting in Antient Concert Rooms », Irish Worker (9 September 1911), 3.
30 Irish Worker (13 November 1915).
31 Constance Markievicz, « A Few Memories. Larkin, The Fianna and the King’s Visit », Éire (16 June 1923).
32 James Connolly, « Socialism and Nationalism », Shan Van Vocht (January 1897).
33 Constance Markievicz, « James Connolly as I Knew Him », The Nation (26 March 1927).
34 Padraig Yeates, Lockout: Dublin, 1913 (Dublin : Gil and Macmillan, 2000), 31.
35 Pádraig Yeates, « Chronology of the Great Dublin Lockout 1913-1914 », in Conor McNamara et Pádraig Yeates, The Dublin Lockout 1913, New Perspectives on Class War and its Legacy (Dublin : Irish Academic Press, 2017), 1-29.
36 Dermot Keogh, « William Martin Murphy and the origins of the 1913 Lock-Out », Saothar, vol. 4 (1978), 15-34.
37 Maca, « Who fears to Wear the Blood Red Badge », Irish Worker (11 October 1913). Voir également Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 98 ou encore Jacqueline Van Voris, Constance Markievicz in the Cause of Ireland, op. cit., 362.
38 « The poor against the rich, the oppressed against the oppressor » ; « Jim is in jail for us; what sacrifices can we make for Jim? », Madame Markievicz, « In Jail », Irish Worker (1 November 1913), 2.
39 Sari Oikarinen, “A Dream of Liberty”: Constance Markievicz’s Vision of Ireland 1908-1927 (Helsinki : Suomen Historiallinen Suera, 1998), 79.
40 Padraig Yeates, Lockout: Dublin, 1913, op. cit., 191.
41 Margaret Skinnider, Doing My Bit For Ireland, op. cit., 13 ; Nora O’Brien Connolly, Portrait of a Rebel Father (Dublin : Four Masters, 1975 [1935]), 152.
42 « The Markievicz Memorial », Irish Times (4 July 1932), 3.
43 Sari Oikarinen, “A Dream of Liberty”: Constance Markievicz’s Vision of Ireland 1908-1927, op. cit., 78.
44 Seán O’Casey, Drums under the Window (London : Macmillan, 1980 [1940]), 211-12.
45 R. M. Fox, The History of the Citizen Army (Dublin : J. Duffy, 1944), 73. Conor McNamara, « Glorious Forever? The Political Evolution of the Irish Citizen Army, 1913-1921 », in Conor McNamara et Pádraig Yeates, The Dublin Lockout 1913, New Perspectives on Class War and its Legacy, op. cit., 125.
46 R. M. Fox, The History of the Citizen Army, op. cit., 42.
47 Olivier Coquelin, « Lalor, Davitt et Connolly, ou l’avènement de l’aile gauche du mouvement révolutionnaire irlandais (1846-1916) », Revue LISA / LISA e-journal (Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2006), 8.
48 Constance Markievicz, « National Boy Scouts Convention », Irish Volunteer (10 October 1914), 16.
49 « Help to resist conscription », « Dismissal of Government Employe[e]: Violent Speeches in Dublin », Irish Times (16 November 1914), 9.
50 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 115-6.
51 Helena Molony, BMH. WS0391, 20.
52 « Formed object lessons of what women had done in the past, and would act as an incentive to future deeds as great as those of earlier ages », cité par Joan Fitzpatrick Dean, All Dressed Up: Modern Irish Historical Pageantry (Syracuse : Syracuse University Press, 2014), 80.
53 « Suffragist Fete in Dublin », Irish Citizen (2 May 1914), 396.
54 Christine Buignet, Arnaud Rykner, Entre code et corps : tableau vivant et photographie mise en scène (Pau : Presses universitaires de Pau, 2011), 13.
55 Au tournant du siècle, les tableaux vivants montraient des femmes portant des combinaisons couleur chair dans des scènes mythologiques ou historiques. Il s’agissait d’un divertissement populaire que les associations londoniennes de tempérance et autres organisations prônant la pureté morale tentaient de réguler voire d’interdire. Voir Brenda Assael, « Art or Indecency? Tableaux Vivants on the London Stage and the Failure of Late Victorian Moral Reform », Journal of British Studies, vol. 45, no 4 (October 2006), 744.
56 Laura E. Nym Mayhall, The Militant Suffrage Movement: Citizenship and Resistance in Britain, 1860-1930 (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2003), 87-88.
57 Margaret Ward, Maud Gonne: Ireland’s Joan of Arc (London : Pandora, 1990).
58 Lauren Arrington, « Liberté, égalité, sororité: the poetics of suffrage of the works of Eva Gore-Booth and Constance Markievicz », op. cit., 217.
59 Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol in Dublin », Irish Citizen (9 October 1915), 122.
60 Senia Pašeta, « “Waging War on the Streets”: the Irish Women Patrol, 1914-1922 », Irish Historical Studies, xxxix, no 154 (November 2014), 250.
61 « Dublin Police », Irish Citizen (19 December 1914), 241.
62 Senia Pašeta, « Waging War on the Streets’: the Irish Women Patrol, 1914-1922 », op. cit., 253.
63 James Curry, Artist of the Revolution, The Cartoons of Ernest Kavanagh (1884-1916) (Dublin : Mercier Press, 2012), 74-5.
64 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 118-9.
65 Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol », Irish Citizen (4 December 1915), 182.
66 « There has certainly been a very rude awakening », Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol in Dublin », Irish Citizen (9 October 1915), 122.
67 « Escape their domestic ruts », « war is helping to do this by (…) forcing responsibilities on them », Constance Markievicz, « The Future of Irishwomen », Irish Citizen (23 October 1915), 137.
68 « Press Cuttings », Irish Citizen (23 January 1915), 279.
69 « We have no right to blame them », Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol », Irish Citizen (23 October 1915), 137.
70 « Girls take to the streets for many causes », Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol in Dublin », Irish Citizen (9 October 1915), 122.
71 « Our girls », Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol », Irish Citizen (23 October 1915), 137 ; « you grow to know these girls », « Experience of a Woman Patrol in Dublin », Irish Citizen (9 October 1915), 122.
72 Maria Luddy, Prostitution and Irish Society, 1800-1940 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2007), 160.
73 « We have no right to shirk this duty: we must face at once the problem of our streets at night and face it squarely », Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol », Irish Citizen (23 October 1915), 137.
74 « Living an immoral life and being received by respectable people, and having excuses made for them if they are found out », Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol in Dublin », Irish Citizen (9 October 1915), 122.
75 « Clubs where girls and boys can meet in proper surroundings and spend a happy evening », ibid.
76 « We have got to get rid of the last vestige of the Harem », Constance Markievicz, « The Future of Irishwomen », Irish Citizen (23 October 1915), 137.
77 Constance Markievicz, « Experience of a Woman Patrol », ibid., 137.
78 Constance Markievicz, « Something Wrong Somewhere », Irish Citizen (February 1920), 68.
79 « Surrender of the Countess Markievicz », Irish Times (2 May 1916), 3.
80 Michael Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland: the Sinn Féin Party, 1916-1923 (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999), 142-3.
81 Ibid., 151-154.
82 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 183-4.
83 Sari Oikarinen, “A Dream of Liberty”: Constance Markievicz’s Vision of Ireland, 1908-1927, op. cit., 128-30 ; Lindie Naughton, Markievicz, A Most Outrageous Rebel, op. cit., 222-3.
84 « Activities », Irish Citizen (April 1919), 653.
85 « My getting locked up has done more to bring women out in the open than anything else », Lettre à Eva Gore-Booth, 16 July 1919 in Amanda Sebestyen (éd.), Prison Letters of Constance Markievicz, op. cit., 232.
86 Constance Markievicz, « Break Down the Bastilles », Voice of Labour (1 May 1919).
87 « St. Ultan’s House », The Irish Times (24 May 1919), 7.
88 Constance Markievicz, « Vote for Decent Homes », Irish Citizen (January 1920), 60.
89 Constance Markievicz, « A Smiling or a Frowning Home », Irish Citizen (April-May 1920), 85 ; « Smiling and Frowning Houses », Irish Citizen (July-August 1920), 109.
90 Lindie Naughton, Markievicz, A Most Outrageous Rebel, op. cit., 231.
91 Constance Markievicz, « Vote for Decent Homes », op. cit.
92 « Every housewife wears a dignified air of being mistress to a really good home with a lovely garden where she can grow fruit, vegetables and flowers », Constance Markievicz, « Smiling and Frowning Houses », op. cit.
93 Tricia Cusack, « A “Countryside Bright with Cosy Homesteads”: Irish Nationalism and the Cottage Landscape », National Identities, vol. 3, no 3 (2001), 222-3.
94 Eugene O’Brien, « The Epistemology of Nationalism », Irish Studies Review 17 (Winter 1996-1997), 16.
95 « The woman of to-day needs and demands a wider horizon than that bounded by the four walls of the “living-room” », M. K. Connery, « Correspondence », Irish Citizen (May-June 1920), 90.
96 Voir « Correspondence », Irish Citizen (May-June 1920), 90 (June-July 1920), 98 (July-August 1920), 106.
97 M. K. Connery, « Correspondence », Irish Citizen (May-June 1920), 90.
98 Tiffany Lewis, « Municipal Housekeeping in the American West: Bertha Knight Landes’s Entrance into Politics », Rhetoric and Public Affairs, vol. 14, no 3 (Fall 2011), 465-491.
99 « The home seems of vital importance », « the State is but a larger edition of the home », C. M., « Correspondence », Irish Citizen (June-July 1920), 98.
100 Frank A. Biletz, « Women and Irish-Ireland: The Domestic Nationalism of Mary Butler », op. cit., 59-72.
101 Mary P. Caulfield, « “Whenever the Tale of ’98 is Told” », op. cit., 90-1.
102 Louise Ryan, « Drunken Tans: Representations of Sex and Violence in the Anglo-Irish War (1919-21) », Feminist Review 66 (2000), 78.
103 « The reign of terror », Lil Conlon, Cumann na mBan and the Women of Ireland, 1913-25, op. cit., 148, 224.
104 Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries, op. cit., 143.
105 Mary McAuliffe, « The Homefront as Battlefront: Women, Violence and the Domestic Space during War in Ireland, 1919-1921 », Linda Connolly (éd.), Women and the Irish Revolution (Dublin : Irish Academic Press, 2020), 166-7.
106 Ibid., 170-1.
107 Linda Connolly, « Towards a Further Understanding of the Sexual and Gender-based Violence Women Experienced in the Irish Revolution », Linda Connolly (éd.), Women and the Irish Revolution, op. cit., 108-116.
108 Ces articles furent ensuite rassemblés dans un pamphlet. Voir Erskine Childers, Military Rule in Ireland (Dublin : The Talbot Press, 1920).
109 Lettre à Eva Gore-Booth, Amanda Sebestyen (éd.), Prison Letters, op. cit., 216-217, 219.
110 Constance Markievicz, « A Smiling or a Frowning Home », op. cit.
111 Amy Kaplan, « Manifest Domesticity », American Literature, vol. 70, no 3, No More Separate Spheres! (September 1998), 581-2.
112 « There was a generous chorus of praise from all parts of Ireland for the girls of Cumann na mBan on the way they have worked through the winter. Their courage, their capacity, and above all their discretion, were praised to me. These girls did daring and brave things that nobody ever heard of from anyone. (…) The men in the country tell me they never could have carried on with-out the help of Cumann na mBan, who did all sorts of work for them », Constance Markievicz, « Speech to the Cumann na mBan Convention », octobre 1921.
113 Carol Gilligan, Une Voix différente. Pour une éthique du care (Paris : Flammarion, 2008), 37.
114 Joan Tronto, « Du care », Revue du MAUSS, no 32 (2008/2), 243-265.
115 Sarah Benton, « Women Disarmed: The Militarization of Politics in Ireland 1913-1923 », op. cit., 161-2.
116 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 209-210.