1 Lewis Perry Curtis, Apes and Angels: The Irishman in Victorian Caricature (Michigan : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997).
2 Maria Elena Doyle, « A Spindle for the Battle: Feminism, Myth, and the Woman-Nation in Irish Revival Drama », Theatre Journal 51.1 (March 1999), 43.
3 Marian Eide, « Maeve’s Legacy: Constance Markievicz, Eva Gore-Booth, and the Easter Rising », op. cit., 86-90.
4 Angela Martin, « The practice of identity and an Irish sense of place », Gender, place and culture 4 (1997), 89-119.
5 Catherine Nash, « Men again: Irish masculinity, nature, and nationhood in the early twentieth century », Ecumene 3 (1996), 427-53.
6 Marie Cruise O’Brien, « The Female Principle in Gaelic Poetry », in S. F. Gallagher (éd.), Woman in Irish Legend, Life and Literature (Gerrards Cross, Bucks : Colin Smythe, 1983), 26-37.
7 Catherine Nash, « Embodied Irishness: gender, sexuality and Irish identities », in Brian Graham (éd.), In search of Ireland: a cultural geography (London : Routledge, 1997).
8 Tricia Cusack, « Janus and gender: women and the nation’s backward look », Nations and nationalism 6 (2000), 558.
9 Eavan Boland, A kind of Scar: The Woman Poet in a National Tradition (Dublin : Attic Press, 1989), 24 ; Gerry Kearns, « Mother Ireland and the revolutionary sisters », Cultural Geographies 11 (2004), 444-446.
10 « Weak Sarah Curran, who drifted to madness on Emmet’s death, and married one of his bitter foes », Constance Markievicz, « The Future of Irishwomen », op. cit., 137.
11 Louise Ryan, « The “Irish Citizen”, 1912-1920 », Saothar, vol. 17 (1992), 107.
12 Ibid., 111.
13 Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ’98 », Irish Citizen, 6, 13, 20, 27 November, 4 December 1915.
14 Pascal Dupuy, « La Grande Rébellion irlandaise de 1798 : répression et tentative d’union », Cahiers d’histoire. Revue d’histoire critique, 94-95 (2005), 69-76.
15 Senia Pašeta, « 1798 in 1898: The Politics of Commemoration », The Irish Review (Cork), no 22 (Summer 1998), 46.
16 Mary P. Caulfield, « “…Whenever the Tale of ’98 is Told”: Constance Markievicz, the National Memory and “The Women of Ninety-Eight” », Mary Caulfield et Christopher Collins (éds), Ireland, Memory and Performing the Historical Imagination (London : Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 89.
17 « Indifference », Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ’98 », op. cit. (6 November 1915), 150.
18 « To select, compress or leave out », ibid. (4 December 1915), 183.
19 « Histories and memoirs », « but all through the records of the struggle for independence allusions to deeds done by women and girls drift, giving us an idea of the place taken by the women of Ireland in the national struggle. We get glimpses of them through the smoke of their burning homesteads, and the dust and din of the battlefields; and most of these glimpses show us that the women of Ireland were worthy of the country that bore them », ibid. (6 November 1915), 150.
20 « Of all these [women] we get glimpses, from male chroniclers », « The Future of Irishwomen », op. cit., 137.
21 Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ’98 », op. cit. (6 November 1915), 150.
22 Avery Gordon, Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination (Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 17.
23 Declan Kiberd, « Fathers and Sons », Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation (London : Vintage, 1996).
24 « Writing, too, was as dangerous as fighting » ; « it was considered a crime to love your country », Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ’98 », op. cit. (6 November 1915), 150.
25 « Old stories told on winter nights round the turf fire, told reverently by old men whose fathers had been able to tell them what they themselves had suffered, and had seen happen in those old glorious days », ibid., 150.
26 Clodagh Brennan Harvey, « Some Irish Women Storytellers and Reflections on the Role of Women in the Storytelling Tradition », Western Folklore, vol. 48, no 2 (April 1989), 109-128.
27 Jacques Rancière, Aux bords du politique (Paris : Gallimard, 2003), 178.
28 Karen Steele, Women, Press and Politics During the Irish Revival, op. cit., 125.
29 Lindie Naughton, Markievicz: A Most Outrageous Rebel, op. cit., 128.
30 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 104.
31 « Heroically », « timidest », Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ’98 », op. cit. (6 November 1915), 150.
32 « Those who were not of the old martial nature, and who shrank from the clash of arms », ibid., 150.
33 « The Patriot Mother », « She would sooner see him dead than dishonoured », ibid., 151.
34 Ibid., 151.
35 « Their stories will be remembered in song and history whenever the tale of ’98 is told », ibid., 151.
36 « Our foremothers, which may be a light in the path of us women of today », Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », ibid. (13 November 1915), 161.
37 « Not seeming to mind any danger », ibid., 161.
38 Peter Collins, Who Fears to Speak of ‘98: Commoration and the Continuing Impact of the United Irishmen (Belfast : Ulster Historical Foundation, 2004), 43.
39 « Strong as a man », « talent for acting », Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », op. cit. (13 November 1915), 161.
40 « A delicious pie », Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », op. cit. (4 December 1915), 183.
41 « Do good service to their country », « in Wexford, the men were accustomed to rely on the women to keep them posted with information, supply them with food, hide them and help them escape », ibid., 183.
42 Ibid., 183.
43 Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », ibid. (13 November 1915), 161.
44 Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », ibid. (27 November 1915), 177.
45 Priscilla Metscher, « Mary Ann McCracken: A Critical Ulsterwoman within the Context of her Times », Études Irlandaises 14-2 (1989), 143-158.
46 « How the women and children were brutalized and murdered by English regiments, and of the chivalry and humanity that they met with (…) at the hands of the rebels », Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », op. cit. (20 November 1915), 168.
47 « Giving from an unbiased source a vivid picture of the horrors and dangers of the time, especially to women », ibid., 169.
48 « Not even the loyalists were safe, for the Rebellion was used as an excuse by the English soldiers to enter houses whenever they were able, and to illtreat those that they found there », ibid., 169.
49 Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ’98 », op. cit. (6 November 1915), 150.
50 Mary P. Caulfield, « Whenever the Tale of ’98 is Told », op. cit., 95.
51 « Times are changed (…) but women still suffer under militarism today », Constance Markievicz, « Women of Ninety-Eight », op. cit. (4 December 1915), 183.
52 « The Irish Costume solves everything. It is beautiful; it is suitable for every occasion; it can be worn morning, afternoon or evening. It is specially adapted for use as a working garb and it is pretty enough to wear at any social function. The most conscientious IrishIrelander may now be blissfully happy », Sinn Féin, 5 March 1910.
53 Mary Butler, « The Ethics of Dress », Irish Monthly, vol. XLV (April 1917), 222-228.
54 Hilary O’Kelly, « National Revival Dress and 1916 », in Lisa Godson et Joanna Brück (éds), Making 1916, Material and Visual Culture of the Easter Rising (Liverpool : Liverpool University Press, 2015), 174.
55 « There is a tale of a mysterious woman who rode into battle with the French army. Dressed in a green habit, with the tricolour and red plume in her hat… », Constance Markievicz, « The Women of ‘98 », op. cit. (6 November 1915), 150.
56 Le slogan « England’s difficulty is Ireland’s opportunity », d’abord associé à Daniel O’Connell (1775-1847) lors de la campagne qu’il mena pour l’abrogation de la loi d’union, prit tout son sens alors que pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale, la Grande-Bretagne faisait face au plus grand défi de son histoire.
57 Ann Matthews, The Irish Citizen Army (Dublin : Mercier Press, 2014), 62.
58 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 120.
59 « Keep your last bullet for yourself, and don’t whine about men protecting you », « Conscription and Women Workers », Workers’ Republic, 18 December 1915, 8. Anderson soutient que James Connolly a écrit cet article alors que Lauren Arrington affirme que si c’est le cas, ce dernier a largement emprunté la rhétorique de Markievicz et l’attribue donc à cette dernière. Voir W. K. Anderson, James Connolly and the Irish Left (Dublin : Irish Academic Press, 1994), 24 et Lauren Arrington, ibid., 121.
60 « Those who for freedom fall shall never die », Constance Markievicz, « Hymn on the Battlefield. Dedicated to the Irish Citizen Army », Workers’ Republic (13 November 1915).
61 « We are ready to fight for the land we love », Constance Markievicz, « Our Faith », Workers’ Republic (27 April 1916). Ce numéro du journal sort pendant l’insurrection. Voir également « The Call », Workers’ Republic (15 April 1916).
62 Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse. The Triumph of Failure (London : Gollancz, 1977), 179.
63 Charles Townshend, Easter 1916: The Irish Rebellion (London : Allen Lane, 2006), 138-143.
64 Constance Markievicz, « James Connolly as I Knew Him », Nation (26 March 1927) ; « 1916 », Nation (23 April 1927).
65 « In the name of God and of the dead generations », Alan O’Day et John Stevenson (éds), Irish Historical Documents Since 1800 (Dublin : Gill and MacMillan, 1992), 160-161.
66 F. X. Martin, « 1916 – Myth, Fact, Mystery », Studia Hibernica (7/1967), 69.
67 Lil Conlon, Cumann na mBan and the Women of Ireland 1913-1925 (Kilkenny : Kilkenney People Ltd., 1969), 18.
68 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 133-4.
69 « Some of the girls had revolvers », « women who were prepared to die for Ireland », Constance Markievicz, « Some Women in Easter Week », in Amanda Sebestyen (éd.), The Prison Letters of Countess Markievicz (London : Virago, 1986 [1936]), 38-39.
70 Lauren Arrington, Revolutionary Lives, op. cit., 131.
71 « She walked up to the officer, and, saluting, took out the revolver which she kissed affectionately, and then handed it up », « Surrender of the Countess Markievicz », Irish Times (2 May 1916), 3.
72 « Lily Kempson held up a bread cart at gunpoint and Mary Hyland commandeered a milk float by similar means », Ruth Taillon, When History was Made: The Women of 1916 (Belfast : Beyond the Pale Publications, 1996), 67 ; Louise Ryan, « “Furies” and “Die-hards”: Women and Irish Republicanism in the Early Twentieth Century », Gender & History, vol. 11, no 2 (July 1999), 258.
73 Le nombre de femmes ayant pris part au soulèvement est différent selon les sources. Pour une discussion de cette question, voir Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries, op. cit. ; Ruth Taillon, When History Was Made, op. cit.
74 Margaret Skinnider, Doing My Bit For Ireland (New York : The Century Co, 1917), 137.
75 Ruth Taillon, When History Was Made, op. cit., 19-20.
76 Seán O’Faoláin, Constance Markievicz, or The Average Revolutionary, op. cit., 198-99. D’autres sources mentionnent la présence de l’uniforme et du chapeau à plumes comme Margaret Skinnider, Doing My Bit For Ireland, op. cit., 113-14.
77 Louise Ryan, « “Furies” and “Die-hards”: Women and Irish Republicanism in the Early Twentieth Century », op. cit., 260-61.
78 Lisa Weihman, « Doing My Bit for Ireland: Trangressing Gender in the Easter Rising », Éire-Ireland, vol. 39, no 3-4 (Fall/Winter 2004), 241-2.
79 Ruth Taillon, When History Was Made, op. cit., 58.
80 Louise Ryan, « Spendidly Silent: representing Irish Republican Women, 1919-1923 », in A. M. Gallagher, Cathy Lubelska, Louise Ryan (éds), Re-presenting the Past: Women and History (London : Routledge, 2014), 33-34.
81 « The women », Florence O’Donoghue, No Other Law: The Story of Liam Lynch and the Irish Republican Army, 1916-1923 (Dublin : Irish Press, 1954), 107 ; « The Cumann na mBan girls », Ernie O’Malley, The Singing Flame (Dublin : Mercier Press, 2012), 21.
82 « Distinguished from male soldiers by emphasizing their femininity », Nina Yuval-Davis, Gender and Nation (London : Sage, 1997), 101.
83 Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries, op. cit., 120.
84 Louise Ryan, « “Furies” and “Die-hards”: Women and Irish Republicanism in the Early Twentieth Century », op. cit., 265-8.
85 « Ready for the supreme sacrifice, should it be demanded of them », Lil Conlon, Cumann na mBan, op. cit., 168.
86 Louise Ryan, « Spendidly Silent », op. cit., 39.
87 « Forget not the women of Erin/ Who stood without tremor or dread,/ Beside those who battled for freedom », Constance Markievicz, « A Song of Cumann na mBan », Knutsford, June 1916 (Allen Library, Dublin). Le texte est reproduit dans Mary S. Pierse, Irish Feminisms, 1810-1930, vol. 3 (London : Routledge, 2009).
88 Constance Markievicz, « Speech to Cumann na mBan Convention », 22 October 1921.
89 « Cumann na mBan would torpedo the Treaty », « turn down the girls who stood by the men in the days of the fight for freedom », Constance Markievicz, « Irishwomen and the Franchise. Speech in Dáil Éireann », 2 March 1922 <https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1922-03-02/23/#spk_227>.
90 « When bullets hailed you showed no fear », Constance Markievicz, « Our girls », Countess Markievicz Prison Poetry and Sketches (Lissadell Press, 2017), 32-33.
91 Le texte manuscrit qui figure sous le dessin est le suivant : « Cumann na mBan in Jail. Three of the girls who are in Mountjoy Jail today; kidnapped by the Free State soldiers because they are True to the Republic ».
92 Margaret Buckley, The Jangle of the Keys (Dublin : J. Duffy, 1938), 31, 113, 115.
93 George Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe (New York : Howard Fertig, 1985), 90.
94 « Mens’ work », Patrick Pearse, « The Coming Revolution », Political Writings and Speeches, op. cit., 97.
95 Jennifer Redmond, « Brave enough to fight? Masculinity, migration and the Irish Revolution », Irish Studies Review, 29:2 (2021), 197-201.
96 « Women in men’s clothing », Constance Markievicz, « Irishwomen and the Franchise », op. cit.
97 Margaret Ward, Unmanageable Revolutionaries, op. cit., 163.
98 Breda Gray et Louise Ryan, « (Dis)locating Woman and Women in Representations of Irish Nationality », in Anne Byrne et Madeleine Leonard (éds), Women and Irish Society: A Sociological Reader (Belfast : Beyond the Pale Publications, 1997), 517-34.
99 « Their ambition to devote their lives to the cause », « the absolute oneness of their love for Ireland », Constance Markievicz, « Tom Clarke and the First Day of the Republic », Éire, 26 May 1923.