1 Jürgen Osterhammel, Britischer Imperialismus im Fernen Osten Strukturen der Durchringung und einheimischer Widerstand auf dem chinesischen Market, 1932-1937, Bochum, « Chinathemen, Bund 10 », Studenverlag Brockmeyer, 1982. John Gallagher & Ronald Robinson, « The imperialism of free trade », Economic History Review, volume 6, 1953, pp. 1-15 ; réédité in Alan Georges Shaw (dir.), Great Britain and the Colonies, 1815-1865, collection « Debates in Economic History », Londres, Methuen, 1970. À opposer à : Jean-François Cady, The Roots of French Imperialism in Eastern Asia, New York, Cornell University Press, 1954. John Laffey, « Les racines de l’impérialisme français en Extrême-Orient. À propos des thèses de J.-F. Cady », Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, 1969, tome xvi, avril-juin 1969, pp. 282-299.
2 John Fairbank (dir.), The Cambridge History of China, volume 10, Late Ch’ing, 1800-1911, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1978.
3 Nicole Tixier, « La Chine dans la stratégie impériale : le rôle du Quai d’Orsay et de ses agents », in Hubert Bonin, Catherine Hodeir et Jean-François Klein (dir.), L’esprit économique impérial (1830-1970). Groupes de pression & réseaux du patronat colonial en France & dans l’empire, Paris, Publications de la Sfhom, 2008, pp. 65-84.
4 Fabrice Bensimon et Armelle Enders (dir.), Le siècle britannique. Variations sur une suprématie globale au xixe siècle, Paris, Pups, 2012.
5 E.W. Edwards, « The origins of British financial cooperation with France in China, 1903-1906 », English Historical Review, n°86, April 1971, pp. 285-317. E.W. Edwards, « British policy in China, 1913-1914. Rivalry with France in the Yangtze valley », Journal of Oriental Studies, 1977, n°40, pp. 20-36.
6 Peter J. Cain et Anthony G. Hopkins, « The political economy of British expansion overseas », Economic History Review, 33, 4, 1980, pp. 463-490.
7 Voir, en général : Jürgen Osterhammel, « British Business in China, 1860s-1950s », in Richard Davenport et Geoffrey Jones (dir.), British Business in Asia since 1860, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 189-227. Shigeru Akita, « British economic interests and the international order of Asia in the 1930s », in Shigeru Akita & Nicholas White (dir.), The International Order of Asia in the 1930s and 1950s, Burlington, VT-Londres, Ashgate, 2009, pp. 17-48.
8 Cf. Paul Butel, « La guerre de l’opium » (chapitre 3), L’opium. Histoire d’une fascination, Paris, Perrin, 1995, pp. 88-128.
9 Cf. Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong, London, Tauris, 2004.
10 Christopher Charles Munn, « The Hong Kong opium revenues, 1845-1885 » (chapitre 4) ; Gregory Blue, « Opium for China: The British Connection » (chapitre 1), in Timothy Brooks, Patrick Carr & Maria Kefalas (dir.), Opium Regimes: China, Britain and Japan, 1839-1952, Berkeley, California University Press, 2000.
11 John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast: The Opening of the Treaty Ports, 1842-1854, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1953. John King Fairbank, « The creation of the Treaty System », in Denis Twitchett & John King Fairbank (dir.), The Cambridge History of China, volume 10, partie 1, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970, pp. 213-263.
12 Weng Eong Cheong, Mandarins and Merchants: Jardine Matheson & C°, a China Agency of the Early Nineteenth Century, Londres & Malmö, Curzon Press, 1978. Maggie Keswick (dir.), The Thistle and the Jade: A Celebration of 150 Years of Jardine Matheson & C°, Londres, Octopus Books, 1982. Robert Blake, Jardine Matheson: Traders of the Far East, Londres, Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1999. Edward Le Fervour, Western Enterprise in Late Ch’ing China: A Selective Survey of Jardine, Matheson & Company’s Operations, 1842-1895, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1968.
13 Stephanie Jones, Two Centuries of Overseas Trading: The Origins and Growth of the Inchcape Group, Basingstoke, Palgrave-MacMillan, 1986.
14 Salomon Bard, Traders of Hong Kong: Some Foreign Merchant Houses, 1841-1899, Hong Kong, Urban Council, 1993.
15 Geoffrey Sayers, Hong Kong (1862-1919): Years of Discretion, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1968. Joseph William England (dir.), The Hong Kong Economic Scene, Hong Kong, Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1969.
16 Carl Smith, « The German Speaking Community in Hong Kong, 1846-1918 », Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, volume 34, 1994, pp. 1-55. Winfried Speitkamp, « The Germans in Hong Kong, 1860-1914: Social life, political interest and national identity », in Ricardo Mak & Danny Paau (dir.), Sino-German Relations since 1800: Multidisciplinary Explorations, Frankfurt-am-Main, Peter Lang, 2000, pp. 53-71. Ricardo Mak, « Business for business sake: German merchants in nineteenth century Hong Kong », in Ricardo Mak & Danny Paau (dir.), Sino-German Relations since 1800: Multidisciplinary Explorations, Frankfurt-am-Main, Peter Lang, 2000, pp. 31-52. Bert Becker, « German Business in Hong Kong before 1914 », Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch, volume 44, 2004, pp. 91-113.
17 Norman Miners, Hong Kong under Imperial Rule, 1912-1941, Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, 1987.
18 Geoffrey Jones. Merchants to Multinationals: British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000 & 2004. Sinichi Yonekawa (dir.), General Trading Companies: A Comparative and Historical Study, Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 1990. Jacob Price, Overseas Trade and Traders, Aldershot, Variorum, 1996. Stephanie Jones, Two Centuries of Overseas Trading, Londres, MacMillan, 1986. Geoffrey Jones, The Multinational Traders, Londres, Routledge, 1998.
19 Cf. Giovanni Federico, An Economic History of the Silk Industry, 1830-1930, Cambridge, Cambridge Unversity Press, 1997. Lillian Li, China’s Silk Trade: Traditional Industry in the Modern World, 1842-1937, « Council on East Asian Studies », Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1981.
20 Cf. Paul Butel, Histoire du thé, Paris, Desjonquères, 1989.
21 Nous renvoyons par exemple au dictionnaire encyclopédique : John Zumerchik et Steven Danver (dir.), Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues, deux volumes, Santa Barbara, Denver ; Oxford, ABC-Clio, 2009, xiv+731 pp. [www.abc-clio.com]; et à la fameuse Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History en trois volumes (2007).
22 Hubert Bonin, « Trade and transportation (19th-20th centuries) », in John Zumerchik & Steven Danver (dir.), Seas and Waterways, op. cit., pp. 663-671.
23 Hubert Bonin, History of the Suez Canal Company, 1858-1960. Between Controversy and Utility, Genève, Droz, 2010. Hubert Bonin, « The Compagnie du canal de Suez and Transit Shipping, 1900-1956 », International Journal of Maritime History, xvii, n°2, décembre 2005, pp. 87-112. Hubert Bonin, « Suez canal », in John Zumerchik & Steven Danver (dir.), Seas and Waterways, op. cit., pp. 257-270.
24 Sydney Pollard et Paul Robertson, The British Shipbuilding Industry, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1979.
25 Michael B. Miller, Europe and the Maritime World: A Twentieth Century History, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
26 Marie-Françoise Berneron-Couvenhes, Les Messageries maritimes. L'essor d'une grande compagnie de navigation française, 1851-1894, Paris, Pups, collection « Histoire maritime », 2007. Pour un récit abondamment illustré : Philippe Ramona, Paquebots vers l’Orient, Paris, Alan Sutton, 2013. Paul Bois, Le grand siècle des Messageries maritimes, Marseille, Chambre de commerce et de l’industrie de Marseille-Provence, collection « Histoire du commerce et de l'industrie de Marseille, xixe-xxe siècles », tome VII, 1986.
27 Cf. P&O Heritage Collection Official Site [www.poheritage.com]. François Drémeaux, Les Messageries maritimes à Hong Kong, 1918-1941, Scientrier, Gope, 2014.
28 Catherine King, « The first trip East. P&O via Suez », in Frank King (dir.), Eastern Banking: Essays in the History of the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, Londres, Athlone Press, 1983, pp. 204-229. Hubert Bonin, History of the Suez Canal Company, 1858-1960. Between Controversy and Utility, Genève, Droz, 2010. Hubert Bonin, « Suez canal », in John Zumerchik & Steven Danver (dir.), Seas and Waterways of the World. An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues (2 volumes), Santa Barbara (Calif.), ABC Clio, 2009, pp. 257-270.
29 Le futur dirigeant Den Xiao Ping embarque sur l’André Lebon à Shanghai pour gagner Paris le 27 août 1920, au sein d’un groupe de 80 étudiants du programme Travail Études.
30 Voir la présentation de chacun de ces navires dans Paul Bois, op. cit., pp. 222-249.
31 Jean Beauge et René-Pierre Cogan, Histoire des Chargeurs réunis, Paris, Barré & Dayez, 1984. Paul Bois, Armements marseillais. Compagnies de navigation et navires à vapeur (1831-1988), le grand siècle des Messageries maritimes, Marseille, Chambre de commerce et de l’industrie de Marseille-Provence, collection « Histoire du commerce et de l'industrie de Marseille, xixe-xxe siècles », 1992.
32 History of P&O from 1815 to 1954 [www.shipsnostalgia.com/archive/index].
33 Daniel Stapfer, « Les nouveaux services de Chine », Bulletin de la Société scientifique industrielle de Marseille, tome 25, 1987, pp. 127-137 ; cité par Paul Bois, Le grand siècle des Messageries maritimes, op. cit., pp. 112-116.
34 Clarence Davis, « Financing imperialism: British and American bankers as vectors of imperial expansion in China, 1908-1920 », Business History Review, 1982, 56-2, pp. 236-264. E.W. Edwards, British Diplomacy and Finance in China, 1855-1914, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1987. P.A. Graham, « Financing Hong Kong business », Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 avril 1969, pp. 144-154.
35 Geoffrey Jones, British Multinational Banking, 1830-1990, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1993.
36 Compton Mackenzie, Realms of Silver. One Hundred Years of Banking in the East (Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China), Londres, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1954. À opposer à: Muirhead Stuart, Crisis Banking in the East. The History of the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London & China, 1853-1893, Scholar Press, Aldershot, 1996, car cette seconde banque s’est effondrée.
37 Frank King, The History of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation. Volume 1. The Hong Kong Bank in Late Imperial China, 1864-1902: On an Even Kneel, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987. Frank King, The History of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation. Volume 2. The Hongkong Bank in the Period of Imperialism and War, 1895-1918: Wayfoong, the Focus on Wealth, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. Frank King, The History of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation. Volume 3. The Hong Kong Bank, 1918-1940, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988. Yu Ching Jao & Frank King, Money in Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Center of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 1990. Richard Roberts and David Kynaston, The Lion Wakes: A Modern History of HSBC, London, Profile Books, 2015.
38 Voir le texte : John McGuire, « The rise and fall of the Oriental Bank in the nineteenth century: A product of the transformations that occurred in the world economy or the result of its own mismanagement? » [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASAA/biennial-conference/2004/McGuire-J-ASAA2004.pdf].
39 Carl T. Smith, « Compradores of the Hongkong Bank », in Frank King (dir.), Eastern Banking: Essays in the History of the Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, Londres, Athlone Press, 1983, pp. 93-111.
40 Voir Shizuya Nishimura, « The flow of funds within the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation in 1913 », in Olive Checkland, Shizuya Nishimura & Norio Tamaki (dir.), Pacific Banking (1859-1959). East Meets West, London, MacMillan; New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1994, pp. 24-51. Niv Horesh, « Many a long day: Hsbc and its note issue in Republican China, 1912-1935 », Enterprise and Society. The International Journal of Business History, volume 9, n°1, mars 2008, pp. 6-43.
41 Philip Cottrell, « Connections and new opportunities: London as an international financial centre, 1914-1958 », in Youssef Cassis et Éric Bussière (dir.), London and Paris as International Financial Centres in the Twentieth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 153-182. Hubert Bonin, « The challenged competitiveness of the Paris banking and finance markets, 1914-1958 », ibidem, pp. 183-204. Youssef Cassis, Capitals of Capital. A History of International Financial Centers, 1780-2005, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2006. Youssef Cassis, « Les places de Londres et de Paris au début du xxe siècle. Quelques réflexions comparatives », in Olivier Feiertag et Isabelle Lespinet-Moret (dir.), L’économie faite homme. Hommage à Alain Plessis, Genève, Droz, 2010, pp. 487-501.
42 Frank King, The History of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, volume 3, op. cit., p. 3.
43 Ibidem, p. 180.
44 Ayumu Sugawara, « American International Banking in China before World War II: Beijing, Tianjin and Guangdong branches of International Banking Corporation », Tohoku Management & Accounting Research Group, 78, 2007, pp. 1-19. Citicorp, Citicorp in China: A Colorful, Very Personal History since 1902, New York, Citicorp, Citibank, 1989. Peter Starr, Citibank. A Century in Asia, Singapore, Didier Millet & Citicorp, 2002.
45 Frank King, The History of the Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, volume 3, op. cit., pp. 90s et 145.
46 Ibidem, p. 186.
47 Ibidem, pp. 176-177.
48 Ibidem, p. 257.
49 Ibidem, p. 41.
50 Ibidem, p. 239.
51 Ibidem, p. xxviii.
52 Kenneth Lipartito, « Business culture. The embeddedness of business », in Geoffrey Jones & Jonathan Zeitlin (dir.), The Oxford Handbook of Business History, New York, 2007 ; Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 605-610. Isabelle Huault, « Embeddedness et théorie de l’entreprise. Autour des travaux de Mark Granovetter », Annales des Mines. Gérer et comprendre, juin 1998, pp. 73-86. Mark Granovetter, « Economic action and social structure: the problem of embeddedness », American Journal of Sociology, volume 91, 3, 1985, pp. 481-510.
53 Tak-Wing Ngo (dir.), Hong Kong’s History: State and Society under Colonial Rule, Londres, Routledge, 1999. John Carroll, Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong, Cambridge Mass., Harvard University Press, 2005. Pui-Tak Lee, Colonial Hong Kong and Modern China: Interaction and Reintegration, Hong Kong, Hong Kong University Press, 2005.
54 Sherman Cochran, Inventing Nanking Road: Commercial Culture in Shanghai, 1900-1945, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, « East Asia Program », 1999. Harriet Sergeant, Shanghai: Collision Point of Culture, 1918-1939, New York, Crown Publishers, 1990. Yeh Wen-Hsin, Shanghai Splendor: Economic Sentiments and the Making of Modern China, 1843-1949, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2007.
55 Edwin Green, « The migration of British bank personnel to the Pacific region, 1850-1914 », in Olive Checkland, Shizuya Nishimura & Norio Tamaki (dir.), Pacific Banking (1859-1959). East Meets West, London, MacMillan ; New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1994, pp. 75-99.
56 Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture and Colonialism, 1900-1949, Manchester & New York, Manchester University Press, 1999. Sik Hung Ng, Social Capital in Hong Kong. Connectivities and Social Enterprise, Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong Press, 2011.
57 Voir Mark Casson, « Entrepreneurial networks: A theoretical perspective », in Michael Moss, Anthony Slaven et Clara Eugenia Nunez (dir.), Entrepreneurial Networks and Business Culture, Séville, Fundacion Fomento de la historian economica, Publicaciones de la Universidad de Sevilla, 1998, pp. 13-28.
58 Cf. Douglass North, « Institutions, transactions costs, and the rise of merchant empires », in James Tracy (dir.), The Political Economy of Merchant Empires. State Power and World Trade, 1350-1750, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 22-40.
59 Bernard Porter, The Lion’s Share: A Short History of British Imperialism, 1850-1995, première édition, 1976; troisième edition, 1996; nouvelle édition, 1850-2011, 2011.