1 Traduction : Pascal Bastien (université du Québec, Montréal).
2 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual: The American Death Penalty and the Founders’ Eighth Amendment, Boston, NUP, 2012, p. 31-58.
3 Bessler J. D., « Revisiting Beccaria’s Vision: The Enlightenment, America’s Death Penalty, and the Abolition Movement », Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, 195, 2009, p. 207-208. Citation tirée de Beccaria C. (éd. et notes F. Venturi, trad. M. Chevallier), Des délits et des peines [1764-1766], Genève, Droz, 1965, p. 23.
4 The North American Review, 71, 1850, p. 440.
5 Stefoff R., Furman v. Georgia: Debating the Death Penalty, Tarrytown, NY, Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008, p. 29: « Des exemplaires du livre de Beccaria circulaient dans les colonies. Thomas Jefferson, George Washington et John Adams en possédaient tous une copie et il était annoncé dans plusieurs journaux coloniaux. »
6 Healey R., Italian Literature Before 1900 in English Translation: An Annotated Bibliography, Toronto, UTP, 2011, p. 253; Beccaria C. (Thomas A., ed., trad. A. Thomas, J. Parzen), On Crimes and Punishments and Other Writings, Toronto, UTP, 2008, p. 17, 26, 32-34, 51, 55-56.
7 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 51-53.
8 Ibidem, p. 48-49.
9 Ibid., p. 48.
10 Miller K. S., Radelet M. L., Executing the Mentally Ill: The Criminal Justice System and the case of Alvin Ford, Newbury Parc, CA, SAGE Publications, 1993, p. 111, n. 5; Ferling J., Adams vs. Jefferson: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, Oxford, OUP, 2004, p. xi-xii.
11 Palmer L. J., The Death Penalty: An American Citizen’s Guide to Understanding Federal and State Laws, Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Co., 1998, p. 14 (meurtre, incendie, viol, cambriolage, sodomie, piraterie et trahison).
12 Wilf S. Law’s imagined Republic: Popular Politics and Criminal Justice in Revolutionary America, Cambridge, CUP, 2010, p. 139.
13 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 188, 300.
14 Ibid., p. 141.
15 Ibid., p. 141-42.
16 Ibid., p. 39, 56.
17 Ibid., p. 86-87, 108.
18 Ibid., p. 178.
19 Ibid., p. 179-81.
20 Pace A. (ed.), Luigi Castiglioni’s Viaggio: Travels in the United States of North America 1785-1787, Syracuse, NY, SUP, 1983, p. 313-14.
21 Ibid., p. xii, xxix-xxxiv.
22 Ibid., p. 313-14.
23 Nowlan R. A., The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler: What They Did, What They Said, What Was Said About Them, with Full Source Notes, Jefferson, NC, McFarland & Co., 2012, p. 165.
24 Bradford imaginait que Castiglioni était le neveu de Beccaria.
25 Pace A., Luigi Castiglioni’s Viaggio, op. cit., p. 313-14.
26 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 33, 39.
27 Silverman R. A., Thornberry T. P., Cohen B., Krisberg B. (ed.), Crime and Justice at the Millennium: Essays by and in Honor of Marvin E. Wolfgang, Dordrecht, The NKAP, 2002, p. 391.
28 Pace A., Luigi Castiglioni’s Viaggio, op. cit., p. 314 (Castiglioni visite les treize États et séjourne plus de deux ans en Amérique du Nord).
29 Ibid., p. 314.
30 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 47.
31 Amar A. R., The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction, 1998, p. 87.
32 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 94-95; McLean N. M., « Livelihood, Ability to Pay, and the Original Meaning of the Excessive Fines Clause », Hastings Constitutional Law Quaterly, 4, 40, 2013, p. 833, 858-59.
33 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 174-76.
34 Ibid., p. 98.
35 Ibid., p. 36-37.
36 Phillips C. N., Epic in American Culture: Settlement to Reconstruction, Baltimore, MD, JHUP, 2012, p. 77.
37 Williams D. L., Rousseau’s Platonic Enlightenment, University Park, PA, PSUP, 2007, p. 147.
38 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 32, 95.
39 Davidow R. P., Natural Rights and Natural Laws: The Legacy of George Mason, Fairfax, Va, GMUP, 1986, p. 247; Shain B. A. (ed.), The Nature of Rights at the American Founding and Beyond, Charlottesville, UVP, 2007, p. 95, 127.
40 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 48-49.
41 Ibid., p. 49.
42 Ibid.
43 Ibid., p. 319.
44 Sears L., John Hancock: The Picturesque Patriot, Boston, Little, Brown, & Co., 1913, p. 109, 228.
45 Steele B., Thomas Jefferson and American Nationhood, Cambridge, CUP, 2012, p. 40, n. 136.
46 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 47.
47 Runes D. D. (ed.), The Selected Writings of Benjamin Rush, New York, The Philosophical Library, 1947, p. 46.
48 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 53.
49 Déclaration d’indépendance (4 juillet 1776).
50 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 54-55.
51 Ibid., p. 141.
52 Ibid., p. 130.
53 Ibid., p. 130-131.
54 Ibid.
55 Langworthy E. (ed.), Memoirs of the Life of the Late Charles Lee, Esq., London, J. S. Jordan, 1972, p. 76-77, 80, 82.
56 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 157.
57 Ibid.
58 Clear T. R., Cole G. F., Reisig M. D., American Corrections, 10th ed., Belmont, CA, Wadsworth, 2013, p. 44.
59 Friedman L. M., A History of American Law, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1985, p. 281.
60 Morris N., Rothman D. J. (ed.), The Oxford History of the Prison: The Practice of Punishment in Western Society, Oxford, OUP, 1995, p. 103; Bradburn D., The Citizenship Revolution: Politics & the Creation of the American Union 1774-1804, Charlottesville, UVP, 2009, p. 196.
61 Masur L. P., Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865, Oxford, OUP, 1989, p. 71.
62 Henderson C. R., Correction and Prevention, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1910, p. 150-151.
63 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 85-91.
64 Binder G., Felony Murder, Stanford, CA, SUP, 2012, p. 128.
65 Roth M. P., Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia, Westport, CT, Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 29.
66 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 47-55.
67 Ibid.
68 Ibid.
69 Ibid.
70 Ibid.
71 Ibid., p. 52; Marcus M. (ed.), The Documentary History of the Supreme Court of the United States, 1789-1800, vol. 2, The Justices on Circuit, 1790-1794, New York, CUP, 1988, p. 189-90, 402; Aitken R., Aitken Marilyn, Law Makers, Law Breakers and Uncommon Trials, Chicago, IL, American Bar Association, 2007, p. 15.
72 Hostettler J., Cesare Beccaria: The Genious of « On Crimes and Punishments », Hampshire, UK, Waterside Press, 2010, p. 72.
73 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 85.
74 Memoir, Autobiography and Correspondence of Jeremiah Mason, Kansas City MO, Lawyers’ International Pub. Co., 1917, p. 12.
75 Masur L. P., Rites of execution, op. cit., p. 52.
76 Gragg R., Forged in Faith: How Faith Shaped the Birth of the Nation 1607-1776, New York, Howard Books, 2010, p. 22, 88, 185.
77 « 64. A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments in cases heretofore capital », Boyd J. P. et al. (ed.), The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 2: 1777 to 18 June 1779: including the Revisal of the laws, 1776-1786, Princeton N. J., PUP, 1950, p. 492-507.
78 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, p. 142.
79 Ibid., p. 54.
80 Ibid., p. 141.
81 Ibid., p. 145.
82 Lewis O. F., The Development of American Prisons Customs 1776-1845, Albany N. Y., Prison Association of New York, 1922, p. 8-9, 11, 13-14, 46, 151, 257, 325, 342.
83 Ibid., p. 25, 271, 293.
84 Roth M. P., Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia, Westport CT, Greenwood Press, 2006, p. 341.
85 The Christian Examiner and Theological Review, 1826, 3, p. 204-205.
86 Ammon H., James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity, Charlottesville, UVP, 1990, p. 180.
87 Throness L., A Protestant Purgatory: Theological Origins of the Penitentiary Act, 1779, Hampshire, UK, Ashgate Publishing, 1998, p. 119-120.
88 Baker G. (ed.), The Works of William H. Seward, vol. 2, New York, Redfield, 1953, p. 174; Beaumont G., Tocqueville A., On the Penitentiary System in the United States and Its Application in France, Carbondale IL, Southern IUP, 1979 (1833), p. 39, 106, 119.
89 Shahidullaj S. M., Crime Policy in America: Laws, Institutions, and Programs, Lanham, MD, UPA, 2008, p. 61.
90 Miller W. R. (ed.), The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia, Thunder Oaks, CA, SAGE Publications, 2012, p. 1074.
91 Whitehead J. T., Jones M., Braswell M. C., Exploring Corrections in America, Newark NJ, Matthew Bender & Co., 2008, p. 46-47.
92 Mays G. L., Winfree L. T., Essentials of Corrections, 4th ed., Belmont CA, Wadsworth, 2009, p. 39-40.
93 Ruff J. R., Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500-1800, Cambridge, CUP, 2001, p. 112-13; Ewick P., Kagan R. A. et Sarat A. (ed.), Social Science, Social Policy, and the Law, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1999, p. 47-48; Lewis D., From Newgate to Dannemora: The Rise of the Penitentiary in New York, 1796-1848, Ithaca, NY, CUP, 2009, p. 15, 23-34, 58; Jones M., Johnstone P., History of Criminal Justice, 5th ed., Waltham MA, Anderson Publishing, 2012, p. 151.
94 Clear R., Cole G. F., Reisig M. D., American Corrections, 10th ed., Belmont CA, Wadsworth, 2013, p. 38; Goldie M., Wokler R. (ed.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought, Cambridge, CUP, 2006, p. 567; McShane M., Williams F. P., Criminal Justice: Contemporary Literature in Theory and Practice, New York, Garland Publishing, 1997, p. 780, n. 6.
95 Seagrave R. R., Dinwiddie County Virginia: A Brief History, Charleston SC, The History Press, 2012, p. 34.; Scott W., Memoirs of Lieut.-General Scott, LL.D., New York, Sheldon & Co., 1864, p. 26.
96 Brackenridge H. H., Law Miscellanies: Containing an Introduction to the Study of the Law, Philadelphia, P. Byrne, 1814, p. 497.
97 James A., New Look at Capital Punishment, New York, Belmont Tower Books, 1977, p. 128; « Lewis E. Lawes, Former Sing Sing Warden, Succumbs », The Evening Independent (St. Petersburg, FL), 23th april, 1947, p. 2.
98 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 159.
99 Crockett G. F. H., An Address to the Legislature of Kentucky, on the Abolition of Capital Punishments, in the United States, and the Substitution of Exile for Life, Georgetown KY, N. L. Finnell, 1823.
100 Bessler J. D., Cruel and Unusual, op. cit., p. 158.
101 Ibid., p. 159.
102 Ibid., p. 52-53.
103 Ibid., p. 108.
104 Ibid., p. 106.
105 Jampoler A. C. A., The Last Lincoln Conspirator: John Surratt’s Flight from the Gallows, Annapolis MD, NIP, 2008, p. 291, n. 6.
106 Wood G. S., Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815, Oxford, OUP, 2009, p. 492.
107 Dillon J. F., The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America: Being a Series of Lectures Delivered Before Yale University, Boston, Little, Brown, and Co., 1894, p. 368.
108 Chipman N., Sketches of the Principes of Government, Rutland, VT, J. Lyon, 1793, p. 198, note*.
109 Tocqueville A., Democracy in America, vol. 2, Stilwell KS, Digireads, 2007, p. 104.
110 Rose U. M., The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2271].
111 Rose U. M., « Beccaria and Law Reform », The American Lawyer: A Monthly Journal Serving the Business and Professional Interests of the American Bar, 8, 1900, p. 298, 299, 303.
112 The Death Penalty: Abolition in Europe, Strasbourg, Council of Europe Publishing, 1999, p. 182.
113 Latzer B., McCord D., Death Penalty Cases: Leading U. S. Supreme Court Cases on Capital Punishment, 3th ed., Burlington MA, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2011, p. 182.
114 Fenrich J., Galizzi P., Higgins T. E. (ed.), The Future of African Customary Law, Cambridge, CUP, 2011, p. 44-46, 402.
115 Schieber V., Conway T. D., McCarthy D. M. (ed.), Where Justice and Mercy Meet: Catholic Opposition to the Death Penalty, Collegeville MN, Liturgical Press, 2013.
116 AmnestyInternational, Death Sentences and Executions 2012, 2013, p. 6.
117 DeathPenaltyInformationCenter, Facts about the Death Penalty, may 2013.
118 Bessler J. D., « Tinkering Around the Edges: The Supreme Court’s Death Penalty Jurisprudence », American Criminal Law Review (1913), 2012, p. 49; Zummo P., Thomas Jefferson’s America: Democracy, Progress, and the Quest for Perfection, PHD, The Catholic University of America, Washington D.C., 2008, p. 115-16.