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Thémis en diplomatie

 | 
Éric Schnakenbourg
, 
Nicolas Drocourt

Première partie. Droit et organisation internationale

Les arguments juridiques dans la constitution des traités de paix entre chrétiens et Turcs du xiiie au xve siècle

Legal Arguments in Christian-Turkish Treaty Making from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century

Alexander Beihammer
Traduttore: Nicolas Drocourt

Abstract

This article examines the development and diversification of legal arguments in Christian-Turkish treaty making in a diachronic perspective. The emergence of the Seljuk sultanate of Konya and other Turkish-Muslim principalities in Asia Minor quickly resulted in the establishment of diplomatic relations with their Christian neighbours in the eastern Mediterranean, such as Byzantium, the Empire of Trebizond, the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, Venice after 1204, and various Frankish states. The legal basis for bilateral agreements resulting from these contacts, mostly peace treaties and commercial agreements, came from practices and concepts of Muslim-Christian diplomacy, the adoption of ideological features originating from commonly accepted supreme authorities, such as the Byzantine emperor or the Muslim caliphate, and a set of local customs related to the traditions of various political entities. This study focuses on the characteristics of the legal discourse in Christian-Muslim treaty making in late medieval Anatolia. The scope of investigation comprises the earliest surviving examples of Frankish-Seljuk treaties dating to the early thirteenth century, the treaties of Venice and other Christian powers with the emirates of Menteshe and Karaman, and the early Christian-Ottoman treaties of the fifteenth century. Generally speaking, there are clearly visible traces of continuity in the use of Byzantine chancery practices and Arabic formulaic patterns in treaties issued in the Greek language. However, there are also important shifts from a treaty type following Byzantine imperial models to ones strongly influenced by Muslim-Arabic patterns. With the rise of the Ottoman Emirate to an empire, especially in the wake of 1453, the language of the treaties increasingly reflects ideas of superiority and universal aims based on a combination of Muslim and Byzantine concepts.

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Estratto del testo

L’apparition progressive des principautés turco-musulmanes dans les provinces byzantines micrasiatiques, à partir du dernier quart du XIe siècle, fut à la fois le résultat et le moteur d’une profonde transformation ethnique et culturelle s’achevant avec l’assimilation des institutions et des structures sociales byzantines par l’Empire ottoman1. Un des aspects centraux de ce processus multiforme est le large éventail des relations diplomatiques entre les États nouvellement fondés en Anatolie et leurs voisins chrétiens2. En premier lieu, ces derniers furent principalement l’Empire byzantin lui-même, les seigneuries arméniennes de Cilicie et les États latins. Cependant la quatrième croisade de 1204 provoqua une expansion significative de l’empire commercial vénitien ainsi qu’une multiplication inattendue des pouvoirs chrétiens dans le Levant. Le sultanat seljoukide de Konya et d’autres principautés turques, qui résultèrent à la fin du XIIIe et au début du XIVe siècle de la situation de...

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