URL originale : https://books.openedition.org/pur/263309
Abstracts
p. 171-173
Texte intégral
1“Entreprendre une guerre dehors pour entretenir la paix dedans”
The Supporters of an Open War against Spain during the French Wars of Religion
Matthieu Gellard
2Although France and Spain were at peace between 1559 and 1595, the relationship between the two monarchies was nevertheless very tense and the partisans for war were not lacking, especially in France. They argued that an external conflict would bring together all the French regardless of their religion. This idea was defended by Huguenots as well as by Catholics, some of which were in close circles of the Queen Mother or the Last Valois, or were ambassadors residing in various European capital cities.
3‘And Champlain Shot’: From Hostility to War after the Foundation of Quebec
Yann Lignereux
4The attack by Champlain and his Amerindian allies against the Mohawks in the summer of 1609 opened a cycle of conflict between the French settlements in Canada and the Iroquois Confederacy, which the great peace of Montreal ended in 1701. This entry into war without prior declaration responds to Henry IV’s promise to support the Montagnais, who favoured the success of the French settlement in the St. Lawrence Valley between 1598 and 1608. This defined not only a fundamental change in the geographical focus of French penetration in the North American continent, replacing the St. Lawrence with Acadian shores, but also in the role played by Champlain. The transition from Acadian hostility to war against the Iroquois portrays the founder of Quebec as a heroic figure and as an effective conduit for a French imperial policy that still had to deal with the commercial rationale for founding these American colonies.
5“There is here Nothing but a Confusion about the War”: How United States Merchants Adapted their Trade and Shipping to the Outbreak of Conflicts during the French Wars (1793-1815)
Silvia Marzagalli
6This chapter examines United States shipping during the French Wars (1793-1815) by looking at merchant correspondence. It addresses what the start of war meant for merchants involved in long-distance maritime trade. First, it suggests that changes in maritime trade routes and in the products carried by neutral carriers in wartime were affected not only by their country’s position in the conflict, but also by their previous experience in similar situations. Second, given the impact of war on trade, this chapter views the entry into war as a process, taking place over time and space according to complex factors, rather than as an instantaneous event, as far as merchants were concerned. Finally, it finds that uncertainty was arguably the most relevant aspect of the outbreak of war.
7Negotiating the War? The French Monarchy and Political Actors in Provence at the start of the conflict between France and Savoy in 1600-1601
Fabrice Micallef
8Through the example of Provence during the conflict between France and Savoy in 1600, this article studies the military and tax mobilization of a province at the beginning of war. This process was a continual negotiation between the French monarchy, its provincial agents (governor, parliament), and various local political actors (towns, town assemblies, provincial estates, noblemen).
9In fact, the collective search for a tax compromise during the war tested the most fundamental principles of the monarchy: to be politically acceptable, royal demands had to be discussed and amended by local institutions, which implicitly reveal the strength of the principle of voluntary obedience.
10How War begins for the Topographers: The Men and the Institutions of French Military Cartography (1756-1795)
Valeria Pansini
11The cyclical activity of French military topographers was organized around the alternation of peace and war: military topographers were specifically trained to choose the right methods and the right level of accuracy according to the situation. However, during the 18th century, the Dépôt de la Guerre was constantly unprepared when war began: unorganized, with insufficient staff, this topographical institution was forced to rebuild and transform itself at each major conflict to be able to provide cartographic services to the French Army.
12The Arsenal of Toulon’s Entry into the American Revolutionary War
David Plouviez
13Characterizing the European naval arsenals’entry into war is challenging. Several indicators inform us about this infrastructure’s transition from peacetime to wartime: the pace of shipbuilding, flows of money and equipment, and the movement of people (sailors, workers), etc. While large-scale approach to this question must await future research, this paper analyses the contracts signed by the Arsenal of Toulon at the beginning of the American War of Independence. It confirms the importance of the Navy’s economic archives (markets, auctions, etc.) in accounting for the change in supply networks and in the Arsenal’s work organisation at the time of its entry into the war.
14The Entry into War of Venice against the Turks, 16th-17th century
Géraud Poumarède
15Between the early sixteenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century, Venice was six times opposed to the Ottomans for a total of fifty-seven years of war. In most cases, the sultans took the initiative of hostilities and this structuring factor was decisive for the Republic’s processes of entry into the war. In fact, on the long term, Venice usually favored forms of peaceful coexistence with the Ottoman Empire. The rupture of the peace thus forced the Venetians to change their attitudes, to revise their strategies: if they always tried to avoid the conflict by last minute negotiations, while taking the necessary military measures, the invasion of their territories by the Ottoman forces rejected them in the camp of Christendom and led them to ask for the European sovereigns’support.
16Declarations of War and Open Hostility: When does War Begin?
Reflections on the Early Stages of conflicts, 17th-18th centuries
Eric Schnakenbourg
17Until the 17th century, declarations of war were a common practice. The authors of the law of nations underlined their necessity for having a clear distinction between peacetime and wartime. Yet little by little, at the same time belligerent kings began publishing manifestoes to show the rightness of their cause. One of the main problems for the historian investigating the entry into war is the coherence between the beginning of the hostilities and the legal formalisation of a conflict. The declaration of war had broad impact beyond the belligerents alone; it also affected neutral powers because of the disruptions to their shipping and trade during wartime. The months before the official beginning of the Seven Years’war show the ambiguity of that time of recurring overthrows of government, even though France and Great Britain were theoretically at peace. Even without a declaration of war in due form, war could still occur. Then, the difference between a set of open, repeated conflicts and an actual state of war must be investigated in order to specify what constitutes the actual moment of entry into war. Most of the time, declaring war simply officialised a state of belligerency that already existed. Thus, it was used more to acknowledge a state of war than actually enter into conflict.
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Creative Commons - Attribution - Pas d'Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 4.0 International - CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
Les entrées en guerre à l'époque moderne
Ce livre est diffusé en accès ouvert freemium. L’accès à la lecture en ligne est disponible. L’accès aux versions PDF et ePub est réservé aux bibliothèques l’ayant acquis. Vous pouvez vous connecter à votre bibliothèque à l’adresse suivante : https://freemium.openedition.org/oebooks
Si vous avez des questions, vous pouvez nous écrire à access[at]openedition.org
Les entrées en guerre à l'époque moderne
Vérifiez si votre bibliothèque a déjà acquis ce livre : authentifiez-vous à OpenEdition Freemium for Books.
Vous pouvez suggérer à votre bibliothèque d’acquérir un ou plusieurs livres publiés sur OpenEdition Books. N’hésitez pas à lui indiquer nos coordonnées : access[at]openedition.org
Vous pouvez également nous indiquer, à l’aide du formulaire suivant, les coordonnées de votre bibliothèque afin que nous la contactions pour lui suggérer l’achat de ce livre. Les champs suivis de (*) sont obligatoires.
Veuillez, s’il vous plaît, remplir tous les champs.
La syntaxe de l’email est incorrecte.
Référence numérique du chapitre
Format
Référence numérique du livre
Format
1 / 3