Table des matières

Gunnel Ekroth

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

Introduction

• 1. The problem and previous research
• 2. Method and evidence

Chapter I. Terms assumed to be related to hero-cult rituals

• 1. Eschara and escharon
• 1.1. Epigraphical sources
• 1.1.1. Eschara
• 1.1.2. Escharon
• 1.2. Literary sources
• 1.2.1. Eschara in the Archaic to early Hellenistic sources
• 1.2.2. Eschara in the post-300 BC sources
• 1.2.3. Eschara in the explicatory sources
• 1.3. Conclusion
• 2. Bothros
• 2.1. Epigraphical sources
• 2.2. Literary sources
• 2.2.1. Bothros in Archaic to early Hellenistic sources
• 2.2.2. Bothros in the post-300 BC sources
• 2.2.3. Bothros in the explicatory sources
• 2.3. Conclusion
• 3. Enagizein, enagisma, enagismos and enagisterion
• 3.1. Epigraphical sources
• 3.1.1. Enagizein and enagismos
• 3.1.2. Enagisterion
• 3.2. Literary sources
• 3.2.1. Enagizein, enagisma and enagismos in the Archaic to early Hellenistic sources
• 3.2.2. Enagizein, enagisma and enagismos in the post-300 BC sources
• 3.2.2.1. Greek contexts: Heroes
• 3.2.2.2. Greek contexts: The ordinary dead
• 3.2.2.3. Roman and other contexts: “Heroes” and the ordinary dead
• 3.2.2.4. Greek and other contexts: Gods
• 3.2.3. Enagizein, enagisma and enagismos in the explicatory sources
• 3.3. Conclusion

Chapter II. Evidence for sacrifices in hero-cults down to 300 BC

• 1. Epigraphical evidence
• 1.1. Destruction sacrifices
• 1.2. Blood rituals
• 1.3. Theoxenia
• 1.4. Thysia sacrifices followed by dining
• 1.4.1. Direct evidence for dining
• 1.4.2. Circumstantial evidence for dining
• 1.4.3. Unspecified cases
• 1.5. Four Athenian sacrificial calendars: A comparison
• 1.5.1. Heroes versus gods
• 1.5.2. Thorikos
• 1.5.3. Marathon
• 1.5.4. Erchia
• 1.5.5. The genos of the Salaminioi
• 1.5.6. Conclusions
• 1.6. Conclusion: Sacrifices to heroes from the epigraphical evidence
• 2. Literary evidence
• 2.1. Destruction sacrifices
• 2.2. Blood rituals
• 2.3. Theoxenia
• 2.4. Thysia sacrifices followed by dining
• 2.4.1. Direct evidence for dining
• 2.4.2. Circumstantial evidence for dining
• 2.4.3. Unspecified cases
• 2.4.4. The honouring of heroes
• 2.5. The specification of the sacrifice as ὡς ήρφ
• 2.6. Conclusion: Sacrifices to heroes from the literary evidence

Chapter III. The use and meaning of the rituals in a wider perspective

• 1. Destruction sacrifices
• 1.1. The complete or partial destruction of the animal victim in the cult of the gods
• 1.2. The destruction of the animal victims in the cult of the dead
• 1.3. Enagizein sacrifices in hero-cults and the cult of the dead, and the relation to the term holokautos
• 1.4. Destruction sacrifices in hero-cults
• 2. Blood rituals
• 2.1. Blood on the altar and the purpose of the sphageion at a regular thysia
• 2.2. Evidence for food made with blood
• 2.3. Rituals at which the blood was not kept and eaten
• 2.4. The use of blood rituals in the cult of the dead
• 2.5. Blood rituals in hero-cults
• 2.6. The position of the head of the animal victim in blood rituals
• 3. Theoxenia
• 3.1. Offerings of food in the cult of the gods and the cult of the dead
• 3.2. The use and meaning of theoxenia
• 3.3. Theoxenia in hero-cults
• 4. Thysia sacrifices followed by dining
• 4.1. Animalt sacrifice ending with a meal
• 4.2. Sacrifices to heroes at which the victims were eaten

Chapter IV. The ritual pattern

• 1. The sacrificial rituals of Greek hero-cults
• Thysia followed by dining
• 1.2. Theoxenia
• 1.3. Blood rituals
• 1.4. Destruction sacrifices
• 2. The Olympian-chthonian distinction
• 2.1. Ou phora
• 3. Thysia and powerful actions: low-intensity and high-intensity rituals
• 4. Immortality-mortality
• 5. The heterogeneity of heroes
• 6. Conclusion

Appendix. The sacrificial calendars of Attica

• 1. The sacrificial calendar from the deme Thorikos, c. 430 BC
• 2. The sacrificial calendar of the deme Marathon, c. 400–350 BC
• 3. The sacrificial calendar of the deme Erchia, c. 375–350 BC
• 4. The sacrificial calendar of the genos of the Salaminioi, 363/2 BC

Bibliography

List of illustrations

Indexes

Inscriptions

Ancient authors

Greek terms

General index