1 Fraser (1972), I, p. 212, 215-219, with notes 182-184; Habicht (20173), p. 26, no. 13, and p. 189. Caneva (2016c), p. 199 argues for a unique cult, pointing out that references to the cult of Alexander as ktistēs date from the Roman period and suggesting that this cult replaced the dynastic one after the Roman conquest of Egypt.
2 Fraser (1972), I, p. 214-216; Hölbl (2001), p. 94.
3 Clarysse – van der Veken (1983), p. 4.
4 Stewart (1993), p. 397-400, T 126; Stewart (2003), p. 48.
5 Stewart (1993), p. 421-422, fig. 83; Grimm (1998), figs. 16-17; Stewart (2003), p. 48. The marble statuette in Fig. 1 is in Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum, GR.69.1970, from Ptolemais; see Stewart (1993), p. 421.
6 Fraser (1972), I, p. 217-219; Hölbl (2001), p. 94-95; Caneva (2016c) p. 163-168.
7 On Ptolemy IV’s innovations as regards the dynastic cult, see Fraser (1972), I, p. 219-220; Hölbl (2001), p. 169; Pfeiffer (2008), p. 65-68; Caneva (2016c), p. 179. On the controversy over the location of Alexander’s tomb, see Adriani (2000).
8 Fraser (1972), I, p. 217-218; Clarysse – van der Veken (1983), p. 6-7; Hölbl (2001), p. 94-95, 101-105; Pfeiffer (2008), p. 61; Caneva (2016c), p. 129-161.
9 Clarysse – van der Veken (1983), p. 16-17, no. 80; Hölbl (2001), p. 105.
10 Clarysse – van der Veken (1983), p. 20-21, no. 92.
11 The Ptolemaion was the combined Mausoleum of Alexander and the Ptolemies built by Ptolemy IV: Suet. Aug. 18.1. Fraser (1972), I, p. 15-17, 230. See also n. 7 above. For the Arsinoeion and Berenikeion, see Fraser (1972), I, p. 229-230; Grimm (1998), p. 76-77; Hölbl (2001), p. 94-95, 103; Pfeiffer (2008), p. 61-62.
12 Hölbl (2001), p. 96-98.
13 Cf. Caneva (2014a). Private cults of the Ptolemaic dynasty are also attested for the Egyptian population, e.g., in OGIS I 90 (Memphis priestly decree of 196 BC, cut on the Rosetta Stone).
14 The nature of cult images of Ptolemaic rulers in Egyptian style and placed in Egyptian temples as synnaoi theoi, is described in a number of priestly decrees: Pfeiffer (2008), p. 96-99 and in this volume. Several cult statues were portable, made of wood, and carried around in processions: Stanwick (2002), p. 2-14.
15 Hölbl (2001), p. 96-97. On issues related to interpreting divine attributes in royal portraits, see also Iossif (2018).
16 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 2300. See Kyrieleis (1975), p. 165-166, A 3, pls. 4-5; Johansen (1992), p. 92-93, no. 36; Palagia (2007), p. 240-241, fig. 153; Queyrel (2019), p. 204, fig. 8.5.
17 Palagia (2013), p. 144.
18 See Pfrommer (2002), p. 58-75 for a hypothetical reconstruction of the temple and its statue.
19 Grimm (1998), p. 61, 70; Queyrel (2015), p. 225. Kyrieleis (1975), p. 139 did not think they were cult statues. For a putative reconstruction of the thalamēgos, see Pfrommer (2002), p. 93-98.
20 See also Queyrel (2019), p. 196.
21 Already in 323 BC, Hyp. Dem. 32 describes the cult statue of Alexander the Great in Athens as an eikōn. See also Scheer (2000), esp. p. 33-34, warning against a clear-cut distinction between cultic agalmata and honorific eikones.
22 Hölbl (2001), p. 99-101.
23 For the association of the three heads, see Kyrieleis (1980). Ptolemaic king, Paris, Louvre MA 3168: Kyrieleis (1975), p. 171, D 3, pls. 34-35; Hamiaux (1998), p. 77-78, no. 79; Grimm (1998), fig. 85a; Queyrel (2015), fig. 3a; Queyrel (2019), p. 211, fig. 8.11. Ptolemaic queen, Alexandria, Graeco-Roman Museum 3908: Kyrieleis (1975), p. 182, L 5, pls. 95-97.1-2; Grimm (1998), fig. 85c; Queyrel (2015), fig. 3c; Queyrel (2019), p. 211, fig. 8.12. Sarapis, Alexandria, Graeco-Roman Museum 3912: Kyrieleis (1980), p. 383-385, pls. 168, 170, 172-173; Grimm (1998), fig. 85b; Queyrel (2015), fig. 3b.
24 Queyrel (2015), p. 222-225; Queyrel (2019) p. 211.
25 Queyrel (2019), p. 211-212. On Hellenistic rulers as synnaoi theoi (temple-sharing gods), see Schmidt-Dounas (1993-1994); Damaskos (1999), p. 301-304.
26 Lembke (2000); Queyrel (2003a) offers a different interpretation.
27 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39521: Lembke (2000) p. 115-118, 140, figs. 1-4; Queyrel (2003a), p. 477, 486, fig. 2.
28 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39520: Lembke (2000), p. 118, 140, figs. 5-7; Queyrel (2003a), p. 478- 479, 487, figs. 7-8; Queyrel (2019), p. 207, fig. 8.8.
29 Hölbl (2001), p. 93-94.
30 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39517: Lembke (2000), p. 133, 141, figs. 11-14.
31 Queyrel (2003a), p. 479, 488, figs. 9-10; Queyrel (2019), p. 209, fig. 8.9. If this figure was Berenike II, then the group would unaccountably comprise two portraits of hers, for she is again represented in JE 39525. See infra, n. 35.
32 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39518: Lembke (2000), p. 127, 133, 141, figs. 22-25. Queyrel (2003a), p. 482, 490, figs. 19-20 identifies this figure as Ptolemy VI.
33 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39514 and 39515: Lembke (2000), p. 133, 141, figs. 15-21. Queyrel (2003a), p. 477-478, 480-481, 487, 489, figs. 5-6, 13-14, identifies these figures with Arsinoe II assimilated to Aphrodite, and with Arsinoe III as Artemis respectively.
34 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39519: Lembke (2000), 121, 142, figs. 31-33. Queyrel (2003a), p. 481, 489, figs. 15-16 identifies this figure as Ptolemy V, even though it is clearly feminine.
35 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39525: Lembke (2000), 127, 141, figs. 28-30. Queyrel (2003a), p. 481- 482, 490, figs. 17-18, identifies this figure as Kleopatra I.
36 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39522: Lembke (2000), p. 120-121, 141, figs. 8-10; Queyrel (2003a) p. 480, 488-489, figs. 11-12.
37 Cairo, Egyptian Museum JE 39516: Lembke (2000) p. 121, 133, 141, figs. 26-27. Queyrel (2003a), p. 477, 486-487, figs. 3-4, identifies this figure as Ptolemy II assimilated to Apollo or Dionysos, even though it is clearly feminine.
38 Hölbl (2001), p. 134, 171.
39 Regarding Ptolemy I and Berenike I, it is noteworthy that even after Ptolemy IV added the cult of the Theoi Soteres to the ritual duties of the eponymous priest of Alexander, the first dynastic couple was often omitted from the dating formula of documents. On this point, see Lanciers (1986a) and (1991), p. 117.
40 Jucker (1975), p. 17; Kyrieleis (1975), pls. 17.1-4; Grimm (1998), fig. 66a; Lorber (2012), 218-219, fig. 12.13; Iossif – Lorber (2012), fig. 1.
41 Iossif – Lorber (2012).
42 Iossif (2018), p. 274-275.
43 Paris, Louvre MA 4891: Hamiaux (1996) and (1998), 84-85, no. 86.
44 Vatican Museums 22682. Found in the Gardens of Sallust in Rome, where it was carried from Egypt. See Quaegebeur (1988), p. 47-48, fig. 19; Grimm (1998), fig. 78a; Stanwick (2002), p. 98-99, A 4, figs. 4-5; Caneva (2016c), p. 158 n. 110.
45 Statue of Ptolemy II, found alongside a statue of Arsinoe II (supra n. 44): Vatican Museums 22681. Quaegebeur (1988), p. 47-48, fig. 20; Grimm (1998), fig. 78b; Stanwick (2002), p. 98, A 3, figs. 2-3. An alternative view places these statues in the temple of the Theoi Adelphoi at Philadelpheia in the Fayum: Kyrieleis (1975), p. 140.
46 Nilsson (2012), cat. nos. 27-32. For the significance of this crown, see Nilsson (2012), p. 148-150; Caneva (2016c), p. 134.
47 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek 573: Kyrieleis (1975), p. 168, C 3, pl. 20; Johansen (1992), p. 118-119, no. 48; Hölbl (2001), fig. 3.4; Palagia (2013), p. 148, fig. 9.3.
48 Cf. supra, n. 28.
49 IC III, iv 4; cf. Kotsidu (2000), p. 284-285, no. 195 [E]; Hölbl (2001), p. 96.
50 For the dedications to Arsinoe, see Caneva in this volume. For the shrine dedicated by Artemidoros, see IG XII 3, 421-422; Suppl. 1333-1350, 1388; Palagia (1992); Meadows (2013) p. 36, with n. 73.
51 IG XII 3, 467 + IG XII 3, Suppl. 1391 (dedication by the commander of the garrison, written on a stone block); IG XII 3, 466 + IG XII 3, Suppl. 1390 (a cylindrical altar dedicated by the oikonomos of the garrison to Ptolemy VI on behalf of the Ptolemaic commander). The second document is similar to the cylindrical altar dedicated by the Theraians to Dionysos on behalf of the Theoi Philometores and their children: IG XII 3, 468; Kotsidu (2000), p. 239, no. 157 [E2].
52 Thera, Archaeological Museum. Identified as a lifetime portrait by Kyrieleis (1975), p. 165, A 2, pl. 3. Dated to the reign of Ptolemy VI on stylistic grounds and attributed to a putative dynastic group by Palagia (2013), p. 146-147, fig. 9.1.
53 Compare the head of Ptolemy VI Philometor, Alexandria, Graeco-Roman Museum 24092: Grimm (1998), fig. 110.
54 Athens, Agora Museum S 551: Palagia (2007) and (2013), p. 150-151, figs. 9.4-5. See also Queyrel (2019), p. 208.
55 Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Antikensammlung Sk. 115: Kyrieleis (1975), p. 180, K 1, pls. 83- 84.1-2; Grimm (1998), fig. 81b; Gercke – Zimmermann-Elseify (2007), p. 212-214, no. 66.
56 Gercke – Zimmermann-Elseify (2007), p. 214, fig. 66.6; Lorber (2012), fig. 12.10.
57 Cf. supra, n. 16.
58 On the cult of Ptolemy III and Berenike II in Athens, see Polyb. 5.106.6-8; Paus. 1.5.5. Cf. Habicht (1992), p. 74-75; Habicht (1999), p. 182; Kotsidu (2000), p. 66; Palagia (2007), p. 237-238.
59 Habicht (1999), p. 183, with n. 37; Hölbl (2001), p. 52; Palagia (2007), p. 244.
60 IG II3 1924a and b. See Maass (1972), p. 110-113, pl. 23; Kotsidu (2000), p. 68-69, no. 18 [E3].
61 IvP I 246 (OGIS I 332). See Hansen (19712), p. 467; Allen (1983), p. 156-157; Robert (1984), p. 472-489; Robert (1985), p. 468-481; Damaskos (1999), p. 280-285; Queyrel (2003b), p. 37-39, 45-48; Virgilio (20032), p. 246-251, no. 14; Hamon (2004); Coarelli (2016), p. 177-191; Chin (2018); Caneva (2018a), and in this volume.
62 Chin (2018).
63 On the Asklepieion, see Radt (1999), p. 220-242; Riethmüller (2005), I 334-359; Caneva (2019); contra Coarelli (2016), p. 15-35, unconvincingly identifying the Asklepieion of our inscription with the Ionic temple of the Theaterterrasse.
64 On the ritual roles of these two civic magistrates, see Hamon (2004), p. 177-179 and Caneva in this volume.
65 Religiously honoured Attalid kings only received the title θεός after death: Allen (1983) p. 147- 158; Chin (2018) p. 131 n. 94; see also Caneva, in this volume, p. 57.
66 On the Gaulish attack against Delphi and the Aitolian response, see Strootman (2005), p. 108-112.
67 Delphi. See Rabe (2008), 119-121, 178-179, no. 34, pls. 34 and 35.1-4; Queyrel (2016), p. 177, fig. 162.
68 Statue base, Thermos Museum 135. See Rabe (2008), p. 121-122, 179, pl. 36.1-2; Damigos (2016), p. 121 (with further references).
69 Queyrel (2016), p. 177, fig. 163; Damigos (2016), p. 120.
70 Delos Museum A 4124: Marcadé (1992), p. 98-99, no. 39 (P. Jockey); Queyrel (2016), p. 327, fig. 396.
71 I owe the Suda reference to Stefano Caneva.
72 On Attalid victories against the Gauls, see Strootman (2005), p. 121-124. Artworks commemorating these victories are summarized in Queyrel (2003b), p. 15-16.
73 Berlin, Pergamonmuseum P 132. See Picón – Hemingway (2016), 218, no. 146; Coarelli (2016), p. 31-33; Schwarzer (2016), p. 355-356. In this paper, Schwarzer also discusses a newly discovered marble face of an Attalid, which could belong to a cult statue of Eumenes II. On statues of the Attalids in the gymnasium of Pergamon, see also von den Hoff (2015), p. 127-130. Coin portrait of Eumenes: Queyrel (2003b), pl. 19.3. The head was identified with Eumenes II by Queyrel (2003b), p. 148-153, D 1, pls. 21 and 22.1-2. On the temple of Dionysos, see Radt (1999), p. 189- 193; Maischberger (2011).
74 Istanbul, Archaeological Museum 2767: Damaskos (1999), p. 137-149; Queyrel (2003b), p. 50-53, pls. 68.2 – 70.1-3; Queyrel (2015), p. 225-227, fig. 4; Queyrel (2016), p. 150, figs. 123-124; Biard (2017), p. 266-268, pl. 9.
75 On the temple of Hera, see Radt (1999), p. 186-188; Agelidis (2011), p. 181-182.
76 Radt (1999), fig. 131; Queyrel (2003b), pl. 68,2.
77 Dresden, Staatliche Kunstsammlung 68: Knoll et al. (2011), p. 454-462, no. 95.
78 Damaskos (1999), fig. 10.
79 Terme Ruler: Rome, Palazzo Massimo alle Terme 1049. See Queyrel (2003b), p. 200-234, E1, pl. 34. Bust from Herculaneum: Naples National Museum 5588: Queyrel (2003b), p. 162-166, D 3, pls. 24-25.
80 Berlin, Pergamonmuseum P 130: Queyrel (2003b), p. 96-108, C 1, pls. 12-14.
81 Damaskos (1999), p. 137-149.
82 Istanbul, Archaeological Museum 709: Queyrel (2015), fig. 5; Palagia (2018a), p. 154-156, fig. 6.6.
83 Attalos I, Athens, Akropolis Museum 2335: Schmidt-Dounas (1993-1994), p. 107-110, pl. 7; Queyrel (2003b), p. 127-129, C 5, pl. 19. Apollonis, Athens, Akropolis Museum 3628: Schmidt-Dounas (1993-1994), p. 107-110, pls. 5-6; Queyrel (2003b), p. 268-269, H 3, pl. 59.
84 Pergamonmuseum P 130: see above, n. 80.
85 Polyb. 16.25.8-9; Liv. 31.15.6. See Habicht (1990), p. 562; Habicht (1999), p. 197-198.
86 Polyb. 16.25. See Chin (2018) p. 124-129 (with earlier references).
87 Agora XV 259, line 86 (where it is dated to 97/6 BC).
88 Paus. 1.5.1 and 1.8.1.
89 Queyrel (2003b), p. 300-304; Hurwit (1999), p. 271-272, 317, no. 17, figs. 220-221.
90 IG II2 4122. See Queyrel (2003b), p. 302.
91 On this dedication, see Stewart (2004).
92 Polyb. 18.16. In the same passage he mentions a colossal statue of Attalos erected next to Apollo in the agora of Sicyon but he makes clear that the sacrifices were offered to the golden statue. See Schmidt-Dounas (1993-1994), p. 82, for a suggestion that the colossus next to Apollo was a synnaos theos.
93 IG IV2 2, 747 (formerly IG II2885). See Allen (1971); Schmidt-Dounas (1993-1994), p. 78-79. On the purchase: Polyb. 22.8.10.
94 It is interesting that the ithyphallic hymn addressed to Demetrios Poliorketes in Athens in 291/0 BC (Ath. 6.253e) specifies the material of divine images as either marble or wood.
95 Allen (1983) p. 147.