1 Brogan et al. 2002; Preston 2004; Burke 2005; Driessen and Langohr 2007; McEnroe 2010.
2 Driessen and Langohr 2007; McEnroe 2010. On the LM II–III architecture at Knossos, see Hatzaki 2004, 2005.
3 Rapoport 1969, 1990; McEnroe 2010.
4 Driessen and Langohr 2007.
5 On the LM III architecture at Hagia Triada, see Hayden 1981, 1987; Cucuzza 1997, 2001; D’Agata 2005.
6 Brogan et al. 2002; Smith 2005; Soles et al. 2008.
7 Boyd Hawes 1908, 23; Hayden 1981, 25–6, 110–11, 234. On Mycenaean “corridor buildings”, see Pantou 2011. The non-value laden term “corridor building” is preferred here over Hiesel’s Korridorhaus (1990, 111–12) to avoid the domestic/residential connotation.
8 McEnroe 2010.
9 On the extent of Knossian control and administration, see Bennet 1985, 1987, 1990; Driessen 2001.
10 On the date of destruction of the palace at Knossos, see Popham 1997. For extensive bibliographic references on this topic, see Rehak and Younger 2001; Brogan et al. 2002, 89–90.
11 MacGillivray 1997a, 1997b; Soles 1999; Brogan et al. 2002; Smith 2005, 190; MacGillivray et al. 2007; Soles et al. 2008, 185, 203.
12 According to Driessen (2001), the economy of LM II–IIIA2 (early) Knossos was predominantly geared toward the acquisition and accumulation of prestige goods, especially metal vases and weapons in exchange for elaborate textiles.
13 Pantou 2011.
14 I would like to thank Dr Brogan for bringing this pottery to my attention and for allowing me to examine and mention it in my thesis.
15 Boyd Hawes 1908; Fotou 1993, plan B.
16 On House Eh, see Fotou 1993, 81–104. House Hf is located a few meters to the east of House He. It was dated by Boyd Hawes to the LM I period, although she acknowledged the possibility of a later date possibly in LM III (Boyd Hawes 1908, 26). A bronze dagger from Hf (Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. IV: 61) could be dated to LM IIIA–B (Fotou 1993, 96). During the Gournia survey, Watrous (personal communication) and his team found a LM IIIB–C deep bowl next to House Hf.
17 Boyd 1908, 23. The east-west walls of the room in front of E 55 crossed the West Ridge Road over the pavement and were removed early in the excavations under the impression that they were modern.
18 A LM III burial was found in E 58. A larnax (Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. X: 45), a composite vessel (Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. X: 6), and a figurine (Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. X: 11) were reported. The pyxis (Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. X: 5) possibly comes from this context, too.
19 For the finds of Boyd’s “Reoccupation Period”, see Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. X. There is no agreement as to the date of House He. In her study of LM III architecture in Crete, Hayden (1981, 25) dated House He to the LH IIIB period. Recent studies including Tsipopoulou (2005, 315) and Driessen and Langohr (2007, 184) also provide a LM IIIB date for House He. More recently, McEnroe (2010) suggested a LM IIIA2–IIIB date. Rehak and Younger (2001, 443) dated House He to the Final Palatial period (LM IIIA) although the criteria on which they based this chronology were not stated.
20 In 1984, Costis Davaras continued the excavation of House He by opening four trenches immediately to the south of the excavated structure. In a short excavation season, he uncovered the south wall of Rooms 38 and 33, and the south end of the east wall of Room 31. For a list of diagnostic sherds from Davaras’ excavation, see Pantou 2011. For similar in profile LM IIIA1 ledge-rimmed cups, see Betancourt et al. 1997, 62–3, fig. 2. 28–29. For a similar in profile LM IIIA1 shallow bowl, see MacGillivray et al. 2007, 155, fig. 5.7: 560. Kylikes, shallow bowls, and dippers are new (LM III) shapes: Brogan et al. 2002, 110; Smith 2005; Soles et al. 2008.
21 Evans 1928, 134, 139, fig. 70. The fragments of this vessel were found in 1924 by R.B. Seager in a heap of debris. The stand has the form of a round tower and its painted decoration is typical of the late LM II.
22 Betancourt et al. 1997; MacGillivray et al. 2007; Soles et al. 2008.
23 A dressed stone was found at the end of the eastern anta of Room 31 and at the exterior southwest corner of Room 34.
24 This wall was uncovered during Davaras’ excavation. Boyd’s plan of the site falsely depicts a wall stretching along the entire south side of Room 31.
25 It is significant to stress that in other mainland-derived architectural forms in Crete such as Megaron ABCD and the “corridor building” identified by Cucuzza (1997) at Hagia Triada, the ashlar blocks were part of the original plan of the structures and not later additions as is the case with House He.
26 See Nelson 2007, 159.
27 Wright 2006, 57–60; Nelson 2007, 159; Fitzsimons 2007, 109–14.
28 For a detailed description of this architecture and its social significance, see Watrous et al. (forthcoming).
29 This is the view of several papers in D’Agata and Moody 2005.
30 On exclusionary architectural strategies, see Blanton 1998, 160.
31 For a discussion on these architectural changes and their significance, see Pantou 2011, 209–22.
32 For a depiction of the threshold, see Fotou 1993, plan B.
33 While one would expect the main entrance to be on the south short side of the building, the west entrance could be explained as a way to enter House He from a point closer to the town rather than walking around the building to enter it from the south.
34 Boyd Hawes 1908, 23, pl. X; Kanta 1980, 139–40; Fotou 1993, 95–6.
35 Boyd Hawes 1908, pl. X: 1, 2; Kanta 1980, 140.
36 On the architecture of the LM IIIA1/A2 “dancing platforms” at Knossos, see Warren 1984.
37 On the role of the “warrior graves” and Mycenaean drinking traditions at Knossos, see Preston 2004.
38 Driessen and Farnoux 1994.
39 Dawkins 1913–1914.
40 Cucuzza 1997.
41 The Northwest Building was located immediately to the west of Building P. The two structures were separated by a long corridor, which on the north turns west. The Northwest Building comprised six square rooms placed in three rows of two. A set of three more rooms, which lay side-by-side on the east-west axis of the building, were excavated to the north of the corridor. These spaces did not yield evidence for wall openings and were most likely basement rooms. According to Cucuzza (1997, 78), the level of the upper floor over these basement rooms corresponded to the ground floor of the megaron unit (Building P). The same arrangement can be seen in the LH IIIB1 “corridor buildings” at Mycenae and especially the House of the Oil Merchant. The small square basement rooms of the Northwest Building resemble those at Panagia House II at Mycenae and could have functioned as storerooms.
42 Cucuzza 1997, 75.
43 Three rectangular dowel holes on the reused ashlar blocks indicate possible use of the half-timbered system.
44 On the territorial extent of the kingdom of Knossos and how it changed through time and the incorporation of eastern parts of Crete, see Driessen 2001, 111.
45 For a discussion on strategies of incorporation and governance in the archaic states of the New World, see Morris 1998.
46 Watrous et al. 2012.
47 On the shrine, see Boyd Hawes 1908, 47–8, pl. XI; Gesell 1985. The shrine was a one-room space (about 3 x 4 m) accessible through a small paved street (1.50 m wide) that ran east towards the summit of the hill and terminated in three steps leading to the shrine. Inside this room, Boyd Hawes found a plastered terracotta offering table, snake tubes (lamps or incense burners), remains of shells, and fragments of terracotta figurines with upraised arms placed on a bench. According to Gesell (1985, 43, 72, pl. 119), the building itself could have been LM I but the objects should be dated to the LM IIIB.
* I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Diamantis Panagiotopoulos, Ute Günkel-Maschek, and Sarah Cappel for organizing a stimulating conference and for their warm hospitality and assistance in various matters. Many thanks are also due to L. Vance Watrous for providing me with the opportunity to study House He at Gournia and supervise its excavation in 2011, and for commenting on early drafts of this work.