1 Smith 2007, 2008.
2 Locock 1994, 2.
3 Locock 1994, 3.
4 Smith 2007.
5 Smith 2007, 7–25.
6 Smith 2007, 25–9.
7 Smith 2003.
8 Giddens 1984, 262; Herzog 1997, 13.
9 Knapp 1988, 139; DeMarrais et al. 1996; Hillier 1996, 222.
10 Miller and Tilley 1984, 8; see also Whitley 1998, 17; Mumford 2003; Preucel and Meskell 2004.
11 Giddens 1979, 202; 1984.
12 Dobres and Robb 2000, 8–9.
13 In this paper I am only concerned with top-down planning. I do recognize that planning within an urban environment takes place at multiple levels and involves many different social groups and institutions.
14 Buell (forthcoming a).
15 Watrous and Schultz (2012, 58) claim that the inhabited area of Gournia was 3 ha. The actual excavated area is 2.5 ha. As Watrous’ (2012) recent work on the Gournia harbor suggests, as well as the actual spread of sherds recorded by the Gournia survey (Watrous and Schultz 2012), the settlement may have been as large as 20 ha. See also Driessen (2001, 63) for a similar observation.
16 Rethemiotakis 1999a, 1999b, 2000–2001, 2002, 2004–2005, and 2007–2008.
17 Rethemiotakis 1999a; Rethemiotakis and Christakis 2004; Rethemiotakis and Christakis 2011, 195; Buell (forthcoming a).
18 Rethemiotakis and Christakis 2013, 93–5.
19 Rethemiotakis 2002, 63; Christakis 2008, 50.
20 Hawes et al. 1908.
21 Buell (forthcoming a).
22 Hall 1912, 46–8; Soles 1979, 150–51, 156.
23 Hawes et al. 1908, 2, 22, 38; Soles 1979, 151, 155; Soles 1992.
24 Hawes conflated the MM III and LM IA periods.
25 Hawes et al. 1908, 24–5.
26 Soles 1991, 26.
27 Soles 1983, 33–46; Soles 1991, 24, 26.
28 A detailed architectural analysis, including the creation of a precise and accurate plan, is currently being conducted by the author in association with John McEnroe (Hamilton College).
29 Hawes et al. 1908, 24; Soles 2002, 123; see also Driessen and Macdonald 1997, 215.
30 Watrous and Heimroth 2011, 200; see also Fotou (1993) who provides a general description of Hawes’s four notebooks.
31 Soles 2002, 128.
32 Smith 2007, 8.
33 MacDonald 1986, 256.
34 Rethemiotakis 2008–2009, 94–5.
35 Watrous 2012, 531, 533, figs. 3 and 17–8.
36 Cf. Lynch 1960, 49–62.
37 According to Rapoport (1990, 107) the use of higher elevation is a nearly universal non-verbal cue indicating status.
38 Cf. Letesson and Vansteenhuyse 2006, 93–4.
39 There are three courtyards, located to the south, north and west respectively of the palace at Galatas, while the palace at Gournia has one on its western and another, which is located to the southwest of the palace. It is to be noted that these areas are not technically courtyards, rather, they are plazas. The reason for this is that they are not bound on all sides; see Preziosi (1983, 107) for further discussion on this matter. The usual designation, however, will be used in this paper.
40 Cf. Lynch 1960, 50–1.
41 Kostof 1992, 194.
42 Districts are large areas, which are usually separated and defined by homogenous architecture, and which possess some sort of social identity (Lynch 1960, 66; Smith 2010, 140).
43 Cf. Park et al. 1925.
44 Cf. Kostof 1992, 74–5, 82; Smith 2010, 140.
45 Steinhardt 1999, 5–12; Smith 2007, 12.
46 Lynch 1960, 105–8.
47 Lynch 1960, 108.
48 Cf. Gesell 1987, 125; Palyvou 2002, 2004.
49 Rethemiotakis 2002, 58.
50 Hawes et al. 1908, 25.
51 See Soles (2002) who suggests that these two structures may have, in fact, been part of the palace, forming the western wing of the complex.
52 Rethemiotakis 1999a; 1999b; 2002, 56–7.
53 Cf. Gero 1992; Dietler and Hayden 2001; Borgna 2004.
54 Watrous et al. (forthcoming).
55 See Palyvou (2002, 2004) who comments on the public nature of the west courts, specifically.
56 Lynch 1960, 72–3.
57 Palyvou 2004, 214.
58 Marinatos 1987.
59 Kostof 1992, 124.
60 See also Hägg (1987) for a convincing argument regarding the palace’s involvement in certain activities of Knossos’s west court.
61 Trigger 1990, 119.
62 Trigger 1990, 124–25, 128; Dovey 1999, 15–6.
63 Moore 1996, 139–41.
64 Driessen 2004, 75.
65 Abrams 1989, 48.
66 Rethemiotakis 2003–2004, 79; Rethemiotakis 2004–2005, 110; see also Fotou 1990.
67 Several authors, including Cavanagh and Mee (1999), Fitzsimons (2006), and Devolder (2009), have recently employed Abram’s (1989) concept of architectural energetics to the prehistoric Mediterranean. These studies are useful because they quantify the level of human energy and, thus, cost in all facets of a monumental edifice’s construction.
68 For Galatas, see Rethemiotakis (2002, 6) and for Gournia, see Soles (1983).
69 Pauketat 2000; Smith 2000.
70 Smith 2007, 25.
71 Driessen 2001, 55; see also Driessen 1989–1990.
72 Cf. Driessen 2004, 77.
73 The western wing of the palace of Galatas was not well preserved; hence it is possible that Galatas, like Malia, had storerooms in both its eastern and western wings.
74 See Faure (1973) and Soles (1991) for their reasoning as to why this area may have comprised the “residential suite”. It must also be noted that this is one of the more poorly preserved areas within the palace.
75 Driessen 1989–1990; Driessen and Macdonald 1997, 41–5; Shaw 2009, 162–63.
76 Shaw 2009, table 2 and 3.
77 Driessen 1989–1990; Driessen and Macdonald 1997, 41; Shaw 2009, 162.
78 Driessen 2001, 55.
79 Smith 2007, 25.
80 With respect to the latter point, Zakros is an exception.
81 Chryssoulaki 1990; McEnroe 2010, 61.
82 Driessen 2009, 43.
83 Warren 1994, 190.
84 Smith 2007, 26.
85 McEnroe 1979, 342.
86 Cf. Driessen 2010, 36.
87 Cowgill 2004, 537–38; Dietler and Hayden 2001, xi, 432 p.
88 Carter 1983, 10–2; Kostof 1991, 46–51.
* I would like to thank Sarah, Ute, and Diamantis for organizing a wonderful conference. I express further gratitude to these three individuals for their hard work and patience during the editing process. And finally, I would like to thank the anonymous reviewer(s) for their comments and suggestions. The responsibility for all errors lies with the author. This paper was written while I was a Regular Student Member at the American School of Classical Studies, holding the Mary and James H. Ottaway Fellowship.