8. Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context

Didier Viviers; Athéna Tsingarida

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8. Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context

Some Remarks on the Early Development of Itanos1

Didier Viviers et Athéna Tsingarida

p. 165-182

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1Despite recent studies (e. g. Sjögren 2003; Prent 2005; Erickson 2010), Crete is still often seen as an island that has stayed deliberately separate from the experiments developed elsewhere in the Greek world, at least from the late 7^th c. BC onwards. Cretan society is generally considered to be traditional, isolated and hostile to any foreign influence. Aristotle (Pol. II. 10) is probably in part responsible for this image acknowledged in several studies discussing the cities of the island that strongly emphasize Cretan “traditionalism”. Cretan identity is frequently associated with “unchanging traditions” that are seen in multiple facets of Cretan life (crafts, institutions, economy, etc.). In this context, Crete seems to be a distant island, which more or less consciously, is a place kept apart from any foreign influence. Studies suggest that Cretan cities were hostile to both local outsiders – those from other cities of the island – and to foreigners, who might have come

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1 We would like to thank Jan Driessen and Florence Gaignerot-Driessen for inviting us to take part in the series of seminars on the Cretan cities. Many thanks are also due to Jean Vanden Broeck-Parant (Assistant in Classical Archaeology, CReA-ULB) for his help with the illustrations of this article, and to Soline Delcros (architect, CReA-ULB) for the drawing of the plan.

2 It seems that the town of Palaikastro was destroyed by a fire around the middle of LM IIIB and abandoned afterwards. The occupation of the area was probably limited at that time to a small settlement in use during a century on the top of the hill of Kastri. This site is acknowledged by few scholars (see references supra) as one of the earliest refuge sites that might have been inhabited by people from other regions of Crete. The final and complete abandonment of the site took place around 1100 BC when a migration towards the inland or outside Crete (probably Cyprus) may have occurred.

3 From the 1995-1999 campaigns: sherds dated to the 10^th c. in the sub-urban sanctuary of Vamies (7004.19: krater), and in the territory (8080.03: krater); in the North Necropolis, early 8^th c. (6462.10: krater).

4 A Phoenician presence is attested in Kommos in Phase 2 of Temple A (920-980 BC): see P. Bikai in Shaw & Shaw 2000: 310-311.

5 Regarding Kommos, see also contra Pappalardo 2002; 2004. She discusses the nature of the “tripillar shrine” of Temple B at Kommos, understood by the excavator as an attribute of Phoenician cult (Shaw 2004). Pappalardo notices the occurrence of this type of shrine in other places in the Near-East, outside Phoenicia, and sees the “wooden bowl” behind the altar as the archaeological remains of the sacred tree. I. Ferrari (2005) provides us with a critical review of Volume IV of Kommos, and expands the understanding of the “tripillar shrine” to a wider, more multi-cultural socio-economic context than that suggested by J. Shaw. The type of altar might be Cretan, Hittite, Egyptian, Anatolian and not only Phoenician. Nevertheless, the implication of Phoenicians in the cultual practices undertaken in Kommos, their presence and even their activity in the sanctuary is widely accepted.

6 “But, as we have already said, what saves Crete is its geographical location: its remote place resulted in expulsing foreigners (xenelasia)”.

7 The hypothesis of Faure (1993: 69), accepted by van Effenterre & Ruzé (1994: 62), who created ex nihilo another Itanos, located closer to Lyktos, in the modern village of Aïtania, about 15 km north-west of Lyktos, is not only methodologically weak but also unnecessary. The economic orientation of the Itanian city would be a better key for the interpretation of the Lyktian decree.

8 Nicias is a proxenos of Athens (Huxley 1966). Connor (1976) sees him as an Athenian proxenos for Gortyna (contra Daux 1979; Gerolymatos 1987).

9 e. g. Laconian: amphora, ITA99.6838.04; Rhodian: cups, ITA. 97.6267.01; ITA. 97.6462.19; lamp: ITA. 99.6382.01; Fikellura: amphoriskos, ITA. 99.6396.01; East Greek band cups: ITA. 96. 6029.02; ITA. 96. 6029.03, plate: ITA. 99.6462.21; Chian: oinochoe, ITA. 99.6317.09 + 6397.09.

Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation

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Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation

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Référence numérique du chapitre

Viviers, D., & Tsingarida, A. (2014). 8. Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-city Context. In F. Gaignerot-Driessen & J. Driessen (éds.), Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain. Consulté à l’adresse https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2935

Viviers, Didier, et Athéna Tsingarida. « 8. Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-City Context ». In Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation, édité par Florence Gaignerot-Driessen et Jan Driessen. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2014. https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2935.

Viviers, Didier, et Athéna Tsingarida. « 8. Facing the Sea: Cretan Identity in a Harbour-City Context ». Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation, édité par Florence Gaignerot-Driessen et Jan Driessen, Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2014, https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2935.

Référence numérique du livre

Gaignerot-Driessen, F., & Driessen, J. (éds.). (2014). Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain. Consulté à l’adresse https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2909

Gaignerot-Driessen, Florence, et Jan Driessen, éd. Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2014. https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2909.

Gaignerot-Driessen, Florence, et Jan Driessen, éditeurs. Cretan Cities: Formation and Transformation. Presses universitaires de Louvain, 2014, https://books.openedition.org/pucl/2909.

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