1 Jean Genet, Les Nègres, Paris, Gallimard (Folio), 1980, p. 15.
2 Saint Augustin, Les confessions, in Œuvres, Lucien Jerphagnon (éd.), Paris, Gallimard (Bibliothèque de la Pléiade), 1998, vol. 1, p. 1041 : « Qu’est-ce donc que le temps ? Si personne ne me le demande, je le sais. Si quelqu’un pose la question et que je veuille l’expliquer, je ne le sais plus ».
3 Voir Mary Fitzgerald, Selected Plays of Lady Gregory, Gerrards Cross, C. Smythe, 1983, p. 13 : « Not all her plays were so effortlessly constructed, however. Some underwent many revisions and others derived from multiple sources. Yeats’ Cathleen ni Houlihan, on which she collaborated extensively, is based on a dream Yeats had and on her childhood recollection of her nurse’ s story of the landing of the French in 1798 ».
4 Anna McMullan, « Gender, Authorship and Performance in Selected Plays by Contemporary Irish Women Playwrights : Mary Elizabeth Burke-Kennedy, Marie Jones, Marina Carr, Emma Donoghue », in Theatre Stuff : Critical Essays on Contemporary Irish Theatre, Eamonn Jordan (dir.), Dublin, Carysfort Press, 2000, p. 34.
5 L’analyse de M. Llewellyn-Jones pourrait en donner un exemple, autour du mythe et du caractère poétique de la langue de Marina Carr. Voir Margaret Llewellyn-Jones, Contemporary Irish Drama and Cultural Identity, Bristol – Portland, Intellect, 2002, p. 88 : « Grotesque Hag-like creature who drinks milk and eats mice – give a mythic quality to the play’s poetic language and songs evocative of atmosphere and landscape. Hester’s isolation is intensified by neighbours’ insults about her marginal status as a tinker and her mother’s implied whoring. As with The Mai, the circular effect of dysfunctional motherhood is stressed, but the imaginative intensity of all Carr’s tragic heroines stands out against the drab pettiness of mundane, narrow-minded rural communities, thus embodying a critique of both female stereotypes and society ».
6 Eve Ensler, The Good Body, New York, Villard, 2004, p. 7.
7 Toby Cole, Playwrights on Playwriting. The Meaning and Making of Modern Drama from Ibsen to Ionesco, New York, Hill and Wang, 1960, p. 151.
8 Marina Carr, Woman and Scarecrow, Loughcrew, Gallery Press, 2006, p. 23.
9 Ibid., p 16.
10 Marina Carr, Low in the Dark, in Plays One, Londres, Faber and Faber, 1999, p. 9 : « Binder : Why didn’t you tell me ? (Holds up the baby) / Bender : You accuse me of screaming too much, so I had a silent birth this time. / Binder : Did it hurt ? / Bender : After the first million you get used to it ».
11 Ibid., p. 8.
12 Bernadette Bourke, « Carr’s “Cut-Throats and Gargoyles” : Grotesque and Carnivalesque Elements in By the Bog of Cats… », in The Theatre of Marina Carr : “Before Rules Was Made”, Cathy Leeney, Anna McMullan (dir.), Dublin, Carysfort Press, 2003, p. 129.
13 Qui n’est pas un rejet du masculin, car les personnages féminins semblent rarement envisager qu’un bonheur soit possible en dehors de la présence d’un conjoint, comme en témoigne The Mai : « The Mai : Grandma Fraochlán, you don’t realize how awful it’s been these last few years, and now I have a chance of being happy again and I can’t bear anyone to say anything that’ll take that away » (Marina Carr, The Mai, in Plays One, p. 116).
14 Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 136.
15 Grandma Fraochlán, dans The Mai, résume en quelque sorte ce que Marina Carr montre dans d’autres œuvres : « Grandma Fraochlán : […] You didn’t see her strugglin’ with them youngsters, all yours – in case you’ve forgotten – scrimpin’ and scrapin’ to get this house built and when everythin’s laid on, you appear on the doorstep with a bunch of flowers » (Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 122).
16 D’une manière fort différente de How I Learned to Drive de Paula Vogel, qui constitue une référence en la matière dans le théâtre américain contemporain écrit par des femmes.
17 Marina Carr, Low in the Dark, p. 5.
18 Même si quelques propos relatifs à l’inégalité des sexes parsèment les œuvres : « Baxter : I hope it’s a girl-baby. / Bone : So do I. / Baxter : I’ll buy her a necklace to haunt some fool or other. / Bone : And we’ll teach her to sing and dance. / Baxter : How to put lipstick on. / Bone : How to flutter eyelids. / Baxter : How to say no, when she means yes » (Marina Carr, Low in the Dark, p. 68-69). Ou encore : « Grandma Fraochlán : […] You give me one good reason why women can’t own harems full of men when it is quite obvious that men owns [sic] harems full of women ! » (Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 120-121).
19 Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 117.
20 Marina Carr, Portia Coughlan, in Plays One, p. 221.
21 Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 182 : « Grandma Fraochlán : […] I would gladly have hurled all seven of ye down the slopes of hell for one night more with the nine-fingered fisherman and may I rot eternally for such unmotherly feelin’ ».
22 Tourné en dérision dans Low in the Dark : « Bone : […] How is the knitting ? / Baxter : (still playing the role of a woman) Grand, grand. / Bone : And the baby ? / Baxter : (puts a hand on his stomach) Quiet today. / Bone : (still building) And how are you ? / Baxter : A bit tired but otherwise… / Bone : Are you happy ? No reply from Baxter except to knit faster. With me ? The real Baxter erupts out of the role-play. / Baxter : (in a deep, man’s voice) I heard you ! / Bone : Well are you ? / Baxter : (back to a feminine voice) Yes » (Marina Carr, Low in the Dark, p. 17).
23 Voir Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 162 : « The Mai : […] I used to dream that a dark-haired prince would come across the waves on the wings of an albatross and he’d take me away to a beautiful land never seen or heard of before and he’d love me as no girl has ever been loved ». En cela, The Mai est la digne fille de sa mère, mais ce modèle disparaît, comme l’atteste la conversation citée dans le corps du texte.
24 Ibid., p. 160.
25 Voir Marina Carr, Low in the Dark, p. 79 : « Bone : I’m seriously contemplating an abortion. / Baxter : Are you crazy ? / Bone : I have a right to choose. / Baxter : You have not ! There’s life there inside you ! A destiny, all its own ».
26 Simone de Beauvoir, Le deuxième sexe, t. II, L’expérience vécue, Paris, Gallimard, 1949, p. 13.
27 Catwoman ou Grandma Fraochlán, par exemple.
28 Tracy C. Davis, « Questions for a Feminist Methodology in Theatre History », in Interpreting the Theatrical Past, Bruce A. McConachie, Thomas Postlewait (dir.), Iowa, University of Iowa Press, 1989, p. 75.
29 Ce que Marina Carr ne validerait sans doute pas, car Hester apparaît davantage comme une victime.
30 Marina Carr, The Mai, p. 107.
31 Ibid., p. 110 : « Millie : When I came back with the drinks The Mai said, “Don’t you worry about a thing, Millie, your Dad’ll come back and we will have the best of lives” ».
32 Victor Hugo, « Préface de Cromwell », in Cromwell, Paris, Garnier-Flammarion, 1968, p. 90.
33 Marina Carr, Low in the Dark, p. 51.
34 Ibid., p. 16 : « Baxter wears high heels, a woman’s hat, a dress, and a necklace around his neck. He looks pregnant ».
35 Ibid., p. 51 : « Curtains distributes babies by the armful to Bender and Binder, and also grabs babies back at random from them » ; ibid., p. 52 : « Curtains throws a yellow baby at Bender, and throws a pink one at Binder ».
36 Voir « Marina Carr in Conversation with Melissa Sihra », in Theatre Talk : Voices of Irish Theatre Practitioners, Lilian Chambers, Ger Fitzgibbon, Eamon Jordan (dir.), Dublin, Carysfort Press, 2001, p. 55 : « I would hardly call my play a “version” of Iphigenia because it is so loosely based. It is called Destiny and it follows the sensibility of Iphigenia. It doesn’t follow the plot order but everything that happens in Iphigenia happens in Destiny ».
37 Fintan O’Toole, « Ariel by Marina Carr », in Critical Moments, Dublin, Carysfort Press, 2003, p. 188.
38 Marina Carr, Portia Coughlan, p. 254 : « Portia : Times I close my eyes and I feel a rush of water around me and above we hear the thumpin’ of me mother’s heart, and we’re a-twined, his foot on my head, mine on his foetal arm, and we don’t know which of us is the other and we don’t want to, and the water swells around our ears, and all the world is Portia and Gabriel packed for ever in a tight hot womb, where ther’s no breathin’, no thinkin’, no seein’, only darkness and heart drums and touch – ».
39 La didascalie d’ouverture présuppose que le spectateur saura noter que les convergences scéniques ne sont pas le fruit du hasard, mais le contact instinctif entre frère et sœur ne donnera pas nécessairement lieu à une reconnaissance de cette immédiateté de la présence, telle qu’automatiquement détectée par une femme pendant le déroulement de la pièce : « The other light comes up simultaneously on Gabriel Scully, her dead twin. […] They mirror one another’s posture and movements in an odd way ; unconsciously » (Marina Carr, Portia Coughlan, p. 193).
40 Élement d’une importance majeure, mais dont la caractérisation s’avère quelque peu surprenante : « Enter THE THING IN THE WARDROBE, regal, terrifying, one black wing, cobalt beak, clawed feet, taloned fingers » (Marina Carr, Woman and Scarecrow, p. 64).
41 Marina Carr, Woman and Scarecrow, p. 66-67.
42 Marina Carr, By the Bog of Cats, Londres, Faber and Faber, 1999, p. 299 : « Exit young Dunne crossed by the ghost of Joseph Swane, entering ; bloodstained shirt and trousers, a throat wound ».
43 Voir Kathleen Brogan, Cultural Haunting : Ghosts and Ethnicity in Recent American Literature, Charlottesville, University Press of Virginia, 1998, p. 25 : « Why are so many women drawn to the story of cultural haunting ? Or, to phrase the question more pointedly, why might a heightened interest in how ethnicity intersects with gender find especially full articulation in the telling of ghost stories ? / The answer to this question is multiple and is developed somewhat differently by each writer, yet certain associations between the female and the ghostly tend to reappear. As an absence made present, the ghost can give expression to the ways in which women are rendered invisible in the public sphere ».
44 Et qui témoigne sans doute d’une vision hiberno-centrée : « More interesting are Charles Noonon’s comments in the late fifties on the demise of Grand Guignol : “We could never equal Buchenwald. Before the war, everyone felt that what was happening on stage was impossible. Now we know that these things, and worse, are possible in reality” » (Vivian Patraka, Spectacular Suffering : Theatre, Fascism and the Holocaust, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1999, p. 89).
45 Élisabeth Angel-Perez, Voyages au bout du possible : les théâtres du traumatisme de Samuel Beckett à Sarah Kane, Paris, Klincksieck, 2006, p. 14.