III The Material
p. 53-148
Texte intégral
III.1 Italic Pottery of the Iron Age and Archaic Period
1Helle W. Horsnæs
2The number of fragments of Archaic pottery from Prop. Avallone, N II-III is quite conspicuous, while sherds of this period are only sporadically attested in other parts of the area (Tables 42-44). The majority of the pottery can be dated within the period from the 7th to the early 6th century BC, and the majority of the forms are those most commonly found in the Orientalizing tombs of the Pontecagnano area1. Most of the fragments are, however, small and cannot be restored into whole forms. In view of the stratigraphical situation of trench N (cf. chapter on trenches and stratigraphy) and the extreme fragmentation of the pottery, this seems to indicate that the pottery must have been removed from a necropolis area, probably in relation to an earth filling of the area.
III. 1.1 Impasto
3Chiaramonte Trere has defined the differentiation of impasto and ceramica grezza e depurata as follows: “I vasi... hanno impasto bruno-rossastro, talvolta quasi nero, ricco di impurita, ma compatto, con superficie levigata piu o meno rozzamente, ingubbiata e lucidata a stecca. I pezzi sono stati eseguiti al tornio lento o a mano”, but at the same time she notes that the two classes of pottery are made by the same clay2. In practice the distinction between the two classes is very difficult to retain. Important chronological connotations are often involved when describing the fabric as either impasto or grezza. In fact, many of the large ‘red/light impasto’ or ‘terracotta’ ollas found in late 7th-century BC tombs in the Agro Picentino area should be described as ceramica grezza rather than impasto following the division of Chiaramonte Trere. Here only the small group of fragments that is clearly related to impasto forms known from the Orientalizing/Archaic tombs of the Agro Picentino, has been classified as impasto, whereas the remaining material – sometimes impossible to date with any certainty – can be found in the section on Common Ware. For distribution of the fragments, see Table 42.
4CATALOGUE
5Early Iron Age
6A handful of very small sherds are made in the same fabric as the characteristic dark brown impasto pottery found in the 9th- to early 8th-cent. BC tombs of Pontecagnano. Except for one fragment (E V), these sherds were found in trench N (strata II-IV) and constitute the earliest material from Prop. Avallone, but they are clearly in a secondary position.
7Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: E V (1); N II (1); N III (1); N IV (2).
8Orientalizing to Archaic period
9OPEN FORMS
10Plate
11Form and decoration are similar (but not identical) to a plate from Arenosola tomb 18 (Horsnæs 1989, phase 4, type A 12, late 7th or early 6th cent. BC).
12Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: N III.
13Cat. no. H-l: #160-3-73: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
14Fragment with part of rim and bowl. Decoration on exterior: Incised triangles.
15Fabric: Dark grey (10 YR 4/1). Burnished reddish brown (5 YR 4/3-4) surface. Ø of external carination 15.4.
16Carinated bowls
17The large carinated bowl (scodellone carenato) is comparable to d’Agostino 1968, types 77-79 (d’Agostino 1968, 122-123, fig. 29, dated in the 7th cent. BC).
18Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: N II (2); N III (8).
19Cat. no. H-2: #160-3-83: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
20Rim and lip fragment.
21Fabric: Light brown to light brownish grey (7.5 YR 6/4-10 YR 6/2). Restored Ø c.16.0.
22Cat. no. H-3: #160-3-84: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
23Lip fragment and vertical handle.
24Fabric: Light brown to light brownish grey (7.5 YR 6/4-10 YR 6/2). H. 3.3; W. 4.6.
25Bowls with thickened rim
26Comparable to Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, type 8, dated from the second quarter to the end of the 6th cent. BC (Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, 62 and fig. 4). Contemporary and slightly later parallels are known from Cairano, type 81 (Bailo Modesti 1980, 73-74, pl. 9). The type was inspired from the bucchero bowls of the same form.
27Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: N II (1); N III (2).
28Conical bowl
29Comparable to d’Agostino 1968, type 88 (d’Agostino 1968, 125, fig. 30, 7th cent. BC) and Bailo Modesti 1980, type 62, coppa a ventre teso (Bailo Modesti 1980, 60 and pl. 44C).
30Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: N II (4).
31Scodella biansata (?)
32Two small fragments in impasto buccheroide, probably of the same vase, seem identical in form and size to a fragment from the Cairano habitation area. The type is found also in tombs II and IX from the 6th cent. BC (Bailo Modesti 1980, type 84, 75-76, pl. 53A, especially no. 62). Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: N III (2).
33Small bowl
34One rim fragment of bowl or lid (hand made) can be identified as Bailo Modesti 1980, type 63B from Cairano (Bailo Modesti 1980, 60 and pl. 44E). The same type is known from Fratte (Magaldi et al. 1990, US 30, 58, no. 13, fig. 59; Donnarumma & Tomay 1990, tomb X/1927, 222, no. 5, fig. 363c, dated last quarter of the 6th cent. BC, and tomb 72/1963, 236, no. 12, dated 510-490 BC).
35Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: N II (1).
36Unidentified open forms
37Total ascribed: 9. Distribution: N II (2); N III (7).
38Cat. no. H-4: #160-3-78: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
39Bottom fragment with low foot. From bowl.
40Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow to greyish brown (7.5 YR 6/6-10 YR 5/2). Restored Ø of foot 6.3.
41Cat. no. H-5: #160-3-98: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
42Bottom fragment, flat and profiled. From bowl/plate.
43Fabric: Fine. Greyish brown (10 YR 5/2). Very dark grey (10 YR 3/1) surface. Restored Ø of foot 9.0.
44CLOSED FORMS
45‘Pontecagnano amphora’
46The small impasto amphora (d’Agostino 1968, 109-113, types 41-46, figs. 22-23) is the ‘Leittypus’ of Orientalizing Pontecagnano, and it is no surprise that it is represented in up to 6 fragments in Prop. Avallone. It cannot, however, be ruled out that some of the fragments derive from the olpe of the same form and with similar baccellature.
47Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: N II (2); N III (4).
48Cat. no. H-6: #160-3-61: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
49Fragment of vertical handle, scudata.
50Fabric: Buccheroid. Dark reddish brown (5 YR 2.5/2). H. 4.4; W. 1.8-2.6.
51Parallels: Pontecagnano (d’Agostino 1968, types 41-44).
52Cat. no. H-7: #160-3-62: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
53Fragment of vertical band handle.
54Fabric: Buccheroide. Very dark grey (10 YR 3/1). H. 5.2; W. 2.5-4.3.
55Parallels: Pontecagnano (d'Agostino 1968, types 41-44).
56Decorated body fragments
57The incised a rotella decoration is characteristic of the 7th cent. BC.
58Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds IX (1); N III (1).
59Cat. no. H-8: #89-401: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. West of the wall. Fig. 74.
602.0 x 1.5.
61Cat. no. H-9: #160-3-75: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
62Decorated with a double zigzag line a rotella.
63Fabric: Reddish yellow to grey (5 YR 6/6-10 YR 5/1). H. 2.2; W. 2.8.
III. 1.2 Bucchero
64The majority of the bucchero fragments were found in N II and III (Table 43). The remaining, often very small, fragments were found sparsely over much of the area. The fabric is of course easily recognisable, which means that we must expect an over-representation of bucchero fragments in the collected and later registered material.
65The fabric has, unless otherwise stated, a dark grey (2.5 YR 3/0) core with black (2.5 YR 2.5/0) surface and small micaceous inclusions.
66CATALOGUE
67OPEN FORMS
68Carinated bowls
69A similar type was found in Capua (Albore-Livadie 1979, 106, fig. 23, type 18A, dated 590-570 BC). The publication of 6th-and 5th-cent. BC tombs at Fratte has allowed the development of the type to be studied in more detail: the earliest examples from the beg. of the 6th cent. BC have a small, inwardly sloping lip and rounded carination and bowl (Donnarumma & Tomay 1990, tomb 18, 208, no. 5, fig. 340; tomb XI, 210, no. 1, fig. 342), whereas the examples from c.500 BC have a much heavier lip with straight horizontal surface, pronounced carination and straightsided bowl (Donnarumma & Tomay 1990, tomb 12, 229, no. 2, fig. 383; tomb 42, 237, no. 3, fig. 401; tomb 19, 241, no. 3, fig. 405). The bowls are found in two sizes. The large bowls measure 18.0 to 20.0 cm in diameter, while the smaller ones are 11.0-12.0 cm in diameter. Both types are represented in this material.
70From Pontecagnano, a type of bowl with rounded profile, reminiscent of the Fratte examples from the first half of the 6th cent. BC (tombs 18 and XI), was published as Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, type 22A. The type presumably started in the first quarter of the 6th cent. BC, but only became common in the second quarter of that century. The smaller-and much rarer-version, which seems to have no distinct typological development in the material from Fratte, was assumed to start in the second quarter of the 6th cent. BC at Pontecagnano. Both types are described as common into the first quarter of the 5th cent. BC.
71The very small fragments from Prop. Avallone should consequently be dated within the 6th or early 5th cent. BC.The form of the foot of cat. no. J-l and the lip of cat. no. J-2 and #160-2-116 are comparable to Fratte tombs 18 and 14 from the first haft of the 6th cent. BC, whereas the lip profile of the fragments cat. no. J-3 and #160-2-116 seem to belong to the latter part of that century. There is no exact parallel for the profile of the lip of #160-2-113.
72Large variety
73Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: F X (1); N II (4); N III (1).
74Cat. no. J-l: #90-772: Trench F. Stratum X. 82.5/137.0. Fig. 74.
75Fragment of ring foot, incisions under the bottom.
76Fabric: Greyish brown (2.5 Y 5/2). Ø of foot c.8.0.
77Parallels: Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, type 22A (beg. Of 6th to beg. Of 5th cent. BC).
78Cat. no. J-2: #160-2-110: Trench N. Stratum II. Fig. 74.
79Rim fragment.
80Ø c.18.0.
81Cat. no. J-3: #160-2-111: Trench N. Stratum II. Fig. 74.
82Rim fragment.
83Ø c.19.0.
84Small variety
85Total ascribed: 1.
86Cat. no. J-4: #160-3-54: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
87Lip fragment.
88Ø c.10.7.
89Parallels: MusNaz Tomb 2146 inv. 36.010 and Tomb 940 inv. 16.673, dated c.600-550 BC.
90Kantharos/kalyx
91The kantharoi, and the morphologically similar calices, are among the most common forms in the bucchero repertoire. The material has been divided in three groups: kantharoi (where part of a handle is preserved), kantharoi/calices (where it is not possible to distinguish between the two forms) and calices(?) (fragments decorated with three horizontal grooves – a decoration rarely seen on other forms). Some of the fragments may even belong to kyathoi or calices with two horizontal handles (Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, 71 type 20), but these forms are not ascertained, and are therefore not taken into consideration.
92Kantharoi
93All the fragments belong to kantharos type 3e (Rasmussen 1979) – the most common type. The earliest examples of this type appear in the last quarter of the 7th cent., and the type continues at least until c.550 BC in Southern Etruria (Rasmussen 1979, 106). Etruscan kantharoi were imported in Campania. Local production started shortly afterwards – probably both in Northern Campania (Capua, cf. Albore-Livadie 1979, fig. 18, types 3A and 4A, dated 640-620 BC) and at Pontecagnano (Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, 70, type 19A1 with further references in note 92). The fragments of kantharoi are dated from the end of the 7th to the mid-6th cent. BC.
94Total ascribed: 9. Distribution: C V (1); D X (1); N II (4); N III (3).
95Cat. no. J-5: #160-3-49: Trench N. Stratum III. 122.73/156.9. Level -633. Fig. 74.
96Handles and foot missing.
97Fabric: Compact. Well fired. Black (7.5 YR 2/0), wheelturned, irregular fractures, very small micaceous inclusions. Burnished surface. H. 7.6; H. of neck 4.4; W. of handles 3.2; Ø of rim 11.7.
98Kantharos/kalyx
99Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds IX (1); L III (1).
100Kantharos/kalyx decorated with ‘diamond notches’
101The fragments with diamond notches are generally more thin-walled than the kantharoi fragments. Both kantharoi and two-handled calices with the same decoration are known from the Pontecagnano tombs (Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, 70-71, types 19A1 and 20A). Accordingly, the fragments from Prop. Avallone should be dated within the first half of the 6th cent. BC.
102Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: M IV (1); N II (1); N III (1).
103Cat. no. J-6: #160-3-53: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
104Wall fragment. Decoration on the carination.
105H. 3.5; L. 4.7.
106Calices(?) decorated with three horizontal grooves
107The three horizontal grooves are seen on calices from the Pontecagnano tombs dated in the first quarter of the 6th cent. BC (Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, 71-72, type 21A-the type is regarded as rare in Campania). In Etruria the decoration is likewise restricted to calices, where it is found on several varieties dating from the third quarter of the 7th cent. into the second quarter of the 6th cent. BC (Rasmussen 1979, 95-100). The examples from Prop. Avallone cannot be dated closer than the Southern Etruscan calices.
108Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: N II (1); N III (1); N VII (1).
109CLOSED FORMS
110Oinochoai
111Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: C VI (1); F VIII (1); F X (1); N II (3); N III (1).
112Cat. no. J-7: #90-619: Trench C.Stratum VI. Fig. 74.
113Bottom fragment with ring foot. Probably from an oinochoe, e.g. Albore-Livadie 1979, 108, type 10D, fig. 25 or Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991, type 13C1 (6th cent. BC).
114Fabric: Very dark grey (N 3/). Ø of ring foot 7.5.
115Cat. no. J-8: #90-654: Trench F. Stratum VIII. West of the wall. 82.5/137.0. Fig. 74.
116Bottom fragment. Composed of two fragments.
117Fabric: Black (N 2/). Upper Ø 5.5; lower Ø 4.5.
118Parallels: Cuozzo & D'Andrea 1991, type 13A2 = Rasmussen 1979, oinochoe type 2b, early 6th cent. BC.
119Cat. no. J-9: #90-773A: Trench F. Stratum X. 82.5/137.0. Fig. 74.
120Fragment of ring foot. Probably from oinochoe.
121Fabric: Bucchero pesante (2.5 Y 2/0). Ø of foot c.12.0.
122Parallels: Cuozzo & D'Andrea 1991, type 13C3, end 6th-beg. of the 5th cent. BC.
III. 1.3 Argilla depurata (Italo-geometric et al.)
123To avoid the unfortunate connotations of the word ‘glaze’, the more neutral word ‘paint’ has been used. Due to the scantiness of the fragments it is not possible to distinguish between Italo-Geometric and Proto-Corinthian products. For distribution of the fragments, see Table 44.
124CATALOGUE
125OPEN FORMS
126Bowls
127As d’Agostino 1968, 105, types 27-29, fig. 20.
128Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: LIV (1); NII (1); N III (2).
129Cat. no. K-l: #160-3-12: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
130Fragment of bottom and wall of a carinated bowl/coppa carenata (?) decorated with a painted circle on the interior and a thin horizontal line around the base on the exterior.
131Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Dark brown (7.5 YR 3/2) paint (interior) and yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) (exterior). Ø of bottom 5.6.
132Cups
133As d’Agostino 1968, 94-97, type l0a/lla, figs. 13-15.
134Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: N III (2).
135Cat. no. K-2: #160-3-14: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
136Fragment of neck, handle and body. The interior is wholly painted, on the exterior four thin horizontal lines on the neck, a thin horizontal line on the handle, the body below the handle zone is wholly painted.
137Fabric: Pale yellow (2.5 Y 7/4). Black (10 YR 2/1) and red (10 R 4/8) paint on lower part of body. Ø of handle 0.6.
138Plates
139Total ascribed: 7. Distribution Ds IX (1); N II (1); N III (4); N V (1).
140Cat. no. K-3: #160-3-20: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
141Fragment of lip, decorated on the inside and outside with painted concentric circles.
142Fabric: Light brownish grey (10 YR 6/2) (core) to reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Red (2.5 YR 5/8) paint. Est. Ø c.20.0.
143The relatively simple decoration is common on the small plates with Ø 20.0 cm or less.
144CLOSED FORMS
145Oinochoai
146As d’Agostino 1968, 98, types 17-18, fig. 16, dated 7th cent. BC.
147Total ascribed: 15. Distribution: C VI (1); Ds XI (1); N II (3); N III (10).
148Cat. no. K-4: #160-3-4: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
149Fragment of neck, decorated with a file of butterflies and below them five horizontal lines.
150Fabric: Light grey to light brownish grey (2.5 Y 7/2-6/2). Dark greyish brown to reddish yellow/strong brown (10 YR 4/2-7.5 YR 6/6-5/6) paint. Est. Ø .6.0.
151Cat. no. K-5: #160-3-6: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
152Fragment of lip and neck, covered by orange-red paint. At the junction lip/neck a horizontal ridge.
153Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3) slip. Very dark grey to red (10 YR 3/1-2.5 YR 5/8) paint (as #160-3-7 and #160-3-26). H. 4.1; W. 5.6.
154Cat. no. K-6: #160-3-8: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 74.
155Fragment of wall (perhaps shoulder of oinochoe) decorated with four painted vertical bars and two horizontal lines and band.
156Fabric: Heterogeneous. Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4) slip. Very dark grey (c.10 YR 3/1) paint. 3.7 x 3.4.
157Olla
158Rim profile quite similar to Fratte (Magaldi et al. 1990, US 14, 56, no. 14, fig. 56a); decoration corresponds to olla from Fratte (Donnarumma & Tomay 1990, tomb 82/1964, 271, no. 5, fig. 461, dated second half of the 5th cent. BC).
159Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: N II.
160Cat. no. K-7: #160-2-1: Trench N. Stratum II. (Not illustrated)
161Rim fragment, out-turned.
162From stamnoid olla a fasce (?).
163Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Red (2.5 YR 4/6) paint (interior), reddish brown (5 YR 4/4) (exterior). Est. Ø c.24.0.
III.2 Black-figure pottery
164Birgit Tang
III.2.1 Greek black-figure
165Three tiny fragments were identified (Fig. 76a). Only one retains a part of the figural decoration. It came from K VI. The motif cannot be easily deciphered, but seems to involve a horse and warrior.
166Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: F VIII (1); K VI (1); N II (1).
167CATALOGUE
168Cat. no. L-l: #90-146: Trench K. Stratum VI. Figs. 75-76a. Body fragment. Attic.Decoration: Horse’s hoof and greave. Added red paint and incision.
169Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6-7/6). 3.5 x 2.5.
III.2.2 South Italian black-figure: Pagenstecher class?
170The term defines a group of black-figure vases, primarily lekythoi, manufactured in Southern Italy (e.g. in Campania and at Poseidonia/Paestum) and Sicily in the second half of the 4th century BC3. This class of pottery is named after R. Pagenstecher, who was the first systematically to study and classify the vases. The motifs, both human beings, animals and mythological creatures, are painted on a reserved background and cover the greater part of the body. Palmette scrolls are characteristic as secondary decoration. Added colours such as white, brown and red are common4.
171A small group of fragments from Prop. Avallone may belong to the class. Some have remains of palmette scrolls (Fig. 76b).
172Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: Ds X (2); F V (1); G VIII (1); H V (1); N II (2).
III.3 Red-figure pottery
173Birgit Tang
174Fragments of red-figure vases are few, but Attic as well as South Italian products are present. Two fragments, cat. nos. M-l and N-l, were found in later strata and should probably be interpreted as residual material from earlier phases of frequentation. Both came from areas of rebuilding (below the floor in trench Ds; demolished wall in trench E).
175Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: Ds XI (1); E V (1); H V (1); K V (1); L IV (1).
176CATALOGUE
III.3.1 Attic red-figure
177One fragment can be identified as Attic, and the rendering of especially the eye makes an ascription to Douris reasonable5.
178Cat. no. M-l: #90-72: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. West of the wall. North of the transverse wall. 82.24/124.30. Level -758. Fig. 76.
179Tondo fragment. From kylix. Decoration: Female head in profile, facing right and most likely wearing a saccos. To the right, beside her forehead, part of an inscription: K.
1804.0 x 4.1.
III.3.2 South Italian red-figure
181This group comprises five examples, two of which are decorated with the typical motif of large-sized female heads in profile, which was employed especially from the later 4th cent. BC onwards (c.330 BC onwards) and which was common in all the red-figure workshops of Southern Italy (Fracchia 1992, 48-49; see e.g. Trendall 1967, p1s. 117-119.5 (Campanian), p1s. 251-252 (Sicilian); Trendall 1987, e.g. p1s. 142-143, 186-188, 210-216 and 233d-235e (Paestan); Trendall & Cambitoglou 1991-1992 (Part II), 198-226, e.g. p1s. LV-LVI). The fragments derive from a kylix and a lekanis lid respectively. The latter depicts two women’s heads between palmettes. A third fragment (cat. no. N-4) seems to belong to a type of flask documented in tombs from Pontecagnano of the late 4th to early 3rd cent. BC.These flasks are also decorated with female heads. This cannot, however, be verified in the case of our fragment, since it is a base fragment. The chronological range of this class of material should be the late 4th to early 3rd cent. BC.
182Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: EV(1);HV(1);K V (1); K VI (1); L IV (1).
183Kylix
184Cat. no. N-l: 89-165: # Trench E. Stratum V. 83.48/131.08. Level -701. Figs. 75-76.
185Base fragment with part of tondo and ring foot. Decoration: Female head in profile, facing left. Lower part of hair and hairdress missing, nose not detectable/visible. Hair tied up in a kekryphalos decorated with black strokes and a stripe, elaborate earring. Clearly defined lines for the eyebrow, the upper and lower (short) eyelid, a black dot for the pupil of the eye attached to the upper lid.
186Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø 6.0.
187Situla
188Cat. no. N-2: #89-252: Trench H. Stratum V. Figs. 75-76.
189Rim fragment with part of body. Externally thickened rim, straight upper wall. Decoration: Horizontal plant ornaments below rim, a vertical white line, to the right the shoulder of a woman wearing a chiton, a red line, a white festoon.
190Fabric: Reddish yellow to light brown to reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6-7.5 YR 6/4-6/6). Ø 23.5.
191Parallels: The division into a frieze area below the rim and a large main field separated by a line is used in Apulian red-figure by the Painter of the Dublin Situlae (Trendall 1989, fig. 146).
192Flask
193Cat. no. N-3: #90-1543: Trench K. Stratum VI. Fig. 75.
194Base fragment with moulded ring foot. Interior, upper moulding of foot and underside reserved.
195Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4). Ø 9.0.
196Parallels: Pontecagnano (Serritella 1995, Tomb 4019, 51, 53, 86-87, nos. 6-7, figs. 34-35, p1s. 73-74, last quarter of 4th cent. BC; both ascribed to the workshop of the Fratte Painter).
197Lid
198Cat. no. N-4: #90-502 + #90-507 + #90-729 + #90-730: Trench L. Stratum IV. 97.3-99.5/138.5-139.7. Level -677. Figs. 75-76.
199From lekane. Decoration on knob: Reserved band around the foot, cartwheel design on top. Decoration on surface: Two female heads in profile, facing left. None of the heads are completely preserved. One head with a kekryphalos decorated with a line of rays near the chignon, both heads have corkscrew curls down the side. Enclosed palmettes and side-scrolls between the heads. Very stylized. Decoration on edge: black vertical strokes.
200Ø 14.0.
201Parallels: Similar to Cumae: Cumae ‘C’/Late Cumaean Head Vases (Trendall 1967, 561-572, p1s. 222.1, 223.1-3 and 223.6-7); Fratte (Serritella 1990, 125, nos. 8-9, fig. 242, second half of 4th cent. BC; tomb 7/1956, 286, nos. 4-5, figs. 482 and 483c, end of 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC).
202Body fragment
203Cat. no. N-5: #90-847: Trench K. Stratum V. Below the tile fall. Fig. 76.
204Decoration: Locks of hair, from woman’s head?
205Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). 4.5 x 3.0.
III.4.1 Black-gloss ware, black-gloss ware with overpainted decoration and brown-gloss ware
206Birgit Tang
207These wares are classified morphologically, when possible, according to Morel 1981. Although some criticism has been raised against this groundbreaking study6, we believe that the open typology of Morel provides the best framework for a quick ascription of a form and an overview of the extensive material. Two points, however, should be noted:7 1) his typology is based on complete shapes and includes numerous subdivisions which are defined by subtle differences of profiles and proportions; it is obvious that a fragmentary material such as ours can to some extent be ascribed to his main categories only; 2) the distinction between genre 1300 (convex rims) and genre 1500 (out-turned and recurving thickened rims) is not clear. This means that the placing of cat. nos. 0-5 and 0-15 is changeable. Particular references are normally made only to recent publications from Pontecagnano itself and nearby sites.
208Black-gloss pottery constitutes one of the largest groups among the table wares. The distribution of some 800 diagnostic sherds is presented in Table 458. Not surprisingly, the destruction layers from the two main phases of occupation provided the largest amount of material: G VIII (below terra battuta)-X, H V, L IV; B IV-V, Dn VI and Ds IX-X, E V, F V. The concentration of fragments in N II is due to the levelling of the area with reused material. The high number in the collapse material from the second phase shows that the destruction took place while black-gloss vases were still abundantly being used.
209Open forms are clearly predominant, primarily various cups/bowls and paterae. Despite the often fragmentary state of preservation, it was possible to reconstruct some whole profiles. Judging by Munsell ascriptions alone, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6-6/8-7/6) and pink fabrics (7.5 YR 7/4) are predominant, followed by very pale brown (10 YR 7/3-7/4 and 10 YR 8/4) and red (2.5 YR 5/6-5/8). However, as I have not had access to the material, it has not been possible to study the fabrics and glosses, and no attempt has therefore been made to ascribe individual sherds to particular workshops. We must, however, expect that many centres in Southern Italy had developed local workshops producing black-gloss pottery by the close of the 4th century BC9. A large part of the material can therefore be assumed to be locally produced10, but we might also expect imports from such centres as Poseidonia/Paestum, Eboli, Buccino and perhaps Naples.
210To the number of black-gloss sherds should be added a small group of black-gloss ware with overpainted decoration: cat. nos. 0-37, 0-38, 0-65, 0-67, 0-73, 0-111 and 0-116 (33 fragments, distribution shown in Table 46) and fragments with a more brownish gloss: cat. nos. 0-50 and 0-69 (14 fragments, distribution shown in Table 47).
211Overpainted wares were produced at several sites in Southern Italy, the best known of them being the Gnathian production (often used synonymously with overpainted wares in general)11. They are characterized by the combined use of incision and added paint on black gloss. The technique (which is closely comparable to “West Slope ware" in a Greek context) appears to have originated in Taranto/Tarentum shortly before the mid- 4th century BC.By the end of the century production was taking place in other places as well, including e.g. Poseidonia/Paestum and Roccagloriosa12. Some of the groups/wares continued throughout the 3rd century BC and perhaps also into the 2nd century BC13.
212Whether intentionally or accidentally produced (probably both), brown-gloss ware is not a rare phenomenon in the Hellenistic period. Examples are known from e.g. Gravina where the majority of the forms occur in period Villa, i.e. the late 2nd and 1st centuries BC14.
213Repertoire and chronological range
214The earliest types attested are Attic-type cups/kylikes of the 6th to 5th centuries BC.These represent residual material and material brought to the area (trench N) in connection with levelling work.
215The most common shapes from the first phase of occupation are small cups (concave-convex: series 2423, 2424, 2433; in-turned rim: series 2787, 2789), paterae/plates (series 2251, 2283, 2284, 2285); skyphoi (e.g. series 4311, 4382), bowls with beak-like rim (series 2671). There are also paterae/bowls with out-turned thickened rims (genre 1520), grooved bowls (genre 2570/2580) and a skyphoid cup (genre 4260).
216This repertoire is in accordance with the finds from the habitation area in the nearby Prop. Truono, phases I-II, i.e. the second half of the 4th to the first half of the 3rd century BC and also the tombs of the late 4th to early 3rd century BC15. The material can also be paralleled with finds from Fratte.
217Shapes belonging to the 4th century are: series 2423, 2433, 4311 and 4382. Genre 1550 stopped in the mid- 4th and early 3rd century BC16. In Prop. Avallone, however, it is found in later layers, but it is likely that these fragments are residual. Genre 1310 was produced throughout the period, i.e. 4th to 1st centuries BC.
218The collapse material from the second phase of occupation is characterized by the following shapes: bowls without feet/bases (series 2111, 2122), large bowls with angular inclination (series 2822), bowls with bevelled rim (series 2973-2974). Series 1442 is represented by one fragment.
219Again there is close correspondence with the finds from Prop. Truono, phases III.2-III.3, i.e. mid-2nd to early 1st century BC.
220Stamped vessels occur both in the early phase (G VIII [below terra battuta]-IX) and later phase (e.g. Ds X).
221In Prop. Avallone black-gloss ware with overpainted decoration is attested in the collapse material from the first phase as well as the second phase of occupation, which speaks in favour of the continuation of the technique, although some sherds might be residual. The motifs are incised and/or painted on hemispherical bowls, skyphoi, and a cup/bowl with a high profiled foot. Gnathian-type motifs (e.g. vine trails, tendrils) and other plant decoration are most common, but a fragment with an animal motif is also extant (cat. no. 0-111).
222CATALOGUE
223Attic-type cups
224These cups are characterized by a convex lip and a pronounced carination at transition to the body. The rim may be slightly out-turned.
225A group of rims may belong to stemless or stemmed cups, i.e. kylikes, widely documented in Southern Italy in the late 6th and early 5th cent. BC, e.g. at Fratte (Magaldi et al. 1990, for example US 12, 36, no. 2, fig. 26a.2, last quarter of 6th to beg. of 5th cent. BC), Pompeii (Bonghi Jovino 1984, no. CE 1542/4,59, 90, 118, from scarico with Archaic material. The Pompeian examples are assigned to local workshops, for example at Pithekoussai and in the interior of Northern Campania) and Poseidonia/Paestum (G. Pucci in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1987, 121, no. 687, figs. 89 and 103; 122, no.778, fig. 89, both of Paestan clay and dated 500-480 BC and c.500 BC respectively). The cups imitate Attic prototypes, such as the Type C cup (Sparkes & Talcott 1970, 91-92, 263-264, nos. 398, 401 and 413, fig. 4 and pl. 19).
226Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: K V (1); K VI (2); N II (1); N III (3).
227Cat. no. O-l: #90-918A: Trench K. Stratum V. Fig. 77.
228Rim fragment with small part of body.
229Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6). Ø 15.0.
230Cat. no. 0-2: #90-149: Trench K. Stratum VI. Fig. 77.
231Rim fragment.
232Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6-6/6). Ø 14.0.
233Genre 1100: Bowls/plates with down-turned rim
234The fragment is rather thick-walled with an incompletely preserved rim and strongly out-tumed lip. It is comparable to Morel’s series 1111, dated 300 BC ± 30, or type 1128b, dated 3rd/2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 81 and 87).
235Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Dn VI.
236Cat. no. 0-3: #90-467: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. Fig. 77.
237Upper body with part of rim.
238Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø c.26.0.
239Genre 1310: Paterae with convex rim
240The production of these paterae goes back to the end of the 4th cent. BC, and they are common both at Fratte and Pontecagnano around 300 BC.In Prop. Truono they are attested from the 4th to the first decades of the 1st cent. BC, i.e. in all the phases (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 145).
241Serie 1312
242The series is characterized by rims being moderate convex and clearly marked off from the body, both on the inside and the outside. Our example is closest to type 1312b, Campana A, dated 2nd cent. BC, most likely the first half (Morel 1981, 103), and can also be paralleled to a specimen from Prop. Truono belonging to phase III. 1, second half of 3rd cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 145 and fig. 22.99).
243Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: L III.
244Cat. no. 0-4: #90-1532: Trench L. Stratum III. Below Level -641. Fig. 77.
245Rim and body fragment. 2.0 cm unglazed band on lowermost part.
246Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø 18.0.
247Serie 1312/1523?
248This fragment illustrates the difficulty in distinguishing between Morel’s convex rims and the thickened rims, e.g. due to the great variation within the 1312 series allowing for quite different rims. The fragment derives from a deeper patera than the previous and resembles e.g. type 1312g and 1312j 1, dated probably towards the end of 2nd cent. BC and towards 120/110 BC respectively (Morel 1981, 103). The closest parallel in the 1523 series is type 1523a, dated to the end of 4th cent. BC (Morel 1981, 119).
249Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B V.
250Cat. no. 0-5: #90-394: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 77.
251Rim and body fragment.
252Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Ø 16.0.
253Serie 1313
254The fragments have a straight body and are comparable to type 1313c, dated 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 104).
255Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: B IV (1); DsX (1); E V (1).
256Cat. no. 0-6: #89-294: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 77.
257Rim and body fragment.
258Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Ø 15.0.
259Parallels: Pompeii (Bonghi Jovino 1984, 97-98, no. CE 2184, pl. 70.6, produced in Naples, Campana A, the form still in use around the mid-2nd cent. BC, here compared with 1312b).
260Serie 1315
261The series has a moderate curved rim and a more continuous line between rim and body. Morel’s examples are primarily dated to the 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 104-105). Two fragments from Prop. Truono are assigned to this series, they derive from pre-Roman levels (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 145 and fig. 22.102).
262Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: B V (1); E V (3); F V (1); H V (2).
263Cat. no. 0-7: #89-530 + #89-1129: Trench E. Stratum V. 82.6-84.1/129.5-131.5. Fig. 77.
264Rim and body fragment.
265Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 24.0.
266Cat. no. 0-8: #90-1618: Trench F. Stratum V. Removal of balk. Fig. 77.
267Rim and body fragment.
268Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø 18.0.
269Serie 1323?
270This series is characterized by broad and more or less horizontal rims. These are clearly marked off from the body. Our fragment is comparable to example 1323b 1, dated towards 285 BC ± 20 (Morel 1981, 106). Similar examples are known from Gravina where they are dated to Period Villa, i.e. mid-2nd to early 1st cent. BC (Prag 1992, 74, no. 641, fig. 28, here compared with example 1315f 1).
271Total ascribed: 1. Distribution E V.
272Cat. no. 0-9: #89-1679: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.0-82.6/129.5. Stratum V. Above the tile pavement. Fig. 77.
273Rim fragment.
274Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Interior Ø 19.6.
275Espece 1440: Paterae with broad undulating rim
276In Prop. Truono espece 1440 is part of the new form repertoire in phase III.3, i.e. the second half to end of 2nd cent. BC.It was produced in e.g. Naples (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 137, 146 and fig. 22.103). A similar example is known from the Roman Republican phase of the villa at Buccino, Vittimose, i.e. 2nd to early 1st cent. BC (Dyson 1983, 12, 43, 51, no. 54, fig. 138).
277Serie 1442
278The rim is horizontal and rolled up at the upper edge and bevelled at the lower one.
279Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: K IV.
280Cat. no. 0-10: #89-626: Trench K. Stratum IV. Fig. 77.
281Rim fragment.
282Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø c.25.0.
283Genre 1500: Paterae/bowls with thickened rim
284This genre includes paterae and bowls with thickened out-turned rim. The section of the rim may be triangular, sub-triangular, or more or less ovoid. Especes 1510, 1520 and 1550 belong to the most common shapes in phases III, second half 4th to first half of 3rd cent., in Prop. Truno (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 135).
285Serie 1514
286The rim has a triangular or sub-triangular section. Our fragment resembles example 1514f 1, dated towards 285 BC ± 20. (Morel 1981, 118), but seems to have a flatter body. The Prop. Truono excavations yielded two examples belonging to espece 1510 (Cinquantaquttro 1994, 144, figs. 21.84-21.85).
287Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds X.
288Cat. no. 0-11: #89-105: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 77.
289Rim and body fragment.
290Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Ø 13.0.
291Espece 1520: Paterae/bowls, rim with ovoid section
292In Prop. Truono the fragments came from the 3rd century BC layers (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 144-145 and figs. 21.86-21.90).
293Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: Ds X (1); E V (1); E VI (1); F V (1); H V (1); L IV (2).
294Cat. no. 0-12: #90-1632: Trench F. Stratum V. West of the wall. Fig. 77.
295Rim and body fragment. Unglazed below rim on exterior.
296Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø 18.0.
297Cat. no. 0-13: #89-1760: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 77. Rim and body fragment.
298Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 17.0.
299Cat. no. 0-14: #90-1546: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. Fig. 77.
300Rim and body fragment.
301Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Ø 18.0.
302Serie 1534
303In this series the rims are more or less curved. The section of the rim may be triangular, sub-triangular, or roughly ovoid. The whole profile is preserved: the rim is clearly marked off from the body on the interior; the body is flat and the ring foot low. These characteristics, however, can also be found in the 1312 series. The examples presented by Morel are mainly dated in the 3rd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 121).
304Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B V.
305Cat. no. 0-15: #90-362: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 77.
306Complete profile; approx, half preserved.
307Fabric: Pinkish grey to light reddish brown (5 YR 7/2-7/3-6/2-6/3). Ø of rim 18.0; Ø of foot 7.8.
308Serie 1536?
309The fragment seems to be closest to this series, which has a flat profile. Morel’s example is dated to the 3rd cent. BC (most likely the second half?) (Morel 1981, 122).
310Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds IX (1); Ds X (1).
311Cat. no. 0-16: #89-1729: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Destruction layer. Level -716. Fig. 77.
312Rim and body fragment.
313Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/4). Ø c.11.0.
314Serie 1552
315There is great variation within rims. At Poseidonia/Paestum the production of the genre stopped in the mid 4th cent. BC, while at Fratte and Pontecagnano it continued into the first decades of the 3rd cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 139 and figs. 18.20-21).
316Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: C V (1); E VI (1); F V (1); F VI (1); L IV (2).
317Cat. no. 0-17: #90-1670: Trench F. Stratum V. Fig. 77.
318Rim and body fragment.
319Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 17.0.
320Cat. no. 0-18: #90-1542: Trench L. Stratum IV. North of the transverse wall. Fig. 77.
321Rim fragment.
322Fabric: Pinkish grey (7.5 YR 6/2). Ø 16.0.
323Genre 1700: Bowls/paterae with horizontal rim
324The fragment can be ascribed to the genre only. It derives from a large and deep bowl.
325Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: C V.
326Cat. no. 0-19: #90-888: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 78.
327Rim and body fragment. Broad rim.
328Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 18.0
329Parallels: Pompeii (Bonghi Jovino 1984, 99, no. CE 2194, pl. 71.8, lower limit mid-2nd cent. BC).
330Espece 1730: Bowls/paterae: rim without grooves
331Our fragment seems closest to series 1732 with its carination and relatively flat body. The example presented by Morel is dated to the 3rd cent. BC, most likely the first half (Morel 1981, 133)
332Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds X.
333Cat. no. 0-20: #89-6: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Fig. 78.
334Rim and body fragment.
335Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Exterior Ø 14.0.
336Serie 1765?
337The series includes small bowls on high feet with grooved rims and vertical upper body. The Prop. Avallone example has a narrow rim compared with the wide rims characteristic of espece 1760. The closest parallel is example 1765a, dated towards 290 BC ± 20 (Morel 1981, 135).
338Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VIII.
339Cat. no. 0-21: #89-49 + #89-1744: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 78.
340Rim and body fragment. Two grooves on surface of rim and one at the end.
341Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 12.0.
342Genre 2100: Bowls without feet
343Serie 2111
344This series has a pointed base, which in the case of our fragment cannot be verified. The ascription is based on the out-curved and bevelled rim, the oblique wall and the two grooves below the rim on the inside of the vessel. The date of the example presented by Morel is uncertain, perhaps the 2nd cent. BC? (Morel 1981, 138).
345Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: B IV (1); E V (1).
346Cat. no. 0-22: #89-728: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 78.
347Rim and body fragment.
348Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø 14.5.
349Serie 2122
350The rim is more or less up-turned and pointed (beaklike) and the base rounded. Again only rim fragments are represented from Prop. Avallone. The size varies from 11.0 to c.18.0 cm in diameter. In Prop. Truono similar examples are ascribed to espece 2110, and three might belong to series 2122. They are dated from the second half of the 2nd to the first decades of the 1st cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 143 and figs. 20.55-20-56).
351Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: B V (1); E V (2); J III (1).
352Cat. no, 0-23: #90-1571: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 78.
353Rim and body fragment.
354Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø 16.0.
355Cat. no. 0-24: #90-1613: Trench J. Stratum III. Below Tomb 6093. Fig. 78.
356Rim and body fragment.
357Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 11.0.
358Serie 2153
359The series has a slightly convex profile. Our fragments have a rounded and bevelled rim and two grooves below the rim on the interior. Morel’s examples are dated towards the first quarter of the 2nd cent. BC and 3rd or beg. of 2nd? cent. BC (Morel 1981, 142).
360Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds X (1); F V (1).
361Cat. no. 0-25: #89-293: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 78.
362Rim and body fragment. On the exterior there are three lines with matt paint which could indicate overpainted decoration.
363Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/6). Ø 12.0.
364Genre 2200: Paterae
365Serie 2233
366Thickened and strongly in-turned rim, flat profile. The fragment is close to example 2 2 33j, but shallower. Morel’s examples are dated in the 3rd and 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 150).
367Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E IV
368Cat. no. 0-26: #89-729: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 78.
369Rim and body fragment.
370Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 11.0.
371Serie 2251
372High vertical and plain rim, vertical wall, rounded inclination. It is dated to the second quarter of the 4th or mid 4th cent. BC (Morel 1981, 153).
373Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VIII.
374Cat. no. 0-27: #89-1023A: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 78.
375Rim fragment with part of body.
376Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 14.0.
377Serie 2283
378Vertical low rim, thickened and rounded and may be slightly out-turned, creating a knob-like rim, carinated at transition to body. This patera is very common at Pontecagnano where it was produced from the last quarter of 4th to 3rd cent. BC.There was also a Paestan production, and the type continued and became typical of the Campanian repertoire in the 2nd to 1st cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 145 and figs. 21.77-21.83; Serritella 1995, 95). Morel’s examples span the 3rd to 1st cent. BC (Morel 1981, 161). Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: G X (1); H IV (1).
379Cat. no. 0-28: #89-1759: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 78.
380Rim and body fragment.
381Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø 17.0.
382Serie 2284
383The rim is relatively high, thickened and rounded and may be beak-shaped. Straight floor. The examples presented by Morel are dated in the 2nd to 1st cent. BC (Morel 1981, 162).
384Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: E V (1); G VIII (1); H V (D.
385Cat. no. 0-29: #89-1078B: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 78.
386Rim and body fragment.
387Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Ø 18.0.
388Serie 2285
389The rim is relatively high, thickened and rounded and may be beak-shaped. Curved floor. Morel’s examples are dated in the 2nd to 1st cent. (Morel 1981, 162). The form is common at e.g. the Roman villa at Pareti, at Buccino, Republican phase (Dyson 1983, 125, 133-135, nos. 13-18, fig. 258).
390Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: Ds X (1); E V (1); G IX (1); H IV (1); J IV (1); K V (1).
391Cat. no. 0-30: #89-78: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 78. Rim and body fragment.
392Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/6). Ø 15.0
393Cat. no. 0-31: #90-1626: Trench H. Stratum IV. Below Level -659. Fig. 78.
394Rim and body fragment.
395Ø 14.0.
396Cat. no. 0-32: #90-918B: Trench K. Stratum V. Fig. 78.
397Rim and body fragment. Exterior except from rim reserved.
398Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6). Ø 16.0.
399Genre 2400: Cups with concave-convex profile Serie 2423
400Without groove and fillet. Slightly thickened rim, rounded. It is very common in Campania. At Pontecagnano it is dated between mid- 4th and end of 4th cent. BC.There is one example from Prop. Truono (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 143 and fig. 21.63).
401Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: G VIII (1); G IX (1).
402Cat. no. 0-33: #89-796: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 78.
403Rim and body fragment.
404Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 7.5.
405Parallels: Valesio (Yntema 2001, 159-160, 162, no. 251, subtype Kllb, early to mid- 3rd cent. BC, suggested date range generally about the first decades of the 3rd to within the second half of the 3rd cent. BC).
406Serie 2424
407Carinated/angled at transition to stem, high concave stem. This type is widely distributed in Southern Italy in the last quarter of 4th and the beg. of 3rd cent. BC; it was produced at e.g. Poseidonia/Paestum. The parallels are numerous: Prop. Truono (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 143 and figs. 21.61-21.62); tombs at Pontecagnano (Serritella 1995, Tomb 4445, no. 1, 22 and pl. 63, end of 4th cent. BC; Tomb 4420, no. 3, 39-40 and pl. 67, end of 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC); Fratte (Magaldi et al. 1990, 38, no. 5, fig. 26b; Serritella 1990, 133, no. 29, fig. 249, end 4th to beg. 3rd cent. BC); Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 239, no. 98, fig. 180, the most common type in Southern Italy, dated second half of 4th and 3rd cent. BC).
408Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: F V (1); F VII (1); G IX (1); JIV(l).
409Cat. no. 0-34: #89-820: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 78.
410Rim and body fragment.
411Clay: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), pink (7.5 YR 7/4) outmost. Ø 6.0.
412Serie 2433
413More or less incurved rim, groove and fillet at join of cup to base, base with depression on underside. The type is well-documented in Southern Italy where it was produced from the second half of 5th to the second half of 4th cent. BC.Funerary contexts at Pontecagnano are dated to the second and third quarter of the 4th cent. BC (Serritella 1995, 92; e.g. Tomb 5754, 27, no. 2, pl. 64, second quarter of 4th cent. BC; Tomb 4347, 71, no. 2, pl. 79, mid- 4th cent. BC). In Prop. Truono there is one local product and one Paestan (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 143 and fig. 21.60).
414Cat. no. 0-36 is noteworthy for its size and findspot in the foundation trench where it was found deliberately cut into two halves; it clearly served a specific purpose.
415Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: C VI (1); G XV (1).
416Cat. no. 0-35: #90-618: Trench C.Stratum VI. Fig. 78.
417Rim and body fragment.
418Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 8.0.
419Cat. no. 0-36: #90-406: Trench G. Stratum XV. Figs. 78 and 83.
420Complete profile. Upper side with cuttings.
421Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4), local production according to Antonia Serritella (personal communication between Ingrid Strøm and Antonia Serritella). H. 6.5; max. Ø 12.5; Ø of rim 9.9; Ø of base 8.2.
422Genre 2500: Cups/bowls with grooves etc.
423The four fragments from Prop. Avallone are not easily fitted into Morel’s typology. Two fragments, both with overpainted decoration (cat. nos. 0-37 and 0-38), are too small to allow for any detailed ascription. On cat. nos. 0-39 the grooves are located immediately below the rim. But the exact relation between the position of the groove and the depth of the vessel cannot be established. The whole profile of cat. no. 0-40 is preserved. It has an almost vertical and thickened rim. The position of the groove is somewhere between the upper third of body and mid-body. Generally the fragments are closest to espece 2550-2580.
424In Northern Campania espece 2580 is documented from the late 4th to the first decades of 3rd cent. BC; in Prop. Truono one fragment came from phase II. 1 with the same chronological horizon (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 140 and fig. 19.28).
425Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: Ds X (1); G VIII (1); G XIV (1); H V (1).
426Cat. no. 0-37: #89-521: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 75.
427Rim and body fragment. Almost vertical rim and groove(s) below rim on exterior. Overpainted decoration on exterior: Incised vine trail with white leaves.
428Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4-8/4). Ø c.12.0.
429Parallels: Decoration comparable to Gravina (Prag 1992, 59, no. 548, fig. 25, pl. XIIA, period VIIIb, i.e. 1st cent. BC, but not securely stratified).
430Cat. no. 0-38: #89-133: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 75.
431Rim and body fragment. Two joining fragments. Two grooves below the rim on exterior. Overpainted decoration on exterior: Horizontal line with chevrons. Overpainted decoration on interior: Two red bands.
432Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Ø 11.0.
433Parallels: Comparable to thin-walled examples from e.g. Pomarico Vecchio (Preacco Ancona 1984, 128, no. 8, pl. 49.8, probably during to the 3rd cent. BC); Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 232, nos. 127-128, 245-246, fig. 180, produced after c.300-280 BC).
434Cat. no. 0-39: #90-411A: Trench G. Stratum XIV. Fig. 78.
435Rim and body fragment. One groove immediately below rim on the exterior.
436Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 14.0.
437Cat. no. 0-40: #90-164: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 78.
438Complete profile; approx. half preserved. Thickened rim, one groove on exterior, rounded ring foot.
439H. 4.2; Ø of rim 10.5; Ø of foot 5.0.
440Parallels: Similar to Pompeii (Bonghi Jovino 1984, 61, 103, 125, no. CE 1323/9, pl. 74.5).
441Espece 2640/2650: Bowls with S-shaped profile
442The rim is out-turned, thickened and rounded. Our fragments seem to have a straight upper body, but it is not possible to assign them more precisely. Espece 2640 is documented in Prop. Truono, both Paestan products, in layers of the 2nd cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 142 and fig. 20.44).
443Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: Ds X (1); J IV (1); L III (1).
444Cat. no. 0-41: #90-1547: Trench J. Stratum IV. Fig. 79.
445Rim and body fragment. Unglazed band on exterior.
446Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 20.0.
447Serie 2671
448Deep bowl with out-turned, pointed rim. It may be partly reserved on the exterior. This type was produced at Pontecagnano and Poseidonia/Paestum and is documented at Pontecagnano from the end 4th to beg. 3rd cent. BC.In Prop. Truono the examples mainly came from layers of the first half of 3rd cent. BC, but there were also residual finds from phases 1II.2-III.3, i.e. mid-2nd to end 2nd cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 139-140 and figs. 18.22-18.25). This corresponds with the situation in Prop. Avallone with finds from the two main phases of occupation.
449Total ascribed: 8. Distribution: B IV (1); Ds IX (1); Ds XI (1); E IV (1); G IX (1); H IV (2); L IV (1).
450Cat. no. 0-42: #90-1635: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 79.
451Rim and body fragment. Reserved band below the rim on exterior.
452Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 15.0.
453Cat. no. 0-43: #90-181: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. Fig. 79. Rim and body fragment.
454Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3). Ø 18.0.
455Cat. no. 0-44: #90-287: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.5-91.5/142.5-143.5. Fig. 79.
456Rim and body fragment. Reserved band along the rim.
457Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), surface reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø 15.0.
458Genre 2700: Cups/bowls with in-turned rim
459Three fragments cannot be assigned more precisely, as several sub-types have a strongly in-turned rim with rounded inclination. The best preserved fragment (#89-732) has a horizontal floor.
460Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: C V (1); E VI (1); H V (1).
461Cat. no. 0-45: #89-732: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 79. Rim and body fragment.
462Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8). Ø 4.0.
463Parallels: Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 240, no. 102, fig. 180, second half of 4th to early 3rd cent. BC).
464Espece 2720/2730: Angular inclination at uppermost part
465Our example has a slightly in-turned rim. The exact relation between inclination and height is not clear due to the state of preservation.
466Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
467Cat. no. 0-46: #89-1646: Trench E. Stratum V. Below Level -702. Fig. 79.
468Rim and body fragment.
469Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8). Ø 8.0.
470Espece 2770: Large bowls with rounded inclination
471Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds IX (1); H IV (1).
472Cat. no. 0-47: #89-1752: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 79. Rim and body fragment.
473Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Ø 16.0.
474Serie 2787
475Cup/bowl with rounded inclination and strongly curved body at lower part. At Pontecagnano these cups/bowls were locally produced and are attested primarily in contexts of the late 4th cent. BC (Serritella 1995, 94; e.g. Tomb 4800, 43, no.l, pl. 70, end 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC).
476Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: A VII (1); E V (1); E VII (1); G IX (3); G X (1); H V (1); J IV (1); unstratified context (1).
477Cat. no. 0-48: #90-824: Trench A. Stratum VII. Fig. 79.
478Rim and body fragment.
479Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 9.0.
480Cat. no. 0-49: #89-846: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 79.
481Rim and body fragment.
482Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 8.0.
483Serie 2788
484Bowl with slightly in-turned rim convex upper wall and straight lower wall, ring foot with rounded profile. The shape is closest to series 2788 whose examples mainly belong to the second half of the 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 225-226).
485Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B V.
486Cat. no. 0-50: #90-398: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 79.
487Complete profile.
488Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Brown gloss on exterior and interior. Ø of rim 8.5; Ø of foot 3.5.
489Serie 2789
490Deep cup/bowl with slightly in-turned rim, slightly curved body. It is common in tombs from Pontecagnano (Serritella 1995, 94; e.g. Tomb 4453, 25-26, no. 1, pl.64, end 4th to first decades of 3rd cent. BC). The excavations in Prop. Truono also yielded examples (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 144 and figs. 21.66-21.70, local products). The cup is also very common at Fratte (Serritella 1990, 137-138, fig. 249).
491Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G X.
492Cat. no. 0-51: #89-145: Trench G. Stratum X. Fig. 79.
493Complete profile. High rectilinear ring foot.
494Fabric: Grey (2.5 YR 6/0). Secondarily burnt. H. 6.0; Ø of rim 9.2; Ø of foot 6.0.
495Espece 2790?
496The diameter of the base (flat?) or foot is larger than the maximum diameter of the body.
497Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B V.
498Cat. no. 0-52: #90-380: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 79.
499Almost complete profile.
500Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3). Turning-marks. Interior Ø of rim 3.8; Ø of foot 5.2.
501Espece 2800: Bowls with vertical or diagonal rim
502Serie 2822
503Large bowls with an angular inclination at uppermost part of wall. In Prop. Truono fragments are ascribed to espece 2820, one probably to series 2821. They came from the latest strata of the street where the shapes are dated 2nd to first decades of 1st cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 142 and fig. 20.51).
504Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: BIV (3); B V (3); E V (4).
505Cat. no. 0-53: #90-1663: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 79. Rim and body fragment.
506Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/6). Ø 24.0.
507Cat. no. 0-54: #89-737: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 79.
508Rim and body fragment.
509Fabric: Reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/4). Ø 16.0.
510Espece 2830
511The inclination is difficult to locate.
512Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E IV.
513Cat. no. 0-55: #89-1628: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 79. Rim and body fragment.
514Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Ø 12.0.
515Espece 2900: Bowls with vertical or out-turned rim, slight inclination
516Serie 2932
517Plain rim, slightly pointed, curved wall, broad ring foot. The vessel seems closest to this series whose examples are dated to the 2nd to 1st cent. BC (Morel 1981, 236).
518Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H IV (1).
519Cat. no. 0-56: #89-197: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 79.
520Almost complete profile.
521Fabric: Red (2.5 Y 4/8). H. 3.8; Ø of rim 8.0; Ø of foot 6.0.
522Serie 2942
523Large bowls, not truncated. According to Morel, the series is a local imitation of Campana A, and perhaps also late Campana A (Morel 1981, 237).
524Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
525Cat. no. 0-57: #89-725 + #89-1131: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 79.
526Rim and body fragment.
527Fabric: Brown (7.5 YR 5/4). Ø 17.0.
528Serie 2944
529It is characterized by a flat surface of the rim. Morel’s example is dated towards the second half of the 2nd cent. BC? (Morel 1981, 237).
530Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: C V.
531Cat. no. 0-58: #90-535A: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 79.
532Rim fragment and body fragment.
533Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 15.0.
534Serie 2961
535Very large bowls with slightly convex wall. Morel’s example is dated first half of 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981,239).
536Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B IV (1).
537Cat. no. 0-59: #90-365: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 79.
538Rim and body fragment.
539Fabric: Reddish yellow to yellowish red (5 YR 7/6-6/6-5/6). Ø 25.0.
540Serie 2963-2965:
541The wall may be more or less convex. Series 2963 is early, 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC, whereas series 2964-2965 respectively belong to the first half of 2nd cent. and the end of 2nd to beg. of 1st cent. BC (Morel 1981, 239-240).
542Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: J III (1); L IV (2).
543Cat. no. 0-60: #90-1660: Trench L. Stratum IV. Fig. 79.
544Rim and body fragment.
545Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 12.0.
546Cat. no. 0-61: #90-1662: Trench L. Stratum IV. Fig. 79.
547Rim and body fragment.
548Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 16.0.
549Serie 2974
550The rim is bevelled, the wall truncated, rectilinear ring foot. The series was manufactured especially in Campana A and dated towards the third quarter of the 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981,242).
551Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E V (2).
552Cat. no. 0-62: #89-600 + #89-762 + #89-726 + #89-855 + #89-1135 + #89-1136: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 80.
553Complete profile.
554Fabric: Light red to reddish yellow (2.5 YR 6/8-5 YR 6/6). H. 6.6; Ø of rim 18; Ø of foot 5.5.
555Serie 2973-2974
556A group of bevelled rims may belong to series 2973-2974. Series 2973-2974 are primarily Campana A products and belong to the 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 242).
557Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: B IV (1); B VI (1); E V (2); G VIII (1).
558Cat. no. 0-63: #89-1682: Trench E. Stratum V. Between the roof tiles and above the tile pavement. Fig. 80.
559Rim fragment.
560Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø c.24.0.
561Cat. no. 0-64: #89-1693: Trench E. Stratum V. Below Level -695. Fig. 80.
562Rim and body fragment.
563Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6). Ø 18.0.
564Serie 2978
565The shape, type of decoration and its location can be paralleled to type 2574a, dated towards the first half of 2nd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 186). Our example, however, is not provided with a groove on the exterior below the rim, but has a bevelled lip, which makes it comparable to type 2978a, dated to the 2nd cent. BC (3rd cent. BC?) (Morel 1981, 242).
566Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B V.
567Cat. no. 0-65: #90-531: Trench B. Stratum V. Figs. 75 and 83.
568Complete profile. Deep with bevelled lip and low ring foot. Roughly half the wall and the entire base preserved. Overpainted decoration on interior: white horizontal lines bordering field with incised wavy band and white three-dot filling ornaments. At bottom: Concentric circles on reserved background.
569Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). H. 6.8; Ø of rim 11.0; Ø of foot 4.8.
570Serie 2981
571This series has a shallow, hemispherical body and a thick rim with flattened surface. It is comparable to type 2981f, dated probably 3rd cent. BC, most likely towards the middle or second half (Morel 1981, 244). Larger versions in this series are found in Prop. Truono (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 140 and fig. 19.39) and at Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 241, no. 111, fig. 180).
572Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: C VI (1); H V (1).
573Cat. no. 0-66: #90-638: Trench C.Stratum VI. Fig. 80.
574Rim and body fragment.
575Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3). Ø 8.0.
576Cat. no. 0-67: #90-446: Trench H. Stratum V. Figs. 75 and 83.
577Rim and body fragment. Overpainted decoration on interior: Incised tendrils with white berries (three dots).
578Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Ø of rim 9.2.
579Serie 2985
580Shallow bowl with bevelled rim. Comparable to type 2985a, dated towards 150/140 BC (Morel 1981, 245) (also documented in red-gloss ware, #90-673, F VI).
581Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: F V (1); F VII (1).
582Cat. no. 0-68: #90-1615: Trench F. Stratum V. Removal of balk. Fig. 80.
583Rim and body fragment.
584Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø c.14.0.
585Cat. no. 0-69: #90-1707: Trench F. Stratum VII. Fig. 80.
586Rim fragment with small part of body.
587Fabric: Fine. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Brown gloss on exterior and interior. Ø 11.0.
588Genre 4100: Cups with horizontal handles
589In-turned rim and convex body. The fragment is similar to an example from Fratte (Magaldi et al. 1990, 41, no. 8, fig. 34, here ascribed to type 4121a that is dated towards the mid- 4th cent. BC).
590Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H V.
591Cat. no. 0-70: #90-297: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 80.
592Rim and handle fragment.
593Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 8.5.
594Espece 4260: Cup with horizontal up-lifted handles
595Slightly out-turned rim, almost straight upper wall, convex lower wall, broad and high moulded ring foot. The precise character of the handles is not determinable, but they may be either horizontal or horizontal up-lifted. The body treatment is somewhere in between types 4263a and 4264a, dated towards the end of 4th cent. BC and the last third of 4th cent. BC respectively (Morel 1981, 300).
596Espece 4260 was produced at e.g. Poseidonia/Paestum and Pontecagnano. Prop. Truono yielded four fragments of which two are assigned to series 4262 and 4264 (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 138 and figs. 18.1-18.3). A similar example with thin up-lifted handles is known from Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 235, no. 76, fig. 179).
597Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: F VI.
598Cat. no. 0-71: #90-17 + #90-627 + #90-628 + #90-630: Trench F. Stratum VI. Fig. 80.
599Complete profile. Upper part of foot reserved.
600Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). H. 8.3; Ø of rim 9.0; Ø of foot 4.0.
601Genre 4300: Skyphoi
602Serie 4311
603Ovoid profile with broad out-splayed ring foot. This type is represented by one rim-body fragment and five base fragments. It is characterized by a reserved band on the lowest part of the exterior body and alternatedly glazed and reserved band(s) on the underside of the foot. The rim-body fragment is closest to example 4311b 1, dated towards 300 BC (Morel 1981, 305).
604The skyphos type was produced at e.g. Poseidonia/Paestum and was abundantly distributed in Southern Italy in the second half of the 4th cent. BC.Cups of this type are common in the tombs at Pontecagnano where the chronological range seems to be from the early 4th to early 3rd cent. BC (Serritella 1995, 89; e.g. Tomb 4436, 18-20, nos. 2-3, pl. 62, dated last quarter of 4th to first decades of 3rd cent. BC).
605Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: F VI (2); G X (1); K VI (2); L (IV).
606Cat. no. 0-72: #90-145B: Trench K. Stratum VI. Fig. 80.
607Base fragment with ring foot.
608Fabric: Reddish yellow to yellowish red (5 YR 6/6-5/6). Ø of foot 4.9.
609Cat. no. 0-73: #90-728: Trench L. Stratum IV. Figs. 75 and 83.
610Rim and body fragment. Thin-walled, vertical rounded rim, vertical upper wall. Overpainted decoration: Incised ivy trail with heart-shaped leaves (traces of paint).
611Clay: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø of rim 9.0.
612Parallels: Shape: Close to Pomarico Vecchio (Preacco Ancona 1997, 129-130, nos. 10-11 (decorated), pl. 49.10-11, probably 350-330 BC); Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 235, no.72 (not decorated), fig. 179, first half of 4th cent. BC). Decoration: Fratte (Magaldi et al. 1990, 38, no. 10, fig. 28, end 4th to first quarter of 3rd cent. BC); Pomarico Vecchio (Preacco Ancona 1997, 130, no. 30, pl. 50, shortly after mid- 4th cent. BC).
613Serie 4372?
614This series belongs to the truncated skyphoi. It has a vertical rim, slightly truncated upper wall and slightly curved lower wall. Our fragment is closest to type 4372b, dated around the mid-3rd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 311).
615Total ascribed; 2. Distribution: Ds X (1); L IV (1).
616Cat. no. 0-74: #89-311: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 80.
617Rim and handle fragment with part of body. Fingerprint on the exterior of the handle.
618Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 10.0.
619Serie 4373?
620Our fragment has a slightly out-turned rim, rounded on interior, and the body is slightly swelling below the handles. This fits the characteristics of series 4373, but with the lower part missing the ascription can only be tentative. The series is common in Southern Italy, and several examples derive from tombs at Pontecagnano where it was produced in the period mid- 4th to first quarter of 3rd cent. BC (Serritella 1995, e.g. Tomb 4012, 46, no. 1, pl. 71, first quarter of 3rd cent. BC).
621Comparable to Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 235, no. 74a, fig. 179).
622Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: H V (2),
623Cat. no. 0-75: #90-454: Trench H. Stratum V. 91.4/138.25. Fig. 80.
624Rim and body fragment with handle attachment
625Fabric: Pink to light brown (7.5 YR 7/4-6/4). Ø of rim 13.0.
626Serie 4382
627This series, an imitation of an Attic type, is provided with a vertical rim, which may be thinned on the interior, truncated body and broad ring foot. It is extremely common in Southern Italy and Sicily in the second half of 5th to mid- 4th cent. BC.There are examples from tombs at Pontecagnano (Serritella 1995, 89-90; e.g. Tomb 5755, 27, no. 1, pl. 64, mid- 4th cent. BC) and from Prop. Truono (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 138 and figs. 18.4-18.5).
628Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: F XI (1); H V (1).
629Cat. no. 0-76: #90-1654: Trench F. Stratum XI. 82.5/137.0. Posthole. Fig. 80.
630Base fragment with ring foot.
631Fabric: Pinkish grey (7.5 YR 7/2). Ø 9.0.
632Parallels: Close to Pontecagnano (Serritella 1995, Tomb 5768, 31, no. 1, pl. 66, mid- 4th cent. BC).
633Cat. no. 0-77: #90-168: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 80.
634Rim and body fragment. Rim thinned on interior.
635Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Ø 13.0.
636Serie 4384
637Large truncated skyphoi with out-turned and bevelled rim. Our fragment is similar to type 4384a, dated probably to the 3rd cent. BC, most likely the first half or the middle (Morel 1981, 313-314).
638Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: L IV.
639Cat. no. 0-78: #90-1659: Trench L. Stratum IV. Fig. 80.
640Rim and handle fragment. Out-turned and bevelled rim.
641Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø of rim 11.0.
642Unassigned skyphoi: rims
643Cat. no. 0-79: #90-310: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 80.
644Rim and handle fragment. Slightly out-turned rim.
645Fabric: Pink to very pale brown (7.5 YR 7/4-10 YR 7/3). Ø 11.0.
646Cat. no. 0-80: #90-1558: Trench C.Stratum IV. Fig. 80.
647Rim and handle fragment. Almost vertical rim, thinned on interior
648Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3). Ø 9.0.
649Cat. no. 0-81: #90-165: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 80.
650Rim and body fragment with handle attachment. Very narrow horizontal projecting rim.
651Fabric: Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6). Ø 8.0.
652Unassigned skyphoi: bases
653Cat. no. 0-82: #90-1630: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. Below Level -688. Fig. 81.
654Fragment with small part of body; approx, half preserved. Ring foot, angular. Underside reserved with dot in black gloss at centre.
655Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Ø 5.4.
656Parallels: Fratte (Serritella 1990, 131 no. 10, fig. 248).
657Cat. no. 0-83: #89-7: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Fig. 81.
658Fragment with small part of body. Ring foot, slightly rounded on the exterior. Underside with red gloss, circle in black gloss and red gloss centre. Graffiti.
659Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Ø 6.8.
660Cat. no. 0-84: #89-174: Trench E. Cleaning of wall. Fig. 81.
661Fragment with small part of wall. Ring foot, angular. Underside in red gloss.
662Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Ø 6.0.
663Cat. no. 0-85: #89-1695: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.0-83.5/129.5. Below Level -702. Fig. 81.
664Fragment with small part of wall; approx, half preserved. Ring foot, angular. Underside reserved.
665Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/4). Ø 6.0.
666Cat. no. 0-86: #90-801: Trench E. Stratum VII. 82.5/129.68. Fig. 81.
667Fragment with small part of wall. Apart from one glazed band, underside reserved.
668Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/6). Ø 5.0.
669Cat. no. 0-87: #89-144: Trench G. Stratum X. Fig. 81.
670Fragment with part of wall. Ring foot, angular and pointed profile, conical wall. Underside reserved with fingerprint in black gloss.
671Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 4.6.
672Parallels: Fratte (Serritella 1990, 131, no. 10, fig. 248, series 4373).
673Genre 5600: Jugs with trefoil mouth
674The jug is glazed on the shoulder only. It has an ovoid body and low ring foot. No exact matches have been found. The vessel was found in the foundation trench in trench G together with the large concave-convex cup cat. no. 0-36.
675Cat. no. 0-88: #90-413: Trench G. Stratum XV. Figs. 81 and 83.
676Composed of many fragments. Three large pieces:
677A: Almost half the jug, from transition to trefoil lip to entire ring foot. The upper 6 cm with black gloss.
678B: Neck with transition to trefoil lip. Uppermost part glazed.
679C: 2 fragments. Part of neck and mouth.
680Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), Paestan (personal communication between Ingrid Strøm and Antonia Serritella). A: H. 19.0; Ø of foot 7.5. B: H. 11.8; max. Ø 11.8. C: 9.0 x 5.2.
681Unassigned feet/bases
682Rectilinear: angular interior and exterior, more or less pointed
683Cat. no. 0-89: #90-305: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 81.
684Fragment with part of body. Tondo: Traces of two or three painted circles. Incised cross on underside.
685Fabric: Light reddish brown to reddish yellow, reddish brown to yellowish red (5 YR 6/4-6/6 - 5/4-5/6). Ø 5.6.
686Cat. no. 0-90: #90-1665: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 81.
687Fragment with part of body; approx. half preserved. Tondo: Incised cross within circle.
688Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 6.0.
689Cat. no. 0-91: #90-369: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 81.
690Fragment with part of body. Tondo: Remains of white band.
691Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 5.2.
692Cat. no. 0-92: #174-8-17: Trench Ds. Stratum VIII. Fig. 81.
693Fragment with part of body. Tondo: Stamped palmette surrounded by stippled line; reddish brown tondo and underside.
694Ø 8.0.
695Cat. no. 0-93: #89-2: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Fig. 81.
696Very high foot. Tondo: Three remaining stamped palmettes.
697Fabric: Pink to light brown (7.5 YR 7/4-6/4). Ø 7.0.
698Cat. no. 0-94: #89-281: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 81.
699Fragment with part of body. Deep vessel. Tondo: Remains of painted concentric circles; red tondo.
700Fabric: Light reddish brown to reddish brown (5 YR 6/4-5/4). Ø 5.4.
701Cat. no. 0-95: #89-76: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 81.
702Fragment with part of body. Groove between foot and body. Graffitto near transition to ring foot on exterior; red tondo and underside.
703Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8). Ø 8.0.
704Rectilinear: angular interior and exterior
705Cat. no. 0-96: #90-421: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 82.
706Approx. half preserved. Tondo: Stamped leaf surrounded by rouletted drop-shaped strokes.
707Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 8.0.
708Cat. no. 0-97: #89-440: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Fig. 82.
709Fragment with part of cylindrical wall. From skyphos/jug?
710Fabric: Pink to light reddish brown (7.5 YR 7/4-5 YR 6/4). Ø 12.0.
711Cat. no. 0-98: #89-203: Trench F. Stratum IV. 85.5/138.5. Fig. 82.
712Roughly half preserved. Tondo: Incised line and rosette stamp at centre: 6-petalled rosette with ribs between the petals. Exterior unglazed.
713Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø 8.0.
714Cat. no. 0-99: #89-195: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 82.
715Tondo: Rosette stamp within circle at centre: 8-petalled rosette with oblong dots between the petals; red tondo.
716Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6). Ø 8.0.
717More or less rounded interior and exterior
718Cat. no. 0-100: #90-312: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 82.
719Fragment with part of body. Tondo: Circles, traces of paint. Incised sign on underside.
720Fabric: Reddish yellow to reddish brown (5 YR 6/6-5/4). Ø 5.0.
721Cat. no. 0-101: #90-397: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
722Tondo: Four stamped leaves surrounded by rouletted strokes. Underside reserved.
723Fabric: Reddish yellow to yellowish red (5 YR 6/8-5/6-5/8). Ø 8.8.
724Cat. no. 0-102: #90-681: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. Fig. 82.
725Fragment with small part of body. Tondo: Rouletted diagonal strokes and stamped palmette.
726Fabric: Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6). Ø 8.0.
727Cat. no. 0-103: #89-33 + #89-433: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Fig. 82.
728Fragment with part of body. Deep bowl. Tondo: Stamped palmette at centre. Underside and lower part of foot reserved.
729Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 8.0.
730Cat. no. 0-104: #89-69 + #90-315: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
731Fragment with part of body. Tondo: Four stamped palmettes/leaves. Underside with reserved circle.
732Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 7.5.
733Cat. no. 0-105: #90-38: Trench E. Stratum IX. Fig. 82.
734Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø 7.0.
735Cat. no. 0-106: #89-136: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 82.
736Tondo: Unidentifiable stamp. Underside reserved.
737Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6). Ø 6.2.
738Cat. no. 0-107: #89-123: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 82.
739Tondo: Stamped rosette at centre: petals alternating with more narrow petals? red tondo.
740Fabric: Red to reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/6-5 YR 5/4). Ø 5.5.
741Parallels: Poseidonia/Paestum (M. Cipriani in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1983, 108, no. 110, fig. 60, local production, end of 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC).
742Cat. no. 0-108: #90-127: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
743Fragment with lower part of body. Concave-convex lower body.
744Ø 9.0.
745High narrow feet
746Cat. no. 0-109: #89-1018: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 82.
747Slightly out-splayed. Underside reserved.
748Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Ø 5.0.
749Cat. no. O-l 10: #89-265: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
750Slightly sloping. Tondo: Incised line and circular stamp with three legs? and dolphins. Underside unglazed.
751Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 5.2.
752Moulded feet
753Cat. no. O-lll: #90-889: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 75.
754High foot with lower part of body. From cup/bowl. Bottom and underside alternatedly glazed and reserved. Body and lowest part of foot reserved. Overpainted decoration in tondo: Animal within incised circle.
755Fabric: Pink to light reddish brown to reddish yellow (5 YR 7/4-6/4-6/6). Ø 4.0.
756Parallel: This example appears to be unique with its animal unparalleled by e.g. the Paestan production which uses marine animals and swans (M. Cipriani in Greco, G. & Theodorescu 1983, 101-102, pls. 75-76).
757Cat. no. 0-112: 90-11: Trench F. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
758Interior and underside unglazed.
759Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/3). Ø 6.2.
760Cat. no. 0-113: #90-1616: Trench F. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
761Interior and underside unglazed.
762Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/4). Ø 9.0.
763Cat. no. 0-114: #90-1610: Trench J. Stratum V. Fig. 82.
764Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Ø 5.0.
765Cat. no. 0-115: #90-1644: Trench K. Stratum V. Below the tiles. Fig. 82.
766Underside unglazed.
767Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Ø 4.6.
768Unassigned body fragments
769Cat. no. 0-116: #90-581: Trench G. Stratum XVII. Fig. 75.
770Overpainted decoration on exterior: Part of leaf, use of dark brown, white and yellow paint. Probably from a vine trail with alternating grape bunches and grape leaves.
771Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). 1.1 x 1.3.
III.4.2 Reticulate lekythoi/flasks
772Birgit Tang
773The combination of small flask shapes and the reticulate pattern is very common in the second half of the 4th and early 3rd century BC in Southern Italy. The reticulatation consists both of white paint on black gloss and black gloss on a reserved background. As far as the white reticulate specimens are concerned, examples are found in tombs at Pontecagnano and Taranto17. Black-gloss reticulate on a reserved background occurs on flasks and lekythoi at e.g. Fratte, Pomarcico Vecchio and Pontecagnano18.
774The Prop. Avallone sherds are all small body fragments, which makes it difficult to identify the precise forms; three are decorated with added white and one with black gloss. Three fragments came from the first phase of occupation (G IX) and one from the levelled stratum II in trench N.
775Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: G IX (3); N II (1).
776CATALOGUE
777Cat. no. 0-117: #89-124: Trench G. Stratum IX. Level -710. Fig. 83.
778Body fragment. White reticulate pattern bordered by red horizontal band.
7795.4 x 4.6.
780Cat. no. 0-118: #89-127: Trench G. Stratum IX. Level -728. Fig. 83.
781Body fragment. White reticulate pattern bordered by red horizontal band.
782L. 3.0.
783Cat. no. 0-119: #89-127B + #89-127C: Trench G. Stratum IX. Level -722 and-733. Fig. 83.
784Two joining body fragments. Thin white reticulate pattern.
785B: L. 6.5; C: L. 6.5.
786Cat. no. 0-120: #160-2-34: Trench N. Stratum II. Fig. 83.
787Body fragment. Black-gloss reticulate on reserved background.
788L. 5.0.
III.5 Red-gloss ware
789Birgit Tang
790This group comprises pottery made of light, well levigated clay and covered, partly or wholly, by a reddish gloss. There is no fixed terminology for the group that is variously labelled e.g. red-glazed, redgloss, red-slipped or pre-sigillata. In Italy the manufacture of red-gloss ware goes back to the 4th century BC, and in Southern Italy this applies to e.g. Pontecagnano and Poseidonia/Paestum where a production of phialai is documented in the second half of the 4th century BC19. In Central Italy and further north finds belong to the 3rd century BC at least20. Production took place at several centres in Etruria, for instances in Volterra, where production was active from the late 3rd to the 1st centuries BC21.
791In Prop. Truono, located west of Prop. Avallone, red-gloss shapes occur in phases II and III. 1, i.e. the 3rd century BC, and are presumed to be local products22. According to Cinquantaquattro, this early production should be separated from later red-gloss wares of the 2nd to 1st centuries BC, sometimes termed “pre-sigillata”23. Due to the contemporaneity of black-gloss and red-gloss wares, as well as the latter’s role as ‘predecessor’ of terra sigillata wares, their form repertoire is partly comparable24.
792In Prop. Avallone the number of diagnostic redgloss fragments is modest (for distribution, see Table 48)25 and generally, the form repertoire is dominated by various bowls (Fig. 84). Judging by the comparable Morel series, the assignable sherds may be divided in two groups:
The early Hellenistic production (e.g. found in G IX-X and H V), i.e. from the 4th-3rd centuries BC, is represented by the patera (Morel series 2251, also present in the black-gloss repertoire: cat. no. 0-27) and bowls (Morel series 2671 and 2981, also in black gloss, however another type).
The late Hellenistic production (e.g. found in C V, Dn VI-Ds IX-X) of the 2nd to 1st centuries BC comparable to Morel series 2788 and 2985, and a body fragment (#89-830) with reserved decoration.
793CATALOGUE
794OPEN FORMS
795Paterae with high vertical rim
796Vertical plain rim, vertical wall, rounded inclination, almost flat floor. Groove on interior at transition to floor. It is comparable to series 2251, dated to the second quarter of the 4th or mid- 4th cent. BC (Morel 1981, 153).
797Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H V.
798Cat. no. P-1: #89-1736: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 84.
799Rim and body fragment.
800Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), mica. Red (10 R 5/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Ø 16.4.
801Bowls with out-turned thickened rim
802Deep bowl with out-turned, pointed rim, triangular in section. Comparable to series 2671. The type is attested in 3rd-cent. layers in Prop. Truono.
803As a black-gloss product, the type was produced at Pontecagnano and Poseidonia/Paestum and is documented at Pontecagnano in the period ranging from the end of 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC.In Prop. Truono the examples mainly came from layers of the first half of the 3rd cent. BC, but there were also residual finds from phases 111.2-111.3, i.e. mid-2nd to end 2nd cent. BC (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 139-140 and figs. 18.22-18.25).
804Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: C VI.
805Cat. no. P-2: #90-1527: Trench C.Stratum VI. Fig. 84.
806Rim fragment with small part of body.
807Fabric Fine. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Red (2.5 YR 5/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Ø c.17.5.
808Bowls with in-turned rim
809In-turned rim, convex wall, ring foot with rounded profile. Comparable to series 2788, especially type 2788c, dated towards 200/150 BC (Morel 1981, 225).
810Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: C V.
811Cat. no. P-3: #90-894: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 84.
812Almost complete profile.
813Fabric: Fine. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Inside at centre burnt black, outside partly peeled off. H. 5.2; Ø of rim c.11.0; Ø of foot 5.0.
814Bowls with vertical rim, small variety
815Vertical and plain rim, convex wall. Comparable to series 2981, beg. and first half of the 3rd cent. BC (Morel 1981, 243-244).
816Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: H V (2).
817Cat. no. P-4: #89-922: Trench H. Stratum V. Destruction layer above the wall. Fig. 84.
818Rim fragment with greater part of body.
819Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6), some mica. Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8) gloss on exterior and light red (10 R 6/8) gloss on interior. Ø 14.0.
820Bowls with vertical rim, large variety
821Vertical and plain rim, slightly convex wall.
822Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds IX.
823Cat. no. P-5: #174-9-501: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 84.
824Rim fragment with small part of body.
825Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Red (10 R 5/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Ø 21.0.
826Bowls with vertical, slightly thickened rim
827Thickened plain rim, vertical upper wall, angular inclination.
828Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B V.
829Cat. no. P-6: #90-384: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 84.
830Fragment of rim with part of body.
831Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8), a little mica. Red (10 R 5/8) gloss on exterior and interior. On exterior partly burnt brown. Ø 10.5.
832Bowls with oblique rim, bevelled on interior
833Oblique rim, bevelled on interior. In the black-gloss production the form is close to Morel series 2985, especially example 2985c 1, dated around 150/140 BC (Morel 1981, 245).
834Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: F VI.
835Cat. no. P-7: #90-673: Trench F. Stratum VI. 80.5-82.5/136.5-138.5. Fig. 84.
836Rim fragment with small part of body.
837Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Burnt black below. Ø 10.0.
838Bowls with slightly oblique rim
839Slightly oblique and plain rim, convex wall.
840Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H V.
841Cat. no. P-8: #90-458: Trench H. Stratum V. Destruction layer. 90.7-91.5/142.5-143.5. Fig. 84.
842Rim fragment with part of body.
843Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), some mica.
844Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8-6/8) horizontal band on exterior and interior. Ø 9.0.
845Bowls with ridge for lid on the exterior
846Almost vertical rim with angular ridge below, horizontal groove and flat bottom. The form is similar to an example in wheel-made painted ware from Gravina (Saunders & du Plat Taylor 1992, 24, fig. 9, period VII, i.e. 3rd and early 2nd cent. BC)
847Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: J IV.
848Cat. no. P-9: #90-723: Trench J. Stratum IV. East of 90.6. Fig. 84.
849Five fragments, three rim sherds and two joining body sherds.
850Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Light red (10 R 6/8) gloss on interior. Ø c.15.5.
851Fish plate?
852Broad, down-turned rim.
853Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: A III.
854Cat. no. P-10: #90-677: Trench A. Stratum III. Fig. 84.
855Rim fragment.
856Fabric: Coarse. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), greyish core, mica. Light red (10 R 6/8) gloss on upper and lower side of rim. Interior Ø 19.5.
857CLOSED FORMS
858Jug/jar with flaring rim
859Jug or two-handled jar with flaring rim and vertical band handle.
860Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
861Cat. no. P-11: #89-723: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 84.
862Rim fragment with rudimentary handle.
863Fabric: Fine. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), a little mica. Light red (10 R 6/8) on interior. Burnt brown on exterior. Ø 13.0
864Unidentified feet/bases
865Bases: Ring foot with angular profile
866Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: G VIII (2).
867Cat. no. P-12: #89-876: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Cleaning of the street. Fig. 84.
868Two joining fragments of bottom (including the whole tondo) and foot and a separate body fragment.
869Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8), some mica. Red (2.5 YR 5/6) to dark reddish brown (2.5 YR 3/4) gloss on interior. Ø 5.5.
870Cat. no. P-13: #89-1080: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 84.
871Fragment with part of body.
872Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8), much mica. Red (10 R 5/8) gloss on exterior of foot and interior. Ø 7.3.
873Bases: Ring foot with rounded profile
874Ring feet with various rounded profiles.
875Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: A II (1); C VI (1); FIV (1).
876Cat. no. P-14: #90-620: Trench C.Stratum VI. Fig. 84.
877Fragment with part of body.
878Fabric: Fine. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Red (2.5 YR 5/8) gloss on exterior except for a horizontal band just above the ring foot and interior. Ø 9.0.
879High feet
880Cat. no. P-15: #90-534: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 84.
881High, narrow, cylindrical foot, concave underside.
882Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Fine reddish yellow (5YR 4/4) lustrous gloss on exterior and interior. Ø 3.2.
883Decorated body fragments
884The fragment resembles the so-called pinkish-purple pre-sigillata known from e.g. Cosa and the Regia Drain26. At Cosa this pottery has its greatest diffusion towards the mid- 1st cent. BC and is also found in Augustan and Tiberian levels (Marabini Moevs 1973, 53, note 60 and 120-123). The material from the Regia Drain belongs to the last three decades of the 1st cent. BC (Marabini Moevs 1980, 53-54, note 60).
885Cat. no. P-16: #89-830: Trench G. Stratum VII. Fig. 84.
886Fragment from bowl. Decoration: Red horizontal (encircling?) lines on exterior. Reserved ivy or wine leaves on interior on red-gloss background.
887Fabric: Fine. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), very little white mica. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) lines on exterior. 5.8 x 3.8.
III.6 Banded ware
888Birgit Tang
889Two fragments from Prop. Avallone can be ascribed to this class of pottery characterized by encircling painted bands. Banded wares originated in the Greek colonies in Southern Italy and were imitated in local settlements from the 6th century BC onwards27. They are commonly found in the 6th- 5th centuries BC, e.g. at Fratte and Poseidonia/Paestum28. The best preserved Prop. Avallone fragment finds parallels dated in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC (cf. below).
890CATALOGUE
891Cat. no. Q-l: #89-553A: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 85.
892Body fragment. Globular body. Decoration: One painted horizontal band on exterior.
893Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/4-8/6). Smoothed or polished surface. Brown (10 YR 5/3) paint. Ø 10.0.
894Cat. no. Q-2: #90-1522: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 85.
895Body fragment. From storage jar? Decoration: Two painted horizontal bands on exterior.
896Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4). Smoothed outside (or slip?). Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8) paint. Max. Ø c.28.0.
897Parallels: Gravina (Saunders & du Plat Taylor, wheelmade painted pottery: 33, no. 308, fig. 16, stamnos from grave, the burial dated to the second half of the 4th cent. BC); Monte Irsi: wheel-made painted wares IV, mainly 4th and 3rd cent. BC, e.g. storage pot no. 81, from B VII (Small 1977, 115, 117, fig. 22).
III.7 Unglazed wares
898Birgit Tang
899The unglazed wares are defined by their well levigated fabrics with unslipped surface. Decoration may consist of matt-painted bands. There is no consensus on terminology and definition. Further research is still needed to establish unglazed wares as a separate pottery class and consequently, comparative material is to be sought among other wares, such as black-gloss ware and identical/similar wares termed e.g. ‘plain ware’ and ‘domestic ware’29. One specific form, the unguentarium, has been the subject of various typological studies; this shape will therefore be treated in a separate chapter.
900The distribution of 54 diagnostic sherds is presented in Table 4930. The trenches with most fragments are B (strata IV-V), E (especially strata IV-V) and G (especially strata IX-X). Generally, the state of preservation is very fragmentary, and base fragments from small vessels constitute the majority of the finds. This of course hampers the classification, as the base fragments, or some of them, might belong to partly glazed shapes.
901It is difficult to draw any conclusions regarding the chronological range of the material. However, a patera rim (cat. no. R-2) is of a type documented in the early Hellenistic period. The small vessels with flaring rims and/or flat bases and disc bases find counterparts among the ceramica grezza e depurata from Pompeii and plain wares from Southern Italy (Gravina and Valesio), which are generally dated in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC.
902CATALOGUE
903OPEN FORMS
904Bowls
905Small, more or less hemispherical bowl with plain rim, thinned on interior.
906Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G X.
907Cat. no. R-l: #89-996: Trench G. Stratum X. Fig. 85.
908Rim fragment med part of body.
909Fabric: Reddish yellow (2.5 YR 7/6). Ø 8.0.
910Paterae
911Relatively low vertical rim and carination at transition to body. The shape is comparable to Morel series 2283. The examples presented by Morel are dated around 300 to 1st cent. BC (Morel 1981, 161). At Pontecagnano it was produced in black-gloss ware from the last quarter of 4th to 3rd cent. BC.In the 2nd to 1st cent. BC the type was one of the characteristic Campanian shapes (Cinquantaquattro 1994, 145 and figs. 21.77-21.83; Serritella 1995, 95).
912Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G IX.
913Cat. no. R-2: #89-821: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 85.
914Rim fragment with part of body.
915Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø 14.0.
916Skyphoi
917Slightly concave lower body and ring foot which may belong to skyphoi with a straight upper body (Morel 1981, 307308:-espece 4340) or S-shaped skyphoi (Morel 1981, 309-310: espece 4360).
918Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds IX.
919Cat. no. R-3: #174-9-1: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 85.
920Base fragment with ring foot and lower part of body. Decoration: Two horizontal bands on lower part of body, one band above foot and paint on top of foot.
921Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4), a little mica. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4 (?) and very dark grey (5 YR 3/1) gloss. H. 9.7; Ø 9.5.
922CLOSED FORMS
923Jugs
924Narrow neck, more or less globular body.
925Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E V (1); G VIII (1).
926Cat. no. R-4: #89-553B: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.0-82.9/129.5-131.5. Fig. 85.
927Body fragment with rudimentary vertical handle. Exterior smoothed (polished?). Decoration: One painted horizontal line below the handle.
928Fabric: Very pale brown (10 Y/R 8/4-8/6). Brown (10 YR 5/3) paint. 4.8 x 4.8.
929Cat. no. R-5: #89-149 + #89-1073: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 85.
930Neck and body fragment. Extremely thin-walled. Four joining fragments and one separate. Decoration: Three painted horizontal lines on the neck.
931Fabric: Extremely fine. Pink (5 YR 8/4-7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) paint. Max. Ø c.10.0.
932Flask
933More or less horizontal projecting rim, narrow and concave neck, vertical handle, ovoid body, flat base.
934Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
935Cat. no. R-6: #89-66: Trench E. Stratum V. 80.90/129.95. Level -688. Fig. 85.
936Preserved from rim to bottom, but with several parts missing, including the whole centre. Composed of many fragments.
937Soap-like surface. Inside turning-marks. H.>15.0; max. Ø 11.0; Ø of base 5.0.
938Unidentified shapes
939Rims: small, closed vessels
940A group of flaring or out-curving rims derive most likely from small jugs. Parallels can be found in Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 189, nos. CE 2226, CE 1387 and 2248, pls. 107.10-11 and 107.13, classified as brocche or anforette, in general from mixed layers) and also among the oinochoai type 1 and small jugs in wheel-made painted pottery from Gravina (Saunders & du Plat Taylor 1992, 26-27, fig. 11, mainly period Villa and Vlllb, i.e. late 2nd and 1st cent. BC and not securely stratified, some finds are probably redeposited). Identical/similar forms also occur in the plain light-surfaced wares from Gravina (Cotton 1992, 172, e.g. no. 1261, fig. 62, period Villa and Vlllb).
941Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: Ds IX (1); E IV (1); G X (1); K IV (1).
942Cat. no. R-7: #174-9-509: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 85.
943Rim fragment. Flaring rim, flange for lid on interior.
944Fabric: Pink (7/5 Y/R 8/4-7/4). Ø 6.0 Cat. no. R-8: #89-493: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 85.
945Rim and neck fragment. Flaring rim, narrow and short neck.
946Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 4.3.
947Cat. no. R-9: #89-997: Trench G. Stratum X. Fig. 85.
948Rim fragment with upper body. Flaring rim, narrow neck, ovoid body.
949Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6), many black and white particles. Ø 4.8.
950Cat. no. R-10: #89-1733: Trench K. Stratum IV. Fig. 85.
951Rim and neck fragment. Out-curving rim, narrow neck.
952Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4). Ø 5.4.
953Rims: large, closed vessels
954Cat. no. R-l 1: #89-1626: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 85.
955Rim and neck fragment with rudimentary vertical handle. Flat out-curving rim, high vertical neck. From amphora/jug/jar?
956Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/6). Ø 14.5.
957Parallels: Similar to Gravina (Cotton 1992, 175, no. 1300, fig. 65, period Vlllb, not securely stratified).
958Cat. no. R-12: #89-1731: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 85.
959Rim fragment. Up-turned, oblique rim, flange for lid on interior. From lidded jar,
960Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/6), white and black particles. Ø 15.5.
961Parallels: Similar to Gravina (Cotton, 1992, 175, no. 1293, fig. 64, period Villa, late 2nd to 1st cent. BC).
962Bases A: flat base, sometimes with slightly raised centre
963Type Al: small vessels
964The vessels have an ovoid or globular body or conical lower part.
965Total ascribed: 11. Distribution: A VI (1); B I (1); B IV (2); B V (1); C V (1); Ds X (1); E IV (1); E VI (1); H V (2).
966Cat. no. R-l3: #90-486: Trench A. Stratum VI. 77.88/118.78. Level -720. Fig. 85.
967Fragment with small part of body, base completely preserved. Conical wall, thick base with slightly raised centre and inner raised point (from the wheel?).
968Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3-8/4). Ø 3.0.
969Cat. no. R-14: #90-1520: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 85.
970Fragment with lower part of body. Ovoid body. Three horizontal grooves on exterior.
971Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3-7/3). Ø 2.5.
972Cat. no. R-15: #90-359: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 85.
973Fragment with part of body. Concave base, slightly convex lower wall.
974Fabric: Pink (5 YR 8/4-7/4). Ø 3.8.
975Cat. no. R-16: #89-1713: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. South of the transverse wall. Destruction layer. Level -718. Fig. 85.
976Fragment with part of body. Conical lower wall.
977Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). Ø 3.2.
978Cat. no. R-l7: #90-28: Trench E. Stratum VI. 83.12/131.34. Level -731. Fig. 85.
979Two joining fragments with lower part of body. The whole circumference preserved. Base with slightly raised centre, ovoid body.
980Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4), a few black particles. Exterior smoothed. Ø 2.6.
981Cat. no. R-18: #90-166: Trench H. Stratum V. 89.5/140.5. Destruction layer. Fig. 85.
982Fragment with greater part of body. Base with raised centre, globular body
983Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4), several black particles. Ø 3.4.
984Type A2: large vessels
985Cat. no. R-l9: #90-529: Trench B. Stratum V. Destruction layer. Fig. 85.
986Fragment with part of body. Cylindrical wall.
987Fabric: Fine. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Rough outside. Ø 14.0.
988Bases B: disc foot, sometimes with raised centre
989Type Bl: small vessels
990The disc feet and body shapes vary.
991Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: B IV (1); B V (1); C V (1); Ds IX (1); E V (1); E VII (1); G III (1).
992Cat. no. R-20: #90-366: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 85.
993Fragment with lower part of body. The whole circumference preserved. Very thick base.
994Fabric: Pink (close to 7.5 YR 7/4), a little brown mica. Ø 2.7.
995Cat. no. R-21: #90-1523: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 85.
996Fragment with small part of the body. Rounded foot.
997Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), some, mostly black, mica. Ø 5.8.
998Cat. no. R-22: #174-9-220: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 85.
999Fragment with part of body. Conical wall, slightly raised centre. Decoration: On floor and interior: encircling engraved lines and painted lines.
1000Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/4-8/6). Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4) paint. Ø of base 7.0.
1001Cat. no. R-23: #90-25: Trench E. Stratum VII. 83.48/131.36. Level -737. Fig. 85.
1002Fragment with part of body. Disc foot with raised centre.
1003Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), black particles. Smooth pinkish white (7.5 YR 8/2) surface. Ø 6.8.
1004Cat. no. R-24: #174-53-55: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 85.
1005Fragment with part of body. Base with slightly raised centre, globular/strongly convex body.
1006Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Exterior smoothed (polished?). Interior with turning-marks. Ø 3.5.
1007Type B2: large vessels
1008Cat. no. R-25: #90-1351A + #90-1517: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 85.
1009Fragment with lower part of body, two joining fragments, preserved in almost half the circumference; one separate body fragment. Rounded disc foot, conical lower wall.
1010Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4), a little mica. Smoothed outside (polished?). Ø 8.5.
1011Bases C: ring foot
1012Type Cl: small vessels
1013Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: G III (1); M III (1).
1014Cat. no. R-26: #174-53-56: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 85. Fragment with part of body.
1015Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4). Smoothed outside? Interior with turning-marks. Ø 6.2.
1016Type C2: large vessel
1017Cat. no. R-27: #90-1362: Trench A. Stratum VI. Surface of destruction layer. Fig. 85.
1018Fabric: Pink to reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/4-7/6), much mica. Grey core. Exterior with pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4) slip? Ø 9.2.
III.8 Unguentaria
1019Birgit Tang
1020The first classification of the Hellenistic unguentaria was established by L. Forti in 1962. It still remains the standard work of reference. Her typology consists of seven main types (I-VII), presenting a somewhat linear development of the form from low and squat to tall and slender31. Although this general line of development can be followed, more recent evidence testifies that this group of vessels does not provide any uniform chronological significance based on shape alone. Variations of the form are numerous32. Finds in and outside Italy not only show the co-existence of different forms of the fusiform unguentarium, but also the presence of the more globular type in contexts dated to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC33. Consequently, the latter, especially when only body sherds are preserved, cannot be ascribed to a particular ‘early’ type. Moreover, regional and local variations must be taken into consideration; so regional studies are important34. This of course throws doubt upon the usefulness of comparison with material from distant sites/locations.
1021More recent studies of unguentaria include the work by V.R. Anderson-Stojanovic (1987) and D. Graepler (1997), dealing with finds from funerary contexts, Stobi and Taranto respectively. The two scholars also represent the two poles of classification. Anderson-Stojanovic presents a simplified typology with two basic shapes: 1) fusiform with body varying from globular/rounded to slender and with a foot usually set off clearly from the body; 2) bulbous with round or piriform body and flat base/resting surface (makes its appearance in the 1st century BC). This classification is essentially based on the presence or absence of a foot35. In contrast to this, the classification made by Graepler is very complex, consisting of 20 types placed within 6 main groups; 1) with ">Hängebauch<”; 2) “>zwiebelformige<”; 3) “kügelförmige und schulterbetonte”; 4) “Spindeltyp”; 5) “>Röhren-Typ<”; 6) “Balsamarien” (bulbous with flat base)36.
1022To establish a meaningful typology, however, not only shape, fabric and decoration must be taken into consideration. Detailed analyses of the clay composition are also needed, as a certain fabric is not necessarily related to a certain form, e.g. demonstrated by the unguentaria from Gabii37.
1023The Prop. Avallone unguentaria form a group of more than 44 fragments whose distribution is presented in Table 5038. The fragments are concentrated in the destruction layers from the second phase of occupation, i.e. A VI, B V, Dn VI+Ds IX-X and E V. No unguentarium is completely preserved, and the general state of preservation is very fragmentary. Consequently, they are not subdivided into types, but a characteristic feature is the great variation in all parts of the vessel. This variation is also demonstrated within the same trench and stratum, e.g. feet from Ds IX (cat. nos. S-8 – S-10) and E V (cat. nos. S-14 and S-16) (Fig. 86).
1024Some of the unguentaria are partly covered with gloss or decorated with bands (cat. nos. S-2, S-6, S-13, S-22 and S-23). On the inside several of the fragments have traces of a substance which most likely is to be identified as oil or cosmetics.
1025Judging from three almost completely preserved examples (cat. nos. S-2, S-6 and S-14), rims, stems and feet, most of the fragments belong to the more slender fusiform unguentaria with long necks and tall stems, i.e. Forti types IV and V. According to Forti, type IV dates from around 300 BC to the last quarter of the 3rd century BC and type V in the period from the last quarter of the 3rd to the 2nd century BC39. For Taranto, Graepler has demonstrated that the slender fusiform type appears at the beg. of the 2nd century BC, perhaps at the end of the 3rd century BC40. These profiles are also documented in the 1st century41.
1026Among the three almost completely preserved unguentaria cat. nos. S-6 and S-14 both have a relatively low stem, but their feet differ. Their shapes are comparable to e.g. Graepler’s types 14-15 (phase E, c.175-100 BC)42. Cat. no. S-2, neither rim nor foot is preserved, differs from the former by its high shoulder and tall stem. Unguentaria with high accentuated shoulders (biconical) and tall stems already occur in the first quarter of the 3rd century BC at e.g. Pontecagnano43.
1027Except for cat. no. S-l, all rims are off-set. One rim is rounded, cat. no. S-21, which is combined with a cylindrical neck. The other rims are either oblique such as cat. no. S-l3, or vertical such as cat. nos. S-4 and S-l5, both with a very small rim and a long, slender, slightly concave neck. Cylindrical or slightly concave necks are characteristic.Most feet are off-set with varying profiles, e.g. stepped (cat. no. S-5), rounded (cat. no. S-9), more angular (cat. nos. S-16 and S-17), slanting (cat. no. S-10, S-14 and #90-1102).
1028The better preserved body sherds (cat. nos. S-l9, S-20 and S-23) have various profiles, but are larger, measuring from 6.0 to 8.0 cm in diameter, than the majority of the unguentaria (c.3.6 to 4.6 cm). Moreover, cat. nos. S-22 and S-23 are polished and decorated with a band. Cat. no. S-l9 has two encircling grooves on the lower part. The profiles present are globular (cat. nos. S-22 and S-23), piriform (cat. no. S-l9) and biconical (cat. no. S-20). Identical profiles are found in contexts dated from the late 4th to the 1st century BC.Early examples derive e.g. from tombs at Pontecaganano and Buccino, and in the Heraion at Foce del Sele44. A late example with low foot came from the pit at Gravina45. In the Prop. Avallone excavations the fragments came from chronologically different layers: G V, G VIII, H V (not illustrated) and J III.
1029Most parallels to the Prop. Avallone material belong the 2nd (or end of 3rd) to mid- 1st century BC, and this should also be the chronological range of the majority of our fragments. Only a few examples are earlier (e.g. cat. nos. S-2 and S-22). The chronological continuity and the variations of forms, however, inhibit the use of this group of pottery as a chronological marker.
1030The catalogue presents a selection of the finds. Here the exact references to parallels are listed.
1031CATALOGUE
1032Cat. no. S-l: #90-791: Trench A. Stratum VI. Below Level -703. Fig. 86.
1033Rim fragment with part of neck. Slanting rim, concave neck.
1034Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø 1.8.
1035Cat. no. S-2: #90-492: Trench A. Stratum VII. South of the wall. 77.25/118.36. Level -726. Fig. 86.
1036Well-preserved body fragment with part of neck and stem. High shoulder, high stem. Surface worn with slight traces of slip.
1037Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 8/6-7/6). Inside pale red (2.5 YR-5/8) and reddish brown (2.5 YR 4/4) traces of oil? H. 10.5; max. Ø 4.0.
1038Parallels: Pontecagnano (Seritella 1995, Tomb 4079, 59, nos. 1-2, pl. 75, first quarter of 3rd cent. BC); Ruoti (Fabbricotti 1979, 396, no. S 51, fig. 52).
1039Cat. no. S-3: #90-228: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 86.
1040Foot fragment with part of stem. Solid stem, off-set foot, slanting upper side, bevelled edge and concave underside.
1041Fabric: Pinkish grey (7.5 YR 7/2-6/2). Ø 3.0.
1042Cat. no. S-4: #90-311: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 86.
1043Rim fragment with part of neck. Vertical rim, narrow slightly concave neck.
1044Fabric: Pinkish grey (7.5 YR 7/2), more reddish/light red (10 R 6/8) below. Inside and outside traces of oil, both red (10 R 5/8) and very dark grey (7.5 YR N/3). Ø 1.8.
1045Parallels: Gravina (Prag & Broughton 1992, 156, no. 1087, fig. 47, from period VIIIA, i.e. late 2nd to 1st cent. BC); Herakleia (L. Giardino in Leukania 1992, tomb 68: 154, 167, fig. 242, in use throughout the 2nd and partly in the 1st cent. BC; tomb 133: 170-171, 178, fig. 278, in use from the mid- 3rd to the end of 2nd cent. BC).
1046Cat. no. S-5: #90-379: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 86.
1047Foot and part of stem. Solid stem, off-set foot, slanting, concave underside.
1048Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 2.2.
1049Cat. no. S-6: #90-390: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 86.
1050Well-preserved, except for rim and upper part of neck. Long, cylindrical neck, ovoid body, short, concave stem, off-set slanting foot with concave underside.
1051Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Inside dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) traces of oil. At upper part of neck dark slip. H. 12.4; Ø of body 3.5; Ø of foot 2.0.
1052Parallels: Ruoti (Fabbricotti 1979, 396, no. S 59 (Forti V), fig. 52).
1053Cat. no. S-7: #174-7-13: Trench Ds. Stratum VII. Fig. 86.
1054Foot fragment with lower part of stem. Solid stem, offset foot with slanting upper side, bevelled inwards at lower edge.
1055Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø 2.5.
1056Parallels: Gravina (Prag & Broughton 1992, 156, no. 1093 (Forti Va), fig. 47, from period VII and VIIIB, i.e. 3rd and early 2nd cent. BC, not securely dated).
1057Cat. no. S-8: #174-9-275: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 86.
1058Foot fragment with lower part of stem. Solid stem, offset foot, bevelled at lower edge, concave underside.
1059Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø 2.4.
1060Parallels: Gravina (Prag & Brougton 1992, 156, no. 1090 (Forti IV or V), fig. 47, from period VIIIA, i.e. end 2nd to 1st cent. BC).
1061Cat. no. S-9: #174-9-405: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 86.
1062Foot fragment with part of stem. Solid stem, off-set foot, rounded profile, concave underside.
1063Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 R 7/6). Ø 2.4.
1064Cat. no. S-10: #174-9-512: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 86.
1065Foot fragment with part of stem. Solid stem, foot with slanting upper side, slightly concave underside.
1066Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 1/6-6/6). Ø 2.9.
1067Parallels: Close to Gravina (Prag & Broughton 1992, 156, no. 1094, fig. 47, from period Villa, i.e. late 2nd to 1st cent. BC); Ruoti (Fabbricotti 1979, no. S 58 (Forti V), fig. 52).
1068Cat. no. S-l 1: #90-1102: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. Destruction layer. (Not illustrated)
1069Foot fragment with slanting top side.
1070Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8). Ø 2.6.
1071Cat. no. S-12: #89-900: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 86.
1072Body fragment with transition to hollow stem. Ovoid.
1073Fabric: Thick-walled. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Inside red (10 R 5/8) traces of oil? 4.0 x 3.1.
1074Cat. no. S-13: #89-911: Trench E. Stratum IV. Cleaning above the destruction layer. Fig. 86.
1075Rim fragment with part of neck. Oblique rim.
1076Fabric: Light grey (5 YR 7/1-5/1). Exterior with dark grey (2.5YR N/4) gloss. Secondarily burnt. Ø 1.8.
1077Cat. no. S-14: #89-30 + #89-483: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.95/130.53. Level -690. Fig. 86.
1078Preserved from neck to foot, the greater part of the neck is missing. Three joining fragments.
1079Short, presumably hollow stem, sloping foot with slightly concave underside.
1080Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4). Pinkish grey (7.5 YR 7/2-6/2) slip. Body and stem with brownish slip applied also in horizontal stripes on the neck. Inside traces of red (2.5 YR 6/8-5/8) oil? H. 14; max. Ø 4.5; Ø of foot 3.0.
1081Parallels: Gravina (Prag & Broughton 1992, 156, no. 1094, fig. 47, from period Villa, i.e. 2nd to mid- 1st century BC); Ruoti (Fabbricotti 1979, no. S 58 (Forti V), fig. 52).
1082Cat. no. S-l5: #89-65: Trench E. Stratum V. 80.9/129.95. Level -658. Fig. 86.
1083Rim fragment with part of neck. Vertical rim, narrow, slightly concave neck. Three joining fragments.
1084Fabric: Pale red to reddish brown (2.5 YR 6/2-6/4). Slip along the rim and outside on neck. Ø 2.3.
1085Cat. no. S-16: #89-172: Trench E. Stratum V. 83.3/129.9. Level -720. Immediately above the layer of tiles above the tile pavement. Fig. 86.
1086Foot fragment with part of stem. Solid stem, off-set foot, angular profile.
1087Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3). Secondarily burnt. Ø 1.9.
1088Cat. no. S-17: #89-527: Trench F. Stratum IV. 84.5/136.5. Fig. 86.
1089Foot fragment with part of stem. Concave, solid stem, off-set foot, angular profile, slightly concave underside.
1090Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø 2.2.
1091Cat. no. S-18: #90-3: Trench F. Stratum V. Above the wall. Fig. 86.
1092Body fragment with upper part of solid stem.
1093Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). Grey (5 YR 5/1) on exterior. 4.75 x 3.9. Interior with turning-marks.
1094Cat. no. S-19: #174-55-83: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 86.
1095Body fragment near shoulder to transition to stem. Inside remains of oil (red). Piriform.
1096Fabric: Heavy. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Polished outside. Two horizontal grooves on lower part of body. H. 6.8; Ø of body 8.0; Th. 0.9 (below)-1.8.
1097Parallels: Laos (M.T. Varone in Greco, E. et al. 1989, 80, no. 101, pl. 23, from Area Campilongo A, second half of 4th to the end of 3rd cent. BC; Gravina (Prag & Broughton 1992, 155, no. 1083, fig. 47, period VIIIb (probably Forti IV), not securely dated; Pontecagnano Tomb 4087 (Serritella 1995, 61, pl. 75, first quarter of 3rd cent. BC); Ruoti (Fabbricotti 1979, 396, no. S 45 (Forti IV), fig. 52).
1098Cat. no. S-20: #89-51: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 86.
1099Body fragment with part of stem. Preserved from transition to neck and including about one and a half cm. of the stem. Almost biconical body, solid stem.
1100Fabric: Thick-walled. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). H. 6.5: max. Ø 6.0.
1101Parallels: Gabii, form C, no. 11.34 (Fajardo 1982, 446 (here described as type B, but this must be a mistake), figs. 1 and 3; Pontecagnano Tomb 4079 (Serritella 1995, 59, pl. 75, first quarter of 3rd cent. BC); Ruoti (Fabbricotti 1979, 396, no. S 50 (Forti IV/V), fig. 52).
1102Cat. no. S-21: #89-52: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 86.
1103Rim fragment with part of neck. Slanting, rounded rim, the whole edge preserved, cylindrical neck.
1104Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4). H. 3.2; Ø of rim 2.1; pres. Ø of neck 1.5.
1105Parallels: Ostia (Ostia III 1973, 261, Fr.o.l., c.25587, pl. LXII fig. 545, third quarter of 1st cent. BC).
1106Cat. no. S-22: #89-901: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. Destruction layer. (Not illustrated)
1107Body fragment. Globular. One horizontal line
1108Fabric: Thick-walled. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), black and brown particles. Smoothed or polished surface. Dark grey (5YR 4/1) gloss. 4.8 x 3.0.
1109Cat. no. S-23: #90-1278: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 86.
1110Shoulder fragment. One horizontal line.
1111Fabric: Thick-walled. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Grey to dark grey gloss (2.5 YR N/5-N/4). Polished. 3.0 x 4.3; Ø 6.0.
III.9 Relief ware
1112Birgit Tang
1113The production of Hellenistic relief-decorated pottery, primarily bowls, began in Athens in the last quarter of the 3rd century BC, and soon spread to other sites in the Greek East46. The bowls were imported into the Italian peninsula, where workshops were established during the 2nd century BC, e.g. in Taranto/Tarentum (characterized by a grey gloss) and Central Italy (the so-called Italo-Megarian bowls).
1114In Prop. Avallone a fragment of the ‘Long-Petal Bowl’ type was found in A VI47. The type originated in the Eastern Mediterranean area, but its exact place of origin is debated; Athens, Corinth and the Greek East have all been proposed48.
1115In Italy Long-Petal Bowls are documented e.g. in the so-called Tarentine production from the second half of the 2nd century BC and in the workshop of Herakleides dated to the 1st century BC (probably based in Cerveteri/Caere)49.
1116It cannot be determined whether the glazed example from Prop. Avallone is an import or an ItaloMegarian product. According to Puppo, the latter is normally unglazed50. However, a sherd from Gravina of probably South Italian production is provided with a red gloss (cf. below). Our fragment is very close to finds of local production (unglazed) from Cosa dated within the period c.150-75 BC (cf. below). This dating is also suggested for cat. no. T-l. Similar examples of ‘Ionian’ production are known from Delos51.
1117A body fragment from a bowl and of similar fabric came from Ds V. This fragment is decorated with a leaf in relief. It is possible that it belongs to the same class.
1118CATALOGUE
1119Cat. no. T-l: #90-279: Trench A. Stratum VI. Fig. 86.
1120Base fragment with part of body and ring foot. Decoration: sequence of long petals, separated by a double outline.
1121Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6), micaceous with mica. Exterior and interior with light red to red (10 R 6/8-5/8) gloss. Ø 5.0.
1122Parallels: Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1980, 223-224, nos. 43-44 and 46, pls. 3 and 12-13, Italo-Megarian, c.150-75 BC); Gravina (Hayes 1994, 212, no. 41, fig. 8, 80-70 BC).
III.10 Thin-walled ware
1123Birgit Tang
1124The study of thin-walled ware (ceramica a pareti sottili, ceramiques a parois fines) as a pottery group of its own is of a relatively recent date, although the term has been employed since the mid-20th century and before52. As for typology, pioneer work was done by e.g. M. Vegas, M.T. Marabini Moevs (Cosa), F. Mayet and A. Ricci (only including drinking vessels)53.
1125The thin-walled ware from Prop. Avallone forms a small group with some 80 fragments (Table 51)54. They are concentrated in the destruction layers in Dn VI+Ds IX-X, and E strata IV-V. L III and M IIIIV also provided larger groups of finds.
1126The shapes attested are beakers (the largest group), bowls/cups, jars and jugs. Moreover, there are several unclassified, decorated body sherds. The general fragmentary state of preservations, however, makes it difficult to identify specific forms, and only a selection of the finds is presented in the catalogue. Different fabrics have not been identified, since these have not been studied in detail.
1127The thin-walled ware falls into two main groups:
11281) The first consists of the high situla-beakers and bag-shaped jars, often provided with barbotine dot decoration depicting festoons. The chronology for this type of decoration is c.175-50 BC (cf. below). The sherds came from the following trenches and strata, thus suggesting their contemporaneity: B IV, C V, Ds IX, E IV and E V. Undecorated fragments of the situla-beaker were found in B V, Ds X and E V. The finds from E IV-V should be noted, as they came from the western part of the trench, more precisely from the collapse material lying upon the tile floor. They include both situla-beakers and a jar with the characteristic barbotine dot decoration.
11292) The second group is represented by various types of bowls and beakers, often with rouletted decoration, but also with incision, grooves and barbotine. The most common among the rouletted decorations are rows of triangular strokes. Pine scales in barbotine are only documented on one fragment, probably from a bowl/cup. Generally, these fragments came from later strata: D V, Ds VII, Ds VIII, E IV, F III, G V-VI and M III. The majority of the comparanda for this second group is dated to the mid-decades of the 1st century AD.
1130CATALOGUE
1131Beakers: Situla-shaped
1132High beaker with situla form: fusiform to ovoid body with everted lip and flat base, sometimes with raised centre. The form is comparable to Cosa Form I (Marabini Moevs 1973, 49-58, nos. 1-24, pls. 1-3 and 55-56), dated second quarter of the 2nd to the end of the third quarter of the 1st cent. BC; Ricci 1985 1/1, 243-244, pls. LXXVIII, 1-3; Ricci 1985 1/7, 243-245, pl. LXXVIII, 7.
1133For parallels, see also Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 197, nos. 2-3, fig. 45, pre-Augustan times); Monte Irsi (Deschenes 1977, 171, no. 261, fig. 33, 1st cent. BC, but found in later layer (A VI)); Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 195, no. CE 444, pl. 117.6, before the mid-2nd cent. BC).
1134Some of the fragments are provided with the characteristic barbotine dot decoration composed of horizontal lines with dotted garlands below (Ricci 1985, decorazione 1, 323 and pl. CV, 4). It is possible that six unclassified body sherds, or some of them, with this type of decoration derive from the situla-beaker (cf. below).
1135The barbotine dot decoration is traditionally dated to the period c.175-50 BC.The upper limit (or terminus post quern) is represented by finds from the filling beneath the lowest floor of the Basilica at Cosa. The lower date (or terminus ante quern) is given by the Basilica Julia and Regia drains in Rome where this decoration is absent (Marabini Moevs 1973, 50-54, notes 59 and 60). The former drain was in use c.54 to 15-10 BC, and in the latter the material was accumulated during the last three decades of the 1st cent. BC.
1136Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: B IV (1); B V (2); C V (1); Ds IX(l); Ds X (2); E V (3).
1137Cat. no. U-l: #90-229: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 87.
1138Base fragment with part of body. Flat base. Decorated.
1139Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3-5/4). Grey core. Ø 3.4; Th. 0.25.
1140Cat. no. U-2: #90-367: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1141Base fragment with greater part of body. Base with slightly raised centre.
1142Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6), a little mica. Rough surface. Inside turning-marks. Ø 3.8; Th. 0.25.
1143Cat. no. U-3: #90-671: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1144Base fragment with part of body. Flat base.
1145Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Smoothed outside. Ø 3.4; Th. 0.3.
1146Cat. no. U-4: #90-900: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1147Body fragment near base. Decorated.
1148Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) with grey (5 YR 5/1) stripes, much mica. Grey core. H. 4.0; W. 3.0; Th. of wall 0.3.
1149Cat. no. U-5: #174-9-413: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 87.
1150Base fragment with part of body. Flat base. Decorated.
1151Fabric: Reddish to grey-reddish (5 YR 5/2-5/3). Grey core. Rough surface. Ø 3.0; Th. of wall 0.3.
1152Cat. no U-6: #89-292: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. 88.13/124.22. Level -739. Fig. 87.
1153Base fragment with part of body. Two joining fragments. The base is preserved in the whole circumference. Base with slightly raised centre.
1154Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6-5/6). Secondarily burnt on one side. Ø 3.5; Th. 0.3.
1155Cat. no. U-7: #89-484 + #89-485 + #89-1103 + #89-1104: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1156Preserved from rim to base with large parts missing. 12 joining and two not joining fragments.
1157Fabric: Light reddish brown-light red (2.5 YR 6/4-6/6), much mica. Irregular, horizontal greyish stripes. Rough unpolished surface. H. 11.4; Ø of rim 7.4; max. Ø 8.0; Th. of wall 0.3-0.4.
1158Cat. no. U-8: #89-498B: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1159Rim fragment. Moulded rim.
1160Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-7/8). Ø 7.4; Th. 0.2.
1161Cat. no. U-9: #89-698 + #89-1109 + #90-27: Trench E. Stratum V and VI. Below Level -702 and-731. Fig. 87.
1162Preserved from rim to near base. Four joining fragments.
1163Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6), black particles. Burnt black along the rim. Ø 8.8; Th. 0.3
1164Beakers with up-turned rim
1165The form has an up-turned rim and concave lip. It is comparable to Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 201, no. 16 (very thin-walled), fig. 46, c.100/90-30 BC); Sutri (Duncan 1965, form 20, 150 and 160, no. A16, fig. 6, second half of the 2nd to the 1st cent. BC).
1166Total ascribed: 1. Distribution F V.
1167Cat. no. U-10: #90-1229: Trench F. Stratum V. 80.5-82.5/137.5-138.5. Fig. 87.
1168Rim fragment. Everted rim, slightly ovoid body.
1169Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8), much mica. Rough unpolished surface. Outside secondarily burnt. Ø 7.6.
1170Beakers with almost vertical rim
1171High, almost vertical rim, ovoid body, ridge/cordon at the junction of the rim and the body; a series of horizontal grooves below the shoulder. It is comparable to Cosa Form LXVIII (one-handled jug) (Marabini Moevs 1973, 237-238, 307, no. 432, pls. 46 and 85, Claudian-Neronian period); Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 201, no. 11, fig. 46, c.100/90-30 BC); Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 210, nos. CE 1397 and CE 1539/3 (ollette/boccali), pl. 114.15).
1172Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E IV.
1173Cat. no. U-11: #89-475: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 87.
1174Rim fragment with upper part of body.
1175Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), much mica. Rough unpolished surface. In patches secondarily burnt; grey core. At centre of body extra patch of clay. Ø 8.6; Th. 0.3.
1176Beakers with everted and moulded rim
1177Everted and moulded rim, one handle?, ridges at the shoulder. The form is comparable to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 137, no. 3, fig. 39, presumably second half of the 1st cent. AD; Sutri (Duncan 1964, 54, nos. 12 and 14, fig. 7, Julio-Claudian period, main production c.60-70 AD).
1178Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds V (1); G V (1).
1179Cat. no. U-12: #174-5-37: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1180Two joining shoulder fragments. Two horizontal ridges immediately below the shoulder.
1181Fabric: Light red (2.6 YR 6/6-6/8). Smoothed (polished?) outside. Inside turning-marks. H. 3.1; W. 4.1; Th. 0.3.
1182Cat. no. U-13: #174-55-129: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1183Rim fragment with part of body. Flaring rim, everted lip, globular body. At transition to body two horizontal relief lines, three horizontal grooves at shoulder.
1184Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8-5/8), much white mica. Rough surface. Ø 9.0; Th. 0.25.
1185Beakers with groove below rim
1186Moulded, slightly everted lip, horizontal groove below the rim, angular shoulder, globular body. Rouletted decoration. The form is similar to Cosa Form XIII (Marabini Moevs 1973, 74-75, 270, nos. 97-98, pls. 9 and 60, third quarter of the 1st cent. BC). For decoration, cf. Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1973, 252, 310, no. 459, pls. 49 and 87); Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 194, no. 2, fig. 44, from destruction layer/top soil).
1187Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VI.
1188Cat. no. U-14: #174-56-6: Trench G. Stratum VI. Fig. 87.
1189Rim fragment close to handle. Rouletted decoration: Ovals (Ricci 1985, decorazione 51, 318, pl. CII, 13.).
1190Fabric: Pinkish white to pinkish grey (7.5 YR 7/1-7/2). Red to pinkish (10 R 6/6-5/6) slip. Ø 7.2; Th. 0.4.
1191Bowls: carinated
1192Almost vertical to vertical rim, groove below the rim. Rouletted decoration. It is close to Ricci 1985, 2/433, 283-284, pl. XCI, 10, only known from Aquileia, Augustan-Tiberian period. Cf. also Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 194, no. 3, fig. 44, from destruction layer/top soil).
1193Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: F III (1); M III (1).
1194Cat. no. U-15: #89-465: Trench F. Stratum III. 84.5/137.5. Fig. 87.
1195Rim fragment. Decoration: Incised reticulate pattern? (Ricci 1985, decorazione 13, 315, pl. Cl, 12, seems to be characteristic of the Balearic Islands).
1196Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/6). Grey core. Grey (close to 5 YR 5/1) surface, rough and unpolished. H. 1.9; W. 2.8; Ø not determinable; Th. 0.2.
1197Parallels: Decoration: Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1973, 105, 278, no. 178, pls. 17 and 65, Augustan); Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 199, no. 1, fig. 46, from destruction layer).
1198Cat. no. U-l 6: #174-103-93: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 87.
1199Rim fragment. Decoration: Rouletted tear-shaped ornaments alternating with smaller oval ones (variation of Ricci 1985, decorazione 51, 318, pl. CII, 13.).
1200Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6). Exterior with red (2.5 YR 3/2) slip. Interior red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Outside faded red (2.5 YR 4/2) slip, almost peeled off. Ø 10.0; Th. 0.3.
1201Parallels: Decoration: Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1973, 252, 310, no. 459, pls. 49 and 87); Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 194, no. 2, fig. 44, from destruction layer/top soil).
1202Bowls/cups: grooved
1203Plain rounded rim with two horizontal grooves immediately beneath, rouletted decoration. Cups with this type of decoration are documented at Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1973, 146, 284, no. 236, Form XLVI, pls. 24 and 69, third quarter of the 1st cent. BC). The form is close to Cosa no. 296 (Marabini Moevs 1973, form LVI, the early shallow version, 164-167, pls. 32, 74 and 75, Augustan); Gubbio (Cipollone 1984-1985, 107 (tipo I), fig. 171.1-2; 112 (tipo XIV and XX), fig. 19.2, second half of the 1st cent. AD); Sutri (Duncan 1964, Form 7, 56, fig. 8, third quarter of the 1st cent. AD/60-70 AD).
1204Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VI.
1205Cat. no. U-17: #174-56-3: Trench G. Stratum VI. Fig. 87.
1206Rim fragment with part of body. Rouletted decoration: two rows of wide rouletted strokes (Ricci 1985, decorazione 5b, 317, pl. CII, 5).
1207Ø not determinable.
1208Jars: bag-shaped
1209Everted rim, bag-shaped body, disc base with concave underside. The form and decoration is similar to finds from Cosa dated to the first half of the 1st cent. BC (Marabini Moevs 1973, 64, 267, nos. 64-65, Forms W-Vl, pls. 6 and 59).
1210Decoration: Barbotine dot decoration: Two horizontal lines with superimposed festoons below (Ricci 1985, decorazione 1, cf. 323 and pl. CV, 4).
1211Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E V (2).
1212Cat. no. U-18: #89-62 + #89-155: Trench E. Stratum V. Below Level -688. Fig. 87.
1213Almost complete profile: transition neck/body to base. Composed of 20 fragments.
1214Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6), mica. Rough surface. Est. H. 9.0; est. Ø of rim 8.7; Ø of base 2.8; Th. 0.2.
1215Jars with everted rim
1216Everted rim.
1217Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: J III (1); L III (1).
1218Cat. no. U-19: #90-1279: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 87.
1219Rim fragment. Horizontal ridge at transition to body?
1220Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø 7.0; Th. 0.3.
1221Cat. no. U-20: #90-1 111: Trench L. Stratum III. 98.5-99.5/136.5-137.5. Fig. 87.
1222Rim fragment.
1223Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø 8.6; Th. 0.35.
1224Jug with everted rim
1225One-handled with everted rim, bag-shaped body, horizontal ribbon at junction between neck and body. It is similar to Cosa Form LXVIII (Marabini Moevs 1973, 237-238, nos. 431-433, pls. 46 and 85, dated to the ClaudianNeronian period).
1226Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: F III.
1227Cat. no. U-21: #89-490: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 87.
1228Rim with part of body.
1229Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/6). Rough surface. H. 3.75; W. 2.7; Th. 0.7.
1230Jug?
1231Cat. no. U-22: #90-378 + #90-395 + #90-868: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 87.
1232Rim and upper part of body preserved in about half the circumference. Everted lip and moulded rim, rounded ridges at neck, slender body.
1233Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8-6/8). Inside turningmarks. Pres. H. 8.8; Ø of body 8.2; Ø of rim c.9.0; Th. 0.3.
1234Parallels: Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 199, no. 11, fig. 145, from destruction layer with accumulated material).
1235Unclassified bases
1236Cat. no. U-23: #90-716: Trench A. Stratum VI. Destruction layer. Fig. 87.
1237Fragment with part of body, concave base. Decoration: Vertical stripes in relief.
1238Ø 6.0.
1239Parallels: Form: Cosa Form XXII (Marabini Moevs 1973, 105, 278, no. 177 (with comb decoration), conical bowls, pls. 17 and 65, Augustan); Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 213, no. CE 2300, pl. 117.12); Sovana, loc.Poggio Grezzano tomb SPGI (Pancrazzi et al. 1971, 156, no. 136, fig. 90, 172, combined with semilunars, the tomb was in use probably from the second half of the 3rd cent. BC until the end of the 1st cent. BC).
1240Cat. no. U-24: #89-929: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 87.
1241Base fragment with small part of body. Conical lower wall, ring foot.
1242Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Ø 3.0; Th. 0.2.
1243Parallels: Close to Ricci 1985, type 2/417, 293, pl. XCIV.l.
1244Unclassified, decorated body sherds: barbotine decorations: festoons
1245Ricci 1985, decorazione 1, 323 and pl. CV, 4.
1246Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: Ds IX (2); E IV (3); E V (1).
1247Unclassified, decorated body sherds: barbotine decorations: pine scales
1248Ricci 1985, decorazione 98, 329 and pl. CVII, 16.
1249Bowls/cups decorated with pine scales occur at Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1973, 193-194, 300, no. 375 (ascribed to this form, but not certain), Form XLVI, pl. 40, beg. Augustan to beg. of Claudian, probably Tiberian; 239, no. 438, Form XXXVI, pls. 46 and 86, Claudian-Neronian period); Rome (Liljenstolpe & Klynne 1997-1998, 134, fig. 3). The decoration is also associated with Cosa Form I (the situla), fragments dated 150-75 BC (Marabini Moevs 1973, 54-55, 262, nos. 13-14, pls. 2 and 56).
1250Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds VII.
1251Cat. no. U-25: #174-7-3: Trench Ds. Stratum VII. (Not illustrated)
1252Fragment with transition to rim, carinated at transition to rim.
1253Fabric: Fine. Light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4), a few small black particles. Red (2.5 YR 5/6) slip. H. 2.1; W. 3.0; Th. 3.5.
1254Unclassified, decorated body fragments: barbotine: cord undulations
1255At Cosa cord decoration is associated with Form I (situla) and primarily with Form IV and V-VI (jars, ovoid and globular respectively) (Marabini Moevs 1973, 49, 55-56, 262-263, nos. 16-18, pls. 2 and 56, second half of the 2nd to third quarter of the 1st cent. BC; e.g. 64, 267, nos. 66-67, pls. 6 and 59, second and third quarter of the 1st cent. BC). Finds from e.g. Sovana and the Regia drain in Rome suggest that normally cord decorated situlae are no earlier than the beg. of the 1st cent. BC (Marabini Moevs 1973, 56, pls. 97.2-7 and 98.1).
1256Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Dn VI (1); Ds IX (1). The two fragments might derive from the same vase.
1257Cat. no. U-26: #90-680: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. Fig. 88.
1258Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). 1.3 x 1.3; Th. 0.2.
1259Cat. no. U-27: #174-9-191: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 88.
1260Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8). 0.9 x 2.0; Th. 0.2.
1261Parallels: Luni (Cavalieri Manasse 1973, 333, 354, no. CM 1988/7, pl. 86.20, dated mid-lst cent. BC to Augustan period; Cavalieri Manasse 1977, 150-151, nos. CM 4044 and CM 6790, pls. 91.11 and 91.13, dated 50/54-68/70 AD and 40-50 AD respectively).
1262Unclassified, decorated body sherds: rouletted decorations: Triangular strokes in horizontal rows
1263Ricci 1985, decorazione 5a, 316-317 and pl. CII, 2.
1264According to Ricci, decorazione 5 began in the Augustan period and was favoured in the 1st to 2nd cent. AD (Ricci 1985, 316). Cf. also Cosa (Marabini Moevs 1973, 159, 289, no. 280, pls. 30 and 73, Tiberian-early Claudian; 162, 289, no. 284, pls. 31 and 74, Tiberian-early Claudian); Sutri (Duncan 1964, 55, no. 17 (form 1), fig. 7; 56, no. 32 (form 7), fig. 8, Julio-Claudian period, main production 60-70 AD).
1265Total ascribed: 8. Distribution: Ds V (1); Ds VI (1); F III (1); G III (1); M III (2); M IV (1).
1266Cat. no. U-28: #89-469: Trench F. Stratum III. 84.5/137.5. Fig. 87.
1267Shoulder or lower part of body. Five horizontal rows.
1268Fabric: Pink to reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/4-7/6). H. 2.5; W. 3.9; Th. 0.2.
1269Parallels: Form: Cosa Form XXXIX (two-handled, round-carinated cup with everted lip) (Marabini Moevs 1973, nos. 391-393, 204-205, pls. 42 and 83, known in unglazed ware from the Augustan period and in glazed ware especially in the Claudian-Neronian period; Cosa Form LXVI (globular cup with/without two ring handles and flat base) (Marabini Moevs 1973, 202, nos. 385-387, pls. 42 and 82).
1270Unclassified, decorated body sherds: rouletted decorations: various
1271Cat. no. U-29: #174-104-30: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 87.
1272Fragment at transition to vertical rim. Decoration: Vertical, parallel strokes of varying length (irregular version of Ricci 1985, decorazione 5p, 318 and pl. CII, 11).
1273Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/8), red (2.5 YR 6/8) slip. H. 2.0; W. 2.5; Th. 0.3.
1274Unclassified, decorated body sherds: Rouletted decoration: Herribone pattern with crossing lines
1275Ricci 1985, decorazione 5n, 318 and pl. CII, 16.
1276The decoration is characteristic of the Iberian peninsula and regarded as an Iberian product with its main production centre in Baetica (Greene 1979, 70-71; Ricci 1985, 318). But copies were also produced in Southern France and the Alpes (Greene 1979, 70-71).
1277Total ascribed. 1. Distribution: M II.
1278Cat. no. U-30: #174-102-7: Trench M. Stratum II. Fig. 87.
1279Fragment near rim.
1280Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). H. 2.4; W. 2.0; Th. 0.35.
1281Parallels: Richborough (Greene 1979, 71, 72 fig. 31.12 and 73, Claudian-Neronian period).
III.11 Pompeian-Red Ware55
1282Helle Damgaard Andersen and Helle W. Horsnæs
1283The Pompeian-Red Ware (ceramica a vernice rossa interna, Pompejanish-rote Platten) is perhaps the best studied Roman common ware type. In spite of the extremely low percentage of common ware finds that is made up by Pompeian-Red Ware (as already noted by Goudineau)56, numerous studies have been dedicated to this ware, which is relatively easy to recognize due to its characteristic red slip. Production took place at various centres, e.g. at Cuma from the late Republican period to the 2nd century AD57. Celuzza has proposed to date the ware into the beginning of the 3rd century AD58.
1284Most of the examples from Prop. Avallone belong to the same form, platters with simple rim and curved wall, which is the most common Pompeian-Red Ware form found in Italy59. The form is normally dated from the end of the 1st century BC to the beginning of the 2nd century AD60. Four fragments have a simple rim and an almost straight wall. Moreover, there are two fragments with almond-shaped rim (for distribution, see Table 62).
1285Two different fabrics have been defined. Fabric 1 is relatively coarse, containing a rich variety of inclusions: black, red, yellow, white and some mica. The colour ranges from 2.5-5 YR 4/6 (red to yellowish red) to almost black, often considerably lighter on the interior than the exterior. Fabric 1 may with some caution be related to Peacock fabric l61, and is thus considered to be Campanian. Fabric 2 is finer-grained and contains a much lower amount of (smaller) inclusions. The colour tends to have a more yellowish hue that may come close to 7.5 YR 4/4. The slip is normally a fine deep red (10 R 4/8, 4/6 or 5/6). A minor number of fragments present a reddish yellow (2.5 YR 4/4-4/5).
1286Total ascribed of fabric 1 and 2 in relation to the various colours of slip.
Slip A: Red (10 R4/6)
Slip B: Red (10 R4/8)
Slip E: Red (10 R5/6)
Slip C: Reddish brown (2.5 YR4/4)
Slip D: Reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/4)
1287CATALOGUE
1288Platters with simple rim, curved wall
1289Total ascribed: 10.
1290Cat. no. V-l: #90-1222: Trench H. Stratum III. 89.5/140.5. Fig. 89.
1291Rim fragment with part of body. Concave rim/upper body.
1292Fabric 2: Light reddish brown (2.5 YR 6/4). Pale red (10 R 4/4) slip. Est. Ø 27.0.
1293Parallels: Close to Cuma type III (Chiosi 1996, 231, fig. 4 no. 51). The parallels listed here are dated from the end of 1st cent. BC to the beg. of 3rd cent. AD.
1294Cat. no. V-2: #174-55-157: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 89. Rim fragment with part of body.
1295Fabric 1: Blackened on exterior. Reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/4) slip. Est. Ø c.23.0.
1296Platters with almond-shaped rim
1297The two preserved rims are not identical; one having a rounded profile and the other an angular one. Cat. no. V-3 is close to type XLIV from Gubbio (Cipollone 1984-1985, 122, fig. 23, 90 BC to 20 AD). The majority of the plates from this site find parallels in the second half of the 1st cent. BC and the 1st cent. AD (Cipollone 1984-1985, 118). Similar examples occur at Pompeii and Francolise, Posto (Volonte 1984, pls. 85; Cotton 1979, 149 and 151, nos. 1-4, fig. 45).
1298Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E III (1); G V (1).
1299Cat. no. V-3: #89-1714: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 89.
1300Rim fragment with part of body.
1301Fabric: Coarse. Light red to red (2.5 YR 6/8-5/8), mica. Grey core. Dull red (2.5 YR 5/8) gloss on interior. Ø c.23.5.
1302Cat. no. V-4: #174-55-206: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 89. Rim fragment with part of body.
1303Fabric: Coarse. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6), mica. Red (10 R 6/8) gloss on interior. Ø c.20.0.
III.12 Terra sigillata
1304Birgit Tang
1305The terra sigillata term encompasses not only wares produced in Italy, but also in e.g. France, Spain and the Eastern Mediterranean. The production of Italian terra sigillata seems to have begun at Arezzo/Arretium in the mid- 1st cent. BC, or shortly afterwards, probably due to the influence from the imported Eastern Sigillata A62. Soon other production sites emerged on the Italian peninsula, for example in Campania, and outside, for instance in Gaul. Production took place throughout the 1st century AD and at some sites also into the 2rd and 3rd centuries AD63.
1306Several typologies, more or less overlapping, based on vessel forms have been developed over the years, the earliest being that of H. Dragendorff in 1895 and of S. Loeschcke in 190964. In 1985 G. Pucci predicted that “Un giomo saremo in grado di determinare con maggiore sicurezza la provenienza e la cronologia dei vari prodotti”65. Only five years later, however, experts working in this field of study concluded that identification of production centres is more complicated than that; neither typologies nor potters’stamps necessarily serve as reliable criteria66. A. Klynne also has a perceptive section on the problems involved when describing and categorizing fabrics; sometimes even ocular inspection and chemical analysis are insufficient67. The typology developed by the international group of scholars in the Conspectus published in 1990 is, however, particularly useful, since it is to the greatest possible degree independent of production sites68. The work focuses on plain sigillata and only includes “Italian-type” sigillata, thus excluding e.g. the products of South Gaulish kilns, which should be regarded as separate wares. Furthermore, the book provides very useful concordances between the previously published typologies and the Conspectus typology. Consequently, the Prop. Avallone fragments of Italian type are attributed and classified according to the forms established by the Conspectus.
1307The distribution of fragments is shown in Table 5269. It should be noted that no terra sigillata sherds were found in the collapse material from Dn VI + Ds X-IX and E V, and there is a clear division between these strata and the layers immediately above them where terra sigillata is present: i.e. Dn V, Ds V-VIII and E IV, thus strongly indicating a terminus ante quem of the mid-lst century BC for the destruction. In trench A the surface of the destruction layer, stratum VI, contained a few sherds, including a small bowl with wholly preserved profile (cat. no. W-8). The question is whether surface finds should be regarded as part of the collapse material itself or whether they represent material dropped/dumped here shortly after the destruction.
1308The catalogued material is presented in two separate sub-chapters.
III. 12.1 Italian Sigillata
1309Identified Conspectus forms are: 4.2, 8.1, 9, 21, 22.5, 23, 26 variant, 28, 29, 34.2, 36.2-4, 48.1? and ring feet belonging to 3.2, 4.6, 6 or 20-21 (cf. Table 53). Thus the Italian-type material in general does not go beyond the 1st century AD, and cups/bowls predominate the form repertoire.
1310CATALOGUE
1311Consp. 4.2: Platter/plate with curving wall and plain rim
1312This subform has a slightly in-turned rim. It was produced in Etruria and the Padana region, and probably in Campania and Lyon, although this is not documented. The shape is pre-Oberaden in date, i.e. before 11 BC (E. Ettlinger in Conspectus 1990, 40, 58, pl. 4). Consp.4.2 is attested in Rome, Livia’s Villa at Prima Porta. It came from the refuse tip, which was in use from c.10 BC to c.15/20 AD (Klynne 2002, 164, no. 72, pl. 7; 124-125).
1313Total ascribed: 1. G unstratified context.
1314Cat. no. W-1: #89-1060: Trench G. Cleaning of balk. Fig. 90.
1315Rim fragment with part of body.
1316Fabric: Red (10 R 5/8). Ø 21.5.
1317Consp. 8.1: Cup/bowl with sloping wall and offset rim
1318So far production in Arezzo and in Padana B and C is documented. The form belongs to the early Augustan period (E. Ettlinger in Conspectus 1990, 66, pl. 8). In Rome it was found in the refuse tip from Livia’s Villa at Prima Porta, c.10 BC to c.15/20 AD (Klynne 2002, 192, no. 281, pl. 20). Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H IV.
1319Cat. no. W-2: #90-1531: Trench H. Stratum IV. Level -646. Fig. 90.
1320Rim fragment with part of body.
1321Ø c.15.0.
1322Consp. 9: Flat-based cup with steep curving wall
1323There may be grooves on the floor. The cup was produced in Etruria, Campania and the Padana region and is dated to the mid-Augustan to Tiberian periods (E. Ettlinger in Conspectus 1990, 66, pl. 8). In Rome (Livia’s Villa) the form is attested in the channel fill (phase III) dated to the last quarter of the 1st cent. AD (Klynne 2002, 192, no. 282, pl. 20; 23 and 125).
1324Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: G VI (1); M IV (1).
1325Cat. no. W-3: #174-104-100: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 90.
1326Base fragment with small part of body. Grooves on the floor.
1327Ø 13.0.
1328Consp. 21: Platter/plate with smooth or finely moulded vertical rim and quarter-round moulding or step between rim and floor
1329Only the moulding is preserved from our example, and it seems to be closest to Subform Consp.21.1 or 21.3. The form was produced in Italy, including the Padana region. Subform 21.3 is the only common one, found throughout the Mediterranean. It is dated from Augustan until late Tiberian/early Claudian times (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 88, pl. 19).
1330Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VI.
1331Cat. no. W-4: #174-56-30: Trench G. Stratum VI. Fig. 90.
1332Body fragment.
1333Consp. 22.5: Conical cup with concave vertical rim, convex mouldings above and below rim on exterior
1334Consp.22 was probably produced in all the main centres and is found throughout the Roman world. The form seems to have been introduced during the penultimate decade of the 1st cent. BC.Subform 22.5 is documented in Rome and Carthage (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 90, pl. 20). Most of the examples from Livia’s Villa at Prima Porta came from the refuse fill dated c.10 BC to 15/20 AD (Klynne 2002, 194-195, nos. 312-321, pls. 21-22). The Prop. Avallone example belongs to the standard size with a diameter of 12.0-14.0 cm.
1335Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: L III.
1336Cat. no. W-5: #90-327: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 90.
1337Body fragment with part of rim. Rouletted decoration on lower moulding: Short vertical strokes.
1338Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. 3.7 x 2.8; max. Ø c.12.5.
1339Consp. 23: Conical cup with smooth vertical rim
1340The best preserved example from Prop. Avallone is closest to Consp.23.2, which has simple convex mouldings above and below the rim. This subform was produced in Italy and is dated to the second and third quarters of the 1st cent. AD (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 92, pl. 21). Klynne, however, advocates a beginning of Consp.23.3 in the late Augustan period (Klynne 2002, 198, nos. 341-351, pl. 243; 125).
1341Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: A III (1); H IV (1).
1342Cat. no. W-6. #90-1785: Trench A. Stratum III. Fig. 90.
1343Rim fragment with part of body.
1344Fabric: Red (10 R 5/8), pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 10.0.
1345Parallels: Pompeii (Lavizzari Pedrazzini 1984, 229, no. CE 1199, pl. 122.14).
1346Cat. no. W-7: #89-1768A: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 90.
1347Lower part of rim with moulding.
1348Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8), pink (5 YR 7/4). Ø 8.0.
1349Consp. 26 variant: Carinated cylindrical cup with vertical rim
1350Our vessel seems to be a lower variant of the form. Furthermore, the ring-foot is broader. The form was probably manufactured in Central and Northern Italy. It dates to the first half of the 1st cent. AD (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 98, pl. 24). Our example is comparable to examples from Livia’s Villa (Klynne 2002, 202, nos. 380-385 (Consp.26.1-2), pl. 25 and especially no. 399 (variant), 204, pl. 26). The latter, like most of the examples, came from the refuse tip dated c.10 BC to c.15/20 AD.
1351Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: A VI.
1352Cat. no. W-8: #90-273 + #90-274 + #90-715C-E: Trench A. Stratum VI. Surface of destruction layer. Fig. 90.
1353Complete profile. Rouletted decoration on rim and carination on exterior: Tongues at rim and strokes at midbody. Applied decoration below rim on exterior: Double spiral.
1354Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Ø of rim 9.4; Ø of foot 6.0.
1355Consp. 28: Cylindrical cup with normally small ring-foot
1356The Prop. Avallone fragment seems to be closest to subform 28.2. Production sites have not been identified with certainty. The form is dated to the first half of the 1st cent. AD (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 102, pl. 26). The form is present at Livia’s Villa at Prima Porta (Klynne 2002, 210, nos. 446-457, pl. 29, various contexts).
1357Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: A IV.
1358Cat. no. W-9: #90-1002: Trench A. Stratum IV. Fig. 90.
1359Base fragment with part of body. Grooves at base of wall on exterior.
1360Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Red (10 R 5/8) slip. Max Ø 11.0.
1361Consp. 29: Cylindrical cup with hollow base
1362It has a flat floor and vertical wall. The form was produced in North and Central Italy in Tiberian to Flavian times (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 104, pl. 27). In Rome, Livia’s Villa, the form came from both the refuse tip (c.10 BC to c.15/20 AD) and the channel fill (last quarter of the 1st cent. AD) (Klynne 2002, 210, nos. 458-459, pl. 29).
1363Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G V.
1364Cat. no. W-10: #174-55-80: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 90. Base fragment.
1365Ø c.12.0.
1366Consp. 28 or Consp. 29
1367Two rim fragments seem to belong to either Consp.28 or Consp.29. Both have a thickened rim and a straight wall. One of the fragments, #90-1016, has a groove below the rim on the interior.
1368Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Dn V (1); G VI (1).
1369Cat. no. W-l l: #90-1016: Trench Dn. Stratum V. Fig. 90.
1370Rim fragment with part of body. Groove just below the rim on interior.
1371Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Ø 12.0.
1372Consp. 34.2: Bowl with vertical rim and pronounced flange below the rim
1373The form is late Tiberian to Flavian with some later examples (S. Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger in Conspectus 1990, 112, pl. 31).
1374Total ascribed: 1. Distribution E III.
1375Cat. no. W-12: #89-1620: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 90.
1376Rim fragment.
1377Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Light red (close to 10 R 6/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Ø 11.0
1378Consp. 36.2-4: Hemispherical bowl with rounded rim and one horizontal groove below the rim
1379Consp.36.2-4 is dated mainly to the Tiberian period with a few examples from the later 1st cent. AD (S. Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger in Conspectus 1990, 114, pl. 32). Parallels are found at Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 122, no. 22, fig. 33, unstratified/displaced); Pompeii (Pucci 1985, form XXXI, variant 4, 394 and pl. CXXIX, 5, before 20 BC and continuing in the Julio-Claudian period, and perhaps later).
1380Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E IV.
1381Cat. no. W-l3: #89-992: Trench E. Stratum IV. 83.5-84.5/129.5-131.5. Fig. 90.
1382Rim fragment with part of body.
1383Fabric: Pink (5 YR 8/3-8/4). Light red to red (10 R 6/8-5/8) gloss on exterior and interior. Ø 8.0.
1384Consp. 48.1? Dish with flaring wall, up-turned rim and hollow base
1385The form belongs to the Tardo Padana production and is dated from the second half of the 1st cent. AD to the first half of the 2nd cent. AD (S. Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger in Conspectus 1990, 136, pl. 43).
1386Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Dn III.
1387Cat. no. W-14: #90-1038: Trench Dn. Stratum III. Fig. 90.
1388Base fragment with small part of body. Moulding at base.
1389Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Light reddish brown (2.5 YR 6/4) core. Ø 16.0.
1390Consp. B 1.11-B 1.12: Very tall ring-foot belonging to Consp.3.2; 4.6; 6; 20-21
1391These ring-feet are dated in the Tiberian-Flavian periods (S. Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger in Conspectus 1990, 154, pl. 48). The Prop. Avallone example is only partly preserved, so the type of the standing surface is unknown (flat or pointed). It is decorated with a rouletted band between two sets of grooves on the floor.
1392Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: L III.
1393Cat. no. W-15: #90-334: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 90.
1394Base fragment with part of ring foot. Rouletted decoration on floor.
1395Fabric: Light reddish brown (2.5 YR 6/4). Red (2.5 YR 5/6) slip. 6.2 x 6.0.
1396Consp. B 1.12: Very tall ring-foot belonging to Consp. 3.2; 4.6; 6; 20-21
1397With flat standing surface.
1398This ring-foot is dated in the Tiberian-Flavian periods (S. Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger in Conspectus 1990, 154, pl. 48). Our example is closest to Consp.3.2 (dish with sloping wall and bead-rim), which was manufactured in Etruria and Campania, also in Padana and Tardo-Padana, beginning before the mid- 1st cent AD with the main period in the second half of the 1st cent. AD (E. Ettlinger in Conspectus 1990, 56, pl. 3).
1399Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds VIII.
1400Cat. no. W-16: #174-8-19: Trench Ds. Stratum VIII. Fig. 90.
1401Fragment of ring foot. High, vertical ring foot.
1402Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8). Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. H. of ring foot c.3.0; Ø 12.0.
1403Unclassified rims without decoration
1404Cat. no. W-17: #174-104-35A: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 90.
1405Rim fragment with part of body. Narrow, horizontal rim grooved on surface, curving wall.
1406Fabric: Red (10 R 5/6), reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Exterior Ø c.28.0.
1407Unclassified rim with decoration
1408Cat. no. W-18: #174-7-4: Trench Ds. Stratum VII. Fig. 90.
1409Rim fragment with part of body. Slightly out-turned rim with moulding on exterior. Rouletted decoration in two bands: diagonal and vertical strokes.
1410Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) core. 2.5 x 2.6; Ø not determinable.
1411Unclassified bases
1412Cat. no. W-19: #90-1020: Trench Dn. Stratum V. Fig. 90.
1413Fragment with part of body. Flat base? Conical wall.
1414Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Ø 9.0.
1415Cat. no. W-20: #174-104-35B: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 90.
1416Base fragment with low ring foot.
1417Fabric: Red (10 R 5/6), reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). 2.2 x 4.3; Ø 20.0.
1418Fragment with stamp
1419The stamp is not completely preserved; the letters C MRI P are visible within a rectangle, rounded at the short end. The last letter seems to be an R. This means that it should be read as C.MVRIVS PR, the cognomen perhaps being either PRISCVS or PRIMIGENIVS70. Perhaps it can be linked with OCK no. 1066, the potter C.M.P. (OCK, 266). The approximate date of this potter is AD 15+.
1420Cat. no. W-21: #90-749: Trench C.Stratum IV. Fig. 90.
1421Base fragment with two grooves and stamp on the floor: C MRI PR
1422Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/3) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/6) slip. 6.0 x 4.3.
III.12.2 South Gaulish Sigillata71
1423Workshops were established in Southern Gaul already in the late 1st century BC (e.g. La Graufesenque and Montans) and developed over time their own characteristic products72.
1424The Prop. Avallone fragments are poorly preserved, and therefore ascriptions to typologies have not been attempted. It seems that the repertoire includes both plain and decorated forms, as well as cups/bowls and dishes.
1425CATALOGUE
1426Platter/plate with out-turned, overhangning rim
1427Sloping wall, flat floor.
1428Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: C IV.
1429Cat. no. X-l: #90-422: Trench C.Stratum IV. Fig. 91. Almost complete profile (foot/base ring missing?).
1430Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Exterior Ø 21.2.
1431Cup/bowl with out-turned rim
1432Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Dn V.
1433Cat. no. X-2: #90-1017: Trench Dn. Stratum V. Fig. 91.
1434Rim fragment with small part of body.
1435Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Ø 14.0.
1436Cup/bowl with slightly out-turned, thickened rim
1437The upper wall is slightly concave to vertical, groove on interior just below rim.
1438Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E IV (1); M IV (1).
1439Cat. no. X-3: #89-1215: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 91.
1440Rim fragment with part of body.
1441Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8) surface. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) core. Exterior Ø 14.0.
1442Cat. no. X-4: #174-104-102: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 91.
1443Rim fragment with part of body.
1444Exterior Ø 13.0.
1445Cylindrical cup with flat rim and carinated wall
1446Grooved on exterior. The form is comparable to Consp.27 (P.M. Kenrick in Conspectus 1990, 100, pl. 25))
1447Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds VIII (1); H III (1).
1448Cat. no. X-5: # 174-8-18: Trench Ds. Stratum VIII. Fig. 91.
1449Rim fragment with part of body.
1450Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8), pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Exterior Ø 9.0.
1451Cat. no. X-6: #89-783: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 91.
1452Rim fragment with part of body. Groove below the lip on interior. Relief decoration? on the lower part.
1453Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4), red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Ø 11.0.
1454Dish/bowl with pronounced hanging lip.
1455This form is comparable to Consp.13.2, dated to the mid-Augustan period (K. Roth-Rubi in Conspectus 1990, 74, pl. 12).
1456Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E IV.
1457Cat. no. X-7: #89-1020: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 91.
1458Rim fragment with small part of body. Horizontal rim, thickened.
1459Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) core. Exterior Ø 22.0.
1460Dish with horizontal grooved and decorated rim
1461Broad horizontal rim grooved on surface, ledge for lid, curving wall.
1462Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: F III.
1463Cat. no. X-8: #89-215: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 91.
1464Rim fragment. Applied? decoration on surface of rim: fish.
1465Fabric: Dark red to darkish red (2.5 YR 3/6-2.5 YR 3/4) surface. Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Exterior Ø 24.0.
1466Unidentified bases
1467Cat. no. X-9: #90-424: Trench C.Stratum IV. Fig. 91.
1468Fragment with small part of body. Vertical wall, flat floor.
1469Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Ø 10.0.
1470Cat. no. X-10: #90-1018A + #90-1018B: Trench Dn. Stratum V. Fig. 91.
1471Ring foot with angular profile. Three grooves on floor.
1472Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 4/8) surface. Pink (5 YR 7/4) core. Ø 6.8.
1473Body fragments
1474Cat. no. X-l 1: #174-5-3: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 91.
1475Body fragment near rim. Relief decoration on exterior: zig-zag, tongue-pattern.
1476Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) core. Red (2.5 YR 4/8) slip. 4.8 x 2.0.
1477Cat. no. X-12: #90-169: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 91. Relief decoration and grooves.
1478Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. 3.5 x 3.5.
III.13 African Red Slip Ware1
1479Birgit Tang
1480African Red Slip ware was manufactured in centres located primarily in present-day Tunisia during a period of c.600 years, from the late 1st (c.60 AD) into the 7th century AD. The first comprehensive study and classification of this class of pottery, primarily based on material from excavations in the east Mediterranean area, was published by J.W. Hayes in 1972, and it has served and still serves as the standard reference work73. In 1980 Hayes published a supplement, which includes for instance additions to the catalogue and adjustments/corrections of chronology74. With more material at his disposal (e.g. from Ostia), he down-dated the proposed 2nd century AD datings by some 20 years75.
1481Since then the knowledge of production sites and chronology has increased considerably, e.g. due to research on fabrics, which allows for ascriptions to certain regions and sometimes also to individual kilns76. However, products deriving from various individual potteries are not necessarily distinguishable from one another77. Another crucial factor is the publication of excavation and survey material, which continuously throws light on, and raises doubts about, date ranges of forms, distribution patterns etc.Among these works M. Mackensen’s detailed studies on the El Mahrine workshops in Northern Tunisia should be mentioned and also J. Lund’s publication of the material from the Segermes Valley78. In the latter Lund includes coin-dated contexts and other evidence in order to give as complete documentation as possible of the chronological range of the shapes. The latest comprehensive study in the field of research is M. Bonifay’s work published in 2004. He points out that the chronology is labyrinthine and differs considerably from one expert to another79.
1482The distribution of some 200 fragments is presented in Table 5480. The casserole Hayes Form 23B is treated here because it is slipped unlike Form 197, which is unslipped and thus included in the chapter on common wares. The highest concentrations occur in Ds V and G V. There are a few examples from Ds VIII and G VIII, i.e. immediately above the massive destruction layers in Ds X-IX and G IX. The sherds in trench G came from the uppermost part of the stratum. This also applies to the finds from C V, E IV, F IV, K IV and L IV, i.e. above the collapse material from the first phase of occupation (trenches G, K and L) and the second phase of occupation (trenches Ds, C, E and F). This gives a clear terminus ante quem for the end of the second occupation phase in Prop. Avallone, i.e. before c.60 AD.
1483The Prop. Avallone material is generally very fragmentary, but a few complete profiles are preserved. As fabric studies are lacking, the identification of forms is based on profiles only. This, of course, is not the ideal method, but it does give an impression of the material present.
1484The material is quite unambiguous. Early forms are predominant, the earliest beginning c.60/70 AD, and the latest terminal date for some of the forms in this group being the 3rd century AD (Table 55): Hayes Forms 3A, 3B/C, 8A, 9B and 23B (until c.410 AD). The only form present beginning in the 2nd century AD is Hayes Form 27, also with a terminal date in the 3rd century AD. The next group consists of forms belonging to the 3rd/4th to 5th centuries AD: Hayes Forms 50?, 58, 59A, 59B, 61A, 61 transitional. Only one of the assigned sherds belongs to a late form of the 6th-7th centuries AD: Hayes Form 91D (cat. no. Y-28 from E II). This range of vessel forms clearly indicates that frequentation/use of the area stopped in the 5th century AD at the latest. In G V almost all the identified types are represented, which testifies to the material accumulated here during the centuries of frequentation.
1485CATALOGUE
1486Form references are those of Hayes 1972.
1487Hayes Form 3: Dish
1488Broad convex rim. The preserved fragments are all rims and undecorated (Form 3C), but this does not rule out that they (or some of them) were once parts of decorated specimens (barbotine leaves on the rim), thus belonging to Forms 3A and 3B. One example is provided with a ledge for a lid (cat. no. Y-l). Hayes refers to this as a groove, which is only characteristic of Form 3A.
1489Suggested date range: Form 3A c.60-90 AD, Form 3B c.75-150 AD, Form 3C early to mid-2nd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 21-25; Hayes 1980b, 490, 539); Form 3B about 60/80 to 160/180 AD, Form 3C: about 60/70 to 180/270 AD (Lund 1995, 476-477, with references).
1490Total ascribed: Form 3A: 1. Distribution: M III.
1491Total ascribed: Form 3B/C: 3. Distribution: Dn III (1); E III (1); G V (1).
1492Cat. no. Y-l: #174-103-95A (Form 3A): Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1493Rim fragment with small part of body.
1494Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Ø 35.0.
1495Cat. no. Y-2: #90-1027 (Form 3B/C): Trench Dn. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1496Rim fragment with part of body.
1497Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8) surface. Light red (10 R 6/6) core. Ø 22.0.
1498Cat. no. Y-3: #89-1149 (Form 3B/C): Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1499Rim fragment with small part of body.
1500Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). Ø 30.0.
1501Hayes Form 6: Dish
1502Broad, (more or less) horizontal rim with groove, carinated wall, internal groove at carination. No floors were identified, so it is impossible to determine whether they were decorated or not.
1503Suggested date range: Form 6A (decorated) end of 1st to early 2nd cent. AD, Form 6B about mid to end of 2nd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 29-31; Hayes 1980b, 491, 539); Form 6A about 70 to 100 AD, Form 6B about 80/90 to 230/250 AD (Lund 1995, 478-479, with references).
1504Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: G III (1); G V (1); H III (1); H IV (1).
1505Cat. no. Y-4: #174-53-74: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1506Rim fragment with small part of body.
1507Ø 16.0
1508Cat. no. Y-5: #89-192: Trench H. Stratum IV. 90.7/137.34. Level -644. Fig. 92.
1509Rim fragment with part of body.
1510Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). Ø c.27.5.
1511Hayes Form 8: Carinated bowl
1512Everted rim with convex moulding and ridge below rim on exterior. Rouletted decoration may occur on moulding and at carination. Two grooves below the rim on interior. The Prop. Avallone examples comprise both decorated and undecorated specimens.
1513Suggested date range: Form 8A (rouletted decoration) c.80/90-180s AD, Form 8B (undecorated) second half of 2nd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 33-35; Hayes 1980b, 491, 515, 529); Form 8A about 60/70 to 160/250 AD, Form 8B 180/200 to 250/300 AD (Lund 1995, 479-480, with references). In the Puppet cemetery (located at the coast in north-eastern Tunisia south of Cap Bon) most of the 8A examples belong to the second half of the 2nd cent. BC (Bonifay 2004, 156).
1514Total ascribed: Form 8A: 3. Distribution: H III (1); G V (1); G VI (1).
1515Total ascribed: Form 8B: 7. Distribution: Dn IV (1); E II (1); F III (1); G V (1); J III (1); L III (1); M IV (1).
1516Cat. no. Y-6: #174-55-50 (Form 8A): Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 92.
1517Rim fragment with small part of body. Rouletted decoration on exterior.
1518Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8) core. Red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip. Ø c.28.0.
1519Cat. no. Y-7: #90-1013 (Form 8B): Trench Dn. Stratum IV. Fig. 92.
1520Rim fragment with part of body.
1521Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8) surface. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) core. Ø 23.0.
1522Hayes Form 9B: Bowl
1523Rounded rim, two grooves below rim on exterior, undecorated.
1524Suggested date range: Second half of 2nd cent., continuing into the first two decades of the 3rd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 35-37; Hayes 1980b, 492, 515, 539); about 110/120 to 150/220 AD (Lund 1995, 481, with references).
1525Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: G V (1); L III (1); L IV (1); M I (1).
1526Cat. no. Y-8: #90-1006: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1527Rim fragment with part of body.
1528Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8) surface. Light red (10 R 6/6) core. Ø 12.0.
1529Cat. no. Y-9: #90-106: Trench L. Stratum IV. West. 97.5-98.0/137.5-138.5. Level c.-654/660. Fig. 92.
1530Rim fragment with part of body.
1531Fabric: Red (2.5 5/8). Ø c.12.0.
1532Hayes Form 23B: Casserole
1533Internal rim-roll, sloping wall, flange at transition to bottom, rounded bottom with grooves or ridges on the exterior. On the Prop. Avallone examples the upper part of the exterior is frequently blackened.
1534Suggested date range: mid-2nd to early 3rd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 45-48; Hayes 1980b, 539); about 80 to 410 AD (Lund 1995, 549, with references). Examples from the Puppet cemetery are dated second quarter of the 3rd or mid- 3rd cent. AD and end of 3rd/beg. of 4th AD (Bonifay 2004, 211).
1535Examples are plentiful at Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Métraux 1985, 192, no. 16, fig. 43).
1536Total ascribed: 16. Distribution: Table 56.
1537Cat. no. Y-10: #89-476: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 92.
1538Almost complete profile.
1539Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Ø c.22.5.
1540Cat. no. Y-ll: #89-622: Trench F. Stratum IV. Fig. 92.
1541Almost complete profile.
1542Fabric with grey core. Ø c.20.0.
1543Hayes Form 27: Dish
1544More or less vertical rounded rim, carinated wall, one groove below rim on interior. It has two sets of two grooves on the floor.
1545Suggested date range: c.160-220 AD with main production in the2nd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 49-51; Hayes 1980b, 493, 540); about 160/180 to 250/270 AD (Lund 1995, 484, with references). Puppet cemetery: one sherd from late2nd cent. AD at the earliest, the rest from the 3rd cent. AD (Bonifay 2004, 159).
1546Total ascribed: 9. Distribution: C IV (1); Ds V (2); E IV (1); G V (4); G VIII (1).
1547Cat. no. Y-12: #174-5-25B: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 92.
1548Almost complete profile.
1549Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). Ø c.21.0.
1550Cat. no. Y-13: #174-55-58: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 92.
1551Rim fragment with part of body.
1552Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8). Ø c.22.0.
15536 fragments of bases with a low ring foot and two grooves seem to belong to the form, although the second set of grooves is preserved on none of the sherds.
1554Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: B II-III (1); Dn III (1); G IV (1) G V (2); L III (1).
1555Cat. no. Y-14: #174-55-65: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1556Fragment with part of body.
1557Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø c.14.0.
1558Hayes Form 50? Large dish
1559Rounded rim, in some cases more or less pointed, diagonal wall. The fragments are too small for any certain ascriptions to be made.
1560Suggested date range: Form 50A c.230/240-325 AD and later variety c.300-360 AD, Form 50B c.350-400+ AD (Hayes 1972, 69-73; Hayes 1980b, 495, 540); Form 50A beginning between 180 and 230 AD and went out of use about 370 AD, Form 50B about 350 to 400/440 AD (Lund 1995, 489-491, with references). This dating is in accordance with Mackensen and Schneider who set the period of production of Form 50B in Central Tunisia from the mid- 4th to the mid- 5th cent. AD (Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 132).
1561Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: E II (1); F III (1); G V (6); J III (1); M IV (1).
1562Cat. no. Y-15: #174-55-70: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 92.
1563Rim fragment with part of body.
1564Ø c.24.0.
1565Cat. no. Y-16: #174-55-76: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 92.
1566Rim fragment with part of body.
1567Ø c.23.5.
1568Hayes Form 58: Flat-based dish
1569Short, horizontal rim with grooves, curved wall. Hayes’types A and B are distinguished by their fabrics, which makes it impossible to assign the Prop. Avallone examples more precisely.
1570Suggested date range: 58A and 58B c.290/300-375 AD (Hayes 1972, 93-96; Hayes 1980b, 499); Form 58A about 230/280 to 370/400, Form 58B about 280/300 to 400/470 (Lund 1995, 492-494, with references). Form 58B was manufactured in the Tebourba region in North Tunisia until the mid- 5th cent. AD (Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 125).
1571Two of the specimens, cat. nos. Y-20 and Y-21, have very narrow rims, and the former is provided with a small groove below the rim on the outside.
1572Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: G V (1); H III (1); M II (2); M III (1).
1573Cat. no. Y-17: #174-55-67: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 92.
1574Rim fragment with small part of body.
1575Fabric: Red (10 R 5/8) core. Ø 20.0.
1576Cat. no. Y-18: #89-964: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1577Rim fragment with part of body.
1578Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). Ø 25.0.
1579Cat. no. Y-19: # 174-102-136: Trench M. Stratum II. Fig. 92.
1580Rim fragment with part of body.
1581Ø c.23.0.
1582Cat. no. Y-20: #174-102-33: Trench M. Stratum II. Fig. 92.
1583Rim fragment with part of body.
1584Ø c.28.0.
1585Cat. no. Y-21: # 174-103-95B: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 92.
1586Rim fragment with part of body.
1587Ø c.28.0
1588Hayes Form 59A: Dish
1589Broad, horizontal rim. Decorated with vertical gouging on exterior, creating slight ridges on the interior.
1590Suggested date range: c.320-380/400 AD (Hayes 1972, 96-100; Hayes 1980b, 500, 541); about 330/340 to 400/470 AD (Lund 1995, 495, with references). In North Tunisia the form was produced until the mid- 5th cent. AD (Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 125).
1591Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G II.
1592Cat. no. Y-22: #174-52-3: Trench G. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1593Rim fragment with part of body.
1594Fabric: Red (10 R 6/8) slip and core. Ø 26.0.
1595Hayes Form 59B: Dish
1596Broad, horizontal rim.
1597Suggested date range: c.320-420 AD (Hayes 1972, 96-100; Hayes 1980b, 501, 541); about 320/340 to 440/470 AD (Lund 1995, 496-497, with references). In North Tunisia production continued until the mid-5th cent. AD (Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 125).
1598Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E II (1); G V (1).
1599Cat. no. Y-23: #89-1207: Trench E. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1600Rim fragment with part of body.
1601Ø c.30.0.
1602Cat. no. Y-24: #174-55-66: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1603Rim fragment with part of body.
1604Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Ø c.26.0.
1605Hayes Form 61A and Form 61 transitional: Flat-based dish
1606Incurved rim and vertical rim. At El Mahrine Hayes Form 61 transitional corresponds to Form 4.4 beginning probably in the early 5th cent AD (Mackensen 1993, 403).
1607Both 61A and 61 transitional (fabric D1) seem to have been produced in potteries in North Tunisia (El Mahrine, Henchir el Biar and Bordj el Djerbi) until the mid- 5th cent. AD (Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 125).
1608Suggested date range: Form 61A c.325-400/420 AD, Form 61B c.400-450 AD (Hayes 1972, 100-107; Hayes 1980b, 501, 541); 61A about 290/340 to 410/430 AD) (Lund 1995, 498-499, with references).
1609Total ascribed Form 61 A: 4. Distribution: G IVa (1); G V (2) JIII(l).
1610Total ascribed Form 61 transitional: 1. Distribution: Ds V.
1611Cat. no. Y-25: #174-5-70 (Form 61A): Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1612Rim fragment with part of body.
1613Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) surface. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) core. Ø c.25.5.
1614Cat. no. Y-26: #174-55-73 (Form 61 A): Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1615Rim fragment with part of body.
1616Ø c.25.5.
1617Cat. no. Y-27: #174-55-74 (Form 61 transitional): Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1618Rim fragment with part of body.
1619Ø c.20.0.
1620Hayes Form 91D: Flanged bowl
1621Flange below rim on exterior. Rouletted decoration on interior.
1622Suggested date range: Form 91D c.600-650 AD (Hayes 1972, 140-144; Hayes 1980b, 486, 505); about 530 to 575/585 AD (Lund 1995, 520-521, with references).
1623Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E II.
1624Cat. no. Y-28: #89-1227: Trench E. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1625Rim fragment with part of body.
1626Fabric: Red (10 R 5/6) surface. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) core. Ø c.18.5.
1627Unassigned: rims
1628Dishes
1629Cat. no. Y-29: #174-102-32: Trench M. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1630Fragment with small part of body. Vertical, off-set rim.
1631Ø 22.0.
1632Cat. no. Y-30: #174-104-104: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 93.
1633Fragment with part of body. In-turned rim, thickened on exterior.
1634Ø c.25.0.
1635Cat. no. Y-31: #174-104-108: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 93.
1636Fragment with small part of body. Vertical rim, flat on surface, groove below rim on interior.
1637Ø 22.0.
1638Bowls
1639Cat. no. Y-32: #174-5-76: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1640Fragment with part of body. Horizontal rim with groove, angled at transition to sloping wall.
1641Fabric: Red (10 R 5/8) surface. Pale red ((10 R 6/4) core. Ø 10.0.
1642Cat. no. Y-33: #174-55-55: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1643Fragment with part of body. Broad, horizontal rim with one groove, curved wall.
1644Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8) surface. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) core. Ø 13.0.
1645Cat. no. Y-34: #174-104-103: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 93.
1646Fragment with part of body. Rounded, slightly hooked rim, curved wall.
1647Ø c.13.0.
1648Unassigned base
1649Cat. no. Y-35: #89-1206: Trench E. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1650Flat base, two grooves on floor.
16510 25.0.
1652Lids
1653Cat. no. Y-36: #89-1233: Trench K. Stratum III. Fig. 93.
1654Rim fragment. Thickened.
1655Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8) surface on interior and core. Ø c.18.0.
1656Cat. no. Y-37: #90-1014: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 93.
1657Rim fragment. Flat, groove at edge.
1658Fabric: Light red to red (2.5 YR 6/8-5/8) surface and core. Ø 32.0.
1659Decorated fragment (not stamped)
1660Cat. no. Y-38: #89-45: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 93.
1661Rim fragment with groove. Relief decoration: lion mane.
1662Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8). 3.9 x 3.4.
1663Stamped fragments
1664Cat. no. Y-39: #90-302: Trench B. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1665Floor fragment. Decoration: Remains of two palmbranches (diamond-shaped) and one concentric circle (two circles).
16663.3 x 3.2.
1667The sherd is too small to determine the precise decorative pattern and can only be assigned to Hayes’Style A in general. The suggested dates for Style A (i) is c.320-350, Style A (ii) c.350-420, and Style A (iii) c.410-470 (Hayes 1972, 218-219). These styles were employed on North Tunisian products (Hayes 1972, 298; Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 123)
1668Cat. no. Y-40: #160-2-55: Trench N. Stratum II. Fig. 93.
1669Floor fragment. Decoration: Remains of groove and two concentric circles (each composed of three circles).
16702.0 x 2.0.
III.14 Common wares2
1671Helle Damgaard Andersen and Helle W. Horsnæs
1672For the purposes of this publication the term ‘common wares’ has been chosen. The terminology of this quantitatively large group of pottery is, however, not precise, nor is there any general agreement as to which terms should be used. Therefore, we will present in brief some definitions of the terms here used.
1673Common wares are inspired by the Italian publications in which ceramica comune seems to be the most widespread term. In English/American publications, however, there is less consistency.
1674In the Greek world, Sparkes and Talcott used the term ‘Plain Pottery’ in the title of their thorough study of the material from the Athenian Agora, but in the text itself Plain Pottery was divided into Fine Ware (studied with the Black Ware) and Domestic Pottery, again subdivided into Household Ware (“wheelmade... local clay, suitable for use on the wheel... less fine than that used for tableware”) and Cooking Ware (“beater-and-anvil and combined techniques... gritty brown to red fabric used... for pots meant to be set over the fire”)81.
1675Edwards’study of Corinthian material, on the other hand, is divided into Wheelmade Fine Ware (including glazed types), Coarse Ware and Cooking Ware82.
1676Turning to Roman Italy, Dyson, publishing the Utilitarian pottery from Cosa, has defined the terms Kitchen Ware (“pottery that is granular, usually fire-darkened and obviously used in cooking”), Coarse Ware (“cream-colored, usually granular pottery of average quality with shapes that seemed adapted for common households tasks like carrying and pouring liquids and mixing and storing food”), and Domestic Ware (“unglazed pottery of superior manufacture, probably in part for table use”)83. There is no definition of the term Utilitarian Ware.
1677The excavators at Francolise employed a simpler classification into Fine Wares (including painted, glazed and thin-walled wares) and Coarse Wares84. Here the division between the pots that were used for cooking, and those that were not, was not maintained. On the contrary, dark-surfaced or cookingpot ware was treated together with the light-surfaced wares in order “not to duplicate similar forms”85.
1678The publication of the ceramica grezza e depurata from the excavations in Pompeii Reg. VI, ins. 5 discusses utilitarian pottery, often, but not exclusively, used for domestic purposes86. Groups of pottery that are distinguished by a special technique or a certain geographical or chronological production area, and that are normally included in the ceramica comune group, are left out. This is the case with the Pompeian-Red Ware87.
1679Chiaramonte Trere, as well as Cotton, noted that some forms are found in two varieties: one fire-darkened, presumably by its use as cooking pots, the other slipped and probably used as containers. The initial division into Cooking Ware/Kitchen Ware and Household Ware/Domestic Ware found in some of the above-mentioned studies was therefore not practical in the case of the Pompeian pottery.
1680The vicinity of Pontecagnano and Pompeii, as well as the close affinities of the material from the two sites, has made the Pompeian material the most important point of reference for the pottery from Prop. Avallone. As is the case with the Pompeian material, we have chosen not to make an initial division based on fabric types (used for cooking pots or not). Instead we have chosen a morphological classification, and for each type we have noted whether the particular type seems to have been employed for cooking or primarily for containing. The common-ware groups primarily consists of cooking ware types. This is due to the division of the material for the whole excavation of Prop. Avallone into fine wares/table wares (corresponding to Italian argilla depurata and including forms similar to glazed wares, unguentaria, thinwalled ware, and Roman slipped wares), common wares (the present group) and coarse wares (dolia, louteria, amphorae etc.).
1681The following study of the common wares pottery from Prop. Avallone was undertaken in 1996. During the excavation campaigns and registration campaigns some 250 fragments of common wares had been catalogued. In 1996 a further 410 fragments were catalogued during a three-week study season. The common-ware group is the numerically largest group of pottery, and the registered sherds are only a tiny part of the whole material. Only samples of diagnostic sherds were registered, and among them characteristic examples of the type are described in the catalogue and illustrated.
1682The material was first classified according to a morphological division: Open forms, closed forms, lids and miscellaneous forms. These groups were subdivided. A very large number of simple bases (flat bases, concave bases and ring feet) were registered, but it has proved impossible to correlate them with the various forms that are mostly defined by the rim fragments. The bases are therefore not included in the catalogue. Decorated body fragments and fragments with graffiti are described in a separate section.
1683Each class is described in general terms. This is followed by a short description of the type, its development, number of registered fragments ascribed and chronology, a discussion of the clay(s) used for the class. A list of parallels is given, normally quoting the standard works by Dyson and Chiaramonte Trere88. Furthermore parallels from excavations, especially in Campania and Southern Italy, are quoted (e.g. Posto and San Rocco at Francolise, and Poseidonia/Paestum), but we have not intended to make a comprehensive list of parallels.
1684The material from Prop. Avallone can be compared with the material from the deep soundings in Pompeii Reg. VI, ins. 5, and many forms are found on both sites. We propose that the morphological similarities reflect exchange in ideas if not in actual pots between the two areas.
1685The importance of the Prop. Avallone material is not only that it supports the typology proposed by Chiaramonte Trere, but also that the material allows us to continue the type series into the later Imperial period, whereas the Pompeian material – by its very nature – covers only the period before AD 79.
1686Looking in the other direction, towards the South, other comparanda are found in Lucanian Poseidonia/Roman Paestum. Unfortunately, common ware type series have not been published from Poseidonia. Still, many forms recur in the material from the Agora and Forum excavations, and the material from the kerameikos on display in the Paestum Museum seems to be made of clay similar to our material.
1687Common wares are characterized by their large distribution in both time and space. Many types present only minor changes during a long period. Therefore, most common-ware pottery can only be dated approximately, often no closer than ‘Hellenistic’ or ‘Imperial’. Still, some chronological conclusions may be reached when comparing the distribution of the more common forms (casserole, jar, lid-see distribution tables). Two major chronological horizons can be defined: the first is the Hellenistic/Republican phase represented by casserole type A, cooking jars and the topped lid that goes with the cooking jars. The Imperial period is seen in layers containing casserole type E, platters (except for a few un-slipped fragments that may be Hellenistic), and the ‘black rim’ lids. B IV and Ds IX seem to constitute an intermediate period being the only layers in which topped lids of some quantity are found alongside the earliest'Black Rim’type (with simple rim).
1688CATALOGUE
III. 14.1 Table and storage wares
1689OPEN FORMS
1690Carinated bowls/cups
1691The carinated bowls go back to the bowls of Archaic tradition. There is a great variation within this group, and it has not been possible to establish a chronological development. Still, some conclusions can be drawn.
1692Two cups, cat. no. Z-26 and #89-935, are almost identical. Both came from G V. Two bowls, #90-858 (K IV) and #90-1489 (H V), are closely reminiscent of the Archaic carinated impasto or bucchero bowl; in fact #90-1489 may be considered impasto (coarse clay with burnished surface). They may be residual Archaic/Classical fragments.
1693Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: Table 57.
1694Cat. no. Z-l: #89-1601: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 94.
1695Almost complete profile. Oblique wall with flanged rim, flat on top.
1696Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior and rim. Est. Ø 26.0.
1697Cat. no. Z-2: #174-55-205: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 94.
1698Almost complete profile. Small bowl, Almost carinated with a fairly vertical rim and a tapering lower body and a flat base. Distorted.
1699Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Ø of rim 10.0; Ø of base 5.5.
1700Hemispherical bowls
1701The very simple form of the hemispherical bowls has ensured the longevity of the form. There are parallels for it especially in the black-gloss wares. Cat. no. Z-27 is comparable to Morel form 2153, dated from the 3rd to early 2nd cent. BC, but is clearly made of common ware clay (Morel 1981, 142).
1702Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E III (1); E V (1).
1703Cat. no. Z-3: #89-1493: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.3-83.5/129.5. Below Level -695. Fig. 94.
1704Rim fragment with part of body. From large bowl. Rim with simple edge, flat on top, oblique wall.
1705Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4). Slightly blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 30.0-36.0.
1706Large bowl with internally thickened rim
1707Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: A III (1); E III (1).
1708Cat. no. Z-4: #90-1221: Trench A. Stratum III. 79.0/116.5. Fig. 94.
1709Rim fragment with part of body. In-turned rim, carinated and thickened internally, triangular bevelled edge.
1710Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 26.0.
1711Larger bowls/basins
1712Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: B V (1); C V (2); E IV (1).
1713Cat. no. Z-5: #89-1491: Trench E. Stratum IV. 80.5-81/129.5-131.5. Fig. 94.
1714Rim fragment with part of body. From bowl. Thickened, rounded rim with horizontal groove (orlo bifido), fairly straight wall.
1715Fabric: Reddish yellow (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 26.0-28.0.
1716Spouted bowl
1717Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G IX.
1718Miscellaneous bowls
1719Total ascribed: 19. Distribution: Ds X (1); E V (3); E VII (1); F III (2); FIV (1); G IVa (1); G V (2); H III (1); H IV (1); H V (1); K V (1); L III (1); N II (1); N III (2).
1720Cat. no. Z-6: #90-1382: Trench E. Stratum VII. 82.5/129.68. East of pavement. Fig. 94.
1721Rim fragment with part of body. Thickened, triangular rim, flat on top, curved upper body.
1722Fabric: Brown (7.5 YR 5/2). Est. Ø 18.0-26.0.
1723CLOSED FORMS
1724Jar
1725The term jar is here used synonymously with the Italian olla. The jar is normally a cooking pot, although blackening may not be seen on each individual sherd. The jars are used for preparing food as can be seen by the very common blackening of the exterior surface. A number of sherds were found with carbonized organic material still adhering to the interior surface. No doubt the jars also served as containers.
1726The group of jars comprises a great variety of rim forms, but whole profiles have rarely been reconstructed. Some flat bases in fabric similar to the rim fragments indicate that this form usually had a flat base of diameter slightly smaller than the rim diameter, but there may also have been round-bottomed jars.
1727Most (all?) of the Hellenistic/Republican jars must have been handle-less, as practically no handles similar in fabric and size were identified (similarly Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 160). For this section, Chiaramonte Trere’s typology has been followed when possible.
1728The distribution of types is shown in Table 58.
1729Jar, type 1
1730Identical with Pompeii olla type la (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 160-161) and Luni (Rossignani 1973, 411-412, no. CM2422/1, pl. 53, with references to late Republican and Augustan parallels at e.g. Ventimiglia).
1731Large jar with almond-shaped rim, diameter of rim c.18.0 cm. At Pompeii, contrary to e.g. Ostia and Luni, this form seems to become less common in the Imperial period.
1732Total ascribed: 2.
1733Cat. no. Z-7: #89-715: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Fig. 94.
1734Rim with upper half of body. Out-turned almondshaped rim, slightly rounded body.
1735Fabric: Reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/4), many inclusions (medium to large) and mica. Est. Ø 18.0.
1736Jar, variation of type 1
1737Very large jar, diameter of rim c.28.0-30.0 cm.
1738Total ascribed: 2.
1739Jar, type 2a
1740Identical with Pompeii olla type 2a (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 162). Continuously curved, thickened rim. The type is found in different levels at Pompeii, including surface (AD 79) levels.
1741Total ascribed: 1.
1742Cat. no. Z-8: #90-356: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 94.
1743Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned thickened, almost almond-shaped rim.
1744Fabric: Well levigated. Pink (5 YR 7/4) to reddish yellow (7/6). Exterior Ø 14.5.
1745Jar, type 2c
1746As Pompeii olla type 2c (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 162-163). Smaller jars with thinner wall, rim flaring in a continuous curve to rounded edge, thickened on the exterior to form an almost triangular section, and clearly set off from the collar.
1747Total ascribed: 58.
1748Cat. no. Z-9: #90-345: Trench C.Stratum V. 77.8/134.94. Level -686. Fig. 94.
1749Rim fragment with greater part of body. Very short neck, rounded upper body.
1750Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior and on rim. Est. Ø 12.5.
1751Cat. no. Z-10: #89-660: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. 88.5-91.5/136.5-138.5. Fig. 94.
1752Rim fragment with upper half of body. Almost vertical but slightly rounded upper body.
1753Fabric: Blackened on interior and exterior. Est. Ø 10.0
1754Cat. no. Z-l 1: #89-833: Trench E. Stratum V. 83.5-84.5/129.5-131.5. Fig. 94.
1755Rim fragment with upper half of body. Slightly rounded upper body.
1756Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Blackened on rim. Est. Ø 14.0.
1757Jar, type 3
1758As Pompeii olla type 3 (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 163-165, pls. 98.7-100.5). Flaring rim, cupped internally to receive a lid. At Pompeii the type is found in strata dated in the 1st cent. BC to 1st cent. AD. Contrary to Pompeii, the jars with cupped rim are relatively rare in Prop. Avallone represented by only three examples. They form a somewhat heterogeneous group that finds its closest parallels among type 3b jars from Pompeii.
1759Cat. no. Z-36 is one of the very few jars that can be restored. It is a two-handled jar with vertical strap handles from below the rim to the middle of the shoulder. It is made of well-levigated clay that is fired to an almost violet hue, very thin-walled. On the interior clear rilling from the wheel. This jar was found in E IV along with the two other almost complete jars from Prop. Avallone, #89-473A and #89-482. These three jars are made of the same fabric that is only found in these rare instances. These pots are therefore believed to have been imported.
1760Total ascribed: 3.
1761Cat. no. Z-12: #89-473B + #89-917 + #89-1044 + #89-1046: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 94.
1762Rim fragment with greater part of body. Out-turned rim, thickened at edge and slightly hollowed internally, very short neck, curved body and flat base. A small vertical strap-handle with two ridges is attached below the rim and on the shoulder.
1763Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4) to reddish brown (5 YR 4/3) with'stripes’. Blackened on exterior. Pres. H. 17.0; Ø c.12.0.
1764Cat. no. Z-13: #90-59: Trench H. Stratum III. 90.9/143.0.Level -622. Fig. 94.
1765Rim fragment with part of body. Out-turned thickened rim, slightly hollowed internally, short neck and rounded shoulder.
1766Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 12.5.
1767Jar, type 4
1768As Pompeii olla type 4 (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 165-168, pls. 100.6-102.9 and 102.11) defined as jars with straight flaring or curved rim. Jars of type 4 are represented in almost all layers, and they are well documented in the museum storerooms at Pompeii. Parallels, as well as forerunners, for the type are quoted. The type is divided into nine subtypes: 4a-4i of which the following are represented in Prop. Avallone.
1769Jar, type 4a
1770Short, slightly oblique rim with simple edge.
1771Especially cat. no. Z-39 is very close to the illustrated example from Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, no. CE 696, pl. 100.7, diameter c.16.2), but these examples from Prop. Avallone are somewhat larger (diameter c.23.0 cm); #90-1396; #90-1438 (diameter 15.0-16.0 cm).
1772Total ascribed: 4.
1773Cat. no. Z-14: #90-825: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 94.
1774Rim fragment with upper part of body. Two joining fragments. Slightly out-turned thickened rim, almost vertical.
1775Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 23.0.
1776Cat. no. Z-15: #89-1588: Trench E. Stratum V. West of the wall. 83.5-84.5/129.5. Fig. 94.
1777Rim fragment with part of body. Short out-turned rim, very short neck, rounded/flaring shoulder.
1778Fabric: Greyish brown (10 YR 5/2). Est. Ø 23.5.
1779Jar, variation of type 4a
1780Short, only slightly curving, almost cylindrical rim with bevelled edge. Only one example, the clay of which is reminiscent of the argilla figulina ware.
1781Total ascribed: 1.
1782Jar, type 4c
1783Rim with simple or bevelled edge. At Pompeii many jars of this type are one-handled, but it has only been possible to identify one fragment with a scar for a handle in Prop. Avallone (#89-1765).
1784The thickness of the wall is normally c.0.5 cm, but a group of jars of this type is thinner-walled, c.0.3-0.4 cm. The diameter of the rim of the thin-walled jars varies from c.7.0-9.0 cm, with few exceptions (#89-1490, diameter 15.0 cm). Normally the rim diameter varies from 10.0-16.0 cm. Total ascribed: 59.
1785Cat. no. Z-16: #90-361B: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 94.
1786Rim fragment with part of body. Out-turned rim, very short neck, slightly rounded shoulder.
1787Fabric: Reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/4). Th. 0.35; Ø 13.4.
1788Cat. no. Z-17: #89-681: Trench E. Stratum V. Above the pavement. 81.0-82.6/129.5-131.5. Fig. 94.
1789Rim fragment with upper part of body. Out-turned vertical rim, flattened on top, no neck, and rounded shoulder and belly.
1790Fabric: Grey on interior and exterior. Th. 0.5; Ø 14.0.
1791Jar, variation of type 4c
1792Straight flaring rim with vertical edge, the rim is clearly set off from the shoulder. The fabric is identical to cat. no. Z-36 (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, olla type 3c).
1793Total ascribed: 1.
1794Cat. no. Z-18: #89-473A + #89-918 + #89-1035 + #89-1036 + #89-1045: Trench E. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated) Wide-mouthed, out-turned rim with bevelled edge, very short neck, carinated body, rounded upper body and oblique lower body, flat base, slightly elevated at centre.
1795Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4-5 YR 4/3) with'stripes’. Blackened on exterior. Ø of rim 19.4; Ø of base 5.7.
1796Jar, type 4d
1797Short horizontal rim with rounded edge. This type is known in 11 examples from Pompeii, mainly from Hellenistic layers (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 166).
1798Total ascribed: 16.
1799Cat. no. Z-19: #90-1491: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. West of the wall. Fig. 95.
1800Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned flanged rim, flat on top.
1801Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 20.0-24.0.
1802Cat. no. Z-20: #89-1555: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.0-83.5/129.5-131.5. Below Level -702. Fig. 95.
1803Rim fragment with upper part of body. Out-turned, slightly flanged rim, flat on top, fairly narrow shoulder.
1804Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior and rim. Ø 9.2.
1805Jar, variation of type 4d
1806Rim oblique towards the exterior.
1807Total ascribed: 5.
1808Cat. no. Z-21: #90-355: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 95.
1809Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned flanged rim, bevelled on top, very short neck.
1810Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on outside and rim. Interior Ø 14.0.
1811Jar, variation of type 4d
1812Rim, almost triangular in section, oblique towards the exterior. #90-1488 has a slightly raised horizontal ridge around the neck/shoulder. A close parallel for this fragment was found in the Gravina pit dated c.75 BC (Hayes 1994, 221, no. 125, ‘honey pot’ type), another in a 2nd-cent. BC context in Cosa (Dyson 1976, 58, fig. 15 type 16IV47).
1813Total ascribed: 2.
1814Cat. no. Z-22: #90-1488: Trench H. Stratum V. Fig. 95.
1815Rim fragment with part of body. Slightly flanged rim, flat on top, short neck, rounded shoulder. Between neck and shoulder a slight ridge.
1816Fabric: Brown (7.5 YR 5/4). Blackened on interior and exterior. Est. interior Ø 12.0
1817Jar, variation of type 4d
1818Rim oblique towards the interior.
1819Total ascribed: 2.
1820Cat. no. Z-23: #90-676: Trench G. Stratum XIV. Terra battuta. Fig. 95.
1821Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned thickened rim, almost flanged, short neck.
1822Fabric: Blackened on interior and exterior (originally red). Est. exterior Ø of rim 16.0.
1823Jar, variation of type 4d
1824Short concave neck. Parallels are found in Settefinestre, Ostia and Ventimiglia in the 1st cent. AD (Papi 1985, 102, pl. 28.11 with references).
1825Total ascribed: 1.
1826Cat. no. Z-24: #89-1595: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 95.
1827Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned flanged rim, flat on top, short neck, oblique upper body.
1828Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. exterior Ø 18.0.
1829Jar, type 4e
1830Jars with bevelled edge, slightly thickened externally. This type is known in 26 examples from Pompeii, mainly from Hellenistic layers (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 166).
1831Total ascribed: 7.
1832Cat. no. Z-25: #90-523: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 95.
1833Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned rim, thickened bevelled edge, very short neck.
1834Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Exterior Ø 16.0.
1835Cat. no. Z-26: #89-1448: Trench N. Stratum V. Fig. 95.
1836Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned, slightly flanged rim that is thickened at the edge. Very short neck.
1837Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on interior and exterior, especially at the rim. Exterior Ø 18.0.
1838Jar, variation of type 4e
1839In the material from Prop. Avallone a small group of fragments seem to be related to type 4e, but is differing slightly: the edge of the flaring, thickened rim is convex and vertical.
1840Total ascribed: 9.
1841Cat. no. Z-27: #89-1479A: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.0-82.3/129.5. Below Level -695. Fig. 95.
1842Rim fragment with small part of body. Three fragments (two joining) with out-turned, almost triangular rim.
1843Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on interior and exterior. Ø 12.0.
1844Jar, type 4f?
1845Two fragments from Prop. Avallone have a double profiled rim not dissimilar from Pompeii olla type 4f (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, diameter 10.0-15.0 cm, argilla grezza bruciata, not dated), but they are also comparable to the rim profile of no. CE 39 (unidentified form), found in the pozzo in vano II with material dated from the 2nd cent. BC to the Tiberian period (argilla 6, surface blackened) Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 38, 189, pl. 108.1); Domestic Ware jug class 9 from Cosa, Forum Cistern that was filled in the late 4th or early 5th cent. AD. The cistern also held some earlier material, especially from the mid- 3rd cent. AD onwards (Dyson 1976, 161, 167 and fig. 68 no. FC37, rim diameter 6.4 cm).
1846Total ascribed: 2.
1847Cat. no. Z-28: #90-1330: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 95.
1848Rim fragment. Out-turned rim with horizontal groove, continuing into upper part of body.
1849Fabric: Hard fired. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Ø c.20.0.
1850Jar, type 5
1851It is identical to examples in Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 168, nos. CE 2227, CE 272 and CE 2004/8, pls. 102.10, 102.12-13). Only three fragments from Pompeii came from early strata. References to Republican material and 5th-cent. BC tomb contexts at Oppido Lucano (Lissi Caronna 1980, 176, fig. 79.11). A similar rim profile is found at Otranto tomb 20, dated by the fine ware from the tomb in Flavian or Trajan period, and-later-at Settefinestre in period III-VI (Papi 1985, 93, opus doliare, pls. 23.2-3). Both type 5 and the following ‘close to type 5’ are found in Hellenistic/Republican layers at Pontecagnano.
1852Total ascribed: 2.
1853Cat. no. Z-29: #89-914: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. 88.5-91.5/136.5-138.5. Fig. 95.
1854Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned rim with flat top and a squared lip. Upper body tapering outwards
1855Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 21.0.
1856Jar, close to type 5
1857As Papi 1985, opus doliare pl. 23.4
1858Total ascribed: 1.
1859Jar, type 6
1860Jars with short, almost vertical rim, comparable to Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 168-169, no. CE 623, pl. 103.2), dated from the 2nd cent. BC to the Tiberian period and Settefinestre opus doliare (Papi 1985, 93, pl. 23.1).
1861Total ascribed: 1.
1862Cat. no. Z-30: #89-631: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 95.
1863Rim fragment with part of body. Very short thickened rim, slightly out-turned, no neck, and a shoulder tapering outwards. There is a line made with a finger c.2.5 cm from the rim and an incised line 7.0 cm from the rim, both running around the circumference.
1864Fabric: Red (10 R 5/8), few mica. Blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 18.0.
1865Jar, type 7
1866Thickened, vertical and slightly concave edge, almost triangular, ovoid form, diameter of rim 14.0-17.0 cm.
1867Total ascribed: 2.
1868Cat. no. Z-31: #90-1473: Trench J. Stratum V. Destruction layer. Lower level. c.90.7/145.5. Fig. 95.
1869Rim fragment with upper part of body. Out-turned rim with concave edge, short neck, slightly rounded shoulder.
1870Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 17.0.
1871Jar, variation of type 7
1872Similar rim, cupped internally, with high almost cylindrical, slightly flaring neck (krater?).
1873Total ascribed: 1.
1874Cat. no. Z-32: #90-1327: Trench C.Stratum II. Fig. 95.
1875Rim fragment with upper part of body. Triangular, cupped rim, almost vertical upper body.
1876Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Much blackened on exterior and interior of rim. Est. Ø 23.0.
1877Jar, type 8
1878Jars with high, almost vertical rim with flat or bevelled edge.
1879Total ascribed: 3.
1880Cat. no. Z-33: #89-1056: Trench E. Stratum III. 83.5-84.5/129.5-131.5. Fig. 95.
1881Rim fragment. Slightly out-turned rim.
1882Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4), light red (2.5 YR 6/6) core. Est. Ø 16.0.
1883Jar, type 9
1884As Poseidonia/Paestum (T. Picarelli in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1987, 145, no. 722, fig. 101). Cylindrical neck with horizontal grooves on the interior, pointed rim. The fragment from Poseidonia-Paestum is not dated. It is listed among objects from saggio 60, U.S. 20, and there described as Class D “Ceramica di uso comune di eta arcaica e classica” (Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1987, 109), but it is mentioned among the dating sherds of saggio 60, U.S. 21, 4th to 3rd cent. BC (G. Hoffmann in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1987, 93).
1885Total ascribed: 2.
1886Cat. no. Z-34: #89-1578: Trench H. Stratum V. Destruction layer above wall. Fig. 95.
1887Rim fragment with part of neck. Out-turned high rim with bevelled edge/lip, groove below lip.
1888Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 25.0.
1889Krater
1890Domestic ware jar of Hellenistic tradition. The distribution is presented in Table 59.
1891Krater, type 1
1892Flanged, oblique rim, oblique, almost straight edge, straight, flaring neck.
1893Total ascribed: 2.
1894Cat. no. Z-35: #90-508: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.5-99.5/138.5-139.7. Fig. 95.
1895Rim and neck fragment.
1896Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8). Est. Ø 27.0
1897Krater, type 2
1898Thickened, flaring rim, slightly concave on top.
1899Total ascribed: 1.
1900Cat. no. Z-36: #89-1574: Trench G. Stratum X. 88.5/126.0. Level -732. Fig. 95.
1901Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned, flanged rim, thickened at edge and rounded/flattened on top (slightly grooved).
1902Fabric: Relatively hard fired. Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6). Soapy surface. Est. Ø 21.0.
1903Krater, type 3
1904Out-tumed thickened rim from which the broad strap handle springs.
1905Total ascribed: 1.
1906Cat. no. Z-37: #90-752: Trench F. Stratum VII. 80.5-81.5/137.5-138.5. (Not illustrated) Rim fragment with part of handle.
1907Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Ø c.21.0-22.0; Th. of handle 1.1.
1908Krater, type 4
1909Out-turned rim, slightly thickened at edge, oblique wall.
1910Total ascribed: 1.
1911Cat. no. Z-38: #90-1359: Trench F. Stratum XI. Area with burnt soil. 82.5/137.0. (Not illustrated)
1912Rim fragment with small part of body.
1913Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). White slip on interior and exterior. H. 4.4; W. 7.1.
1914Beaker
1915High, almost cylindrical jar, comparable to Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 160, no. CE 756 (bicchiere), pl. 97.4). Fragments of five beakers were found in Reg. VI, ins. 5, the contexts point to a date in the Hellenistic/Republican period. (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 394). One almost complete example was found in a similar context in Prop. Avallone.
1916Total ascribed: 1.
1917Cat. no. Z-39: #90-605: Trench B. Stratum VII. 77.90/131.24. Level -746. Fig. 95.
1918Complete profile, composed of 10 fragments. Flat offset base, slightly rounded lower body, almost vertical/cylindrical upper body and rim.
1919Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior. H. 13.5; Ø of rim 9.5; max. Ø 9.0; Ø of base 5.0.
1920Jug
1921One-or two-handled domestic ware jugs.
1922Whole examples of these types from Pompeii have shown that it is not possible to make a distinction between one-and two-handled jugs/amphoriscoi based on rim fragments alone (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 170).
1923Jug,type 1
1924Flaring rim, slightly hollowed internally, vertical strap handle with vertical ridges attached below the rim. Parallels for the rim profile and the strap handle with external grooves are found at Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 231, no. 17, fig. 58 in fabric C "light surfaced or plain cream ware”), probably from period IIA occupation (AD 50-200+); Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 153-155, no. 3, fig. 46), from periods II and III; Cosa (Dyson 1976, 130, no. 96, fig. 50, "coarse ware pitcher"), dated Caligulan to early Claudian period.
1925Total ascribed: 16. Distribution: Dn III (1); Ds V (1); Ds X (2); E II (1); E V (2); F III (1); FIV (1); G IV (1); G V (1); H II (1); H III (1); H IV (3);
1926Cat. no. Z-40: #90-1466: Trench Dn. Stratum III. Fig. 95.
1927Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned, slightly thickened rim with vertical strap handle attached below the rim.
1928Fabric: Well levigated and hard fired. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Est. Ø 12.0.
1929Jug, type 2
1930Rounded rim, high horizontal ridge/bulb around the neck, vertical handle with vertical ridges attached below the ridge.
1931Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: Dn IV (1); Ds X (1); J III (1). Not illustrated.
1932Jug, type 4
1933Rounded rim, cylindrical neck with horizontal grooves around upper part of neck, horizontal tubular handle attached below the rim: #89-758. This fragment may be compared to Pompeii type la (brocche o anforette) (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 170) in particular nos. CE 2092 (pl. 105.2) and CE 2125 (pl. 105.5). This type is normally found in the upper levels at Pompeii, and it is dated until the Tiberian period. Similar examples are known from e.g. Carthage (Fulford 1994, 70, closed forms type 1, dated by its context late lst/early 2nd cent. AD).
1934Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H III. Not illustrated.
1935Jug, type 4a
1936Only rim preserved, larger. The upper part of the rim is thickened with a band of broad, horizontal grooves.
1937Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds VI. Not illustrated.
1938Jug, type 5
1939Pointed rim, high horizontal ridge/bulb around the neck. Only rim preserved.
1940Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: B IV.
1941Cat. no. Z-41: #90-1462: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 95.
1942Rim and neck fragment. Slightly out-turned triangular rim, oblique neck tapering inwards.
1943Fabric: Very fine and soft. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Est. Ø 7.0.
1944Jug, type 6
1945Jug with double vertical handle.
1946Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
1947Cat. no. Z-42: #89-61A + #89-1110: Trench E. Stratum V. 82.05/130.15. Level -701. Fig. 95.
1948Rim fragment with upper half of body. Composed of 13 fragments. Out-turned rim, bevelled edge, and a slight ridge between rim and shoulder. The body is carinated, the upper part of body oblique. Broken across the upper part of the lower body.
1949Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 11.5.
1950Jug, type 7
1951Jugs(?) with simple rim
1952Jug, type 7a
1953Simple flaring rim and cylindrical neck.
1954Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H III.
1955Cat. no. Z-43: #90-1259: Trench H. Stratum III. 89.5/140.5. Fig. 95.
1956Rim and neck fragment. Out-turned, thickened rim with rounded edge, narrow neck. Thin horizontal ridges on the exterior of the rim.
1957Fabric: Pink (5 YR 8/3). Est. Ø 7.5.
1958Jug, type 7b
1959Simple rim and concave neck.
1960Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E VI.
1961Cat. no. Z-44: #90-1377: Trench E. Stratum VI. 82.5/ 129.5. Fig. 95.
1962Simple, slightly out-turned rim, continuing into upper body.
1963Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 8.0.
1964Jug, type 7c
1965Simple rim and straight, cylindrical to slightly flaring, neck.
1966Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: G V (1); M III (1).
1967Cat. no. Z-45: #174-103-69: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
1968Slightly inwards tapering neck with a simple rim and clear turning-marks on exterior.
1969Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3) paint on exterior. Est. Ø 9.0.
1970Jug (?), neck fragments
1971Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: F III (2).
1972Cat. no. Z-46: #89-1460: Trench F. Stratum III. 84.5/ 137.5. Fig. 95.
1973Body fragment with narrow neck and rounded shoulder.
1974Fabric: Hard fired. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). H. 4.9; W. 6.4.
1975Lekythos
1976High, one-handled jug with very narrow mouth.
1977Total ascribed: 7. Distribution: Table 60.
1978Cat. no. Z-47: #90-1454: Trench A. Stratum V. 77.5/118. Fig. 95.
1979Neck fragment. Cylindrical neck with vertical strap handle.
1980Fabric: Hard fired and well levigated. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). H. 4.9; W. 3.4; Ø of neck 2.8; W. of handle 2; Th. of handle 0.5.
1981Oinochoai
1982No complete (or even near complete) oinochoai were found, but a number of fragments of trefoil lips may belong to oinochoai. This apparent rarity of oinochoai is mirrored in the finds from Pompeii, Reg. VI, ins. 5 (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 173: brocche o anforette type 3).
1983Total ascribed: 12. Distribution: Ds X (2); G IVa (1); G V (4); H IV (2); K V (1); L IV (1); N V (1).
1984Cat. no. Z-48: #174-55-136: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 95.
1985Out-turned rim, slightly thickened at edge and an almost cylindrical neck. Below is a small fragment of a handle.
1986Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø of rim 5.5-7.0
1987Body fragments of jug
1988Total ascribed: 2.
III.14.2 Cooking wares
1989OPEN FORMS
1990Casserole A
1991Tegame. Relatively flat-bottomed cooking ware casserole in Greek Hellenistic tradition. The type is especially common in contexts from the 4th to 3rd cent. BC, but it lived on for some time into the 2nd cent. BC.During this period the type was gradually replaced by the deeper casserole (cf. below casserole D). The production seems to have ceased in the late Republican period. The form is rare in Pompeii, except for the excavations in Reg. VI, ins. 5 and the Casa del Fauno.
1992Parallels: Acquappesa (Guzzo 1978, with references); Cozzo Presepe (Morel 1970, especially 98-116, with references); Eboli, tomb 37 (F. Longo & M. Viscione in Greci in Occidente 1996, 79, no. 36.28); Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 144, tegame type 1, with references); Sant’ArcangeloSan Brancato, tomb 386 (Loprete 1996, 261-262, no. 3.39.43); Otranto (Semeraro 1992, 67, no. 291, with references).
1993The tegami from Prop. Avallone are divided into six subtypes (plus various fragments that cannot be assigned to any of these types). The subdivisions seem to have no chronological implications.
1994Total ascribed: 57. Distribution: Table 61.
1995Casserole A, type 1
1996Rounded rim and deep furrow, comparable to Pompeii types lb (#89-661, #90-812), l c (#89-142, #90-524); and 1d (#90-144) (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 143).
1997Total ascribed: 7.
1998Cat. no. Z-49: #89-142: Trench G. Stratum X. 89.34/126.55. Level -738. Fig. 96.
1999Rim fragment with part of body. Grooved rim, vertical to oblique upper body. Below the rim horizontal, tubular handle attached.
2000Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 26.0; Th. of handle 1.5.
2001Casserole A, type 2
2002Broad flat rim and short concave collar. Parallels are found in Albanella (Cipriani 1989, fig. 20 H127); Poseidonia/Paestum, lopas from Ekklesiasterion (A.,Serritella in Greci in Occidente 1996, 270-271, no. 252, end 4th to beg. 3rd cent. BC; Poseidonia/Paestum (A. Fiammenghi in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1983, 117, nos. 183-185, fig. 66); Roccagloriosa (H. Fracchia & A. Keith in Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 268, no. 261).
2003Total ascribed: 2.
2004Cat. no. Z-50: #90-1224: Trench F. Stratum V. East of the wall. 83.5-84.5/136.5-138.5. Fig. 96.
2005Rim and body fragment. Two joining fragments of carinated tegame. Out-turned rim, flat on top, concave/hollowed internally with a seating for a lid, almost vertical upper body, tapering lower body.
2006Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior and rim. Est. Ø 24.0.
2007Casserole A, type 3
2008Broad flat rim, cf. Acquappesa (Guzzo 1978, orlo piano, 469-470 and fig. 4); Pompeii tegame type le (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 143).
2009Total ascribed: 21.
2010Cat. no. Z-51: #89-297: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 82.60/124.86. Level -740.5. Fig. 96.
2011Rim and body fragment. Two joining fragments. Outturned rim, flat on top, internal seating for a lid, flaring upper body.
2012Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4), medium inclusions and mica. Partly blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 25.5.
2013Cat. no. Z-52: #90-1227: Trench F. Stratum V. East of the wall. 83.5-84.5/136.5-138.5. Fig. 96.
2014Rim and body fragment. Flanged rim with internal seating for a lid, almost vertical shoulder/upper part of body.
2015Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on rim and exterior. Est. Ø 24.0.
2016Casserole A, type 4
2017Close to type 3, but with narrower rim, comparable to Pompeii tegame type la (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 143).
2018Total ascribed: 3.
2019Cat. no. Z-53: #89-632: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. 83.0/123.0. Fig. 96.
2020Rim fragment with part of body. Out-turned rim with bevelled edge, slightly hollowed internally to form a seating for a lid. The upper body is almost vertical.
2021Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3). Traces of blackening on interior and exterior. Est. Ø 22.0.
2022Casserole A, type 5
2023Narrow, rounded rim, inside tapering towards furrow. It is close to Acquappese (Guzzo 1978, orlo obliquo, 470 and fig. 4).
2024Total ascribed: 13.
2025Cat. no. Z-54: #90-1502: Trench F. Stratum V. Balk. 83.5-84.5/136.5-139.5. Fig. 96.
2026Rim and body fragment. Out-turned rim slightly pointed edge with an internal seating for a lid, oblique upper body.
2027Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior of lower body. Est. Ø 18.0.
2028Casserole A, type 6
2029‘Double’ rim.
2030Total ascribed: 1.
2031Cat. no. Z-55: #89-986: Trench G. Stratum IX. 88.5/126.0. (Not illustrated)
2032Thick moulded rim, hollowed internally to create a seating for a lid. Finger indentation at one end, probably where the horizontal handle was attached.
2033Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). H. 3.5; W. 5.9.
2034Casserole A, without subdivision
2035Total ascribed: 10.
2036Cat. no. Z-56: #89-842: Trench G. Stratum X. 88.5/126. Fig. 96.
2037Rim fragment with part of body. Almost vertical rim, flat on top with an internal seating for a lid, no neck; the rim continues straight unto the upper body.
2038Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 28.0.
2039Casserole B
2040Tegame. It is identical with Pompeii tegame type 3, which is regarded ‘pre-Roman’ (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 144-145, nos. CE 177 and CE 162, pls. 88.4-5, with references).
2041Total ascribed: 1.
2042Cat. no. Z-57: #90-318: Trench B. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated) Rim fragment. Flanged rim with 2 grooves on top of rim, almost vertical upper body.
2043Fabric: Blackened on interior and exterior. Est. Ø 32.0.
2044Casserole C
2045Tegame. Identical with Pompeii tegame type 4a (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 145, nos. CE 1330/2 and CE 1334, pls. 88.6-7). It is regarded to be a Hellenistic development of her type 3 (cf. above Casserole B). The type is comparable to Cosa, Flat-Bottomed Pan class 4 (Dyson 1976, 22, fig. 1, CF11. The Capitoleum Fill was dated c.275-150 BC, references to mid- 3rd cent. comparanda).
2046Total ascribed: 1.
2047Cat. no. Z-58: #90-400: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 96.
2048Rim and body fragment. Flanged rim, flat on top with a ridge towards the interior. Carinated with an almost vertical upper body, and a tapering lower body.
2049Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 28.0.
2050Casserole D
2051Casserole with horizontal rim. The pentola, or deep casserole, replaced the relatively flat tegame type during the latter part of the Republican period (Vegas 1968, 38; Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 152).
2052Casserole D, type 1
2053Identical with Pompeii pentola type 2b (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 151, nos. CE 400 and CE 409, pls. 92.2-3). This pentola is among the earliest examples of the deep casserole (cf. above).
2054Total ascribed: 2.
2055Cat. no. Z-59: #90-1501: Trench F. Stratum V. Balk. 83.5-84.5/136.5-139.5. Fig. 96.
2056Rim fragment with small part of body. Out-turned flanged rim, flat on top, slightly cupped on inside.
2057Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Est. Ø 30.0.
2058Casserole D, type 2
2059Identical with Gabii (Vegas 1968, 40-42, “Schüssel mit Horizontalrand”, dated 1st cent. BC to 1st cent. AD).
2060Total ascribed: 1.
2061Cat. no. Z-60: #174-9-287: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 96.
2062Rim fragment. Flanged broad rim, flat on top and thickened at edge, with a slight groove near neck.
2063Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø of rim 30.0.
2064Casserole E: Hayes Form 197
2065African utilitarian ware. Rounded rim thickened on the exterior, grooved lid seating, more or less vertical wall, rounded bottom. Suggested date by Hayes: late 2nd to mid-3rd cent. AD (Hayes 1972, 209). At Cosa it is comparable to Class 13 (Dyson 1976, 141 and fig. 54, LS6-10), dated late 1st to early 3rd cent. AD.
2066Roffia referred to late lst-cent. AD examples from Ventimiglia stratum III, c.AD 90-250 (Roffia 1973, ceramica a patina cenerognola type 2, 409-410, pls. 72.10-12). The types comparable to the casseroles from Prop. Avallone are, however, from Ventimiglia stratum IIIB. This stratum is sealed by the preceding stratum IIIA and is clearly differentiated from both this and the underlying stratum IIIC.Stratum IIIA is dated post AD 138/161 to mid-3rd cent. by a 2nd-cent. coin, probably of Antoninus Pius from the layer itself and a Quintillius coin from stratum II. Stratum IIIB was regarded by Lamboglia as characteristic of the advanced 2nd cent. AD (Lamboglia 1950, 27).
2067The fact that neither this type, nor its forerunner (Dyson 1976, 118, Class 13, fig. 44, dep. 2211-17), was found in the excavations in Reg. VI, ins. 5 in Pompeii, supports Lamboglia's and Hayes’dating of the beginning of the type in the (late?) 2nd cent. AD. The excavations at Carthage indicate that the type lived on well into the 4th cent. AD (Fulford 1994, 60, form casserole type 26: the earliest examples are dated in the late 2nd cent. AD, but examples of the form cluster in 4th-cent. AD context).
2068Other examples: Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 158 and figs. 47.1-4, unstratified); Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 222, bowl no. 3, Period IIA, Augustan to 200+ AD).
2069Casserole E, type 1
2070Large casseroles with ‘double’ rim. The largest fragment (#90-1220) is carinated. The lower part of body/base is unknown. The fabric (cooking ware) is rather coarse, the colour varies from orange to brown.
2071Total ascribed: 6.
2072Cat. no. Z-61: #90-1252: Trench A. Stratum III. Fig. 96.
2073Rim and body fragment. Thickened rounded rim with groove on top, slightly convex upper body.
2074Fabric: Light reddish brown (2.5 YR 6/4). Est. Ø 22.0.
2075Casserole E, type 2
2076Smaller casseroles, a patina cenerognola, with ‘double’ rim and horizontal rilling on the interior of the neck/body. Very hard fired clay.
2077Total ascribed: 5.
2078Cat. no. Z-62: #89-748: Trench G. Cleaning of stratum IV and IVa before excavation 1989. Fig. 96.
2079Rim fragment with small part of body. Almost vertical upper body, rilling on interior.
2080Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Dark reddish grey (5 YR 4/2) patina. Est. Ø 24.0.
2081Casserole E, type 3
2082Smaller casserole with smaller rim, carinated. Horizontal rilling on the interior, no rilling below base.
2083Total ascribed: 1.
2084Cat. no. Z-63: #174-104-14: Trench M. Stratum IV. 100.5-103.5/128.5-130.5. Fig. 96.
2085Rim and body fragment. Carinated body with an externally thickened rim and a groove on top near interior, vertical upper body with rilling on interior, and a tapering lower body.
2086Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8). Est. Ø 16.0.
2087Casserole E, type 4
2088Small rim of casserole with small rim diameter. Coarse clay.
2089Total ascribed: 1.
2090Cat. no. Z-64: #174-55-128: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 96.
2091Rolled rim with a ridge towards the interior, cylindrical upper body.
2092Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 17.0.
2093Platters with
2094orlo bifido Large platter, the height is restored to max. 6.0 cm, the diameter varies from 22.0 to 32.0 cm. It is identical with Pompeii tegame type 5 (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 147-148, 147 note 41, nos. CE 53, CE 404 and CE 1130/3, pls. 89.8-90.2). Tegame type 5 is subdivided into type 5a with convex wall and type 5b with an almost straight wall. Type 5a is considered a forerunner for Pompeian-Red Ware and found in Augustan to Tiberian layers, while type 5b is a forerunner for the African patina cenerognola, (cf. Roffia 1977, 185, nos. CM 5591 and CM 12156, pls. 122.6-7) and found from the second half of 2nd cent. BC to the Tiberian period. At Cosa both types are found from the late 2nd cent. BC, and production into the 1st cent. AD is attested here as well as at Ostia, Luni and Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 148). At Luni the straight-walled variety is found in contexts dated from the 1st cent. BC to 1st cent. AD (Rossignani 1973, 411, no. CM 2430, pl. 53, with references to other finds). The proposed dating is confirmed by the Prop. Avallone contexts.
2095For distribution, see Table 62.
2096Platters with orlo bifido, type 1
2097Identical with Pompeii tegame type 5a (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, late 2nd cent. BC to 1st cent. AD).
2098Total ascribed: 3.
2099Cat. no. Z-65: #89-1033: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 96.
2100Rim fragment with part of body.
2101Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior. Est. Ø 22.0.
2102Cat. no. Z-66: #89-1453: Trench K. Stratum III. Fig. 96.
2103Rim fragment with part of body.
2104Fabric: Pale red (10 R 5/4). Blackened on interior and exterior. Est. Ø 22.0.
2105Platters with orlo bifido, type 2
2106Identical with Pompeii tegame type 5b (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, late 2nd cent. BC to 1st cent. AD).
2107Total ascribed: 3.
2108Cat. no. Z-67: #90-670: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 96.
2109Rim.fragment with part of body. Composed of two fragments.
2110Fabric: Blackened on interior and exterior. Est. Ø 26.5.
2111Frying pan-sartago.
2112The Prop. Avallone example is comparable to Pompeii tegame type 9, identified as a sartago (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 149, no. CE 542/1, pl. 90.8). Here it was found in scarico 1 in saggio 2 that was closed in the mid-2nd cent. BC.A Hellenistic/Republican date is probable also for #89-531, which came from the area east of the tile pavement.
2113Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
2114Cat. no. Z-68: #89-531: Trench E. Stratum V. 82.5-84.1/129.5-131.5. East of the tile pavement. Level -711. Fig. 96.
2115Fragment of frying pan with tubular handle.
2116Fabric: Coarse. Red (10 R 5/6). Blackened on underside. H. 2.8; W. 7.1; est. Ø (without handle) 23.0.
III. 14.3 Lids
2117The lids from Prop. Avallone can be divided into three groups. The first consists of relatively small, topped lids with simple, flat or bevelled rim. The second group consists of larger lids. This group is characterized by the relatively homogeneous clay, subdivided into three fabric types, often with a clear, intentional blackening of the rim. Some of these rim forms can be compared with forms from the orlo annerito group from Luni (Roffia 1973, 404-412). The third group is formed by lids of the same size, and in some cases of the same form as the second group, but the clay differs and no blackening of the rim is found.
2118For distribution, see Table 63.
2119Lid with top, type A
2120Small dome-shaped lids made in one piece with top. The top is normally hollow. The lids are made in cooking ware, and many of them are blackened.
2121The small lids are very common from the earliest levels excavated (late 4th cent. BC) until the late Republican/early Imperial period. During a transitional phase, represented by B IV and Ds IX, the small lids are found alongside the orlo annerito lids with simple rim. Later other orlo annerito types became dominant.
2122Lid with top, type 1
2123Lid with simple rim and almost cylindrical top.
2124Total ascribed: Small lids: 5.
2125Cat. no. Z-69: #89-447: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. From destruction layer. Level -724. Fig. 97.
2126Complete profile. Bevelled edge.
2127Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/6), few inclusions and a little mica. H. 4; W. 9.5; Ø of top 1.85; est. Ø 9.5.
2128Total ascribed: Medium size lids with more rounded rim: 2.
2129Total ascribed: Large, less domed lids: 1.
2130Lid with top, type 2
2131Same form as type 1 but with asymmetrical top. No examples of rim are preserved. The clay varies from hue 2.5 YR to more reddish or brownish. Most of the lids have secondary firing.
2132Total ascribed: Small lids: 9.
2133Cat. no. Z-70: #89-716: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Fig. 97.
2134Asymmetrical top.
2135Fabric: Red (10 R 5/8), few inclusions and mica. H. 4.5; W. 6.8; Ø of top 2.5.
2136Total ascribed: Larger lids: 4.
2137Cat. no. Z-71: #89-719: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Fig. 97.
2138Asymmetrical top.
2139Fabric: Red (10 R 5/6), few inclusions and mica. Blackened on interior and exterior. H. 3.7; W. 8.6; Ø of top 2.5.
2140Lid with top, type 3
2141Lid with a top with bevelled edges, slightly off-set at the ends. The top is solid. No rim is preserved.
2142Total ascribed: 1.
2143Cat. no. Z-72: #89-261: Trench H. Stratum V. Destruction layer above the wall. 91.39/139.35. Level -664. Fig. 97.
2144Lid with large knob.
2145Fabric: Secondarily burnt. Ø of knob 5.2
2146Lid with top, type 4
2147Large and flat lids with a depression in the top. No rim is preserved.
2148Total ascribed: 3.
2149Cat. no. Z-73: #89-906B: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. From destruction layer. Fig. 97.
2150Ø of top 4.0.
2151Lid with top, type 589
2152Lid with top, type 6
2153Small to medium sized lids with off-set vertical rim on the top. The flat rim is preserved on three lids. The clay varies from 2.5 YR 6/6 to more brownish. Most lids have traces of secondary firing.
2154Total ascribed : 14.
2155Cat. no. Z-74: #89-906A: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 97.
2156Complete profile. Slightly flattened rim. Traces of cord on top.
2157Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Traces of blackening on interior. H. 4.8; Ø of top 2.9.
2158Larger lids: Total ascribed: 2.
2159Cat. no. Z-75: #90-795: Trench F. Stratum IVa. Below the covering of 1989. Fig. 97.
2160Traces of cord on top. On top an incised X.
2161Fabric: Blackened on interior and exterior. H. 4.4; W. 7.4; Ø of top 3.8.
2162Variation with off-set profiled rim on top: Total ascribed: 1.
2163Variation with off-set oblique rim on top: Total ascribed: 1.
2164Very flat lid: Total ascribed: 1.
2165Cat. no. Z-76: #90-450A: Trench H. Stratum V. East of the wall. 90.05/136.85. Level -685. Fig. 97.
2166Traces of cord on top.
2167H. 3.8; W. 8.7; Ø of top 3.8.
2168Lid with top, type 7
2169Oblique wall, flat edge. The clay varies from 2.5 YR 6/6 to more brownish. One is grey. Most of them are blackened.
2170Total ascribed: 5.
2171Cat. no. Z-77: #89-226: Trench G. Stratum X. 89.17/126.6. Level -736; Level -743. Fig. 97.
2172Central top, two joining fragments. The rim is not preserved.
2173Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Blackened on exterior. H. 4.0; W. 10.4; Ø of top 3.2.
2174Other lids with top
2175These may have e.g. flat or simple rims. Total ascribed: 33.
2176Orlo annerito lids, type B
2177According to Fulford (1994, 64-68), most lids have blackened rim and outer surface. Elaborate rims seem to develop later than simple rims. The orlo annerito lids have been divided into three fabric types: Fabric A is used for type 1. The fabric is coarse with extremely many black, white and micaceous inclusions up to 1 mm in diameter. The fracture is very rough. The surface is either smoothed (by wet sponge) or slipped in the colour of the clay.
2178Fabric B is used for type 2. The fabric is coarse with many inclusions (as fabric A), but generally smaller inclusions than fabric A. The fabric therefore seems smoother. More porous than fabric A. Surface as fabric A.
2179Fabric C is used for types 3-5. The fabric is fine and hard fired with few inclusions. A variation used for some lids of form 5 is more yellowish than normally, probably due to different firing conditions.
2180For distribution, see Tables 63-64.
2181Orlo annerito lids, type 1
2182Folded rim.
2183Total ascribed: 2.
2184Cat. no. Z-78: #90-766A+B: Trench A. Stratum III. Fig. 97.
2185Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Ø 24.0.
2186Orlo annerito lids, type 2
2187Simple rim. As Pompeii coperchio type lb (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 175, 191, no. CE 695, pl. 110.4), found in all layers except the Archaic ones. There seems to be no morphological development.
2188Total ascribed: 8.
2189Cat. no. Z-79: #90-1460: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 97.
2190Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/8). Blackened on interior and exterior. Est. Ø 22.0-24.0.
2191Orlo annerito lids, type 3
2192Thickened rim, as Luni type la and lb; Ostia type I; Hayes Form 192 (Hayes 1972, 207, 1st cent. BC to 1st cent. AD, probably predecessor of Form 196) and Form 196 (Hayes 1972, 208-209, probably mid-2nd to mid- 3rd cent AD, lid to Hayes Form 23). It has not been possible to retain the subdivision used in these works.
2193Total ascribed: 32.
2194Cat. no. Z-80: #174-6-15A: Trench Ds. Stratum VI. Fig. 97.
2195Very thickened rim.
2196Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 24.0
2197Cat. no. Z-81: #90-1306: Trench L. Stratum III. 96.5-98.5/138.5-140.5. Level -641. Fig. 97.
2198Dome-shaped.
2199Fabric: Red (10 R 5/6). Est. Ø 31.5.
2200Orlo annerito lids, type 4
2201Almost triangular thickened rim. Very close to Hayes Form 192 (Hayes 1972, 207, 1st cent. BC to 1st cent. AD); in Pompeii found in all layers, except the Archaic ones. There seems to be no morphological development (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 175, 191, no. CE 747, pl. 110.7).
2202Total ascribed: 2.
2203Cat. no. Z-82: #89-973: Trench E. Stratum III. Balk. 80.5-81/129.25-131.5. Fig. 97.
2204Fabric: Red (10 R 5/6). Est. Ø 26.0.
2205Orlo annerito lids, type 5
2206Very out-turned rim (‘hooked’ rim). As Hayes Form 195 (Hayes 1972, 208, presumably dating from the second half of 2nd to first half of 3rd cent. AD).
2207Total ascribed: 3.
2208Cat. no. Z-83: #89-620: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 97.
2209Flanged rim, flat on top.
2210Fabric: Well levigated. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8), darker on the rim and upper part of bowl on exterior, very few inclusions. Est. Ø 26.0-27.0.
2211Other lids, type C
2212Dome-shaped lid with folded rim, as orlo annerito type 1.
2213Total ascribed: 10.
2214Cat. no. Z-84: #174-55-123: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 97.
2215Composed of three fragments.
2216Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Blackened on rim both interior and exterior. Est. Ø 28.0.
2217Dome-shapes, almost flat lid. Very close to orlo annerito form, but the fabric differs: it is brown with many inclusions/mica.
2218Total ascribed: 2.
2219Cat. no. Z-85: #89-669: Trench F. Stratum III. 84.5/136.5. Fig. 97.
2220Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Est. Ø 22.0 Large, almost flat lid with thickened rim.
2221Total ascribed: 1.
2222Cat. no. Z-86: #89-896: Trench G. Stratum IX. 88.5/126.0. Fig. 97.
2223Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 22.0.
2224Lid with simple rim and straight wall.
2225Total ascribed: 1.
2226Cat. no. Z-87: #89-1488B: Trench E. Stratum IV. 80.5-81/129.5-131.5. Fig. 97.
2227Est. Ø 18.0.
2228Lids with thickened rim.
2229Total ascribed: 2.
2230Cat. no. Z-88: #90-675: Trench G. Stratum XIV. Terra battuta. Fig. 97.
2231Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø 12.0-14.0.
III. 14.4 Miscellaneous types
2232Sieve
2233Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G IX.
2234Cat. no. Z-89: #89-122: Trench G. Stratum IX. 89.07/127.77. Level -696. Fig. 97.
2235Six holes (or part of six holes) are preserved at the bottom of a jar (?) on a ring foot (broken off).
2236Fabric: Coarse. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4). H. 2.5; W. 0.8.
2237Askos
2238Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E V.
2239Cat. no. Z-90: #89-1105 + #89-1106: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 97.
2240Body fragment from lentoid askos with narrow neck. Reconstructed from 7 joining fragments (+ another 3 fragments.), large parts missing. Possibly flat base.
2241Fabric: Weak red (10 R 5/2). Dark grey (10 YR 4/1) slip (?). H. 6.4; est. max. Ø 10.0; est. Ø of base 5.0.
2242Decorated fragments
2243The decoration may be impressed (26 examples), incised (18 examples) or in relief (2 examples).
2244Fragments with graffiti
2245All examples of incised marks on common ware pottery came from the same layer, dated in the Imperial period.
2246Potter’s mark/trade marks: Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds V (2).
2247Greek letters/numerals: Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds V.
III.15 Coarse wares90
2248Margit von Mehren
2249The study of coarse wares has been a neglected field. Nowadays they are included in most excavation publications. Nonetheless it is still extremely rare to find an article on this topic.No monographs have yet been written.
2250As the coarse ware group from Prop. Avallone is defined as vessels with a thickness of about one centimetre or more, it will necessarily be a very mixed group. The material includes different fabrics which can be divided into two fabric groups: dark coarse fabrics and relatively coarse, lighter coloured fabrics. These will be referred to in the catalogue as DCF and LCF. Functionally the coarse ware group includes vessels for storing, preparing, cooking and baking food. A variety of forms are represented. The dark coarse fabrics are mainly used for basins, bowls and dolia, while the relatively coarse, lighter coloured fabrics are mostly used for mortaria. Many of these were probably local products, but their local production cannot be ascertained. To a large extent the morphological repertoire is recognizable from sites near Pontecagnano either from coarse ware items or as forms borrowed from other types of pottery: black-gloss ware, thin-walled ware, common ware etc.Most forms may span a very long period of time, thus they are almost impossible to date exactly. The research is mainly based on significant rim profiles. The total amount of coarse ware consists of 367 diagnostic fragments with the largest concentrations in Ds X, E V, G V, H III and H V (Table 65). A selection of the material is presented in the catalogue.
2251CATALOGUE
III.15.1 Vessels for food preparation and storage
2252OPEN FORMS
2253Basins
2254Basins are known from earliest times all over the Mediterranean world. They were placed on the hearth for cooking or frying. In the case of the simple types found at Pontecagnano, they may have functioned as baking trays or contained embers.
2255Total ascribed: 68. Distribution: Table 66. The highest concentrations occur in G V and H III.
2256Basin type A
2257Shallow flat-bottomed basin of burnished coarse ware with plain rounded rim and oblique short wall with an external flange at base level at the entire circumference.
2258Such basins with but four triangular lugs are known in Italy from the Villanovan period onwards. Blackened marks inside some of the basins from Casale Pian Roseto indicate that they once might contain embers (Threipland & Torelli 1970, 81, fig. 26, with references).
2259The type is not common, but basins from the 4th cent. BC at Albanella offer good parallels to the Prop. Avallone type (Cipriani 1989, tegame, 87-89, nos. H 133 and H 136, fig. 21; clibanus, 94-95, no. H 172, fig. 23, 4th cent. BC, with references). Further parallels are found amongst unpublished material from habitation areas at Pontecagnano and Eboli. Others are found at Poseidonia/Paestum, but without provenance (Cipriani 1989, 89).
2260Total ascribed: 5.
2261Cat. no. AA-1: #89-588: Trench E. Stratum V. 82.6-84.10/129.5-131.5. Below Level -707. Fig. 98.
2262Base fragment with small part of wall.
2263Fabric: DCF. Hard fired and solid. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), with mica. Grey core. Secondarily burnt. Th. of wall 1.2; Th. of base 1.1; Ø of base c.20.0.
2264Cat. no. AA-2: #89-778: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 98.
2265Base fragment with small part of wall.
2266Fabric: DCF. Hard fired and solid. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4). Th. of wall 1.0; Th. of base 0.86-1.17; Ø of base c.36.0-38.0.
2267Basin type B
2268Oblique or slightly curved wall. The form is identical with type A, but without the flange. Many complete profiles are preserved. Heights vary from 4.0 to 5.9 cm, thickness of wall from 1.3 to 2.3, thickness of base 1.3 to 2.2, Ø of rim 22.0 to 40.0; the clay varies from red (2.5 YR 5/8) to reddish brown (5 YR 5/3). They may be blackened on the exterior. Decoration consists of impressed rosettes on the interior of the base (#174-3-2) or oblique notches on the edge of the rim (#174-104-62).
2269Type B may tentatively be compared to ‘pizza pans’ from Valesio (Yntema 2001, 317-321, N 51, late 4th to early 2nd cent. BC), tegame type 9 from Pompeii (Romanazzi 1986, 41, 51-52, pl. 12.6-9) and Doganella (Perkins & Walker 1990, 37, type 7, fig. 32.19, Doganella is dated 7th to 3rd cent. BC).
2270Total ascribed: 31.
2271Cat. no. AA-3: #174-3-2: Trench Ds. Stratum III. Fig. 98.
2272Base fragment with part of wall. On the interior of the base two impressed rosettes are partially preserved.
2273Fabric: DCF. Coarse. Red (2.5 YR 5/8), mica, small shining black and white and red inclusions. Th. of wall 2.3; Th. of base 2.1; est. Ø of base c.26.0.
2274Cat. no. AA-4: #89-1700: Trench F. Stratum IV. Fig. 98.
2275Complete profile.
2276Fabric: DCF. Red (2.5 YR 5/8). H. 4.5; Th. of wall 1.4-1.6; Th. of base 1.7; est. Ø of rim c.40.0; est. Ø of base c.38.0.
2277Cat. no. AA-5: #174-53-17: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 98.
2278Complete profile.
2279Fabric: DCF. Light red to red (2.5 YR 6/6-516), mica, small shining black inclusions, small white and medium brown inclusions. Slip on the interior and exterior (except below the base), same colour as fabric.H. 4.5; Th. of wall 1.5; Th. of base 1.4; est. Ø of rim c.26.0; est. Ø of base c.24.0.
2280Basin type C
2281Simple rim, almost vertical wall and plain base. This type is deeper than B and with straight walls. No exact parallels have been found.
2282Total ascribed: 2.
2283Cat. no. AA-6: #90-460: Trench H. Stratum V. 91.4-91.5/c.143.0. Cleaning after destruction layer. Fig. 98.
2284Complete profile.
2285Fabric: DCF. Red. Blackened on exterior and interior, especially near the base. H. 10.5; est. Ø of rim 28.0.
2286Bowls
2287Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: Table 67.
2288Bowl type A
2289Out-turned rim and slanting wall with a pattern of oblique lines above cross-hatching. May be compared to Amelia (Angelelli 1998-1999, 28, no. 92b, fig. 14 [tegame, vemice rossa interna]).
2290Total ascribed: 1.
2291Cat. no. AA-7: #89-146: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 98.
2292Rim fragment with part of wall.
2293Fabric: DCF. Red (2.5 YR 5/8), inclusions. H. 4.8; W. 6.3; Th. of wall 1.2.
2294Bowl type B
2295Projecting flat-topped rim and curved neck decorated with marks of indentations below the rim.
2296Total ascribed: 1.
2297Cat. no. AA-8: #90-859: Trench K. Stratum V. Destruction layer. Fig. 98.
2298Rim fragment with part of wall.
2299Fabric: DCF. Est. Ø min. 30.0.
2300Parallels: May be compared to Armento (Russo Tagliente 1995, 99-100, no. 297, fig. 99, 3rd cent. BC); Gravina (Cotton 1992, 175, no. 1300, fig. 65); Pompeii (Romanazzi 1986, 71, 99, pl. 27.5),
2301Bowl type C
2302Thick triangular, flat-topped rim and steeply slanting wall.
2303Total ascribed: 1.
2304Cat. no. AA-9: #90-1133: Trench F. Stratum V. 82.5-83.5/138.5-139.5. Fig. 98.
2305Fabric: DCF. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), mica, small and large brown inclusions. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4) slip on interior and exterior. Th. of wall 1.3; Th. of rim 3.2; est. Ø c.40.0.
2306Parallels: Close to Valesio (Yntema 2001, 305-307 and 310, N1l, no. 571 with references, late 3rd to first half of 2nd cent. BC); may be compared to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 161, no. 5, fig. 49).
2307Bowl type D
2308Angular, projecting flat-topped rim, concave-convex wall.
2309Total ascribed: 1.
2310Cat. no. AA-10: #90-281: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.5/142.5. Fig. 99.
2311Rim fragment with part of wall.
2312Fabric: DCF. Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3). Th. of wall 1.4-2.4; Th. of rim 2.1; est. Ø 49.0.
2313Parallels: Probably a local product, but may be compared to Valesio (Yntema 2001, 265-267, M58, no. 471, with references, from the late 3rd to within the second half of the 2nd cent. BC).
2314Bowl type E
2315Slightly rounded horizontal rim with a fairly deep horizontal groove and sloping wall with an attachment for a vertical handle. No parallels have been found.
2316Total ascribed: 1.
2317Cat. no. AA-11: #90-747: Trench A. Stratum VII. South of the wall. Fig. 99.
2318Rim fragment with part of wall.
2319Fabric: DCF. Red (2.5 YR 5/8), white inclusions. Blackened on interior. Th. of wall 2.25; Th. of rim 3.0; est. Ø min. 53.0.
2320Bowl type F
2321Knobbed rim (similar to morter H) and slightly slanting wall. Parallels are found at Tarquinia (Chiaramonte Trere 1999, 66-67, pl. 29.1, end of 3rd cent. BC); may be compared to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 161, no. 4, fig. 49); Gravina (Cotton 1992, 169, no.'1224, fig. 58); Roccagloriosa (H. Fracchia & A. Keith in Roccagloriosa 1990, 270, no. 275, fig. 187, 3rd cent. BC).
2322Total ascribed: 1.
2323Cat. no. AA-12: #90-1780: Trench K. Stratum V. Below the roof tiles. Fig. 99.
2324Rim fragment with part of wall.
2325Fabric: LCF. Est. 0>52.0.
2326Mortaria
2327Hemispherical bowl with plain base or ring foot. There may be a spout. Often the height of the bowl is less than half the diameter. Mortars were used mainly for grinding dried stuff.
2328Total ascribed: 18. Distribution. Table 68. The highest number came from trench G, where they were found in strata VI-X.
2329Mortarium type A
2330Triangular rim and convex sloping wall. Variations on this type are fairly common in Southern Italy.
2331Mortarium type A. 1
2332Hooked rim. It is comparable to an example from Fratte (Pinto 1990, 151, no. 28, fig. 260, second half of 4th to first half of 3rd cent. BC, with references to Acquappesa, Pontecagnano, Sybaris). Close to Circello (Federico 1996, 193-194, fig. 6.81, 1st cent. BC to 1st cent. AD); Monte Irsi (Small 1977, 135, no. 192, fig. 30).
2333Total ascribed: 1.
2334Cat. no. AA-13: #89-1726: Trench G. Stratum VII. Fig. 99.
2335Rim fragment with part of wall.
2336Fabric: LCF. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6), mica, white, red and black inclusions. Th. 1.0; est. Ø 28.0.
2337Mortarium type A.2
2338Close to Al, but less hooked. On one specimen, two parallel horizontal incised lines are located on the interior below the rim (#89-1720). The fabric is reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), the thickness 0.9 cm, and estimated diameter 28.0-30.0.
2339Total ascribed: 2.
2340Cat. no. AA-14: #89-1516: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 99.
2341Rim fragment with part of wall.
2342Fabric: LCF. Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), mica, black, brown and white inclusions. Th. 0.9; est. Ø 30.0.
2343Mortarium type A.3
2344Rounded rim. It is comparable to examples from Benevento (Cipriano & De Fabrizio 1996, 213, fig. 9.1); Marzabotto (Sandri 1972, 328, fig. 6.31); Pompeii (Romanazzi 1986, 63, pl. 20.1).
2345Total ascribed: 1.
2346Cat. no. AA-15: #90-1140: Trench F. Stratum XI. Area with burnt soil. 82.5/137.0. Fig. 99.
2347Rim fragment with part of wall.
2348Fabric: LCF. Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), mica, larger or smaller white and brown inclusions. Th. 0.9; Ø not determinable.
2349Mortarium type B
2350Collar-rim and convex sloping wall.
2351Mortarium B.l
2352Slightly hanging rim, slanting wall.
2353Total ascribed: 2.
2354Cat. no. AA-16: #89-897: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 99.
2355Rim fragment with part of wall. Three parallel incised lines on the exterior of the rim.
2356Fabric: LCF. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6-6/6), a little mica, black and white inclusions. Th. 0.8; est. Ø 30.0.
2357Mortarium type B.2
2358Collar-rim.
2359Total ascribed: 3.
2360Cat. no. AA-17: #89-633: Trench E. Stratum V. Below Level -688. Fig. 99.
2361Almost complete profile with spout. Below bottom attachment for base.
2362Fabric: LCF. Pink (7.5YR 7/4), much mica, black and white inclusions. W. of spout c.4.0; Th. 1.6-2.0; est. Ø 25.0.
2363Parallels: May be compared to Pompeii (Chiarmonte Trere 1984, 158, no. CE 543, pl. 96.4); Roccagloriosa (H. Fracchia & A. Keith in Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 271, no. 291, fig. 187); Settefinestre (Besutti 1985, 162, pl. 43.10); Spina (Uggeri 1983, 166, fig. 10.37a, second half of 5th cent. BC, but the form continued into the Roman period).
2364Mortarium type C
2365Hooked and grooved collar-rim and sloping wall.
2366Total ascribed: 1.
2367Cat. no. AA-18: #89-602: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Fig. 100.
2368Rim fragment with part of wall.
2369Fabric: LCF. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), mica, black and brown inclusions. Th. 0.9; est. Ø 36.0.
2370Parallels: May be compared to Fratte (Pinto 1990, 150-l5l, nos. 28 and 30, fig. 260, second half of 4th to beg./first half 3rd cent. BC, with references).
2371Mortarium type D
2372Almond-shaped rim and convex sloping wall. Horizontal groove on the lower part of the exterior of the rim.
2373Total ascribed: 2.
2374Cat. no. AA-19: #90-429: Trench C.Stratum V. Fig. 100.
2375Rim fragment with part of wall.
2376Fabric: LCF. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8), mica, black and red inclusions. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4) surface. Th. 1.4; est. Ø 30.0.
2377Parallels: May be compared to Cosa (Dyson 1976, 163, fig. 64); Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 156, no. 6, pl. 48 and 161, no.3, fig. 49); Gravina (Cotton 1992, 194, no. 1507, fig. 83); Tarquinia (Chiaramonte Trere 1999, 69-71, pl. 32.9).
2378Mortarium type E
2379Oblique flanged rim, pointed or rounded and convex sloping wall.
2380Total ascribed: 2.
2381Cat. no. AA-20: #89-779: Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 100.
2382Rim fragment with part of wall.
2383Fabric: LCF. Pink (5 YR 7/4), mica, black and white inclusions. Th. 0.75; est. Ø 24.0.
2384Parallels: Close to Gravina (Cotton 1992, 196, no. 1520, fig. 84); Monte Irsi (Small 1977, 134, no. 187, fig. 30); Valesio (Yntema 2001, 265, M57, end of 3rd to mid-2nd cent. BC); may be compared to Fratte (Pinto 1990, 151, no. 230, fig. 260, second half of 4th to beg. of 3rd cent. BC, with references to Laos and Sybaris).
2385Mortarium type F
2386Convex collar rim and sloping wall.
2387Total ascribed: 1.
2388Cat. no. AA-21: #90-1402: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 100.
2389Rim fragment with part of wall.
2390Fabric: LCF. Light red (2.5 YR 6/8), mica, small black pebbles, many large and small brown inclusions. Th. 1.4; est. Ø 28.0.
2391Mortarium type G
2392Concave collar rim and sloping wall.
2393Total ascribed: 1.
2394Cat. no. AA-22: #90-364: Trench B. Stratum V. Destruction layer. 78.5/130.61. Level -695. Fig. 100.
2395Rim fragment with part of wall.
2396Fabric: LCF. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), considerable mica, black and white inclusions. Th. 1.0; est. Ø 24.0.
2397Mortarium type H
2398Knobbed rim (similar to bowl F) and sloping wall.
2399Total ascribed: 1.
2400Cat. no. AA-23: #89-1048: Trench G. Stratum X. Fig. 100.
2401Rim fragment with part of wall. Attachment for a spout.
2402Fabric: LCF. Hard fired and compact. Pale red (10 R 5/4), some mica. Th. 1.3; est. Ø 35.0.
2403Parallels: May be compared to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 161, no. 4, fig. 49); Settefinestre (Papi 1985, 216, pl. 54.4).
2404Mortarium type I
2405Squared collar rim and sloping wall.
2406Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VI.
2407Cat. no. AA-24: #174-56-56: Trench G. Stratum VI. 86.90/126.0-127.0. Fig. 100.
2408Rim fragment with part of wall.
2409Fabric: DCF. Coarse. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6), with little mica, relatively few larger and smaller white inclusions and smaller black ones. Th. 2.2; est. Ø c.40.0.
2410Parallels: May be compared to Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 219, no. 1, fig. 53); Marzabotto (Sandri 1972, 328, fig. 6.36).
2411CLOSED FORMS
2412Dolia
2413Large vessels for storage purposes.
2414Total ascribed: 148 (rim, wall, bottom, handle). Distribution: Table 69. The highest concentrations are in Ds X and E V. Further concentrations occur in F V, G VIII, H V and J IV.
2415Total number of fragments ascribed to types A-M: 23. Distribution: Table 70.
2416Dolium type A
2417Out-turned flat-topped rim with two horizontal grooves and slightly concave neck.
2418Total ascribed: 1.
2419Cat. no. AA-25: #160-3-245: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 100.
2420Rim fragment with part of neck.
2421Fabric: DCF. Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), tiny inclusions of mica, particles of sand in various dimensions. Th. 2.5-6.3; est. Ø 55.0.
2422Parallels: May be compared to Pomarico Vecchio (Deodato 1997, 177-178, no. 81, pl. 68, with references, 4th to 3rd cent. BC); Roseto (Threipland & Torelli 1970, 81, fig. 25E).
2423Dolium type B. 1
2424Horizontal flat-topped rim and slightly curved wall with a pattern of incised cross-hatching on exterior.
2425Total ascribed: 1.
2426Cat. no. AA-26: #89-58A + #89-785: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 101.
2427Rim fragment with part of wall.
2428Fabric: DCF. Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6), much mica and small white inclusions. Th. of wall 1.1-1.7; Th. of rim 1.1; est. Ø c.40.0-44.0.
2429Parallels: Close to Amelia (Angelelli 1998-1999, 46, no. 195, fig. 24, with references).
2430Dolium type B.2
2431Close to type Bl. Horizontal flat-topped rim and slightly slanting wall with incised cross-hatching.
2432Total ascribed: 1.
2433Cat. no. AA-27: #89-58B + #89-883: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 101.
2434Rim fragment with part of wall and wall fragment.
2435Fabric: DCF. Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) to yellowish red (5 YR 5/6), mica, larger brown inclusions and small white pebbles. Th. of rim 1.2; est. Ø c.40.0-44.0.
2436Parallels: May be compared to Cosa (Dyson 1976, 126, fig. 48.72); Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 156, no. 4, fig. 48 and 174, no. 9, fig. 63); Gravina (Cotton 1992, 176, no. 1320, fig. 67).
2437Dolium type C
2438Flat-topped rim and slightly slanting wall with a pattern of incised cross-hatching.
2439Total ascribed: 1.
2440Cat. no. AA-28: #89-883A: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 101.
2441Rim fragment with part of wall.
2442Fabric: DCF. Red (2.5 YR 5/8), with small mica content, pebbles, larger brown and small white inclusions. Th. 2.0; est. Ø 62.0-64.0.
2443Parallels: May be compared to Sutri (Duncan 1964, 73, no. 241, fig. 19).
2444The pattern of cross-hatching probably made with a wooden peg on dolium types B and C is also found on a large pithos from Satrianum (Ross Holloway. 1970, 108, no. 285, pl. 167). Other comparable specimens are undecorated.
2445Dolium type D
2446Fairly triangular, out-turned rim, convex sloping wall, flat base.
2447Total ascribed: 1.
2448Cat. no. AA-29: #90-111: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.3-98.0/137.9-138.5. Level -667/675. Fig. 101.
2449Complete profile.
2450Fabric: DCF. Pink (5 YR 8/3). Slightly blackened on the inside of the base. H. 57.0; Th. 0.8-1.3; max. pres. Ø 54.0; Ø of rim 28.0; Ø of base 22.0 Parallels: Close to Armento (Russo Tagliente 1995, 97, no. 270, fig. 96, with references); Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 168, 186, no. CE 272, pl. 102.12); Valesio (Yntema 2001,255, M42, with references, later 3rd to early 2nd cent. BC).
2451Dolium type E
2452Thick, projecting flat-topped rim, oblique lip and straight wall. On top of the rim is a groove. Rim and wall are decorated with wavy lines between horizontal lines.
2453Total ascribed: 1.
2454Cat. no. AA-30: #90-451: Trench J. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 91.25/146.6. Level -662.5. Fig. 102.
2455Rim fragment with part of wall.
2456Fabric: DCF. Red (2.5 YR 4/6). Th. 1.5; est. Ø 62.5.
2457Parallels: May be compared to Armento (Russo Tagliente 1995, 96-97, no. 266, fig. 96, with references).
2458Dolium type F
2459Large heavy thick-walled vessels.
2460Dolium type F1
2461Broad quasi-horizontal rim.
2462Total ascribed: 1.
2463Cat. no. AA-31: #90-468: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. 82.0/126.60. Level -690 and-694. Fig. 102.
2464Rim fragment with part of wall.
2465Fabric: DCF. Coarse. Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), mica, loaded with small inclusions of every colour, pebbles and larger lumps of organic materiel. H. 12.8; W. 36.0; W. of rim 14.0; Th. of rim 4.0; Th. of wall 3.5.
2466Dolium type F2
2467Simple in-turned rim
2468Total ascribed: 1.
2469Cat. no. AA-32: #90-884: Trench C.Stratum VI. 77.5/132.5. (Not illustrated).
2470Rim fragment with part of wall.
2471Fabric: DCF. Handmade, very coarse. Red (2.5YR 5/8), with a little mica, a lot of medium brown and white inclusions and large white particles of stone. Th. 4.0.
2472The rim was found with two wall fragments from the same dolium.
2473Dolium type F3
2474Broad horizontal rim and sloping wall.
2475Total ascribed: 1.
2476Cat. no. AA-33: #90-1132: Trench J. Stratum V. Destruction layer. (Not illustrated)
2477Fabric: DCF. Pink (5YR 7/3), a little mica and large brown inclusions. Exterior/interior: Pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2). Th. 2.4; est. Ø c.40.0.
2478A wall fragment belongs to the dolium.
2479Dolium type G
2480Slightly oblique, out-tumed rim and slanting neck. This type also occurs as common ware. Close to Settefinestre (Papi 1985, 217, fig. 55.2), may be compared to Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 165-168, 186, nos. CE 241, CE 116 and CE 1131, pls. 102.7, 102.9 and 104.2).
2481Total ascribed: 2.
2482Cat. no. AA-34: #90-1674: Trench Dn. Stratum III. Fig. 102.
2483Rim fragment with part of wall.
2484Fabric: DCF. Ø unknown.
2485Cat. no. AA-35: #90-1673: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 102.
2486Rim fragment with part of wall.
2487Fabric: DCF. Ø unknown.
2488Dolium type H
2489Everted rounded rim. Close to Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 232, no. 4, fig. 59 and 234, no. 16, fig. 59).
2490Total ascribed: 1.
2491Cat. no. AA-36: #90-1782: F. Stratum VII. 82.5/138.5. Fig. 102.
2492Rim fragment.
2493Fabric: DCF. Est. Ø 28.5.
2494Dolium type I
2495Slightly everted collar-like rim, and sloping wall. This type also occurs as common ware. It is close to Gravina (Cotton 1992, 191 and 202, nos. 1478 and 1567, figs. 81 and 88, with references); Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 166, nos. 17-20, fig. 52); Valesio (Yntema 2001, 297-298, No5a, with references, late 3rd and first half of 2nd cent. BC).
2496Total ascribed: 1.
2497Cat. no. AA-37: #90-1408: Trench L. Stratum IV. Eastern part. Fig. 102.
2498Rim fragment with small part of wall.
2499Fabric: DCF. Ø unknown.
2500Dolium type J
2501Simple, somewhat oblique rim and fairly vertical wall. Below the rim is an incised horizontal line. No equivalents have been found.
2502Total ascribed: 1.
2503Cat. no. AA-38: 90-1401: Trench K. Stratum IV. Fig. 102.
2504Rim fragment with part of wall.
2505Fabric: DCF. With mica, smaller and larger brown inclusions. Ø unknown.
2506Dolium type K
2507Everted rim and sloping wall.
2508Total ascribed: 1.
2509Cat. no. AA-39: #90-1118: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. 81.35/124.0. Fig. 102.
2510Rim fragment with part of wall.
2511Fabric: DCF. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), light brownish grey (10 YR 6/2) core, reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6-7/6) exterior, mica, brown and white inclusions. Th. 2.1; est. Ø 52.0.
2512Parallels: May be compared to Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 250, no. 7, fig. 65); close to Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 168-169, 186, no. CE 623, pl. 103.2).
2513Dolium type L
2514Flattened rim and slightly concave neck.
2515Total ascribed: 1.
2516Cat. no. AA-40: #90-1109: Trench H. Stratum V. East of the wall. 89.5/142.5. Fig. 102.
2517Rim fragment with part of wall.
2518Fabric: DCF. Reddish brown, mica, black and white inclusions. Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) slip. Th. of wall 1.1; est. Ø of rim min. 25.0.
2519Parallels: Close to Fratte (Pinto 1990, 147, no. 9, fig. 259, with references, end of 4th cent. BC); Pompeii (Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 165-168, 185, no. CE 697, pl. 101.4); Sutri (Duncan 1965, 161, no. A26, fig. 7.A 26, with references).
2520Dolium type M
2521Flat-topped rim with horizontal mouldings. Fairly coarse porous clay with little mica, smaller and larger black and brown inclusions. Smoothed on the exterior. The interior may be untreated (three examples). The clay varies from light red (2.5 YR 6/8) with very pale brown surface (10 YR 7/3) over pink (7.5 YR 8/4) to very pale brown (10 YR 8/4). The thickness varies from 2.2 to 4.3, and the estimated diameters from 25.0 to 45.0 cm.
2522The type is close to Amelia (Angelelli 1998-1999, 46, no. 193, fig. 24, with references; 1st to 2nd cent. AD); Cosa (Dyson 1976, fig. 48.65, fig. 50.97); Pomarico Vecchio (Deodato 1997, 177-178, no. 80, pl. 68, with references; 4th to 3rd cent. BC).
2523Total ascribed: 6.
2524Cat. no. AA-41: #174-9-171: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 102.
2525Rim fragment. Strong horizontal mouldings.
2526Fabric: LCF. Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), a little mica, small, medium and large inclusions of sand. While the exterior surface is smoothed, the interior is rugged. Th. 2.2-3.5; est. Ø 25.0.
2527Dolium/pithos?
2528Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G VIII.
2529Cat. no. AA-42: #89-131: Trench G. Stratum VIII. 86.52/126.4. Level -691. Fig. 103.
2530Fragment of upper part of wall with an impressed pattern of horseshoes. At the top a horizontal projection for rim.
2531Fabric: DCF. Coarse, smoothed on exterior. Light red (2.5YR 6/6) on exterior, reddish yellow (5YR 7/4) on interior, a little mica, small white and black inclusions and a few larger organic particles. H. 10.1; W. 13.0; Th. 2.8; Th. of transition to rim 4.3; est. Ø c.50.0.
2532Pithos or large mixing bowl
2533Probably both clay and vessel are of local manufacture, but may be compared to flanged rim bowls of plain lightsurfaced ware from Gravina (Cotton 1992, 162, 169-170, nos. 1227-1229, especially no. 1227 for the form of rim, fig. 59; 200, nos. 1560-1561 (pithoi) and nos. 1562-1563, pl. XVD and fig. 87, both with decorated rims). Light-surfaced ware is a coarse cream or pink-orange ware. In Apulia this is found from Classical to Medieval times and made of local clay according to Cotton. The catalogued items are dated 3rd to 1st cent. BC and have the top of the rims decorated in relief. They seem to be associated with contemporary pithoi with decorated rims (relief and/or impressed designs). A lid at Francolise, Posto from the 3rd to 2nd cent. BC has a relief pattern on top (Cotton 1979, 174, no. 4, pl. 64).
2534Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E VII.
2535Cat. no. AA-43: #90-26: Trench E. Stratum VII. 83.54/131.30. Level -735. Fig. 103.
2536Part of a flanged rim from a pithos or a large bowl. The surface of the horizontal flange is decorated with an incised wavy line above a row of circular stamps of halfmoons below beads alternating with rosettes.
2537Fabric: LCF. Fairly porous with a god deal of large voids. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), many inclusions and larger lumps of organic material.. Th. of wall 1.7; Th. of flange 2.1; W. of flange 8.0; est. Ø of rim c.42.0.
2538Situla with basket handle
2539Jar with collar-like rim slightly out-turned, rounded body constricted towards a low disc-like foot
2540or plain base; surmounting tubular or elliptical handle across the mouth.
2541Water jar used for fetching water at fountains, or as a serving vessel used for wine etc.The type is known in Greece, e.g. from the Athenian Agora. The situla with basket handle replaces Kados, the Greek two-handled water jar, in the 2nd cent. BC and exists throughout the Roman period. In Southern Italy similar situlae are found at Fratte, Pontecagnano: an unpublished Italian excavation, and for example at Capua, Laos, Poseidonia/Paestum, Valesio.
2542In Prop. Avallone only the basket handles with their attachment to the neck (with exception of a single base) are identified (most often red clay (2.5 YR 5/6)).
2543Total ascribed: 17. Distribution: Table 71.
2544Cat. no. AA-44: #89-946. Trench H. Stratum IV. Fig. 103.
2545Handle fragment with attachment on the neck.
2546Fabric: LCF. Yellow (2.5 Y 8/6). H. 10.3; W. 6.2; Th. of handle 2.8.
2547Parallels: Fratte (Pinto 1990, 150, nos. 21 and 24, fig. 259, with references); Laos (Barone 1989, 67, no. 22, pl. 20); Poseidonia/Paestum (M. Maiello in Greci in Occidente 1996, 270-271, no. 258, from Ekklesiasterion); Valesio (Yntema 2001, 253-255, M41, nos. 447-448, later 3rd to early 2nd cent. BC, with references); Roseto (Threipland & Torelli 1970, 79-80, fig. 21G, pl. XVb).
2548Lids
2549Different types of lids for dolia and pithoi. Probably these coarse plain lids were not made to fit any single vessel. It would seem as if the vessels came furnished with prefabricated lids, not made specifically to fit any single vessel but acquired separately with measurements suitable for covering the pot.
2550Dome-shaped lids with a knob
2551Probably with a straight rim, sloping wall and flattopped knob. May be partially blackened on the outside.
2552The type is ubiquitous throughout the Mediterranean area from the second half of the 6th to the 2nd cent. BC.It is found almost everywhere in Hellenistic contexts, for example at Albanella (Cipriani 1989, 89-94, especially nos. HI65 and H167, fig. 22, 4th cent. BC); Cosa; Francolise, Posto; Gravina; Poseidonia/Paestum; Roccagloriosa (H. Fracchia & A. Keith in Roccagloriosa 1990, 271-272, nos. 295-302, figs. 187); Valesio (Yntema 2001, 299-301, No6a, with references, late 4th to mid-2nd cent. BC).
2553Total ascribed: 8. Distribution: Table 72.
2554Cat. no. AA-45: #90-174: Trench L. Stratum II. Fig. 103.
2555Knob and wall fragment.
2556Fabric: DCF. Reddish yellow (5YR 5/6), mica and many small black inclusions. Th. 0.08-1.4; Ø of knob 5.0.
2557Large, circular flat lids
2558Simple rounded edge. The thickness varies from 1.5 to 3.0, and the diameter from 32.0 to 42.8. The underside may be rough (cat. no. AA-34, #89-944, #90-622, #90-872, #90-1431). Near the rim encircling ridges may occur (cat. no. AA-34, #89-186, #89-456). The type is close to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 174, no. 1, fig. 64).
2559Total ascribed: 12. Distribution: Table 73.
2560Cat. no. AA-46: #90-779: Trench L. Stratum IV.98.0/136.5. Fig. 103.
2561Fragment of flat circular lid with rough underside. Fabric: DCF. Pink (7.5YR 7/4), little mica and a few small black inclusions. Th. 3.0; est. Ø 33.0.
2562Large, circular flat lid with a semicircular central handle at top.
2563Unlike the other lids, which were turned on the wheel, this one is handmade. It is complete with plain rim and rows of small imprints of fingernails, as if made by a child, on the surface. On and around the handle are fingerprints. It is close to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 174, no. 3, fig. 64, with references).
2564Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: L IV.
2565Cat. no. AA-47: #90-578 + #90-793: Trench L. Stratum IV + V (98.55/139.3, Level -670). Fig. 103.
2566Complete profile.
2567Fabric: DCF. Pink (5 YR 8/3-8/4). W. of handle 3.2; Th. 1.9; Ø 38.5.
2568Large circular flat lid with slightly raised rim
2569Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H V.
2570Cat. no. AA-48: #89-908: Trench H. Stratum V. From destruction layer. West of the wall. (Not illustrated)
2571Fragment of fiat circular lid with slightly raised rim.
2572Fabric: DCF. Compact. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3), mica and small red, brown and black inclusions. Th. 2.5-2.74; 0>38.0.
III. 15.2 Cooking wares
2573Cooking stand
2574Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: L III.
2575Cat. no. AA-49: #90-323: Trench L. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
2576Vertical rim, concave sloping wall with interior rectangular support.
2577Fabric: Red (10R 5/8), soot-stained. 6.8 x 8.8 x 5.4; Th. of wall 1.0; Th. of support 3.0; est. Ø 20.0-24.0.
2578Parallels: Close to Acquarossa (Scheffer 1981, type IIb, fig. 2, 15-25, 36-82, with references).
2579Clibani
2580Large dome-shaped lid with a broad horizontal and upcurving flange. The clibani have a diameter of 29.0-34.0 cm. Below the flange may be vents (documented on two examples), and the top of the flange may be decorated with an incised wavy line (one example).
2581Baking and cooking under a cover placed on the hearth were practised in Italy from the Bronze Age onwards. In Greece such domed clay ovens and ‘cooking bells’ are well known from the Athenian Agora. The baking covers or clibani from the 2nd cent. BC to the 5th cent. AD are discussed by Cubberley et al. (1988), including a full description of their function, distribution, and morphological development. Since 1988 new excavations have yielded further clibani of which some are completely or almost completely preserved, but frequently one finds a flange fragment with a little of both upper and lower wall. These have often been published as ‘upside-downs’, although the author seems unaware of their purpose. The dome may show marks of soot on the exterior or interior (#174-5-36). It is assumed that the dome was covered with embers to increase temperature.
2582Parallels: Benevent (Cipriano & De Fabrizio 1996, 210, no. 2, fig. 8); Gabii (Vegas & Lopez 1982, 468, fig. 6.95); Gravina (Small 1992, 191-192, nos. 1481-1482, fig. 81).
2583They are close to examples from Circello (Federico 1996, 191-192, fig. 5.66, 2nd to 1st cent. BC); Cosa (Dyson 1976, 21, fig. 1.CF5, Republican to early Imperial period); Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 158, no. 6, fig. 47, late Republican to early Imperial period); Monte Irsi (Small 1977, 133-134, no. 181, fig. 30); Portorecanati (Mercando 1979, 224, fig. 137p, early Imperial period); Rome (Mercando 1963-64, 64, pl. 9.12, early 2nd cent. BC); Sutri (Duncan 1964, 50, fig. 5.7, second half of 2nd to 1st cent. BC).
2584Total ascribed: 10. Distribution: Table 74. Half the examples came from E V.
2585Cat. no. AA-50: #90-372: Trench B. Stratum V. 77.93/131.17. Level -696. Fig. 104.
2586Wall fragment with flange. Below flange three vents.
2587Fabric: Brown (7.5 YR 5/4). Blackened on the interior. H. 9.0; W. 17.0; W. of flange 2.9; Th. of wall 0.8-1.0; Th. of flange 1.0-1.4; est. Ø 29.0.
2588Cat. no. AA-51: #89-79 + #89-154 + #89-500 + #89-865 + #89-1039 + #89-1093 + #89-1094 + #89-1112 + #89-1117 + #89-1118 + #89-1122 + #89-1123: Trench E. Stratum IV (cleaning above the destruction layer) and V. Fig. 104.
2589Complete profile. Composed of 26 fragments. In the lower wall just below the flange two vents, one on each side.
2590Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6), mica, medium and large brown and white inclusions break the surface.
2591H. c.10.7; Th. 0.8-1.1; Th. of flange 1.1; est. Ø c.30.0.
III.15.3 Louteria
2592Louteria, large shallow washbasins on high columnlike stands often with roll stamps decoration on the rim and the interior of the basin, were placed in open areas of the houses. The type, inherited from Greece, continued in Southern Italy into Hellenistic time. This type of vessel appears in both the dark and the light coarse wares.
2593Fragments of three different basins and a single base were found in Prop. Avallone.
2594Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: Ds X (1); C IV (1); C V (l); H V(l).
2595Cat. no. AA-52: #89-423: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. On level with destruction layer. Level -696. Fig. 104.
2596Wall fragment from a basin with a pattern of incised herringbones.
2597Fabric: Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), small black inclusions. 2.5 x 3.3 x 2.1.
2598Parallels: Decoration: Fratte (Greco 1990, 153-156).
2599Cat. no. AA-53: #90-754: Trench C.Stratum IV. 77.5/132.5. (Not illustrated)
2600Part of moulded base with encircling line set off on the transition to the stem.
2601Fabric: Fine and sandy. Pink (5YR 8/4), small black and white inclusions. H. 4.0; W. 9.6; Th. 2.2
2602Cat. no. AA-54: #90-875: Trench C.Stratum V. 77.5/132.5. Fig. 104.
2603Two wall fragments from a basin with a pattern of incised herringbones.
2604Fabric: Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6), small black inclusions. 3.0 x 4.5; 13.5 x 10.0 x 3.0.
2605Cat. no. AA-55: #90-644: Trench H. Stratum V. 89.5/140.5-142.5. Destruction layer. Fig. 104.
2606Flaring horizontal rim, flat on top and part of wall from a basin.
2607Fabric: Coarse and compact. Reddish yellow (5YR 6/6), many larger and smaller white and brown inclusions. H. 13.0; W. 30.0; Th. 2.3-2.9; W. of rim 6.0.
2608Parallels: Close to Valesio (Yntema 2001, 275, M91, nos. 485-486, with further references).
2609Decorated fragments
2610Painted decoration
2611Five wall fragments of the same ware. On interior horizontal lines painted in pink (5 YR 7/4) and reddish brown (5 YR 4/3).
2612Distribution: G III (5).
2613Wall fragment with painted horizontal bands and lines in white.
2614Distribution: G X.
2615Wall fragment with painted horizontal bands in pale red (10R 4/4), pinkish grey (7.5YR 7/5) and pale red (10R 4/2) on exterior.
2616Distribution: H V.
2617Impressed decoration
2618Impressions made with nails or fingertips. #89-868 (H III), perhaps a leg from a stand.
2619Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: Ds IV (1); E IX (1); H III (1); JIV (i).
2620Incised decoration.
2621Wavy lines in horizontal rows:
2622Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: Ds V (1); E III (1); M IV (1).
2623Wavy lines bordered by incised horizontal lines:
2624Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: C IV balk (1); E V (2); H V (1).
2625Rows of zigzag between horizontal lines: Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Dn V (1); J V (1).
2626Cross-hatching: Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: Ds X (2); E V (1); G VIII (l); JIV (1).
2627Rope-pattern
2628Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: J IV.
2629Decoration of grooves
2630Horizontal grooves.
2631Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: A VI (1); E V (1); F IV (1); H III (1); K III (1).
III.16 Amphorae
2632Margit von Mehren
2633The total amount of registered amphora fragments (rim, wall, spike, handle) is 109 with the highest concentrations in B V, E IV, E V and G V (Table 75). One sherd is identified as a table amphora and 10 fragments are assignable to transport amphora types (Table 76). The classification is based on rim forms alone due to the lack of complete profiles and fabric analyses. The catalogue also includes examples of spikes.
2634The Prop. Avallone excavations have yielded seven identifiable transport amphora types, which span the period from the second half of the 6th/late 5th century BC and possibly up to the late 3rd/early 4th century AD with a lacuna in the 4th century BC.Similar types are known from the area, for instance Fratte, Francolise, Pompeii, Poseidonia/Paestum, Roccagloriosa and Valesio.
2635CATALOGUE
III.16.1 Transport amphorae
2636The distribution of identified types is presented in Table 76.
2637Ionic-Massiliotic
2638Convex rim, cordon. In Campania Massiliotic amphorae from the 6th and 5th cent. BC are found around the bay of Naples, e.g. in the necropoleis of Pontecagnano (Cerchiai 1981).
2639Total ascribed: 1.
2640Cat. no. BB-1: #160-2-153: Trench N. Stratum II. Fig. 105.
2641Rim fragment with small part of neck.
2642Fabric: Very pale brown (10YR 8/4), little mica, small black and white inclusions, large particles of stone. Th. 0.8-2.2.
2643Parallels: Close to type 1 from the second half of 6th cent. BC (Bertucchi 1990, 16-17; Di Sandro 1990, 235-239, with references) and Colle Madore (Polizzi 1999, 225-226, 231, with references; anfore greco-orientale nos. 403-404, figs. 221, 225 and 227, second half of 6th to late 5th cent. BC); Fratte (Donnarumma & Tomay 1990, 258, NO. 6, fig. 438, with references).
2644Graeco-Italic
2645Triangular rim, cylindrical neck, carinated shoulder, piriform body, ovoid handles and a short solid spike. The type spans the period from the later 4th to the mid-2nd cent. BC.The content is uncertain, but was probably wine.
2646Lyding Will (1982) has divided the Graeco-Italic amphorae into five forms of which Form e from the early 2nd cent. BC may have been produced at Cosa and Form d dated in the first half of the 2nd cent. BC terminating c.130 BC near Cosa and Pompeii. Cat. no. BB-2 might belong to one of these forms.
2647Total ascribed: 1.
2648Cat. no. BB-2: #90-389: Stratum B. Stratum V. Fig. 105. Rim with part of neck from an amphoriscos. Outturned, flanged rim, slightly concave on top. Below rim attachment for a broad vertical strap handle.
2649Fabric: Very pale brown (10 R 8/3); est. Ø 9.5.
2650Parallels: Close to Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 144, no. 9, fig. 42); Fratte (Pinto 1990, 152, no. 32, fig. 261, end of 3rd and 2nd cent. BC); Valesio (Yntema 2001, 253, with references, M 25 (hydria), late 3rd to first half of 2nd cent. BC); may be compared to Pompeii (Scotti 1984, 273-275, with references, nos. CE 552, CE 1401, CE 77, pls. 147.1-3); Roccagloriosa (P. Arthur in Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 283-284, with references, nos. 379-383, fig. 191).
2651Dressel 1 A
2652Short triangular rim, cylindrical body with rounded shoulder, long vertical rod-handles and short stumpy spike. Dressel 1A is fairly common in Italy whence the form originated. It was mainly used for wine and was produced in, for instance, Campania (in the region of Vesuvio). The date ranges from c.130 BC to the middle of the 1st cent. BC (Peacock & Williams 1991, 86-88)
2653It finds parallels e.g. at Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 141, nos. 1-3, fig. 41); Gravina (Small 1992, 198, no. 1541, fig. 86); Poseidonia/Paestum (D. Gasparri in Greco, G & Theodorescu 1987, 150-151, fig. 96).
2654Total ascribed: 2.
2655Cat. no. BB-3: #89-73 + #89-1338: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 105.
2656Rim with part of the neck and handles.
2657Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) to red (2.5 YR 5/8). Pinkish white (7.5 YR 8/2) slip. Th. 1.3; Ø c.13.
2658Dressel 1 B
2659Fairly vertical collar-rim, cylindrical body, long oval rod-handles and a solid chunky spike slightly flared at bottom. The form originated in Italy where it is ubiquitous. Kilns are known from Campania among other places. The content was usually wine. The date ranges from c.70-10 BC (it succeeded Dressel 1A in Italian kilns) (Peacock & Williams 1991, 89-90). Parallels are found e.g. at Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 141, nos. 1-2, fig. 41, end of 2nd cent. to c.30 BC).
2660Total ascribed: 2.
2661Cat. no. BB-4: #90-1783: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 105.
2662Rim fragment with part of neck. Three horizontal lines in relief below the rim.
2663Fabric and slip: Pink (5 YR 8/4-7/4). Est. Ø 16.0.
2664Dressel 2-4
2665Simple rounded rim, pronounced carination on shoulder, long bifid handles and solid, slightly flaring spike. This is the most common wine amphora in the western Mediterranean area in the early Imperial period. In Italy, Campania was one of the most important production areas. The form dates from the later 1st cent. BC to the mid-2nd cent. AD (Peacock & Williams 1991, 105-106).
2666Total ascribed: 1.
2667Cat. no. BB-5: #89-1084 + #89-1345: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 105.
2668Rim with neck, transition to shoulder and small part of handles.
2669Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) to red (2.5 YR 5/8). Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) slip. Ø 12.5.
2670Parallels: E.g. Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 240, no. 3, fig. 62, unstratified context).
2671Dressel 20
2672Convex rim, large globular body, sharply bent or oval handles, small basal knob. This form was produced in Andalusia in Spain, but was widely distributed especially in the western Roman provinces as one of the most common amphorae. The date ranges from the Tiberian/Claudian period up to the late 3rd and possibly into the 4th cent. AD (Peacock & Williams 1991, 136-140)
2673Total ascribed: 2 (Ds X is of late Republican date; so the sherd is either intrusive or the ascription is questionable).
2674Cat. no. BB-6: #89-1335: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Level of the destruction layer. Fig. 105.
2675Rim fragment.
2676Fabric: Red (2.5 YR 5/6). Pink (7.5 YR 7/4) slip. Th of wall 1.5; Th. of rim 2.1; est. Ø 14.0-16.0.
2677Parallels: Close to Peacock & Williams 1991, figs. 65.5-18, fig. 67 upper left; may be compared to Pompeii (Scotti 1984, 293-294, 314 with references, nos. CE 1292 and CE 2012, pls. 158.1 and 158.6).
2678Dressel 38/39?
2679Everted slightly hooked collar rim thickened externally and wide oblique neck. The wide mouth and neck might indicate a container intended for garum or conserved fish products.
2680Total ascribed: 1.
2681Cat. no. BB-7: #90-819: Trench B. Stratum V. Fig. 105.
2682Rim fragment.
2683Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Grey core. Th. of wall; 0.7; Th. of rim 1.0; est. Ø of rim 30.0.
2684Parallels: Close to Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 241, no. 5, fig. 62, from destruction layer, (Dressel 38-39/Ostia LXIII, Augustan-Claudian period), with references).
2685Unassigned amphorae
2686Everted thickened rim.
2687Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: K III.
2688Cat. no. BB-8: #89-1536: Trench K. Stratum III. Fig. 105.
2689Rim fragment.
2690Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). Est. Ø c.12.0.
2691Parallels: May be compared to Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 243, no. 16, fig. 63, unstratified context).
2692Simple rounded rim and slightly slanting neck.
2693Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G V.
2694Cat. no. BB-9: # 174-55-200: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 105.
2695Rim fragment.
2696Fabric: Fairly fine and fairly hard burnt. Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8), mica, larger quartz grains, larger red and small white inclusions. Surface: Reddish yellow (5YR 7/6 to 6/6).Th. 0.9; est. Ø c.12.0.
2697Convex rim and neck inclined outwards.
2698Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G V.
2699Cat. no. BB-10: #174-55-134: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 105.
2700Rim fragment.
2701Fabric: Fairly fine and fairly hard fired. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6), many small white and black inclusions. Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) surface. Th. 1.0; est. Ø c.10.0.
2702Hooked angular collar rim, concave sloping neck.
2703Total ascribed: 1 Distribution: E unstratified context.
2704Cat. no. BB-11: #89-977: Trench E. Unstratified context. Fig. 105.
2705Rim fragment.
2706Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Est. Ø c.20.0.
2707Miscellaneous spikes:
2708Solid spikes:
2709a. Peg spikes expanded at the end. Convex base. These spikes may belong to Dressel 2-4.
2710Total ascribed 2. Distribution: G V (1). F III (1).
2711Cat. no. BB-12: #89-1768: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 105.
2712Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8), a little mica, many small black and white inclusions, few larger and smaller shining black particles. Pink (7.5YR 7/4) slip. H. 13.7; W. 6.3; Ø of base 6.3.
2713b. Peg spikes with flattened or slightly rounded base.
2714Total ascribed 3. Distribution: E V (1); G V (1); J III (1).
2715Cat. no. BB-13: #174-55-170: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 105.
2716Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/8), much mica and small black inclusions. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) slip. H. 12.0; W. 5.5; Ø of base 4.2.
2717c.Long narrow peg spike, convex at base.
2718Total ascribed I. Distribution: A IV.
2719Cat. no. BB-14: #90-92: Trench A. Stratum IV. 77.65/119.2. Level -642. Fig. 105.
2720Fabric: Light red (10 R 6/8), voids and many small white and brown inclusions. Pink (5 YR 8/4) slip. H. 16.5; W. 4.7; Ø of base 2.8.
2721d. Conical stumpy spikes, fairly plain or rounded base, broad belly.
2722Total ascribed 2. Distribution: H III (1); L III (1).
2723Cat. no. BB-15: #89-694: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 105.
2724Fabric: Compact and hard fired. Light red to red (10 R 6/8-5/8), with voids and many small white inclusions. Light red to red (10 R 6/8-5/8) slip. H. 10.0; W. 13.5; Ø of base 4.0.
2725e. Fragment of peg spike with cordon above base.
2726Total ascribed 1.
2727Cat. no. BB-16: #89-32: Trench Ds. Stratum X. Destruction layer east of the wall. Level -725. Fig. 105.
2728Fabric: Pinkish grey (7.5 YR 7/2), a little mica and many small black and white inclusions. Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4) slip. H. 5.0; Ø at cordon 4.2.
2729Hollow spikes:
2730a. Rounded base.
2731Total ascribed 2. Distribution: H III (2).
2732Cat. no. BB-17: #90-1604: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 105.
2733Fabric: Very pale brown (10 R 7/4), voids, many larger and smaller black and brown inclusions. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6) slip. H. 9.7; W. 4.6-3.6; Th. of wall 1.1; Ø of base 3.2.
III.16.2 Table amphorae
2734Out-turned flanged rim, flat on top, slightly thickened at edge, oblique neck.
2735Total ascribed 1. Distribution: Ds XI.
2736Cat. no. BB-18: #90-1365: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. Fig. 105.
2737Rim fragment with small part of neck.
2738Fabric: Hard fired. Light grey (10YR 7/2). Th. 0.9; est. Ø 16.0.
2739Parallels: Close to Metapontum (Toxey & Carter 1998, 722-725, T 5-2, T 93-1, T 193-7, local pottery, 300-275 BC).
III.17 Lead-glazed ware
2740Birgit Tang
2741This group of material includes two vertical, ribbed handles (with three ribs), probably deriving from jugs. The handles are characterized by their green to greyish green glaze. Lead-glazed pottery was produced in various areas in the Mediterranean in the Hellenistic and Imperial periods, for instance in western Asia Minor, Italy and France91. Jugs with ribbed handles, two ribs only, are attested from the production site at Tarsos in Asia Minor (group 3 dated to the 1st century AD) and in Northern Italy. The main production in the Tarsos workshop took place in the first half of the 1st century AD, and also the north Italian products belong to this period92. Thus our examples are likely to be of the same chronological horizon. One of the Prop. Avallone handles (#89-647, not illustrated) seems to be an import, as the clay contains mica, which is absent in the Italian imitations93. Pompeii, Herculaneum, Boscoreale and Ostia have all yielded Tarsian products94. It cannot, however, be ruled out that at least cat. no. CC-1 is a central Italian product of the later Imperial period. Cups from Settefinestre, found e.g. in contexts of the late Antonine period, are provided with 3-ribbed handles95.
2742CATALOGUE
2743Ribbed handle
2744Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds VII (1); K IV uppermost part (1).
2745Cat. no. CC-1: #174-7-18: Trench Ds. Stratum VII. Fig. 106.
2746H. 5.7; W. 1.3; Th. 0.8.
III.18 Glass
2747Birgit Tang
2748During recent decades ancient glass has been the object of extensive research and many exhibitions; so much so that E.M. Stern entitled her review article “Glass Is Hot” in which she summarizes studies published since 1998 including both catalogues raisonnes, exhibition catalogues, excavation reports and special topics96.
2749As far as the typology of Roman glass is concerned, C. Isings’ publication in 1957 has served as the standard reference work, and still does to some extent97. Naturally, the bulk of material at hand today has added considerably to the repertoire and documentation of forms and their chronology, for example through publications of glass from provincial areas, e.g. the vast material from Augst/Kaiseraugst and Colchester98.
2750The excavations in Prop. Avallone yielded more than 300 fragments of vessel glass. No complete profiles are preserved, and the fragments are tiny, making the identification of the precise forms difficult and only allowing for broad categories in general99. A selection of the finds is presented in the catalogue, which is organized according to technique: 1. coreformed; 2. cast; 3. free-blown. The free-blown fragments are listed by shape: open forms (which are grouped according to rim finish: cracked-off, firerounded, folded) followed by closed ones100.
2751The majority of the fragments came from stratum III (for distribution, see Table 77). The largest concentration was found in M IV-III (147). The chronological range of the material seems to cover a long period of time from the 4th/3rd centuries BC to the 3rd/4th centuries AD. The distribution according to chronology and techniques, however, is highly uneven: one core-formed fragment (mid- 4th to 3rd century BC), two cast fragments (late 1st century BC/early 1st century AD) and the rest being free-blown-most dating to the 2nd century AD onwards. Only three fragments, all free-blown, came from the collapse material belonging to the second occupation phase (A VT and E V, in trench A, however, the fragment came from the surface of the destruction layer). The presence of two fragments in L IV can be explained by the disturbance of the layer at a later time. The stratum had several ‘postholes’ and pockets with soil of a different colour and character than the rest of the layer (cf. chapter on trenches and stratigraphy).
2752CATALOGUE
27531. CORE-FORMED GLASS
2754Alabastron
2755The fragment, an extremely broad and thin rim-disk, belongs to Harden 1981 Mediterranean group 2/Grose 1989 Group II, Form 11:1, dated 4th to early 3rd cent. BC and mid- 4th to late 3rd cent. BC respectively (Harden 1981, 58-59, pl. VIII; 100-101, pl. XV; Grose 1989, 109, 115-116 and form table p. 131). Vessels from this group are common in Italy and especially in Magna Grecia.
2756Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: H VI.
2757Cat. no. DD-1: #90-282: Trench H. Stratum VI. 91.0/139.88. Fig. 106.
2758Rim fragment. Broad, thin horizontal rim-disk.
2759Dark blue glass decorated with a yellow tread on the edge. 3.3 x 2.3; Ø 5.0.
2760Parallels: Cumae (Gabrici 1913, pl. 117.5, 4th-3rd cent. BC); Nola (Harden 1981, 106, no. 274); Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 309-310, nos. 594-595 and 598-599, fig. 193. No. 594 is compared with two funerary examples dated c.330-320 BC and 300-290 BC respectively); a series in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Hayes 1975, 6 and 12, nos. 21-25, pl. 2, all dated to the late 4th-early 3rd cent. BC). See also Grose 1989, 101, 153-154, no. 125, mid- 4th to early 3rd cent. BC; Stem & SchlickNolte 1994, 216-221, nos. 49-50, second half of 4th cent. BC.
27612. CAST GLASS
2762Bowls with wheel-cut decoration
2763Two specimens belong to the type of linear-cut bowls decorated with grooves on the interior and/or exterior. These vessels were produced in Italy and along the SyroPalestinian coast in the last decades of the 1st cent. BC to the early 1st cent. AD (Grose 1989, 244-245).
2764Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: H II (1); L III (1).
2765Cat. no. DD-2: #90-175: Trench H. Stratum II. Fig. 106. Rim fragment with part of side. Hemispherical. Inturned rim. One narrow horizontal groove just below the rim on interior.
2766Transparent, greenish glass. Iridescence. 3.4 x 2.0; Ø not determinable.
2767Parallels: Close to Morgantina (Grose 1977, no. 56.3194 (e), 27 fig. 7).
2768Cat. no. DD-3: #90-691A: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2769Rim fragment with small part of side. Vertical, tapered rim. One broad horizontal groove just below the rim on interior.
2770Brown glass. 1.9 x 1.9; Ø not determinable.
2771Parallels: Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 3.2 (Rütti 1991, Katalog, 33, no. 717, pl. 30, late Republican/early Augustan to early Claudian). Close to Rome, Palatine, Livia’s villa (Grose 1977, 22-24, no. 7, late Republican to early Augustan); an example in the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto (Hayes 1975, 18, no. 42, fig. 1, pl. 3, about late 1st cent. BC to early 1st cent. AD).
27723. FREE-BLOWN GLASS
2773A. Open forms with cracked-off rims
2774Beaker with wheel-cut decoration
2775Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G III.
2776Cat. no. DD-4: #174-53-48B: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2777Rim fragment with small part of side. Curved crackedoff rim. Broad wheel-cut groove below rim on exterior.
27781.4 x 1.9; Ø c.10.0.
2779Parallels: Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 60.1B/Isings 96bl (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 67-69, especially 68, nos. 1322-1325 and 1328, pl. 59). The form is found in contexts from the mid-2nd cent. to the 4th cent. AD.
2780B. Open forms with fire-rounded rim edges
2781Bowl with thickened rim
2782The rim is comparable to Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 98.1.C (beaker), which is dated from the second quarter/mid-2nd cent. AD to around 300 AD (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 91-93, especially no. 1782, pl. 81). Judging from the curved side of our fragment, however, it is more likely that it derives from a bowl.
2783Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E III.
2784Cat. no. DD-5: #89-1140A: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2785Rim fragment with part of side.
2786Whitish glass. 4.2 x 2.35; Ø 10.0.
2787Bowl with out-bent horizontal rim
2788Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: F IV.
2789Cat. no. DD-6: #89-524: Trench F. Stratum IV. Fig. 106.
2790Rim fragment with small part of side. Rim out-bent horizontally.
2791Colourless glass. Bubbles. 1.5 x 4.0; Ø 20.0.
2792Parallels: Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 80/Isings 42a (Rütti 1991, Katalog, 85, pl. 74). The form is dated from Neronian/Flavian times to the 3rd cent. AD.
2793Bowls/dishes with match-head rims
2794Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: E III (1); M IV (1).
2795Cat. no. DD-7: #89-1052: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 106. Rim fragment with part of side.
2796Colourless glass. 4.3 x 2.1; Ø 16.0.
2797Beakers with match-head rims
2798In Knossos the majority of the finds date from the early 2nd cent. AD and later contexts (Price 1992, 429, 448 and pl. 344).
2799Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds V (1); L III (1).
2800Cat. no. DD-8: #174-5-10C: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 106.
2801Rim fragment with small part of the side. Vertical rim, thickened on the interior.
2802Parallels: Examples in the Royal Ontario Museum (Hayes 1975, class VI, 64, nos. 180-181, fig. 5, pl. 14, 2nd to early 3rd cent. AD).
2803Cat. no. DD-9: #90-326A: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2804Rim fragment with part of side. Vertical rim.
2805Colourless glass. Iridescence. 3.6 x 1.9; Ø 8.0.
2806Parallels: Example in the Royal Ontario Museum (Hayes 1975, class VI, 64, no. 183, fig. 5, pl. 14, about 150-250 AD).
2807Unassigned forms with match-head rims
2808(not catalogued)
2809Total ascribed: 14. Distribution: Ds VI (2); G IV + IVa (1); G V (5); G unstratified context (1); M I (1); M III (3); M IV (1).
2810Beaker with wheel-cut decoration
2811Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E III (1).
2812Cat. no. DD-10: #89-636A: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2813Rim fragment with small part of side. Thickened rim. Broad wheel-cut groove below rim on exterior.
2814Colourless glass. 4.5 x 1.2; Ø 8.0.
2815Parallels: Close to Knossos (Price 1992, 446, no. 138 (cup), pl. 342, early 2nd cent. AD; similar examples from Claudian, Flavian and 1st-to early 2nd-cent. AD contexts).
2816Beakers with trailed decoration
2817The fragments are comparable to finds from e.g. Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 98.2 (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 94-96, especially nos. 1814-1815 and 1821, pls. 82-83), dated from the second quarter/mid-2nd cent. AD to the third quarter of the 3rd cent. AD, with isolated examples of an earlier period.
2818Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: Ds V (1); F III (1).
2819Cat. no. DD-11: #174-5-10A: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 106.
2820Rim fragment with small part of side. Slightly outturned rim. Horizontal trail below rim on exterior.
2821Cat. no. DD-12: #89-202A: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 106. Rim fragment with part of side. Rim bent out horizontally. Horizontal trail below rim on exterior.
2822Green glass. 1.6 x 6.2; Ø c.16.0.
2823C.Open forms with tubular rims
2824The rim edge is folded either in or out and down to form a hollow tube.
2825Bowls (Isings form 44a)
2826The type includes both a small variety and a large one. Its chronological range is wide; the first half of the 1st cent. AD (e.g. at Muralto, Biaggio Simona 1991, no. 176.2.227, pl. 7). It is common at Pompeii and Herculaneum (e.g. Scatozza Horicht 1986, 32-33, no. E 145, pls. XIII and XXVI), in Augst/Kaiseraugst there are numerous examples dating within the period late Tiberian/Claudian to the 4th cent. AD (Riitti 1991: Form AR 109.1, Katalog, 104-106, pls. 90-92).
2827Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: Ds V (1); G IV (1); M IV (1).
2828Cat. no. DD-13: #89-44: Trench G. Stratum IV. Fig. 106. Rim fragment with small part of side. Outfolded rim. Transparent, light green glass. 1.3 x 2.4; Ø 8.0.
2829Cat. no. DD-14: #174-5-10B: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 106.
2830Rim fragment with small part of side. Outfolded rim. Ø 8.8.
2831Cat. no. DD-15: #174-104-115: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 106.
2832Rim fragment with small part of side. Outfolded rim.
2833Transparent, green glass. 3.4 x 1.15; Ø 14.0.
2834Unassigned forms with tubular rim (not catalogued)
2835Total ascribed: 8. Distribution: Dn IV (1); E III (1); G V (4); J III (1); M IV (1).
2836Unassigned forms with tubular base (not catalogued)
2837Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: A V (1); Dn V (1).
2838Bowls with two horizontal handles
2839The bowls have a tubular rim to which the handle is attached. The best parallels are from Settefinestre dated to the late Antonine period (De Tommaso & Poggesi 1985, 174, pl. 47.1).
2840Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: Ds VII (1); H II (1); L III (1).
2841Cat. no. DD-16: #174-7-1 A: Trench Ds. Stratum VII. Fig. 106.
2842Handle fragment with small part of rim. Slightly outbent and outfolded rim. Horizontally outsplayed handle of curvilinear shape with a perforation at the centre. Two grooves on surface of handle.
2843Iridescence. 3.2 x 1.8; Ø without handles c.12.0.
2844Cat. no. DD-17: #90-177: Trench H. Stratum II. Fig. 106.
2845Handle fragment with part of rim. Slightly out-bent and outfolded rim. Horizontally outsplayed handle of curvilinear shape with an irregular perforation at the centre.
2846Greenish glass. Iridescence. 6.6 x 2.7; Ø without handles c.20.0.
2847Cat. no. DD-18: #90-850: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2848Rim and handle fragment. Slightly out-bent and outfolded rim. Horizontally outsplayed handle. Two grooves on top side of handle.
2849Iridescence; 2.0 x 1.7; Ø not determinable.
2850Bowl with horizontal rim
2851The form is comparable to Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 85 (Rütti 1991, Katalog, 86, especially no. 1660, pl. 75) where it is dated to the 2nd cent. AD. The form is also attested at Settefinestre. Here it is found in Trajanic to Antonine contexts, late-antique and medieval layers (De Tommaso & Poggesi 1985, 177, pl. 47.11).
2852Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: E III.
2853Cat. no. DD-19: #89-705B: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 106.
2854Rim fragment. Double fold at junction with body.
2855Green glass. 2.0 x 2.1; Ø 20.0.
2856D. Closed forms
2857Jar
2858The form is close to Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR104.1/Isings 94, dated second half of the 1st cent. AD to the 3rd cent. AD (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 101-102, no. 1994, pl. 89).
2859Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds V.
2860Cat. no. DD-20: #174-5-101: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 106.
2861Rim fragment with small part of side. Out-turned rim and fire-rounded edge.
2862Ø 18.0.
2863Jars/jugs/flasks/bottles
2864Various fragments of rims and bases may belong to jars, jugs, flasks or bottles.
2865Cat. no. DD-21: #90-765B: Trench A. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2866Body fragment with transition to base. Almost cylindrical body.
2867Transparent, green glass. Small bubbles. 4.3 x 3.4.
2868Parallels: Close to Buccino, Vagni (Dyson 1983, 95 and 97, no. 19, fig. 204, mid to late Empire).
2869Cat. no. DD-22: #90-61: Trench Dn. Strata I-II. Removal of balk. Fig. 107.
2870Base fragment with small part of vertical wall. Flat, slightly raised at centre.
2871Colourless glass. Iridescence. 2.7 x 3.7; Ø c.6.5.
2872Cat. no. DD-23: #174-53-35A: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2873Rim fragment. Rim bent in and fire-rounded, funnelshaped neck.
2874Transparent, green glass. Small bubbles. 1.2 x 1.2; Ø 5.0.
2875Parallels: Augst/Kaiseraugst (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 167, no. 3900 (flask or jug), pl. 149, found with pottery dated 80-150 AD).
2876Cat. no. DD-24: #174-53-48A: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2877Rim fragment with part of neck. Rim bent in and firerounded edge, tubular fold below rim, funnel-shaped neck.
2878Greenish glass. Bubbles. 4.6 x 2.2; Ø 7.5.
2879Parallels: Close to Augst/Kaiseraugst (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 167, no. 3903 (flask or jug), pl. 149, found with pottery dated 90-250/280 AD).
2880Cat. no. DD-25: #90-1036: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2881Rim fragment with part of neck. Out-turned ribbed rim, rib on underside, funnel-shaped neck.
2882Transparent glass. Iridescence. 4.3 x 2.6; Ø 6.0.
2883Parallels: Close to Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 171 (jug) (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 173, nos. 4105-4106, pls. 155). No. 4105 was found with pottery dated c.200-250 AD. The form in general is dated from the end 2nd/beg. 3rd cent. AD to the early 5th cent. AD.
2884Cat. no. DD-26: #90-768: Trench L. Stratum IV. Fig. 106.
2885Rim fragment with part of neck. Vertical rim thickened on exterior and fire-rounded edge, short tubular neck with constriction?
2886Greenish glass. 2.5 x 1.4; Ø not determinable.
2887Cat. no. DD-27: #174-103-124: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2888Rim fragment. Out-turned and infolded rim, creating a hollow tube.
2889Green, transparent glass. 2.3 x 1.45; Ø 4.0.
2890Cat. no. DD-28: #174-103-137: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2891Rim fragment. Out-turned and outfolded? rim, creating a hollow tube.
2892Green, transparent glass. 3.8 x 1.2; Ø 6.0.
2893Cat. no. DD-29: #174-104-121: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 107.
2894Base fragment with part of side. Flat, slightly concave base, globular body.
2895Transparent, greenish glass. 6.5 x 1.5; Ø 4.0.
2896Unguentaria
2897Cat. no. DD-30: #90-1003: Trench A. Stratum VI. Surface of destruction layer. Fig. 107.
2898Bottom and part of side. Spherical. Isings 10?
2899Transparent, turquoise glass. 2.8 x 1.2.
2900Parallels: Muralto, villa Liverpool (Biaggio Simona 1991, several examples, e.g. nos. 176.2.068-073, dated 20-50 AD; nos. 176-2-081-082, dated 50/60-100 AD); Pompeii (Bardelli Mondini 1984, 264, 268, no. CE 1163/9, pl. 146.8, after Augustan-Tiberian period).
2901Cat. no. DD-31: #174-6-11B: Trench Ds. Stratum VI. Fig. 107.
2902Base fragment with small part of side. Flat, slightly concave base, bulbous.
2903Green glass. Small bubbles. 3.5 x 2.8; Ø c.3.0.
2904Parallels: Close to Pompeii (Bardelli Mondini 1984, 263-264, 268, no. CE 1831, pl. 146.7).
2905Unassigned fragments
2906Rims
2907Cat. no. DD-32: #89-709A: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2908Rim fragment with small part of side. Thick and broad horizontal rim.
2909Turquoise green glass. Bubbles. 6.8 x 3.0; Ø 14.0.
2910Cat. no. DD-33: #89-957: Trench H. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2911Rim fragment. Rim out-bent almost horizontally and fire-rounded edge, double fold at transition to neck/body.
2912c.4.5 x 1.5; Ø 11.0.
2913Cat. no. DD-34: #174-104-116: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 107.
2914Rim fragment with small part of side. Out-turned rim and fire-rounded edge.
2915Colourless glass. 2.6 x 1.3; Ø 14.0.
2916Parallels: Several examples from Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 77/unidentified form. The date range is from the Flavian period to the 3rd cent. AD (Rtitti 1991, Katalog, 82-84, e.g. nos. 1609, 1612 and 1615, pl. 73). It is also close to Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 79/Isings 87 (bowl on high ring foot) (Riitti 1991, Katalog, 84-85, especially nos. 1626-1627, pl. 74). This form is dated from the second half of the 1st cent. AD to the 3rd cent. AD.
2917Bases: ring foot
2918Cat. no. DD-35: #90-84: Trench A. Stratum IV. Fig. 107.
2919Fragment with small part of side.
2920Transparent, greenish glass. Iridescence. Ø of foot 5.0.
2921Cat. no. DD-36: #89-214: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2922Fragment with part of bottom. High, pushed-in ring foot.
2923Green glass. Small bubbles. H. of foot 1.4; Ø of foot 6.0.
2924Cat. no. DD-37: #90-726: Trench L. Stratum IV. 97.27/139.1. Fig. 107.
2925Fragment with small part of side.
2926Whitish, matt glass. Ø 4.0.
2927Decorated body fragments
29281. Decorated with pinched-up knobs.
2929This type of decoration occurs on seven body fragments. All are colourless (one with a greenish tinge). The same type of decoration is documented on beakers (and flasks?) at Augst/Kaiseraugst: Form AR 60.3/Isings 96b2 (Riitti 1991, 70, nos. 1355-1368, pl. 62). Here they date from mid-2nd to mid- 3rd cent. AD. The Augst/Kaiseraugst examples are greenish, with one exception. Due to the poor preservation it cannot be ascertained whether the Prop. Avallone fragments belong to these particular beakers (and flasks?) as well, but it seems highly likely. In Britain this type of decoration is common on hemispherical cups (rare on beakers) dated to the mid-to-late 3rd cent. AD. These are also colourless or slightly green-tinged (Cool & Price 1995, 86-87, fig. 5.14).
2930Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: F III (1); G V (3); L III (1); M III (2).
2931Cat. no. DD-38: #174-103-126. Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 107.
2932Colourless glass. 2.9 x 1.7.
29332. Geometric decoration
2934One fragment has geometric decoration arranged in concentric bands. This type of decoration occurs on bowls and beakers; lozenges or diamond-shaped panels, often with crosshatching, are common motifs (see e.g. Whitehouse 1997 Vol. I, 223, 262 no. 447 and 264 no. 451). They date to the 3rd- 4th cent. AD. Hemispherical and ovoid beakers are attested at August/Kaiseraugst (Riitti 1991, 68, nos. 1322-1324, pl. 59, found with pottery dated 250-280 AD).
2935Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds VI.
2936Cat. no. DD-39: #174-6-11 A: Trench Ds. Stratum VI. Fig. 107.
2937From bowl or beaker. Horizontal groove and remains of wheel-cut decoration in two bands on exterior: the upper with vertical lines; the lower with a small lozenge above and on either side of a larger hatched motif/object.
2938Colourless glass. 4.8 x 3.6.
III.19 The Lamps3
2939Helle W. Horsnæs
2940Fragments representing a total of 129 lamps were found. A large number (58) are very small fragments that cannot be inserted in any typology, and therefore have little significance for the chronology of the site. Their distribution, however, is shown in Table 78 in order to give the fullest possible information on the Prop. Avallone material.
2941The terminology used for the description of the lamps is the one proposed in Th. Oziol & R. Rebuffat,101 supplemented by D.M. Bailey102. The measurements of the lamps are L(ength), W(idth) and H(eight). They are all maximum preserved. The length is measured from the tip of the nozzle, the width is measured on a right angle to the length. The length and height measurements include the handle. If the fragment cannot be placed in its exact position on the lamp, the measurements are given as “cm x cm”.
2942There has been some discussion as to the value of descriptive colour charts such as Munsell. D.M. Bailey believes that they are “a waste of time”103. Although colour chart readings might give an impression of objectivity that could only be false, seeing how often two scholars disagree on the reading, they still give an idea about what one actually mean by ‘reddish’ or ‘buff’. They have therefore been used for the lamps in line with the rest of this publication.
2943For the use of the words Type, Group and Series, I have followed the guidelines originally set up by R.V. Nicholls and later used by e.g. D.M. Bailey104. Likewise, I have followed Bailey’s definition for the words “glaze” and “slip”105.
2944The catalogue has been compiled type by type, following a general chronological outline for the beginning of each type. For the distribution of the types, see Table 79.
2945Due to the enormous quantity of lamps in the Mediterranean area, it is not possible to quote all parallels for a given type. I have tried to refer to the typologies in major publications and quote only a number of parallels from Southern Italy. Still, the lists do not claim to be exhaustive106.
2946CATALOGUE
2947SECTION A: WHEEL-MADE LAMPS
29481. Open lamp of Greek type
2949The fragment preserves only part of the rim and the profile. It cannot be decided whether the lamp had a central tube and/or a handle.
2950The rim profile of the fragment is comparable to the lamps of Howland 1958, types 21 and 22 A-B, but there is no exact parallel for the form in his typology. Lamps based on this Athenian type were produced in Magna Grecia and widely distributed in this area, cf. e.g. Bailey 1975 cat. nos. Q 646-Q 664 (from Sicily), Q 682-Q 686 (from Sardinia), Q 692 (probably from Pozzuoli) and Q 693 (without provenance); Fabbricotti 1974a, 523, no. 1 (from Melfi, necropoli del Pisciolo, tomb 6 dated last quarter of the 5th cent. BC); Fabbricotti 1975, 395, nos. 7-13 (from Monte d'Irsi, Miglionico, Matera, Timmari, and Policoro. Fabbricotti 1975, 395 also quotes finds from Botromagno (Gravina) in a tomb with a krater by the Tarporley Painter (dated c.400-380 BC), from Lipari, Monte Sannace and Vibo Valentia/Hipponion); Hayes 1980a, 6, no. 10 "South or Central Italian” and no. 11 in “Apulian or Lucanian fabric”. See also list in Szilagyi 2004, 82-83. The fragment cannot be dated any closer than late 5th to 4th cent. BC.It was found in a destmction layer from a later phase.
2951Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: A VI.
2952Cat. no. EE-1: #90-717: Trench A. Stratum VI. Destruction layer. Fig. 108.
2953Rim fragment.
2954Fabric: Yellowish red to dark grey (5 YR 5/6-4/1). Traces of yellowish red to black (5 YR 5/6 to black) glaze. 6.0 x 1.5.
29552. South Italian Hellenistic lamps
2956Although Hellenistic lamps are extremely common in Southern Italy, they have not been the subject of any typological study. Till now only two types have been surveyed: the “Apulian type”, characterized by a flat or concave shoulder and a raised rim around the filling-hole (Bailey 1975, 324; Pavolini 1981, 141-144 and 178-179) and the type a decorazione radiale perhaps produced in Calabria in the area around Reggio (Pavolini 1981, 155-160 and 182-183). However, a large number of lamps mentioned in excavation reports and museum catalogues do not belong to these types.
29572a: Rounded lamps
2958The first type to be considered is characterized by a globular body with a depressed rim around the filling hole, a rounded or slightly angular nozzle and a vertical handle with rectangular cross-section placed on the upper half of the body. The flat or concave bottom of the lamp might be profiled.
2959Of the Prop. Avallone fragments only cat. no. EE-2 can be assigned to the globular type with some accuracy. Cat. nos. EE-3-EE-5 have been placed in this group because of the material and technique, which seem similar to cat. no. E-22. The black glaze and the form of the nozzle of #174-56-4 should indicate a pre-Augustan date.
2960Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: Ds VIII (1); Ds X (1); G VI (1); G IX (1).
2961Cat. no. EE-2: #174-8-21: Trench Ds. Stratum VIII. Fig. 108.
2962Fragment with part of bowl and handle (attachment).
2963Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/3-6/4). Decorated on the exterior and around the filling hole with metallic glaze, very dark grey to black (N 3/to N 2/), partly flaked off. Turned. H. 2.7; W. 4.3.
2964Cat. no. EE-3: #89-448: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Level -724. Fig. 108.
2965Rim fragment with filling hole(?).
2966Fabric: Light brownish grey to grey (2.5 Y 6/2 to 10 YR 5/1). Very dark grey (close to N 3/) slip on the interior and exterior. Secondarily burnt. Interior Ø 2.0; Th. 0.2; Th. of rim 0.45.
2967Cat. no. EE-4: #174-56-4: Trench G. Stratum VI. (Not illustrated)
2968Fragment of nozzle of lamp.
2969Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Metallic, very dark grey (N 3/) glaze. FI. 1.5; L. 2.3; W. 2.6.
2970Cat. no. EE-5: #89-817: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 108.
2971Fragment of the bottom with disc foot, close to the nozzle. Heavily worn on the exterior.
2972Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4-7/4). Black glaze, much destroyed on the exterior. 4.2 x 3.0.
2973Parallels from Southern Italy
2974Campania
2975“Agro Salernitano”: a private collection in Rome (Fabbricotti 1976b, 268, no. 8, pl. XCV,2). In spite of its uncertain provenance, this lamp is important because it may have been found in the Province of Salerno, close to Pontecagnano (although probably in the hinterland, Fabbricotti 1976b, 268). Fabbricotti compared the lamp to examples from Grottaferrata, Todi and Ordona (cf. below) and dated it from the second half of the 2nd to the beg. of the 1st cent. BC, based on parallels from Delos (Bruneau 1965, nos. 49-51). The Delos lamps, probable descendants of the “Cnidian” and “Ephesian" types, seem more closely comparable to lamps of a more angular type (cf. below).
2976Buccino: Vittimose lamps nos. 8-10 and San Marco lamp no. 1 (Dyson 1983, 109 and 337, figs. 93-95), respectively compared to Howland 1958, 162-163, no. 638/Bruneau 1965 no. 191 and Howland 1958, 162-163, no. 335 and dated late 2nd to early 1st cent. BC.There is no external stratigraphical evidence for the dating of the lamps.
2977Calabria
2978Torre del Mordillo: (Colburn 1977, 510-512, no. L 4) from a Hellenistic layer dated in the second half of the 4th cent. BC by comparison with material from Monte Sannace/Gioia del Colie (cf. below).
2979Marcellina/Laos: Area Campilongo A no. 89 (M.T. Varone in Greco, E. et al. 1989, 79, pl. 21), compared to Broneer 1977, pl. 2 no. 87 from the second half of the 4th cent. BC.The lamps date the strata in Laos. The finds from Marcellina are considered to be the Brettian Laos, thus postdating 356 BC (Guzzo 1989, 50).
2980Vibo Valentia/Hipponion: necropoli in localita Piercastello tombs 452, 468 and 448 (Crimaco & Proietti 1989, 804, pl. CXVIII nos. 29621-29623), dating to the second phase of the necropolis from the second half of the 2nd to the beg. of the 1st cent. BC.Crimaco & Proietti note that the type is common in Central and Southern Italy, but difficult to study (and date) as most of them have no exact parallels and were probably produced locally. They also notice the connection to the South Etruscan lamps (defined as type by Pavolini 1981, cf. below).
2981Basilicata
2982Ruoti: (Fabbricotti 1979, 390, fig. 45b) with reference to Alba Fucens (de Visscher et al. 1955, fig. 31,4) and Ordona (Delplace 1974, no. 15).
2983Metaponto: (Lo Porto 1966, 152, pl. Ill nos. 2, 3 and 5), unstratified finds, tentatively dated from the 3rd to 2nd cent. BC.
2984Sibari: (Rota 1970, 485, cat. no. 630/inv.no. 20974 and figs. 450 and 590) dated to the first half of the 3rd cent. BC, based on parallels in Athens (Howland 1958, type 29B).
2985- Apulia
2986Vaste: Fondo Melliche tomb 544 no. 12, the context is dated to the beg. of the 3rd cent. BC (Semeraro 1990, 69-77). Semeraro quotes parallels from Sibari (cf. above), Taranto and Brindisi (Cocchiaro & Andreassi 1988, 73-75, tomb 242, no. 14, from mid- 3rd cent.).
2987Monte Sannace/Gioia del Colle, tomb 19 no. 6, dated c.300 BC because of the context (Scarfi 1961, 227-230).
2988Ordona: The Hellenistic lamps of type IB la was compared to Howland 1958, type 34 B, and dated from the late 3rd to the 2nd cent. BC.(Delplace 1974). The distinction between type IB la and IB lb is described as the difference in clay and glaze, but there also seems to be a difference in the form of the nozzle. Although it is in both cases described as “triangle arrondi”, it seems more rounded in type IB la and more angular in type IB lb. This might be a false impression, as only a very limited number of the Ordona lamps have been illustrated. (For Ordona type IB lb, cf. below “Biconical lamps”).
2989Unknown or unsecure provenance
2990Probably from Southern Italy, Historisches Museum Bern inv. no. 12401 (Leibundgut 1963-1964, no. 7 and photograph p. 446), dated 3rd to 2nd cent. BC based on comparison with Howland 1958, type 33 A.
2991The rounded South Italian type is morphologically close to the South Etruscan lamps defined by Pavolini: "corpo... globulare, con pareti arrotondate; il disco e leggermente depresso... ansa a nastro, becco svasato, piede distinto concavo o piatto” (1981, 153-155 and bibliography 181-182, especially 154). He regarded this type to be a “produzione etrusca ‘autarchica’” concentrated in the area of Castel d’Asso, Norchia etc.in Southern Etruria, but with some finds also from the coastal area (Tarquinia), the Agro Falisco, and Northern Etruria (Talamone and Roselle) (Pavolini 1987, 142).
2992Pavolini believed the type to date from the first half of the 3rd cent. BC based on an example from Norchia and two finds from Pyrgi that unfortunately were “stratigraficamente incerti" (Pavolini 1981, 154 and 1982, 302). The earliest securely dated example of the type, however, is from Tarquinia (Cavagnaro Vanoni 1977, tomb 5876, 201-204, figs. 52-53) from the end of the 3rd or the beg. of the 2nd cent. BC.The type was common only. from the first half of the 2nd cent. BC: the Castel d’Asso lamps from tombs 33 and 81 dated in the first half of the 2nd cent. BC (Colonna di Paolo & Colonna 1970, 207-209 and 232; the dating is based on the unguentaria of Ford type V), a fragment of a handle from Bolsena dated by its context c.160 BC (Pavolini 1982, 303 with references), from the mid-2nd cent. BC at S. Maria di Falleri (Schippa 1980, 87, nos. 234-236, pl. XLVII), and from the late 2nd or beg. of the 1st cent. BC at Roselle (Romualdi s.a., 99 and 105, no. 25, fig. 30,1). It was produced until c.50 BC (Pavolini 1987, 142).
2993Apart from the lamps quoted by Pavolini (1981, 181-182; 1982, 303; 1987, 142), comparable lamps are known from:
2994Riva (Trentino, without provenance): Gualandi Genito 1986, 100-101, no. 3, who wrongly defined it as “Apulian type”.
2995The affinities of the rounded South Italian lamps with lamps found outside this area, notably with the South Etruscan group were already suggested by Fabbricotti (1976b, 268) referring to parallels from Todi and Grottaferrata for Campanian lamps, and later by Crimaco & Proietti (1989, 804) for Calabrian lamps.
2996I strongly believe that the rounded Hellenistic lamps of Italy should be regarded as one type only, probably produced in several different areas. In spite of Pavolini’s theory that the South Etruscan lamps were a local invention, I believe that they belong to a Hellenistic rather than an Italic/Roman tradition. The fact that the type seems to emerge slightly earlier in Southern Italy than in Central Italy would support this view.
2997Unfortunately, the independently and/or stratigraphically dated South Italian lamps are few. They are most often dated stylistically by comparison with Greek material from Athens, Delos and Istmia-“datazioni ‘evoluzionis tiche'che avevano forse una giustificazione nei primi due decenni nel nostro secolo, ma non da Loeschcke in poi...” (Pavolini 1993, 423). But there is a striking disagreement among the scholars working with South Italian material as to which Greek city the comparisons should come from. Nobody has published any theoretical considerations as to the validity of the close datings based on stylistic/morphological comparisons with Greek material from the 4th cent. BC onwards. Nor has anybody argued why they have been compared with material from one city rather than another.
2998In spite of the inter-Mediterranean contacts and the undoubtedly strong Hellenistic influence in Italy, there is e.g. general agreement that the large-scale Athenian pottery trade had ceased in the 4th cent. and that many local workshops were active, both in Greece itself and in the colonies. A Hellenistic koine can be seen in the morphological development, but the details may differ from one area to another. I therefore believe that dates based on style should be used only with caution and only if based on comparisons with other locally produced-i.e. Italian-material. The complicated cultural development in Southern Italy due to the growth of power among the Lucanian peoples and the subsequent Roman colonization should also be taken into consideration.
2999Until a reliable typological sequence has been established for the Hellenistic lamps from Italy, and the relations between the types from Etruria, Latium and Southern Italy have been convincingly defined, the Prop. Avallone fragments cannot be dated typologically any closer than from the 3rd to the first half of the 1st cent. BC.
30002b: Biconical lamps
3001(Ricci 1973 type E/Biconico dell’Esquilino)
3002The type was first defined by Scott Ryberg (1940, 129, figs. 146a-b) who noted the affinity with lamps from 3rdcent. Corinth and the distribution of the type. He briefly touched on the question of the production area of the type, referring to the general assumption that it was made in Campania and noting the large number of lamps of the type found in Rome.
3003Ricci (1973, 216-219, type E, not mentioning Scott Ryberg) noted the vast distribution of the type, especially in Campana A, in the Western Mediterranean area. She dated the type from the end of the 2nd to the beg. of the 1st cent. BC.
3004The discussion was resumed by Pavolini who proposed a development of the type based on the form of the nozzle: "...piu antico il becco e spesso appuntito'ad ancora'; nei tipi successivi la terminazione tende a divenire diritta, con una forma ‘ad incudine’..." (1981, 144-149 and 179-180 with an extended list of finds overlapping some of Ricci’s references, but not mentioning her work; 1982, 302). The datable examples outside Italy are referred to the period c.180-50 BC.(e.g. Ricci 1973, 216-219; Pavolini 1987, 141), but according to Pavolini, the type may have originated already in the mid- 3rd cent. BC and perhaps only slowly came into fashion (Pavolini 1987, 140). Pavolini considered the biconico dell’Esquilino the first purely Italian lamp production created in Latium, perhaps within Rome (1981, 144; 1982, 302; 1987, 140-141). It is seen as an example of how the conquering Romans took over the production also of the relatively humble objects as e.g. lamps, ousting local lamps as e.g. the “Apulian type” (Pavolini 1987, 141). Still, Pavolini noted the affinities with the "Cnidian” type (1987, 140).
3005Normally the biconico dell’Esquilino is black-glazed. Apart from this slipped example from Prop. Avallone (#90-230), only one un-glazed example is known to me. It was also found in the Salerno area and is believed to have been produced locally (Fabbricotti 1976b, 268 no. 6 and pl. XCVI,l on "piede campanulato”, cf. below).
3006The biconico dell’Esquilino type is well-known in Southern Italy, but unfortunately the finds are rarely independently dated. Exceptions to this rule are the lamps from the Casa Ricotta necropolis at Metaponto. They have, however, far-reaching consequences. They are the earliest examples of the type, and might be seen as the closest antecedents of the Roman lamps. Pavolini’s view that the biconico dell’Esquilino type is a purely Roman invention, only distantly related to the “Cnidian” Hellenistic type, must then be reconsidered. The recomposed contexts from Naples may support this view (cf. below on Campanian parallels). Still, lacking a typological study of the pre-imperial Italian lamps based on autopsy, theories on the origin and development of these types can only be put forward with great caution.
3007The biconical lamps from Prop. Avallone should therefore be dated from the mid- 3rd (or slightly later) to the first half of the 1st cent. BC.
3008Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: B IV (1); E V (3);
3009Cat. no. EE-6: #90-230: Trench B. Stratum IV. Fig. 108.
3010c.10 fragments restored to a lamp of which the nozzle and half the handle is missing.
3011Fabric: Very soft. Pale yellow (2.5 Y 7/4), with large quantity of inclusions. Thick pale yellow (2.5 Y 8/4) slip. H. 2.3; L. 5.8; W. 4.7.
3012Cat. no. EE-7: #89-24: Trench E. Stratum V. Level -689. Fig. 108.
3013Fragment of front half with nozzle, disc foot.
3014Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Very dark grey, opaque (N 3/) glaze, partly flaked off. Turned. 5.3 x 6.4; H. 3.6.
3015Cat. no. EE-8: #89-68: Trench E. Stratum V. 81.1/129.95. Level -713. Fig. 108.
3016The handle and c.1/3 of the wall is preserved.
3017Fabric: White to light grey (2.5 Y 8/2-7/2). Very dark grey (N 3/) glaze on the exterior and part of the interior. 5.8 x 3.8; Th. 0.4; W. of handle 1.5.
3018Cat. no. EE-9: #89-481: Trench E. Stratum V. Fig. 108.
3019Fragment of bottom with disc foot and lower part of body with handle (attachment).
3020Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Brown/dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) slip on the interior (very worn) and the exterior, reserved below the handle. On the inside traces of the wheel. H. 2.5.
3021Parallels from Southern Italy
3022Campania
3023Naples: necropoli di Castel Capuano tomb XIX (Napoli antica 1985, 256, no. 61,3). The.tomb context is dated in the third quarter to the end of the 4th cent. BC.The lamp is not illustrated, but it is described as "a becco ad incudine" and compared to one from Metaponto (Lo Porto 1981,339, fig. 46, cf. below). The tomb contexts were originally mixed and have only recently been recomposed with help from the excavation notebooks (Napoli antica 1985, 232).
3024Pompeii: Historisches Museum Bern inv. no. 27131 (Leibundgut 1963-1964, no. 11 and p. 447), compared to Broneer 1930, type XIII (“Cnidian”) no. 191 and regarded as an Italian version of this type, end 3rd to first half of 2nd cent. BC (cf. also Pavolini 1981, 180).
3025Pompeii: Romanazzi 1984, 235 and 243-244, no. CE 2058, pls. 131.3 (compared to Deneauve 1969 IX) and nos. CE 1259 and CE 1250, pls. 131.6-7 “a becco arrotondato”. The form of no. CE 2058 is clearly biconical, unfortunately the nozzle is missing. It is not clear whether nos. CE 1259 and CE 1250 are biconical or-perhaps-rounded lamps due to the lack of profile drawing of the body outline. No. CE 2058 comes from a layer also containing a black glazed sherd (Morel 2554b, dated to the first quarter of or mid-2nd cent. BC) (Romanazzi 1984, 56).
3026Buccino: Vittimose lamps nos. 2-7 and San Mauro lamps nos. 2-3 (Dyson 1983, 38 and figs. 87-92, 109; 173 and figs. 335-336), respectively compared to Bruneau 1965, 22, nos. 55ff. and 49-54 and dated from the late 2nd to early 1st cent. BC.There is no external stratigraphical evidence for the dating of the lamps.
3027From “Agro Salernitano”: a private collection in Rome (Fabbricotti 1976b, 268, nos. 6-7 and pls. XCVI,1 and 3). In spite of the uncertain provenance, these lamps are important because they may have been found in the Province of Salerno, close to Pontecagnano (although probably in the hinterland, Fabbricotti 1976b, 268). No. 6 is the only parallel for the unglazed lamp from Prop. Avallone #90-230. No. 7 is regarded as locally produced and compared to a lamp from Alba Fucens (de Visscher et al. 1955, fig. 31,4).
3028Basilicata
3029Potenza area? Museo Provinciale di Potenza (Fabbricotti 1976a, 6, nos. 3-5). No. 3 is compared to Broneer 1930, type XIX; nos. 4-5 to Broneer 1930, type XIII and Lo Porto 1966, pl. Ill no. 9 etc.
3030Ruoti: inv. nos. 59785, 59786 and 60209 from humus layer (Fabbricotti 1979, 355 and fig. 15, with reference).
3031Matera: various lamps (Fabbricotti 1976a, 6, n. 7 referring to Fabbricotti 1975, 394 n. 1).
3032Metaponto: A number of examples are found. Lo Porto saw the rounded (1966, 152 and pl. Ill nos. 2, 3 and 5) and biconical (1966, pl. Ill no. 9) lamps as one type. The form of the nozzle on no. 9 is, however, distinctively different from the remaining lamps. Lo Porto refers to the lamp on pl. III, no. 9 as a parallel for the subsequently found lamps in the ‘Casa Ricotta’ necropolis tomb 1 (1981,338-339, nos. 4-5 and fig. 46) dated in the first half of the 3rd cent. BC, and tomb 9 (1981, 353-357, fig. 74) dated in the mid-3rd cent. BC.
3033A lamp from Cozzo Presepe was dated to the end of the 3rd cent. BC.by Morel based on an analogue lamp from Gnathia in a tomb context dated c.330 BC.He noted that this dating was in accordance with Lo Porto’s dating for the Metapontum material (referring to Lo Porto 1966, pl. III no. 9) and with the theory that the Cozzo Presepe plateau was deserted in the 3rd cent. BC, but fitted badly with Howland’s datings for the Athenian Agora material (Morel 1970, 111-114).
3034Apulia
3035Ordona: Delplace 1974, Hellenistic lamps type IB1b (compared to Bruneau 1965, nos. 49-51, cf. above).
3036A2c.Cylindrical lamps (Cilindrico dell’Esquilino/Ricci 1973 type H)
3037Compared to the above-mentioned types, the cylindrical lamps are found in a relatively restricted area, primarily in Latium and along the Adriatic coast, and with isolated finds on Delos (Bruneau 1965, 27, no. 320, pl. 36). Ricci believed the type to have Greek prototypes (1973, 227), but the date of its origin is obscure. Pavolini believed examples from the Esquiline to be the older, but refers to dated lamps only from the second half of the 2nd cent. BC, and it should be noted that Pavolini in general tends to underestimate the Hellenistic influence in Italy speaking in favour of purely Italic origins – also the case with his interpretation of the “South Etruscan type" and the biconico dell’Esquilino (Pavolini 1981, 149-152 and 180-181; 1987, 141). The type was found beneath the colonnade of Caesar’s Forum in Rome, thus providing a secure ante quem dating of 48-46 BC (Ricci 1973, 225). Stamped lamps might point to an urban workshop (Pavolini 1987, 141).
3038The fragment from Prop. Avallone presents a rarity in Southern Italy. The description of the clay used for the Roman examples (“rossa o nocciola, e rivestita in alcuni casi da una leggera ingubbiature” Ricci 1973, 225; “rossa con varie sfumature” Pavolini 1987, 141) agrees with our fragment that might come from a Roman workshop, and in any case cannot be regarded as local. It should be dated c.150-50 BC.
3039Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: Ds IX.
3040Cat. no. EE-10: #174-9-591: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. West of the wall. Above the destruction layer. Fig. 108.
3041Fragment with side-lug.
3042Fabric: Coarse, no treatment of the surface. Reddish brown to dark grey (5 YR 5/4-4/1), mica. Traces of secondary burning, especially around the nozzle. L. 6.4; W. 3.0; Th. 0.3-0.4.
3043SECTION B: MOULD-MADE LAMPS
30441. Ear-lamp
3045The type was first identified by Perlzweig (1961, 14 Alpha Ear Lamps). Bailey (1980, 233-236, type G) believed the type to have originated in Italy, but admitted that the Athenian dates were as early as the Italian ones. In Italy the type is known to have been produced in the workshops of Caius Clodius and LUC, both active from c.40 AD into the Flavian period. Romanazzi (1984, 239) has published examples from Tiberian contexts in Pompeii, which seems to support Bailey’s view.
3046Lund (1991, 276-279) has reviewed the dating evidence for the ear-lamps, and found that “variant A makes its first appearance in find groups from the two final decades of the 1st century BC”. This assumption, however, is based on his charts worked out by statistical means. The earliest contexts for lamps quoted in his work are from the Augustan period: from Augst (Switzerland) found with an Augustan coin; from Pompeii Reg. VI, ins.5, Sounding 10 layer 2 with finds suggesting “una cronologia bassa ad epoca augusteo-tiberiana”; from Athens Agora, Well D 11:1 of late 1st cent. BC to mid-lst cent. AD. None of these finds are dated ante quem. For statistical purposes the possibility that a lamp should be dated in the earliest phase of the context has to be taken into consideration, but it would seem very imprudent to suggest an earlier date for the beginning of the type than the Tiberian period noted by e.g. Romanazzi (1984).
3047Used with caution, Lund’s charts and his catalogue of dated finds are very useful. They show the period of overlap between the two variations of the Ear Lamps, i.e. from c.20 to c.80 AD, after which a limited number of variation B are found until the mid-3rd cent. AD. The finds from the period after c.120 AD come exclusively from Sidi Khrebish. As Lund notes (1991, 279), the peak in his charts in the period 40 to 60 AD might be caused by one large find that has blurred the picture. I would therefore suggest that the most likely date for cat. no. EE-11 is between 20 and 120 AD, but an Augustan date cannot be ruled out.
3048Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: G I.
3049Cat. no. EE-11: #174-51-1: Trench G. Stratum I. Fig. 108.
3050Fragment with side-lug.
3051Fabric: Thin-walled. Light brownish grey (2.5 Y 6/2). Slip burnt to very dark grey/very dark greyish brown (10 YR 3/1-3/2) on the exterior. 3.5 x 2.8. The relief of the ‘ear’ is sharply drawn. There is a characteristic triangle in the two comers shaped by the outline of the shoulder. No parallels have been found for this triangle motif.
30522. A volute, Bailey 1980, type A/Loeschcke 1919, type I
30532a: Loeschcke 1919, type IA
3054Cat. nos. EE-12 and EE-13 belong to the Loeschcke 1919 type I, the “Augustaische Vorstufe” to his type IV (=Bailey 1980, type B). Especially cat. no. EE-12, and to a lesser degree cat. no. EE-13, displays the shoulder form Loeschcke I-IIA described as “extremely narrow" with "closely spaced, even rilling, level or sloping inwards slightly” which is “an early sign”. They should therefore be placed in Loeschcke 1919, type IA (=Bailey 1980, type Ai-Aii) (Bailey 1980, 126).
3055The type is dated in the Augustan-Tiberian period/late 1st cent. BC to the first third of the 1st cent. AD (Bailey 1980, 126-132 discusses the dating of the type; Lund 1991, 279-286 enumerates the six dated examples of the type, none of which, however, was found in Italy; furthermore Pavolini 1977, 35 n. 4 notes an ante quem 15-10 BC for the beginning of the a volute type)
3056Few lamps of this type are noted from Campania: Bailey 1980, type Ai, Q 761 and type Aii; Q 771, 773 and 774 are all said to be from Pozzuoli; an example of Bailey 1980, type Ai was found in Salerno in 1928 (Romito 1989).
3057Loeschcke type IA was previously regarded to be completely absent in Pompeii and Herculaneum (e.g. Bisi Ingrassia 1977, 81), but a limited number has recently been found in Pompeii Reg. VI, ins. 5 (Romanazzi 1984, 237 and 245. To the lamps inserted by her in Loeschcke type IA might be added no. CE 1883/2, pl. 132.4, with an early profile similar to #90-683).
3058Total ascribed; 2. Distribution: Dn VI (1); M I (1).
3059Cat. no. EE-12: #90-683: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. West of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 108.
3060Small fragment of shoulder close to Loeschcke form I with part of volute.
3061Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3). Traces of reddish brown (7.5 YR 6/8) glaze on the exterior. 3.3 x 2.4 x 1.5. Restored W. c.9.0-10.0.
3062Cat. no. EE-13: #174-101-1: Trench M. Stratum I. (Not illustrated)
3063Fragment of medallion and shoulder.
3064Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4), with incised decoration and a bead around the medallion. Traces of brownish glaze in the incised decoration. 1.5 x 1.9 x 0.7. Restored W. c.7.0-8.0.
30652b: Loeschcke 1919, type IB or IC
3066Cat. nos. EE-14 and EE-15 are fragments of Loeschcke 1919, type I (=Bailey 1980, type A). The nozzles are short and broad, similar to Bailey 1980, types Aiii (and to a lesser degree to Aiv, both = Loeschcke 1919, type IB) dated in the late Augustan to early Flavian period, and the Campanian type Av (Loeschcke 1919, type IC) dated in the Flavian period.
3067Bailey 1980, type Aiii (=Loeschcke type IB) has not been found in Pompeii and Herculaneum, but is known from other Campanian sites, e.g. Buccino, Vitimose (Dyson 1983, no. 18 with Loeschcke shoulder form III, fig. 103; Bailey 1980, 137, 13 lamps from the Temple Bequest all said to be from Pozzuoli. A lamp in Benghazi with a discus scene attests the use of Bailey 1980, type Aiii in the third quarter of the 1st cent. AD (Bailey 1985, 29, no. C 156, pl. 8 and fig. 4).
3068In contrast to Bailey 1980, type Aiii, the Campanian subgroup of Loeschcke 1919, type IC = Bailey 1980, type Av occurs in some quantity in Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the type is thereby provided with an important ante quem (Bisi Ingrassia 1977, 81 type VIB; Cerulli Irelli 1977, 61 type F cat. nos. 26-28 from “officina figuli” in 1,20,2-3 made from worn matrices or from surmoulage; Pavolini 1977, 35; Romanazzi 1984, 237 and 245).
3069The form of the nozzles of cat. nos. EE-14 and EE-15 is very close to Bailey 1980, type Av, but it cannot be excluded that they belong to his type Aiii. Therefore they cannot be dated any closer than the 1st cent. AD.
3070Total ascribed: 2. Distribution: A VI (1); E IV (1).
3071Cat. no. EE-14: #90-742: Trench A. Stratum VI. (Not illustrated)
3072Fragment of triangular nozzle.
3073Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Dark greyish brown (10 YR 4/2) to very dark greyish brown (10 YR 3/2) glaze on the interior and exterior. H. 1.7; L. 1.9; W. 2.15; Th. 0.17-0.3.
3074Cat. no. EE-15: #89-94: Trench E. Stratum IV. 84.5/129.5. Fig. 108.
3075Fragment of triangular nozzle with hole.
3076Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6). Red (2.5 YR 5/8) glaze on the interior and exterior. Secondarily burnt. H. 1.7; L. 1.7; W. 2.4; Th. 0.3.
30773. Firmalampen/Loeschcke 1919, type X ‘long’
3078Loeschcke 1919, type X ‘long’ was developed in the middle of the 1st cent. AD as shown by the finds from Angera Romana, especially tomb IV,7, supported by tombs 1,4 and 1,10 (Spagnolo 1985, 488-489, pl. 98.9; Pavolini 1993, 423). The Firmalampen type was a standardized form that was produced continuously in “much of the 3rd and even into the 4th century AD” (Bailey 1980, 272).
3079The Firmalampen were more popular in Northern Italy where the type was invented than in Southern Italy and in the Mediterranean area in general. This may explain the absence of Loeschcke type X in Pompeii, where the presence of Loeschcke type IX (Firmalampen without canal) might indicate that type X came into fashion in Southern Italy somewhat later than in the North.
3080The handle is very rare on the Firmalampen in Northern Italy, whereas they are common on Firmalampen from Central Italian lampmakers as e.g. Myron (active c.50-80 AD). The Central Italian fabric is described as "orange-buff, slightly micaceous, clay, covered with an orange-red slip” (Bailey 1980, 276-277), not incompatible with the Prop. Avallone fragments.
3081Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: G V (2); M III (1).
3082Cat. no. EE-16: #174-55-11: Trench G. Stratum V. 88.45/126,42. Level -626. Fig. 108.
3083Lamp, the nozzle is broken off.
3084Fabric: Light brownish grey (10 YR 6/2) to pale brown (10 YR 6/3). Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6) glaze flaking off. H. 2.3; L.7.2; W. 5.0.
3085Cat. no. EE-17: #174-55-25: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3086Fragment of medallion with incised decoration.
3087Fabric: Yellow (10 YR 7/6) to reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Traces of yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) glaze. 1.65 x 1.65.
3088Cat. no. EE-18: #174-103-83: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 108.
3089Fragment of the handle with small part of the bowl.
30903.6 x 4.1 x 2.3.
3091To this fragment belong:
3092#174-103-84: Trench M. Stratum III.
3093Fragment of the body with relief-bead around the medallion and canal to the nozzle, and slight ring foot. 3.3 x 4.0; preserved H. 0.8.
3094And
3095#174-103-85: Trench M. Stratum III.
3096Fragment of wall and nozzle.
3097Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) glaze on the interior and exterior. H. 3.9; L. c.7.3; restored W. 4.7. The handle of is not pierced.
3098Parallels from Southern Italy
3099Salerno: from a necropolis below Palazzo Conforte on Corso V. Emmanuele (Romito 1989).
3100Buccino: Vittimose nos. 21-22, no. 21 with incised'bollo’(Dyson 1983, 41, figs. 105-107); Vagni no. 1 with stamp in relief KELSEI in Greek (Dyson 1983, 94, fig. 198).
3101Fabbricotti 1974a, 528, no. 20.
31024. Lamps with short, round nozzle/Loeschcke 1919, type VIII/Bailey 1980, type O, P and Q/Bisi Ingrassia 1977, type IX.
3103The lamps with short, round nozzle are divided in numerous types, based primarily on the form of the nozzle. Loeschcke’s nozzle forms H, K, L.l, L.2, and R have become standard references, but a number of variations, not included in his forms, exist.
3104Bailey 1980 divided the lamps of Loeschcke 1919, type VIII, into three types: types O, P and Q, but it can be difficult to follow Bailey’s division, especially in cases where only a fragment of the lamp is preserved. Here only those of Bailey’s subtypes that are relevant for the Prop. Avallone material have been listed.
3105The oldest examples of lamps with short, round nozzle are the undecorated lamps of Bisi Ingrassia 1977, type IX G (= Heres group C) with Loeschcke shoulder III/IV. This is the only kind of lamps with round nozzle found on the C.Clodius shipwreck dated 40-50 AD (Pavolini 1977, 39). This type does not seem to be present in Prop. Avallone.
3106This type is followed by Bisi Ingrassia 1977 type IX E-F with shoulder VI/VIII and nozzle L.l (Pavolini 1977, 39). This was the most popular form in 79 AD in Campania, and the most common type found also in the Palazzo Corigliano excavations in Naples. They are assumed to have been produced in Campania (Bragantini 1991, 37). In general the type is not decorated, nor stamped.
3107This type is similar to Bailey 1980, type O. The lamps have circular bodies, and the shoulder is most often of Loeschcke form VII or VIII (the latter often with ovule decoration). A variety of nozzle forms are seen. Type O is dated in the second half of the 1st cent. to the beg. of the 2nd cent. AD (Bailey 1980, 293-294).
3108This relatively simple type seems to have been longlived. Bailey 1980, type Pi has a semicircular nozzle close to Loeschcke form L.l, defined with a lateral groove or step often with an impressed point at each end of the groove. The shoulder is rounded and undecorated, and set off from the discus by one or more grooves (Loeschcke form VIIb or VIIa). There are often impressed points where the pierced handle joins the shoulder.
3109Type P was developed from type O. Bailey considered some examples that seem to come from Pompeii and Herculaneum and thus might antedate the eruption of 79 AD, but due to doubts about their precise findspot, he still preferred to date the type c.80-150 AD (Bailey 1980, 314-316).
3110The lamps of Bailey 1980, type Qv and Qvi (mediumsized and small respectively), have the same general characteristics, apart from the nozzle that is invariably of form H (heartshaped). Nozzle form H is not seen in the Caius Clodius shipwreck 40-50 AD (Pavolini 1977, 38), but early examples of the form are present in Pompeii and Herculaneum (e.g. Bisi Ingrassia 1977, type IX I). It eventually became the dominant nozzle form, lasting at least to the end of the 3rd cent. (Bailey 1980, type R). Bailey type Q is dated from the last quarter of the 1st cent. to the first quarter of the 3rd cent.
3111Among lamps of Bailey 1980, type O also nozzle R is common, and is seen in a number of examples from Pompeii and Herculaneum (e.g. Bisi Ingrassia 1977, type IX H).
3112The lamps are often stamped with KELSEI (in Greek) or C.COR.URS. Both stamps are believed to be South Italian. They may carry two “occhi di dado” next to the handles (C.COR.URS), and a lamp from Diamante (C.COR.-URS.) is decorated with a relief with a bird-on-bough motif. Examples from Naniglio/Gioiosa Ionica are close to cat. nos. EE-25, EE-39 and EE-46 (Castiglione Morelli 1988, 81-85).
3113A certain group must postdate the eruption of 79 AD (Pavolini 1977, 40 n. 14). To this group might belong: cat. nos. EE-25, EE-26(?), EE-33(?).
3114Contrary to Bailey, Pavolini 1993, 423 believes the type to originate in the Tiberian period (based on Swiss contexts).
3115Total ascribed: 19. Distribution: C IV (1); Dn IV (1); Ds IV-VI (1); Ds V (1); Ds VII (1); E III (1); G V (5); G VI (1); H IV (2); J III (1); M III (1); M IV (2); N III (1).
3116Cat. no. EE-19: #90-341: Trench C.Stratum IV. 77.84/135.01. Level -649. Fig. 109.
3117Circular with rounded nozzle. Wholly preserved except from small chips.
3118Fabric: Pink clay (7.5 YR 7/4). Dusky red (2.5 YR 3/2) to red (2.5 YR 5/6) glaze on the exterior (it is not possible to see whether there are traces of glaze on the interior too). Traces of secondary burning around the nozzle. L. 10.5; 0.7.5; H. with handle 3.8.
3119Shoulder VIIb, nozzle R.: Discus scene, personification of Africa, from worn mould (Oziol 1980, pl. VI no. 76).
3120Bailey 1980, type O, dated c.50 to the beg. of the 2nd cent. AD.
3121Cat. no. EE-20: #90-461: Trench Dn. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated)
3122Fragment of the rim and small part of the medallion with relief decoration. The medallion is encircled by a thin bead between two deep grooves.
3123Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) slip. 4.0 x 2.8; Th. 0.6.
3124Shoulder close to form VIIa with two incised grooves, discus scene scallop or rosette (cf. cat. nos. EE-27 and EE-29).
3125Dated c.50-150 AD.
3126Cat. no. EE-21: #174-4-3: Trench Ds. Strata IV-VI. 83.5-84.0/122.0-123.0. Fig. 109.
3127Fragment of approx. half the upper part including the handle.
3128Fabric: Soft. Very pale brown. H. 2.2; L.5.8; W. 6.6; Ø c.6.4.
3129The fragment is broken off at the junction with the lower part. The surface is very worn, the shoulder form close to form VIIb.
3130Mid-1st to beg. of 3rd cent. AD.
3131Cat. no. EE-22: #174-5-33B: Trench Ds. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3132Fragment of round nozzle and bottom with ring foot/circular bead.
3133Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Red (2.5 YR 5/6) glaze. H. 2.5; L. 4.0; W. 4.8.
3134Mid-1st to early 3rd cent. AD.
3135Cat. no. EE-23: #174-7-10: Trench Ds. Stratum VII. 81.0/122.0. Fig. 109.
3136Fragment with part of bowl and nozzle.
3137Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3). Brown/dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) glaze. Burnt black at the nozzle. L. 3.9; W. 2.3; Th. 0.4.
3138Dated second half of the 1st to the 3rd cent. AD.
3139Cat. no. EE-24: #89-82: Trench E. Stratum III. c.87.0/129.9. Level C.-647. (Not illustrated)
3140Fragment of round nozzle decorated with a stamped circle, Ø c.0.2.
3141Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8) to yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) glaze. 3.1 x 2.5 x 1.8.
3142Nozzle form R, shoulder form VIIb. The stamped circle on top of the nozzle is uncommon. Parallels are seen on Bailey 1980, cat. no. Q 1421 of type Qx dated “Severan or later”, i.e. 3rd cent. AD. Such a late date, however, does not fit with the form of the nozzle with the small regular wickhole.
3143Dated in the late 1st to 2nd cent. AD.
3144Cat. no. EE-25: #174-55-12: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 109.
3145Fragment of handle with part of shoulder, medallion and bottom. The medallion is decorated in relief, and surrounded by a circular bead. On the shoulder, on each side of the handle, is a stamped dot.
3146To this fragment belong:
3147#174-55-16: Fragment of nozzle and wall.
3148#174-55-18: Fragment of medallion with filling-hole and shoulder.
3149#174-55-20: Fragment of medallion and shoulder.
3150Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8) glaze. H. 3.9; L. 9.7; W. 5,3 (#174-55-12 + #174-55-16 + #174-55-18).
3151The impressed points where the handle joins the shoulder is often seen on lamps of Bailey 1980, type P, but is also seen on his type Qv (e.g. cat. no. Q 1359). The shoulder of form VIII without ovule decoration is seen on types Ovi (Flavian to early Antonine), and Qv.
3152Dated c.70-225 AD.
3153Cat. no. EE-26: #174-55-14: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3154Fragment of handle with small part of the shoulder, medallion and lower part. Relief decoration in the medallion, and perhaps stamped decoration on the shoulder (as cat. no. EE-33?).
3155Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2) to red (2.5 YR 5/8) glaze on the interior and exterior. Fabric and glaze comparable to cat. no. EE-19.
3156The impressed points where the handle joins the shoulder are often seen on lamps of Bailey 1980, type Pi, but are also seen on his type Qv (e.g. cat. no. Q 1359). The discus is separated from the shoulder with one groove, similar to shoulderform VIIb that is common on lamps of Bailey 1980, type Pi.
3157Dated 80-150 AD.
3158Cat. no. EE-27: #174-55-24: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3159Fragment of medallion with part of filling-hole, decorated with radial ribs.
3160Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) glaze. 1.4 x 1.6.
3161Discus decorated with fan, scallop or rosette (?), both very common motives from 1st to 3rd cent. AD. Cf. also cat. nos. EE-20 and EE-29. However, the leaves on the decoration are not separated.
3162Cat. no. EE-28: #174-55-33: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3163Fragment of medallion decorated with relief.
3164Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Very dark grey (5YR 3/1) glaze. 3.5 x 2.1. Ø of bead around the medallion: 5.0-6.0.
3165Discus: ear of corn, wing (eagle of Jupiter), wreath.
3166The shoulder of form VIII without ovule decoration is seen on Bailey 1980, types Ovi and Qv.
3167Dated c.70-225 AD.
3168Cat. no. EE-29: #174-56-2: Trench G. Stratum VI. (Not illustrated)
3169Fragment of handle, shoulder and medallion.
3170Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8) glaze. H. 3.6; L. 4.3; W. 3.1.
3171Shoulder form VIIb, Discus scene: Scallop or rosette. The handles being placed distinctly behind the groove encircling the discus, and the well-formed scallop/petals (comparable to Bailey 1980, cat.no. Q 1202 of type Oi without handle) might indicate an early date. Cf. also cat. nos. EE-20 and EE-27.
3172c.50-150 AD.
3173Cat. no. EE-30: #174-56-3: Trench G. Stratum VI. (Not illustrated)
3174Fragment of medallion (with central filling-hole?) encircled by a bead and shoulder.
3175Fabric: Light yellowish brown (2.5 Y 6/4). Dark greyish brown slip. 4.9 x 5.0; Th. c.0.4.
3176The lamp is very large, and might be inserted among the ‘fatties’ of Bailey 1980, type Oiv and Ov, dated in the last third of the 1st to the beg. of the 2nd cent. AD.
3177The colour is not dissimilar to a lamp from the Salerno workshop (Romito & Picon 1992, the lamp is reproduced in colour in Romito 1989).
3178Cat. no. EE-31: #89-930: Trench H. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated)
3179Fragment of medallion with trace of relief decoration and the upper part of the nozzle.
3180Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Red (2.5 YR 4/8) glaze on the interior and exterior. 2.7 x 2.5; Th. 0.85.
3181The nozzle seems to be of form K. It is however possible that it is a fragment of a lamp with volutes, but this assumption fits badly with the fact that the discus is divided from the nozzle with only one encircling groove (perhaps Loeschcke shoulderform Vllb).
3182Ø of the discus 4.0-4.5.
3183Dated probably c.50 to the beg. of the 2nd cent. AD.
3184Cat. no. EE-32: #90-546: Trench H. Stratum IV. 91.5/143.05. Level -642. Fig. 109.
3185Circular lamp, the nozzle and half the handle is missing. Relief decoration in medallion.
3186Fabric: Light reddish brown. Red slip. 0.7.0; preserved L. 9.2; preserved H. 3.9; H. without handle 2.8.
3187Shoulder VIIb, the nozzle is close to form L. 1. The discus scene is the bird-on-bough motif with raised wing, from very worn mould. The motif is very common on Roman lamps from the 1st and 2nd cent. AD (Bailey 1980, 81-82).
3188Probably Bailey 1980, type P, dated c.80 to 150 AD.
3189Cat. no. EE-33: #90-290: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 109.
3190Fragment of upper part of body with handle and part of medallion, encircled by a bead, of a circular lamp. The shoulder is decorated with a row of impressed dots.
3191Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) to dark greyish brown (10 YR 4/2) glaze on the exterior and part of the interior. H. at the handle 3.9; L. 5.8; W. 5.2.
3192Closely comparable to cat. no. EE-36.
3193Shoulder form VIIIb that is common from c.50 to the beg. of the 3rd cent. AD. The row of impressed points on the shoulder is uncommon, but some approximate parallels can be found among the lamps of Bailey 1980, type Qviii, where they look like degenerated ovules (e.g. cat.no. Q 1405). Here they are combined with a shoulder form similar to VIIIb.
3194Probably last quarter of 2nd or first quarter of 3rd cent. AD.
3195Cat. no. EE-34: #174-103-2B: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 109.
3196Fragment of the shoulder, medallion with leaf/palmette in relief and handle attachment.
3197Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Few traces of glaze, close to reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8). H. 2.4; L. 4.0; W. 2.4.
3198The discus scene comprises a palmette and a long object placed vertically, but has not been satisfactorily identified. It is not impossible, however, that it is part of a personification of Africa similar to the one on cat. no. EE-19. The shoulderform VIIa is common from the mid- 1st to the beg. of the 3rd cent. AD.
3199Cat. no. EE-35: #174-104-37: Trench M. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated)
3200Fragment of the handle with part of shoulder and medallion.
3201Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) to dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2) glaze on the exterior and part of the interior. 3.0 x 4.5 x 2.0.
3202Shoulderform close to VII.
3203Dated mid-lst to 3rd cent. AD.
3204Seems to be of the same type as cat. no. EE-32.
3205Cat. no. EE-36: #174-104-68B: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 109.
3206Fragment of the upper part of the nozzle and the circular bead around the medallion.
3207Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4) to very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Red (2.5 YR 5/6) glaze. L. 1.9; W. 1.9.
3208Same type as cat. no. EE-35 (?) Nozzle probably of form R, shoulder of form VIIIb.
3209Dated c.50 to the beg. of the 2nd cent. AD.
3210Cat. no. EE-37: #160-3-47: Trench N: Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3211Fragment of shoulder of Loeschcke type VUIb decorated with impressed ovules.
3212Fabric: Soft and compact. Light grey (5 Y 7/1), with few micaceous particles. Traces of light grey (10 YR 7/1) slip on the exterior. L. 1.4; Th. 0.2-0.55; Ø c.7.0.
3213The type of shoulder is attested from the mid-1st cent. AD (Bailey 1980, type Oi) and probably survived into the 3rd cent. AD (Bailey 1980, 336, type Q).
32145. A perline/a globetti
3215Since the first examples of globuled decoration on the Republican Warzen-lamps of Dressel type 2, the globuled decoration is found as shoulder decoration on many types until the 4th cent. AD. In the Museo Archeologico Nazionale of Naples two types are preserved that might come from the Vesuvian cities and thus antedate 79 AD.
3216One type is an almost circular lamp with a short round nozzle. The filling-hole is centrally placed, and the shoulder – not set off from the discus – is decorated with three rows of globules. This type is seen as couples of small lamps standing of the shoulder of larger lamps of Loeschcke type VIII (Pavolini 1977, 40, pls. XXII, 14 and XXV,33).
3217Dated from c.75 AD onwards.
3218Round-nozzled lamps with globuled decoration are seen relatively late in the examples from the FLORENT workshop, active probably c.175-225 AD (Bailey 1980, 375 type Qx), and the “fat-globule lamps” (Bailey 1980, type R) that might be regarded as their followers in spite of the chronological difficulties (Bailey 1980, 292).
3219Type R is distinguished from type Q in being less delicate, with larger wick-hole and filling-hole, and having four rows of thick-set globules (Bailey 1980, 377-381 type R; for other examples of the type cf. Provoost 1970, type 4; Deringer 1965, 115, nos. 341-342).
3220Another type found in Pompeii is the oblong lamps comparable to the late volute type (Bailey 1980, type Cv, dated Neronian to Hadrianic period – mid-1st to the first third of the 2nd cent. AD) with a small discus set off from the shoulder that is covered by 4 or 5 rows of globules (Pavolini 1977, 36, pls. XXI,11 and XXII,13). Several examples are known from Southern Italy (Fabbricotti 1974b, type IIB).
3221Dated from c.75 AD onwards.
3222A development of the type Cv lamps is seen in the oblong lamps with open canal (Fabbricotti 1974b, type Ia; Bailey 1980, cat.no. Q 1116). The shoulder is a variant of Loeschcke form VIIb (with one incised groove), and it is decorated with three rows of globules. Bailey regarded it South Italian and dated it in the last quarter of the 1st cent. or little later (Bailey 1980, 250).
3223Dated from c.75 AD onwards.
3224Some of the Prop. Avallone fragments belong to the same general type. They are oblong, with a small discus and an open canal. The discus is separated from the shoulder by a rim, comparable to the lamps Bailey cat. nos. Q 991-992 of type Cv. This type is no doubt connected to the above-mentioned, but the form of the rim – a variation of Loeschcke form VIII – at the nozzle is also reminiscent of the Firmalampen of Loeschcke type X, and a similar lamp found in Sabratha was in fact considered to be a development of that type (Joly 1974, 163 no. 825 agreeing with Deneauve 1969, 209). The Sabratha lamp carries the stamp CIVNDRAC.
3225The moulded rim that separates the shoulder from the discus on Bailey cat. nos. Q 1421 and 1422 (type Qx) is rather similar to the shoulder form VIIIb of his Q 991 and 992 (type Cv), and the dating of the two types should perhaps be closer than indicated by Bailey (cf. also the problems concerning dating in the third quarter of the 2nd cent. AD in Bailey 1980, 292)
32265a: Round lamps, no division between shoulder and discus
3227Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: G V (2); G V-HIV (1).
3228Cat. no. EE-38: #174-55-15 + #174-55-26: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3229174-55-15: Small fragment of the top of a handle. W. 7.0.
3230174-55-26: Fragment of bottom with a high, trumpet(?) foot, body, shoulder decorated with rows of dots in relief, and part of handle.
3231Fabric: Light brownish grey (10 YR 6/2) to pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Traces of brown (7.5 YR 5/4) glaze/slip.
3232On a high foot, perhaps originally standing on the shoulder of another lamp.
3233Cat. no. EE-39: #174-55-21 + #174-55-29: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 110.
3234Fragment of medallion, shoulder and nozzle. The shoulder is decorated with three rows of dots in relief.
3235Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Brown/dark brown (7.5 YR 4/4) glaze on the interior and exterior. H. 2.6; L. 5.0; W. 4.4.
3236Cat. no. EE-40: #174-55-23: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 110.
3237Fragment of medallion and shoulder.
3238To this fragment belongs:
3239#89-954B: Trench H. Stratum IV.
3240Fragment of shoulder.
3241The shoulder is decorated with dots in relief.
3242Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) glaze on the interior and exterior. L. 5.7; W. 3.5; Th. 0.4.
3243The two fragments are no doubt from the same lamp and are of special interest as they were found in two different trenches, more than 10 m from each other, close to the west wall of eastern structures. They indicate the contemporaneity of the strata in which they were found.
3244It is possible that the lamp belongs to a type comparable to the Naples lamps (Pavolini 1977, pl. XXII, 14 and XXV, 33).
3245Original W. c.7.0
32465b: Round lamps with round nozzle, rim dividing shoulder and discus
3247Total ascribed: 11. Distribution: Ds V (1); E III (2); G II (1); G III (1); G V (1); H III (1); M II (1); M III (3).
3248Cat. no. EE-41: #174-5-38: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 110.
3249Fragment of approx. half the lamp with handle. The medallion is encircled by a bead, and the shoulder is decorated with four rows of dots in relief. Low ring foot.
3250Fabric: Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4). Dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2) glaze. H. 3.8; L. 7.2; W. 5.2.
3251Cat. no. EE-42; #89-81: Trench E. Stratum III. 86.1/129.5. Level C.-640. (Not illustrated)
3252Handle and small part of the shoulder decorated with two rows of dots in relief.
3253Fabric: Pale yellow (2.5 Y 7/4). Traces of very dark greyish brown (10 YR 3/2) glaze. 4.6 x 1.8 x 2.2.
3254Cat. no. EE-43: #89-159: Trench E. Stratum III. 83.5-84.5/129.5-131.5. (Not illustrated)
3255Fragment of shoulder decorated with three rows of dots in relief.
3256Fabric: Pale yellow (2.5 Y 7/4) to very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) glaze on the exterior. 2.3 x 2.1; Th. 0.4.
3257Cat. no. EE-44: #174-52-4: Trench G. Stratum II. (Not illustrated)
3258Fragment of the handle. On the shoulder traces of decoration (dots in relief).
3259Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Reddish yellow glaze. 3.4 x 1.5.
3260Cat. no. EE-45: #174-53-31B: Trench G. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3261Fragment of upper part of body with handle. Decorated on the shoulder with three rows of dots in relief.
3262Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6). Traces of red (2.5 YR 5/6) glaze on the exterior. 5.1 x 3.8; H. 3.0.
3263Cat. no. EE-46: #174-55-31: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3264Fragment of round nozzle, medallion and shoulder decorated with dots in relief.
3265Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Red (2.5 YR 5/8) glaze.
3266Cat. no. EE-47: #89-184: Trench H. Stratum III. 90.5/136.5-138.5. Level C.-623. Fig. 110.
3267Handle with approx. half the upper part of the bowl. Medallion with central filling-hole, encircled by a bead between two grooves, the shoulder is decorated with three rows of dots in relief.
3268Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Red (2.5 YR 5/8) glaze on the exterior and around the filling-hole. H. 4.2; L. 6.8; W. 5.1.
3269Cat. no. EE-48: #174-102-6: Trench M. Stratum II. (Not illustrated)
3270Small fragment of shoulder decorated with three rows of dots in relief.
3271Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Brown/dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) glaze on the exterior. 2.6 x 1.7; Th. 0.6.
3272Cat. no. EE-49: #174-103-2A: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3273Fragment of shoulder decorated with two rows of dots in relief.
3274Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3). Dark grey (10 YR 4/1) to yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) glaze on the interior and the exterior. 2.4 x 2.2 x 1.6.
3275Cat. no. EE-50: #174-103-42: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3276Fragment of shoulder decorated with three rows of dots in relief and medallion with filling-hole.
3277Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3) on the interior and light brownish grey (2.5 Y 6/2) on the exterior, brown (7.5 YR 5/4, interior) to dark grey (10 YR 4/1, exterior) glaze. 2.8 x 1.9; Th. 0.4.
3278Cat. no. EE-51: #174-103-59: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3279Fragment of shoulder decorated with dots in relief and of the bead around the medallion.
3280Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 8/4). Traces of reddish yellow paint (7.5 YR 6/6). 4.2 x 2.2 x 0.7.
32815c: Lamps with globuled decoration developed from the volute-lamps with rim dividing shoulder and discus, three rows of globules on the shoulder
3282Total ascribed: 6. Distribution: G V (2); G VI (1); H III (1); M IV (2).
3283Cat. no. EE-52: #174-55-30: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3284Fragment of upper part with shoulder decorated with dots in relief outlined by a bead with canal towards the nozzle.
3285Fabric: Greyish brown (2.5 Y 5/2), some black and micaceous inclusions. Very dark grey (10 YR 3/1) to yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) glaze. H. 1.1; L. 3.5; W. 3.0.
3286Cat. no. EE-53: #174-55-34: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3287Fragment of nozzle around the hole. The shoulder is decorated with dots in relief outlined by a bead with canal to the nozzle.
3288Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3), some black inclusions. Perhaps traces of a reddish brown slip. L. 3.7; W. 2.2.
3289Cat. no.EE-54:#174-56-l:Trench G.Stratum VI.Fig. 110.
3290Restored from four fragments. The point of the nozzle and the greater part of the bottom and the handle are missing. The shoulder is decorated with dots in relief, outlined with a bead with canal to the nozzle. On the handle are two large longitudinal grooves.
3291Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/8) to reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) glaze on the interior and exterior. H. 3.1; L.9.8; W. 7.0.
3292Cat. no. EE-55: #90-44: Trench H. Stratum III. 90.8/142.0. Level -580. (Not illustrated)
3293Fragment with handle, medallion and upper part of the body of oblong lamp. Around the medallion is a moulding and on the upper part traces of decoration in relief. Central filling-hole surrounded by ridge with canal towards the nozzle.
3294Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) slip. H. 1.5; L. 7.7; W. 4.9.
3295Parallels: Similar fragment found in Altavilla Silentina (Melillo 1984, 164 and pl. LVII, 6)
3296Cat. no. EE-56: #174-104-20A: Trench M. Stratum IV. Cleaning of wall. 103.5-106.5E/128.5-129.5. (Not illustrated)
3297Fragment of upper part. The shoulder is decorated by dots in relief outlined by a bead with canal to the nozzle.
3298Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3), some black and micaceous inclusions. Traces of brown/dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) glaze. L. 4.6; W. 3.1.
3299Cat. no. EE-57: #174-104-27: Trench M. Stratum IV. 103.5-106.5/128.5-129.7. Fig. 110.
3300Fragment of approx, half the upper side with handle attachment. The shoulder is decorated with dots in relief, outlined by a bead.
3301Fabric: Greyish brown (2.5 Y 5/2) to brown (10 YR 5/3), large quantity of micaceous inclusions. H. 1.8; L. 7.0; W. 4.6.
33025d: Heavy oblong lamps without division between shoulder and discus
3303Total ascribed: 3. Distribution: A III (1); L III (2).
3304Cat. no. EE-58: #90-706: Trench A. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3305Fragment of medallion with filling-hole, shoulder, body and nozzle.
3306Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6) to pink (10 YR 7/4). Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 6/6) glaze. L. 6.5; W. 3.0.
3307Cf. cat. no. EE-23 (nozzle) and #90-96.
3308Original W. c.7.0-8.0. The shoulder is not set off from the discus. The size and profile is similar to the lamps cat. nos. EE-59 and EE-60, although no traces of the globule decoration are visible.
3309Dated from the second half of the 1st to the 3rd cent. AD.
3310Cat. no. EE-59: #90-324: Trench L. Stratum III. 96.5/138.5. Fig. 110.
3311Fragment of approx, half the upper part and the handle, the shoulder is decorated with dots in relief.
3312Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6) glaze on the interior and the exterior. H. 3.0; L. 8.8; W. 5.8.
3313Cat. no. EE-60: #90-864: Trench L. Stratum III. From Tomba 6092.98.5/139.5. (Not illustrated)
3314Fragment of shoulder decorated with dots in relief, the handle is broken off.
3315Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), traces of dark reddish grey (5 YR 4/2) glaze/paint on the exterior. H. 4.5; L. 5.6; W. 5.6.
3316cf. also handles from type a palla.
33175e: Other fragments with globuled decoration
3318Total ascribed: 4. Distribution: Ds V (1); G II (1); G V (1); M III (1).
3319Cat. no. EE-61: #174-5-33A: Trench Ds. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3320Fragment of the handle and shoulder, probably decorated with dots in relief. The original surface is destroyed.
3321Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4) to light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4). H. 3.6; L. 4.1; W. 3.5.
3322Probably same type as cat. no. EE-39 (type 5a).
3323Cat. no. EE-62: #174-52-6: Trench G. Stratum II. (Not illustrated)
3324Small fragment of medallion and shoulder decorated with dots in relief.
3325Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3). Brown/dark brown (7.5 YR 4/2) glaze on the interior and exterior. 3.1 x 2.3 x 0.8.
3326Probably same type as cat. no. EE-39 (type 5a).
3327Cat. no. EE-63: #174-55-13: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3328Fragment of handle and shoulder decorated with two rows of dots in relief.
3329Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). Traces of reddish brown (5 YR 4/3) glaze on the exterior. H. 3.9; L. 3.7.
3330Perhaps Bailey 1980, type Qv.
3331Cat. no. EE-64: #174-103-89D: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3332Fragment of shoulder with three rows of dots.
3333Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Light red (2.5 YR 6/8) slip.
33346. Lamp with very large discus decorated with stylized rosette?
3335Total ascribed: 1. Distribution M III.
3336Cat. no. EE-65: #174-103-82: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 110.
3337Fragment of handle and part of bowl. The medallion/shoulder is decorated with radial ribs.
3338Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/8) glaze. H. 4.0; L. 4.9; W. 4.6.
3339The shoulder is extremely narrow, and separated from the discus by one encircling groove. The pierced handle therefore reaches into the discus.
3340Parallels: Bailey 1980, type Q, e.g. cat.nos. 1348 and 1349 of type Qiv (large lamps, W. 9.6-11.1), and cat. no. 1372 of type Qv (medium sized lamps, W. 7.7-8.9). All are Central Italian; they carry the name SAECUL or SAECULI incised; and are dated c.175-225 AD.
3341A somewhat later date is proposed for a lamp from Ordona with a decoration similar to cat. no. EE-65. The Ordona lamp has a broad, open canal, a pointed unpierced handle, and is decorated with a cross in relief on the discus. It cannot be dated before well into the 4th cent. AD or later.
33427. African lamps
33437a: Hayes type I/Atlante type VIIIA2a
3344One small fragment from Prop. Avallone may – with some caution – be assigned to Atlante type VIIIA2a, characterized by the Leiterbandmotif on the shoulder. The type was probably produced from the middle of the 4th cent. AD and survived well into the 6th cent. AD (Anselmino & Pavolini 1981, 194-195; Mackensen 1993, 147-148).
3345Total ascribed: 1. Distribution: M IV.
3346Cat. no. EE-66: #174-104-78: Trench M. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated)
3347Small fragment of the shoulder with decoration in relief (?).
3348Fabric: Pale brown (10 YR 6/3). Traces of brown glaze.
33497b: Hayes type II/Atlante type XA1a
3350It was previously believed that the type originated in the second half of the 4th cent. AD, but recently this dating has been revised in light of the excavations in Carthage and the material from El Mahrine (Hayes 1972, 310-315; Anselmino & Pavolini 1981, 207; Anselmino 1983, 32-35; Bailey 1988, 182; Mackensen 1993, 151-152).
3351The probably earliest examples of Hayes type II come from the Hrusica fortification that was deserted in 394 AD.
3352An important post quem dating for the continuous production of the type is provided by a lamp in the Museo Archeologico in Aquileia decorated on the shoulder frame by impressions of a coin from the reign of Theodosius II, known to have been minted in Constantinopolis from c.423 AD, this particular example probably minted in the second quarter of the 5th cent. AD.
3353The remaining dating evidence consists of stratigraphical contexts. Already Hayes (1972, 313) noted that none was found in the 4th cent. AD layers on the Athenian Agora, while on the other hand a few fragments from the S. Prisca Mithraeum in Rome indicated that the type existed early in the 5th cent. AD.
3354In Carthage, however, Hayes type II has not been found in any context datable before c.425 AD; it is common in contexts dating to the second half of the 5th cent. AD; but only in the 6th cent. AD did it become the dominant lamp type. It is again absent from contexts dating to the second half of the 7th cent. AD, thus indicating a date for the type c.425-650 AD.
3355Hayes type II is widely distributed in the Mediterranean area, also in Italy, both in African terra sigillata (cf. the list in Anselmino & Pavolini 1981, 201-202: finds from Sicily are clearly dominating) and in local imitations. There is a tendency for imports to predominate in Southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia); few are found in Central and Northern Italy, perhaps 10% in Rome. The assumption is based on the relatively few data available: four contexts from Central Italy (Ostia, the Scola Praeconum and the Magna Mater excavations in Rome, and Luni), one in Sardinia (Porto Torres), and one in Basilicata (S. Giovanni di Ruoti) (Anselmino 1986; Pavolini 1986).
3356The excavations in S. Lorenzo Maggiore in Naples have yielded some examples of Hayes type II, of which four are imports and five imitations (Napoli antica 1985, 192-195 cat. nos. 30.2, 30.3, 30.4, 30.24 ("africana classica”) and 30.5, 30.6, 30.7, 30.8, 30.9 (imitations)).
3357Two fragments from Francolise, Posto (Cotton 1979, 74 and 75, nos. 15-16, fig. 15) are dated 400-450 AD or later, and their origin cannot be determined.
3358The five fragments of Hayes type II (and probably Atlante type XAla, but too little is preserved to use this classification with absolute certainty) from Prop. Avallone all seem to be local.
3359Total ascribed: 5. Distribution: Dn II (1); Ds V (1); G III (1); M III (2).
3360Cat. no. EE-67: #90-187: Trench Dn. Stratum II. Fig. 110.
3361Fragment of approx, half the lamp with triangular handle. Circular bead under the bottom (ring foot?).
3362Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6). Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6) slip. H. 4.0; L. 6.5; W.5.6.
3363Cat. no. EE-68: #174-5-34: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 110.
3364Fragment of medallion with filling-hole and shoulder, both with relief decoration.
3365Fabric: Light yellowish brown (10 YR 6/4). Red (2.5 YR 5/6) glaze. 3.4 x 2.2; Th. 0.6.
3366Cat. no. EE-69: #174-53-41: Trench G. Stratum III. Fig. 110.
3367Fragment of nozzle, canal and shoulder.
3368Fabric: Reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/6). Traces of red (2.5 YR 5/8) slip/glaze on the exterior and interior. Burnt black at the nozzle. 4.9 x 3.4; H. 1.3.
3369Cat. no. EE-70: #174-103-22: Trench M. Stratum III. Fig. 110.
3370One fragment of the shoulder with relief decoration: ‘tongue and dart', close to nozzle or handle (?).
3371Fabric: Light brownish grey (2.5 Y 6/2) to light grey (10 YR 7/1). Traces of dark grey (10 YR 4/1) glaze, preserved only on the interior. 2.5 x 2.75; Th. 0.8.
3372Cat. no. EE-71: #174-103-35B: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated) Part of bottom with ring foot and wall. The surface is heavily destroyed.
3373Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4) to pink (7.5 YR 7/4). No traces of slip or glaze. 5.4 x 4.4; Th. 0.8.
3374Foot as cat. no. EE-67, surface/type as cat. no. EE-69.
III.20 Terracotta
3375Dorte Tornehave Jensen
III.20.1 The terracotta figurines
3376The excavations produced a total of 17 fragments: heads (5) and other parts (7), legs from boxes or arulae (2) and a few unidentifiable fragments (3, not listed in the catalogue). As shown by the distribution presented in Table 80, the finds are not concentrated in any particular trench or stratum. The heads came from destruction layers of both the first and second phase of occupation (e.g. G IX and E V).
3377The fabric of the terracottas is mainly of well-levigated clay with a few very small black and white inclusions, or no inclusions at all. Five fragments have traces of a surface slip (cat. nos. FF-7, FF-8, FF-10, FF-11, FF-13).
3378Heads and other parts
3379Except for cat. nos. FF-1 and FF-4, the heads are very well preserved from the top of the head to the upper part of the neck. Four are solid, and one is hollow (cat. no. FF-4).
3380There are three securely identified female heads (cat. nos. FF-1 – FF-3), while cat. no. FF-5 could be the head of a child or Eros. The heads were most likely attached to hollow moulded bodies. Due to the fragmentary state, the types cannot be determined, but perhaps cat. no. FF-1 wore a sun-hat.
3381Four fragments (cat. nos. FF-7, FF-8, FF-10 and FF-11) clearly belong to hollow moulded and backless statuettes. Judging from the finds, at least two general and ubiquitous types of female statuettes are present: 1) standing; 2) enthroned. The fragment from Prop. Avallone representing the latter (cat. no. FF-9) came from the throne itself, and most probably it derives from an enthroned Hera, a statuette type widely distributed in Southern Italy in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, e.g. in the two important sanctuaries at Poseidonia/Paestum and Foce del Sele107. The fragment came from the collapse material found in the street zone east of the structure in Ds X.
3382CATALOGUE
33831. Heads
3384Cat. no. FF-1: #89-120: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 81.32/124.04. Level -727. Fig. 111.
3385Female head. Solid. Eroded surface. Traces of secondary fire/misfiring on the right side of the face.
3386Melon coiffure, long and pointed nose, and small lips. The protuberance on top of the head might be part of the hairstyle or form an intermediate part between the head and a now missing sun-hat.
3387Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4). H. 3.2; W 1 3'Th 2.1.
3388Parallels: Taranto (Graepler 1997, 268, no. 76.2, fig. 96, phase D, i.e. late 3rd to early 2nd cent. BC; 285, no. 223.7, fig. 103, phase D, i.e. late 3rd to early 2nd cent. BC).
3389Cat. no. FF-2: #89-89: Trench E. Stratum V. Level -677. Fig. 111.
3390Female head. Solid. Except for nose, well preserved. Eroded surface. Melon coiffure, wreath or diadem and big disk earrings.
3391Fabric: Light red (2.5 YR 6/6). H. 3.3; W. 1.1-2.2.
3392Parallels: Comparable to Poseidonia/Paestum (G. Greco in Greci in Occidente 1996, 278, no. 275, late 4th beg. of the 3rd cent. BC). Also resembling examples from Taranto, here with diadems (Graepler 1997, e.g. tomb 89, 269, no. 13, fig. 133; tomb 49, 262, no. 4, fig. 135; tomb 61, 264, no. 24, fig. 144, all from phase E, i.e. second quarter of 2nd to early 1st cent. BC).
3393Cat. no. FF-3: #89-765: Trench E. Stratum V. 83.5-84.5/129-131.5. Fig. 111.
3394Female head. Solid. Well preserved, but slightly damaged surface on the right side of the face and lower part of left earring missing. Turned slightly to the left in a diagonal position. Hair parted in the middle, soft facial features, disk earrings.
3395Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). Grey (5 YR 5/1) core. H. 3.2; W. 2.0; Th. 2.7.
3396Parallels: Comparable to Taranto (Graepler 1997, tomb 223, 285, no. 3, fig. 104, phase D, i.e. late 3rd to early 2nd cent. BC).
3397Cat. no. FF-4: #89-888: Trench G. Stratum IX. Fig. 111.
3398Head with forehead, right side of the fringe, beginning of the right eyebrow and the hollow of the eye. Hollow. Small pierced hole at the back.
3399Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/3). H. 3.0; W. 3.5; Th. 0.9.
3400Parallels: Fringe close to mould from Poseidonia/Paestum (M. Zammarrelli in Greci in Occidente 1996, 279 no. 300, first half of 4th cent. BC).
3401Cat. no. FF-5: #89-193: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.4/138.2. Level -660. Fig. 111.
3402Head of child or Eros. Solid. Well preserved. Rounded and full face. He is wearing a veil or a cloak covering the head.
3403Fabric: Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4). H. 3.35; W. 2.47; Th. 2.2.
3404Parallels: Comparable to Fratte (Greco, G. 1990, 120, fig. 233, first half of 3rd cent. BC); Taranto (Graepler 1997, tomb 136, 274, nos. 3-4, figs. 216 and 261, phase B2, i.e. around 300 BC).
34052. Other parts
3406Cat. no. FF-6: #90-354: Trench C.Stratum V. 77.5/132.5. (Not illustrated)
3407Fragment of a statuette? An oblong object more or less cylindrical and broken at both ends. It has the likeness of an arm from the upper part of the arm to the forearm, or a leg from the calf to the thigh.
3408Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3). H. 3.8; Ø 0.6-1.3.
3409Cat. no. FF-7: #174-1-1: Trench Ds. Stratum I. Fig. 111.
3410Fragment of standing female statuette in long himation. Hollow, backless. Right shoulder to right hip. The right arm is put down diagonally.
3411Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) slip on inside and outside. H. 6.5; W. 2.3; Th. 1.4.
3412Cat. no. FF-8: #174-5-18: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 111.
3413Upper part of body. Hollow, backless. Perhaps from a statuette of the same type as #174-1-1. The fragment is possibly from a larger statuette. There is almost no modelling.
3414Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Red (2.5 YR 6/8) slip on inside. H. 7.1; W. 4.9; Th. 0.8.
3415Cat. no. FF-9: #89-430: Trench Ds. Stratum X. East of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 111.
3416Lower right side and right armrest of throne. Possibly part of a throne with a seated goddess. The lower part of the fragment with traces of fire (secondary).
3417Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), very small black and white inclusions. H. 10.3; W. 3.1; Th. 1.6.
3418Cat. no. FF-10: #90-695: Trench L. Stratum III. 98.5-99.5/136.5-137.5. Fig. 111.
3419Upper left arm and part of clothes. Hollow, backless.
3420Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Grey (10 YR 6/1) core. Faint traces of reddish (5 YR 7/6) slip on clothes and the back of the arm. H. 3.1; W. 2.2; Th. 1.0.
3421Cat. no. FF-11: #174-101-12: Trench M. Stratum I. (Not illustrated) Right shinbone of a standing person dressed in a himation. Hollow, backless.
3422Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4). Grey (10 YR 6/1) core. H. 7.3; W. 1.9; Th. 2.2.
3423Cat. no. FF-12: #160-1-2: Trench N. Stratum I. (Not illustrated)
3424Object in the shape of a pointed amphora base or a penis belonging to a statuette of Priapos?
3425Fabric: Very pale brown (10 YR 7/4). H. 3.5; W. 6.0; Th. 0.6-1.0.
3426Parallels: Pompeii, House of Marcus Lucretius Fronto (Peters 1993, 37, fig. 35, no date or provenance).
34273. Boxes / arulae
3428The two fragments are of different dimensions, fabric and findspot. They may be identified as legs from small boxes or perhaps more likely from small portable altars.
3429Cat. no. FF-13: #174-52-5: Trench G. Stratum II. Fig. 111.
3430The back is damaged, but part of the original back is preserved. The leg is rectangular, but tapering downwards. It has a small and slightly rounded foot.
3431Fabric: Pink (5 YR 7/4). Light red (2.5 YR 6/6) slip on surface. H. 3.3; W. 1.0; Th. 1.0.
3432Cat. no. FF-14: #89-468: Trench K. Stratum IV. (Not illustrated)
3433Rectangular with a slightly rounded foot. Oblong depression on top.
3434Fabric: Yellowish red (5 YR 5/6). H. 3.8; W. 2.0; Th. 1.9.
III.20.2 Textile utensils: Spindle whorl and loomweights
3435The textile utensils consist of one hexagonal spindle whorl from N III (#160-3-255, Fig. 113) and 58 loomweights108. As to the latter, all trenches provided examples. The majority, however, came from trenches D and L with 13 and 16 examples respectively. The distribution is shown in Table 81.
3436The majority of the loomweights are very well preserved. They have a pierced hole in the upper part of the weight. It has been argued, by comparisons with vase motifs, that the threads from the loom were attached to rings of metal, which were inserted in the pierced hole109. At Fratte, a loomweight with such a metal ring still in place in the pierced hole has been found110. However, it is possible that the threads were attached directly to the pierced holes.
3437Of the 58 loomweights 45 have been ascribed to five types based on sizes and shapes. The distribution of types (designated 1-5) in trenches and strata is presented in Table 82. Fragments not ascribed to a type are designated by a question mark (?) (11 examples). Two fragments not placed in the typology are marked by an “x”.
3438Nearly all the loomweights from Prop. Avallone have a truncated pyramidal shape, but the sizes and heights vary considerably. No disc loomweights (oscialla) have been found. There are both handmade (types 1 and 2) and mould-made (types 3-5) loomweights. The hand-made loomweights have a pyramidal shape. They are neither symmetrical nor with completely straight sides. The mouldmade loomweights have a symmetrical pyramidal shape, and several are provided with a surface slip. Some of the mould-made loomweights have a ‘wrinkle’ on the side or bottom, as if from being pressed into a form (cf. cat. nos. GG-5 and GG-9).
3439Several of the loomweights have impressions, e.g. a cross/the letter “X” or a circle. One (cat. no. GG-7) is decorated with an arched fibula on the front. Loomweights with similar fibula decoration are documented at e.g. Buccino (Vittimose), Fratte and Gravina111. Most often the signs are impressed on the top, but few, such as the one with the fibula, have the sign on the front. The significance of the impressions is problematic.They do not conform to a specific weight, since loomweights with the same impressions are often of different shapes and sizes. It is therefore possible that an impression indicates a series of loomweights, namely a set consisting of weights with different forms and dimensions. It is also possible that the impressions were ‘workshop marks’, and simply show where the weights were manufactured112.
3440The relatively large number of loomweights in trenches D and L, and the fact that nearly all loomweights, especially from trench L, are from the same stratum (stratum IV), may indicate that these loomweights all derive from the same loom. The small number of loomweights found in other trenches does not make it possible to ascribe them to a certain loom. However, the presence of loomweights indicates that weaving was practised in the area. Only one spindle whorl was found, thus it cannot be determined whether the women spun their own thread, or whether they got it from another area.
3441The loomweights cannot be dated precisely. The shape of loomweights did not change much over the centuries. Compared to loomweights found at other sites, such as Monte Irsi, Fratte and Corinth113, a tentative date of the loomweights can be set between the late 4th to the 1st centuries BC.
3442CATALOGUE
3443Type 1: Handmade. Rounded. Oblong almost oval in profile.
3444Total ascribed: 2.
3445Cat. no. GG-1: #89-286: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. Fig. 112.
3446Intact. Very eroded surface due to water. One suspension hole.
3447Fabric: Coarse. Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), large black and white inclusions. H. 7.9; W. 4.7; Th. 2.9.
3448Type 2: Handmade. Trapezoid. Small, compact and heavy. Square top and bottom.
3449Total ascribed: 4.
3450Cat. no. GG-2: #90-242: Trench F. Stratum VI. West of the wall. 83.4-83.5/139.2-139.3. Level -681. Fig. 112.
3451A large part of the bottom and a small part of the sides are damaged. One suspension hole.
3452Fabric: Coarse. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), black and white inclusions and mica. H. 6.9; W. 3.2 (top)-4.7 (bottom); Th. 3.1 (top)-4.7 (bottom).
3453Type 3: Mould-made. Truncated pyramidal. Small and slim. Some of the weights have very straight sides and several have impressed signs.
3454Total ascribed: 17.
3455Cat. no. GG-3: #90-433: Trench C.Stratum VI. Fig. 112.
3456The sides are chipped, and larger parts of the sides and the bottom are damaged. One suspension hole. Impressed cross or the letter “X” on top.
3457Fabric: Coarse. Very pale brown (10 YR 8/3), black and white inclusions. Very pale brown (10 YR 7/3)
3458slip/wash on surface. H. 7.1; W. 2.4 (top)-3.1 (bottom); Th. 2.2 (top)-3.1 (bottom).
3459Cat. no. GG-4: #89-291: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. 81.9/124.03. Level -740. Fig. 112.
3460Intact except for bottom. Traces of fire (secondary) on three sides. One suspension hole. Impressed cross or the letter “X” on top.
3461Fabric: Coarse. Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/3), black and white inclusions. H. 7.2; W. 2.6 (top)-4.1 (bottom); Th. 1.9 (top)-2.4 (bottom).
3462Cat. no. GG-5: #89-492: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 112.
3463Intact, but larger part damaged at the side and bottom. One suspension hole. Oblong rounded impression on top, and ‘wrinkles’ on front.
3464Fabric: Coarse. Light reddish (5 YR 6/4), black and white inclusions. H. 6.5; W. 2.5 (top)-4.2 (bottom); Th. 2.0 (top)-3.2 (bottom).
3465Cat. no. GG-6: #90-519: Trench L. Stratum V. 96.7/138.5. Fig. 112.
3466Intact, chipped sides. One suspension hole.
3467Fabric: Coarse. Strong brown (7.5 YR 5/6), mica, black and white inclusions. H. 6.5; W. 2.5 (top)-3.2 (bottom); Th. 2.2 (top)-3.6 (bottom).
3468Type 4: Mould-made. Truncated pyramidal. High and slim. Some have an almost rectangular shape. The sides of the weight are straight. The profile is slim. Several have an impressed sign and/or surface slip. Rectangular top and bottom.
3469Total ascribed: 14.
3470Cat. no. GG-7: #174-8-15: Trench Ds. Stratum VIII. Fig. 112.
3471Intact except for chipped sides. One suspension hole. Impressed decoration depicting an arched fibula on the front.
3472Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), black and white inclusions. H. 9.7; W. 4.2 (top)-5.2 (bottom); Th. 2.8 (top)-3.2 (bottom).
3473Cat. no. GG-8: #90-12: Trench F. Stratum V. 84.1/139.35. Fig. 112.
3474Intact except for smaller parts on top, sides and bottom. One suspension hole. Impressed circle on top.
3475Fabric: Coarse. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), a little mica, black and white inclusions. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4) surface slip/wash. H. 9.6; W. 3.8 (top)-6.2 (bottom); Th. 2.1 (top)-2.5 (bottom).
3476Cat. no. GG-9: #90-114: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.45/137.9. Level -673. Fig. 112.
3477Intact except for chipped sides. One suspension hole. Three small oblong and rounded impressions/depressions on top, perhaps made with a nail or an instrument. The impressions/depressions are placed on a diagonal line. Oblong ‘wrinkles’ on bottom and front.
3478Fabric: Coarse. Reddish yellow (5 YR 5/4), black and white inclusions. H. 9.5; W. 4.1 (top)-6.6 (bottom); Th. 2.8 (top)-3.6 (bottom).
3479Cat. no. GG-10: #90-120: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. Found beneath #90-114. Level -675. Fig. 113.
3480Intact except for chipped sides. One suspension hole. Impressed cross or the letter "X” on top.
3481Fabric: Coarse. Pink (7.5 YR 7/4), black and white inclusions. H. 8.8; W. 4.4 (top)-5.2 (bottom); Th. 2.6 (top)-4.4 (bottom).
3482Cat. no. GG-11: #90-332: Trench L. Stratum IV. 96.92-97.02/140.42-140.45. Level -653. Fig. 113.
3483Intact except for a large part of the bottom and chipped sides. One suspension hole. Oval impression on top.
3484Fabric: Coarse. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), black and white inclusions. H. 9.6; W. 3.7 (top)-4.0 (bottom); Th. 2.0 (top)-2.4 (bottom).
3485Type 5: Mould-made. Truncated pyramidal. High, heavy and compact. Impressed signs on a small number. Square top and bottom.
3486Total ascribed: 8.
3487Cat. no. GG-12: #90-113: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.4/138.0. Level -672. Fig. 113.
3488Intact except for a large part missing at the bottom and chipped sides. Traces of fire (secondary) on sides and bottom. One suspension hole. Impressed circle on top.
3489Fabric: Coarse. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/4), black and white inclusions. H. 10.0; W. 4.5 (top)-6.7 (bottom); Th. 3.5 (top)-4.7 (bottom).
3490Cat. no. GG-13: #90-115: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.45/137.8. Level -674. Fig. 113.
3491Intact except for a larger part of the bottom and chipped sides. One suspension hole. Circular impression on front.
3492Fabric: Coarse. Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), black and white inclusions, grey (10 YR 6/1) core. H. 8.8; W. 3.2 (top)-5.3 (bottom); Th. 2.8 (top)-3.9 (bottom).
3493Cat. no. GG-14: #90-116: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.45/137.8. Level -672. Fig. 113.
3494Intact except for chipped sides. One suspension hole. Impressed circle on top.
3495Fabric: Coarse. Light reddish brown (5 YR 6/4), black and white inclusions. H. 10.3; W. 2.5 (top)-5.6 (bottom); Th. 2.4 (top)-4.5 (bottom).
3496Cat. no. GG-15: #90-118: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. Found east of #90-116. Fig. 113.
3497Intact except for larger parts of the bottom and chipped sides. One suspension hole. Cross or the letter “X” impressed on top.
3498Fabric: Coarse. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3), black and white inclusions. H. 9.5; W. 3.0 (top)-5.4 (bottom); Th. 3.2 (top)-4.4 (bottom).
III.20.3 Discs
3499This group comprises 37 discs made of fragments of pottery that have been reworked by chipping the edges into a regularly circular shape. One is provided with a relief and is treated apart. The distribution is shown in Table 83, and the largest number of these pottery discs came from trench G with 10 examples. It appears also that the majority was found in stratum IV. Several of the discs have a surface slip on one or both sides.
3500The discs are divided into four main types (types 1-4) based on size (Table 84). They are also found at other sites and normally interpreted as gaming pieces, but they may also have functioned as amphora corks. In all cases, it seems unlikely that the largest pieces belonging to type 4 with an average diameter of 7.7 cm are gaming pieces. Their size would make them too difficult to handle, and it is more likely that they should be identified as amphora corks.
3501CATALOGUE
3502Type 1: Average Ø: 3.2; average Th. 0.5.
3503Total ascribed: 13.
3504Cat. no. HH-1: #90-709: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.5/140.5. Fig. 114.
3505Fabric: Coarse. Light brown (7.5 YR 6/4), mica, black and white inclusions. Ø 3.6; Th. 0.6.
3506Cat. no. HH-2: #90-444: Trench J. Stratum III. Fig. 114.
3507Fabric: Reddish yellow (5 YR 6/6) on inside. Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3) on outside with black and white inclusions. Ø 3.5; Th. 0.4.
3508Type 2: Average Ø: 4.0; average Th. 0.6.
3509Total ascribed: 12.
3510Cat. no. HH-3: #174-101-11: Trench M. Stratum I. Fig. 114.
3511Fabric: Reddish brown (5 YR 5/3) on inside. Greyish brown (10 YR 5/2) on outside. Ø 4.3; Th. 0.4.
3512Cat. no. HH-4: #174-104-69: Trench M. Stratum IV. Fig. 114.
3513Fabric: Coarse. Light red (2.5 YR 6/6), black and white inclusions. Pinkish grey (5 YR 7/2) slip on outside. Ø 4.1; Th. 0.5.
3514Type 3: Average Ø: 5.8; average Th. 0.7.
3515Total ascribed: 5.
3516Cat. no. HH-5: #174-55-141: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3517Fabric: Coarse. Pinkish grey (5 YR 6/2), black and white inclusions. Pink (5 YR 7/4) slip on outside. Ø 6.3; Th. 0.9.
3518Cat. no. HH-6: #174-55-143: Trench G. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3519Fabric: Coarse. Light red (10 R 6/6), black and white inclusions. Pale yellow (2.5 YR 8/4) slip on surface. Ø 6.6; Th. 0.6.
3520Type 4: Average Ø: 7.7; average Th. 2.2.
3521Total ascribed: 3.
3522Cat. no. HH-7: #90-173: Trench J. Stratum II. Fig. 114.
3523Fabric: Coarse. Reddish yellow (5 YR 7/6), black and while inclusions. Grey (10 YR 6/1) core. Lime spots on both sides. Ø 7.0; Th. 2.3.
3524Disc with relief
3525Cat. no. HH-8 is decorated with a bull’s head in relief on the front. The bull is shown en face, and it is possible to distinguish the horns on either side of the head. Cat. no. HH-8 might be a theatre ticket as the size corresponds to these. Theatre tickets are mainly made of lead, ivory or bone and decorated with a number and/or a goddess. However, cat. no. HH-8 could be a local type of ticket where the bull refers to a certain play or game.
3526Cat. no. HH-8: #90-333: Trench L. Stratum IV. 99.37/139.26. Level -643. Fig. 114.
3527Theatre ticket? with a frontal bull’s head in relief. Well preserved.
3528Fabric: Pink (7.5 YR 7/4) (inside). Ø 1.7; Th. 0.8.
III.21 Objects in stone
3529Hanne Thomasen
3530This group consists of non-architectural objects in stone, both worked and unworked. More than 50 items were found, but in most cases the question of function remains unanswered. The catalogued material is divided into four categories: 1. tools; 2. sling stones; 3. pebbles; 4. unidentified fragments of nonlocal stone.
3531A proportionally large number of the tools were found in Ds X-XI. From these layers most of the pebbles were concentrated as well as some of the fragments of non-local stone that may have been residue of stone-working.
3532CATALOGUE
35331. Tools
3534Cat. no. JJ-1: #89-300: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 82.63/124.72. Level -737. Fig. 115.
3535Whetstone? Dressed triangular sandstone.
3536H. 11.2; W. 16.0; Th. 3.1.
3537Found together with #89-299 and #89-301.
3538Cat. no. JJ-2: #89-314: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 81.42/123.3. Level -727. Fig. 115.
3539Grinding stone? Fragment of volcanic flat stone with slanting sides, smooth top, undressed bottom. Dark grey colour.
3540H. 3.6; W. 21.7; Th.15.8.
3541Cat. no. JJ-3: #90-76: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. West. 81.65/124.12. Level -750. Fig. 115.
3542Whetstone of basalt. Bluish black colour, oblong asymmetrical shape.
3543H. 12.2; W. 3.1-4.0; Th. 2.6.
3544Cat. no. JJ-4: #89-513: Trench E. Stratum II. Fig. 115.
3545Head of axe?
3546H. 9.6; W. 4.5; Th. 1.0-1.8.
35472. Sling stones?
3548Cat. no. JJ-5: #90-491: Trench A. Stratum VII. South of the wall. Fig. 115.
3549Ovoid limestone.
3550Ø 5.0; Th. 3.6.
3551Cat. no. JJ-6: #90-748: Trench K. Stratum IV. West of 98.0. Fig. 115.
3552Ovoid limestone.
3553Ø 4.6; Th. 3.4.
35543. Pebbles
3555The largest sub-group consists of some 30 pebbles (Table 85). They are predominately of limestone varying in colour from white to grey and with a diameter between 1.2-3.0cm and a thickness between 0.4-1.6. None of the pebbles show signs of having been worked; they are stones naturally smoothed by the erosion of water. The majority, 22 examples, came from strata VIII-XI in trench Ds; 14 of these were found in the collapse material from the building, i.e. in strata IX-X.
3556The pebbles, or some of them, may have been used as gaming pieces. There is an example in Gravina of a small stone disc, which has been interpreted as a gaming piece. However, this stone was worked (Simpson 1994, 230, no. 182, fig. 16). Eight small pieces of marble and limestone (diameter 2.0-6.0) are known from the Unexplored Mansion in Knossos. They are denoted as counters with a possible function as gaming pieces or weights and derive from various chronological contexts: Geometric(?), mixed Geometric-lst cent. AD, Classical and Severan periods (Sackett et al. 1992, 396-397, nos. 68.-75, pl. 328).
3557Cat. no. JJ-7: #174-8-23: Trench Ds. Stratum VIII. Fig. 115a.
3558Water-rolled sandstone or volcanic stone.
3559H. 2.7; W. 2.2; Th. 0.6.
3560Cat. no. JJ-8: #174-8-24: TrenchDs. Stratum VIII. Fig. 115.
3561White water-rolled limestone.
3562H. 2.3; W. 2.0; Th. 0.8.
3563Cat. no. JJ-9: #174-9-194: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 115.
3564Pebble of greyish white stone, water-rolled.
3565H.3.0; W.2.7; Th.1.0.
3566Cat. no. JJ-10: #174-9-490: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 115.
3567Pebble of white limestone.
3568H.1.5; W.1.3; Th. 0.7.
3569Cat. no. JJ-11: #89-609: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. West of the wall. 82.26/124.69-82.53/124.92. Fig. 115.
3570Three oval-shaped pebbles.
3571A: H. 2.1; W. 1.5; Th. 0.5.
3572B: H. 2.1; W. 1.8; Th. 0.5.
3573C: H. 2.1; W. 1.7; Th. 0.6.
3574Cat. no. JJ-12: #90-67: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. 82.57/124.16. Level -746. Fig. 115.
3575Greyish white limestone with rounded, water-rolled sides.
3576H. 1.8; W. 1.1; Th. 0.5.
3577Cat. no. JJ-13: #90-419: Trench G. Stratum XIV. Terra battuta. 88.8/126.72. (Not illustrated)
3578White limestone.
3579Ø 2.8; Th. 1.2.
3580Cat. no. JJ-14: #90-626: Trench G. Unstratified context. Fig. 115.
3581Pebble of white limestone.
3582H. 2.4; W. 1.6; Th. 0.5.
3583Cat. no. JJ-15: #89-334: Trench K. Stratum IV. Below Level -654. Fig. 115.
3584Flat oval greyish stone.
3585H. 4.6; W. 3.5; Th. 0.9.
3586Cat. no. JJ-16: #89-629: Trench K. Stratum IV. Fig. 115.
3587Reddish sandstone.
3588H. 2.1; Th 0.4.
3589Cat. no. JJ-17: #90-512: Trench K. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.3-99.5/138.5-139.7. Fig. 115.
3590Pebble of yellowish-white limestone.
3591H. 1.1; W. 0.7; Th. 0.2.
3592Cat. no. JJ-18: #160-3-280: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 115.
3593Rounded pebble of white limestone.
3594H. 2.7; W. 2.5; Th. 1.3.
3595Cat. no. JJ-19: #160-3-281: Trench N. Stratum III. Fig. 115.
3596Rounded pebble of white limestone.
3597H. 1.7; W. 1.4; Th. 0.6.
35984. Unidentified fragments of non-local stone
3599Cat. no. JJ-20: #89-507: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. (Not illustrated)
3600Small piece of marble.
3601I.5 x 1.9.
3602Cat. no. JJ-21: #89-545B: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. (Not illustrated)
3603Small piece of marble?
3604H. 1.7; W. 0.9.
3605Cat. no. JJ-22: #90-5: Trench F. Stratum V. 83.5-84.5/136.5-138.5. Fig. 115.
3606Oblong lava stone or silt, water rolled. A part of one side is broken.
3607H. 3.4; W. 2.8; Th. 1.0.
3608Cat. no. JJ-23: #89-199: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.7/137.5 (?). Level -667. (Not illustrated)
3609Worked blue-grey stone of volcanic material, Nocera tufa.
361012.0 x 13.0 x 9.0.
3611Cat. no. JJ-24: #90-865: Trench K. Stratum III. Tomb 6092. From the amphora. (Not illustrated)
3612Pumice stone.
3613H. 2.2; W. 1.2; Th. 0.9.
III.22 Objects in bone
3614Hanne Thomasen
3615The group includes 14 objects: pins, astragals, an attachment and some small unidentified fragments (not listed in the catalogue). The distribution is shown in Table 86 from which it appears that they are concentrated in the upper strata (strata I-V).
3616CATALOGUE
3617Pins
3618Apart from minor chips, the pins are all very well preserved. They probably served ornamental purposes in the female dress or hair. Parallels to the specimens from Prop. Avallone can be found e.g. in the bath unit at Vagni, Buccino, probably built at the end of the 1st cent. AD/or later and continuing in use throughout the Imperial period (Dyson 1983, 80, fig. 196); and at Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 156, e.g. nos. 2-3, fig. 2, periods II/IIA layers, i.e. before 30 BC-200+ AD, and unstratified).
3619Cat. no. KK-1: #90-239: Trench B. Stratum IV. 77.8/130.6. Level -690. Fig. 117.
3620Spherical head. Tapering towards the head. Point missing.
3621L. 6.5; W.0.2-0.6.
3622Cat. no. KK-2: #174-1: Trench Ds. Stratum I. (Not illustrated)
3623L. 9.0.
3624Cat. no. KK-3: #174-5-39: Trench Ds. Stratum V. (Not illustrated)
3625Completely preserved. Pear-shaped head.
3626L. 8.5.
3627Cat. no. KK-4. #90-195: Trench Dn. Stratum III. 81.88/126.4. Level -624. (Not illustrated)
3628A: L. 3.9; W. 0.3.
3629B: L. 2.0; W. 0.4.
3630Cat. no. KK-5: #174-55-52A: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 117.
3631Oblong head. Point missing. L. 6.2; W. 0.3-0.6.
3632Cat. no. KK-6: #174-55-52B: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 117.
3633Spherical head. Point missing. L. 4.9; W. 0.4-0.5.
3634Spatula/earstick
3635Spatulae used for cosmetic purposes or as earsticks are found in many areas (Wightman 1977, 217, no. 425, fig. 41; Simpson 1994, 229, no. 168, fig. 16). An almost identical example is known from the Roman villa at San Mauro, Buccino whose first main phase is dated from approximately the mid-lst cent. BC to the 1st cent. AD (Dyson 1983, 170-171, no. 7, fig. 334).
3636Cat. no. KK-7: #174-9-328: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Fig. 117.
3637Broken towards one end.
3638L. 5.3; W. 0.4.
3639Attachments
3640The tiny fragment probably belongs to an attachment intended for a small box or a piece of furniture.
3641Cat. no. KK-8: #174-51-6: Trench G. Stratum I. Fig. 117.
3642Fragment of manufactured plaque. Decoration in relief on the front and a smooth back. The surface is covered with a light reddish brown slip. H. 1.9; W. 1.1; Th. 0.2.
3643Astragals?
3644Cat. no. KK-9: #89-1: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. 83.09-84.14/123.0-83.24-84.11/125. (Not illustrated)
3645H. 7; W.2.1; Th.1.5.
3646Cat: no. KK-10: #89-191: Trench H. Strata III-IV. 89.35/138.45. Level -628 and-645. (Not illustrated)
3647L. 11; W. 8.5.
3648Cat. no. KK-11: #90-505: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.3-99.5/138.5-139.7. Level -676. (Not illustrated)
3649H. 3.2; W. 2.0; Th. 1.9.
III.23 Coins4
3650Helle W. Horsnæs
3651The oldest coins represented in the Prop. Avallone excavations seem to be two quite badly preserved coins belonging to the earliest bronze issues of Poseidonia. They were both found in strata dated somewhat later than the coins.
3652The largest part of the numismatic material is made up of coins struck in Central Italy in the late 4th and 3rd centuries BC, in fact the main occupation period of this area. Particularly important are the three anepigraphic obols that are normally thought to have been struck by a Campanian community. The other 3rd-century coins are two bronze coins that have been tentatively ascribed to a Campanian mint, perhaps Neapolis, and two struck coins of the Roman prow series.
3653Comparing with the finds from other sites in Campania, and from the sanctuaries at Rossano di Vaglio and Ansanto, the geographical distribution of mints represented in the Prop. Avallone excavations is not surprising. One might have expected more Campanian mints to be represented, as well as perhaps examples of coins from Velia of Northern Apulia, but the relatively low number of finds must be considered as well.
3654From the latest Republican period is a single coin of the MINEIA series struck in Paestum.
3655The remaining coins comprise four Roman bronze coins covering the period from the 2nd to the 4th centuries AD, again in good correspondence with the other finds from the site. Of these coins one was definitely struck in Rome, while another can be ascribed to either Rome or Antiochia. Finally, there are two unidentified bronze coins.
3656The number of coins is relatively low: only 16 coins were found. Yet, this is not surprising in light of the relatively low number of numismatic finds from Pontecagnano in general. Only two coins were recovered from the relatively small excavation in Prop. Truono, Saggio Cl. They were a bronze litra struck during the reign of Hieron II (263-215 BC) and a Roman quadrans dated in the mid- 3rd century BC114. The vast necropoleis of Pontecagnano have naturally yielded a number of tombs with coins, but none of them have been fully published. An overview of the finds from tombs dated in the period c.400-300 BC was presented by Cantilena115. Cantilena noted a shift in burial alignment from south to north around 325 BC.This observation is based on relatively few finds, but it is entirely consistent with the material from the settlement areas of Prop. Avallone and Truono, where the majority of the late 4thand 3rd-century coins come either from Campanian mints or from Rome. This naturally reflects the political reality on the Italian peninsula.
3657Considering the enormous issues of Roman Imperial coinage, one might have expected that more coins from this period would have been found. The relatively low number of coins thus strengthens the other evidence form the site indicating a relatively sporadic occupation of the area in the early Imperial period and the use of the area for children’s burials in the late Imperial period.
3658CATALOGUE
3659Greek coins
3660Campania
3661Anepigrafic obols Cat. no. LL-1: AR 11mm. Obv.: Female head in three quarter view; rev.: Lion(?) 1., in exergue a curled snake. Axe 5; Weight 0.55 gr. Fig. 116.
3662#89-268: Trench H. Stratum V. 90.26/138.7. Level -675.
3663Reference: Strøm 1993, 118, fig. 12a.
3664Cat. no. LL-2: AR 11mm. Same type. Axe 5; Weight 0.3 gr. Fig. 116.
3665#89-270: Trench H. Stratum V. 90.51/139.2. Level -675.
3666Reference: Strøm 1993, 118, fig. 12b.
3667Cat. no. LL-3: AR 11mm. Same type. Axe 3; Weight 0.3 gr. Fig. 116.
3668#90-107: Trench L. Stratum IV. 96.67/137.7. Level -686.
3669The three anepigraphic silver obols all belong to the types Sambon 1903, nos. 844-847, now more commonly referred to as Rutter 1979, type IV (see also Catalli 1995, no. 174). These relatively common obols are by their weight standard (Catalli 1995 quotes a medium weight of 0.57 gr.) closely connected to similar obols from Allifae and Phistelia. The anepigraphic type is often ascribed to Phistelia, due to correspondence in the types with the late 5th cent. BC didrachms of Phistelia. The location of Phistelia is now unknown, but it is normally assumed to have been situated in Northern Campania, due to the geographic distribution of the Phistelia coins.
3670Other identifications have, however, been suggested: Cantilena 1988, 37-42 suggested that the anepigraphic obols should be ascribed to the Fenserni (another unlocated community in Campania), interpreting the rev. motif as a chimaira rather than a lion and underlining the similarities with the female head on the Fenserni didrachmai normally dated around 400 BC (Cantilena 1988, 122).
3671The geographical distribution of the anepigraphic obols has suggested a possible Northern Campanian location of the mint, but the new finds from Pontecagnano, as well as the presence of anepigraphic obol(s) in tomb(s) of Pompeii (Cantilena 1995, 231), might indicate that a more southernly location of the mint cannot be completely excluded.
3672The issue is normally dated in the late 4th cent. BC by comparison with the similar series from Allifae (Cantilena 1988, 140; Catalli 1995, 45 believes the coins were struck in connection with the Samnite War 327-304 BC). Two anepigraphic obols have been found in tombs in Pontecagna no dated to the last quarter of the 4th cent. BC, a fact that should strengthen the evidence for the traditional date116.
3673Also the three coins from Prop. Avallone favour a date in the late 4th or early 3rd cent. BC.Two of them were found in H V and the third one came from L IV, both layers that mostly contain material from the early Hellenistic period and represent the occupation phase of the Courtyard House. The fact that the three oboloi were found in connection with this particular building should not be overlooked.
3674Uncertain Campanian bronze coins
3675Cat. no. LL-4: AE 15. Obv.: Head r.?; rev.: (manheaded?) bull r., head en face, above: (quiver/sword or) flying Nike crowning bull? Axe 12(?); Weight 3.8 gr. (Not illustrated)
3676#89-333: Trench K. Stratum IV. 94.5/138.115. Level -663.
3677The coin is very worn, and has small chippings along the edge. The obverse of this coin is particularly worn, and has a secondary oval incision. During registration it was identified as the back of a head r. On the other hand the poor preservation of the coin does not exclude another identification of the obverse.
3678Among the many bronze coins issued by Latin colonies in Campania and Samnium during the 3rd cent. BC, the bull (often the androcephalic bull) is a favourite reverse motif; in fact it was already called “taureau campanien” by Sambon 1903. It probably derives in origin from Neapolitan coins. Here, the closest parallels are of Taliercio 1987, types II and IIIa, but the Neapolitan coins of this type, as most Campanian issues, invariably have a head 1. on the obverse.
3679The head r. on the obverse can be seen on e.g. coins from Malventum (Malies). Here, however, the symbol above the bull is either a helmet (Rutter 1979 HN no. 438; Sambon 1903 no. 190), or a Silenos head (Sambon 1903, no. 191).
3680The fact that it is not possible to identify the coin exactly of course makes it difficult to establish its date, but it was most likely struck in Campania during the first half of the 3rd cent. BC.
3681Cat. no. LL-5: AE 16.5. Obv.: Remains of long, rather curly hair locks. Along the rim line of dots. (Not illustrated)
3682Rev.: Illegible. Weight 1.55 gr.; Th. 0.2. The surface is almost wholly corroded/consumed, but the well-preserved part of the obv. with locks of hair and dots reveals that the coin was not worn.
3683#89-303: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. 82.3/124.95. Level -736.
3684The weight would not be incompatible with for example the standard of Taliercio 1987, type IIIb, although we must consider that the original weight must have been somewhat higher that the actual 1.55 gr. The fine dotted line along the rim and the quite elegant locks of hair of the obv. have parallels in a number of Campanian bronze issues of the 3rd cent. BC, which is a possible date for this coin as well.
3685Lucania
3686Poseidonia
3687Cat. no. LL-6: zE 13. Obv.: Poseidon walking r., trident(?) in lifted arm, chlamys falling over both arms, remains of inscription around; rev.: bull 1. Axe? Weight 1.1. Fig. 116.
3688#90-171: Trench H. Stratum IV. 90.93/142.7. Level -660.
3689Type: Grunauer von Hoerschelmann 1973, type I, dated in the late 5th cent. BC.
3690Cat. no. LL-7: AE 12. Obv.: Poseidon walking r. arms lifted and remains of chlamys below front arm; rev.: bull standing 1., head low(?), below dolphin Poseidon? Axe 4; Weight 0.70 gr. (Not illustrated)
3691#89-53: Trench G. Stratum VIII. 89.4/126.6. Level -686.
3692Type: Grunauer von Hoerschelmann 1973, type III, dated around 400 BC.
3693Cat. no. LL-8: zE 14.5. Obv.: Female head r., around MINEIA.M.F; rev.: Two-storied building, on either side:
P | S |
S | C |
3694Axe 12; w. 3.9 gr. (Not illustrated)
3695#174-57-1: Trench G. Stratum VII. East of the wall. c.90.1-90.4/127.4-127.8. Level C.-670 (the upper 10 cm of stratum VII).
3696Type: Crawford 1973, 52-54 and 97-99 type 38C (list of examples pp. 97-99). The type belongs to the group of Paestan bronze coins generically dated in the “Late Republican Period”.
3697Reference: Strøm 1993, 112, fig. 7 and 125 note 8.
3698Roman Republican coins
3699Cat. no. LL-9: zE 15.5. Uncia. Obv.: Roma w. Attic helmet r., behind C; Rev.: prow r., above ROMA
3700Axe?; Weight 3.05 gr. (=> as standard = 36.6 gr.). (Not illustrated)
3701#89-41: Trench G. Stratum VIII. 85.9/127.53. Level -692.
3702Type: Anonymous struck prow series, Crawford RRC 56/7, dated 211-200 BC.
3703Reference: Strøm 1993, 122 and fig. 8.
3704Cat. no. LL-10: zE 22. Obv.: Head of Mercury r.; rev.: prow r. Axe?; Weight 4.9 gr. (Not illustrated)
3705#90-80: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. West of the wall. 81.35/124.19. Level -750.
3706Type: Anonymous prow series, dated 211-200 BC.
3707Reference: Strøm 1993, 112.
3708Roman Imperial coins
3709Antonine period?
3710Cat. no. LL-11:/E 33 (sestertius). Obv.: Male head r., apparently un-bearded or with a short beard. Only the back profile discernible, showing curly hair. Above the head possibly the letter A as part of inscription, but it may be just a ruined surface. Rev.: Illegible. Weight 16.85 gr.; Th. 0.3. Extremely worn. (Not illustrated)
3711#174-55-10: Trench G. Stratum V. Level -622.
3712Size and weight clearly identifies the coin as a sestertius, which mean that it must be dated before the mid-third cent., after which this nominal gradually went out of use. The outline of the portrait, and in particular the way the neckline is depicted, might indicate a date in the Antonine period.
3713Claudius II Gothicus
3714Cat. no. LL-12: zE 18 (antoninianus). Obv.: Head r., radiate. Legend: DIVO CL[.... Rev.: eagle I., head r. with outspread wings legend CON[s....; Weight 3.2 gr.; Th. 0.2. Rather worn, but well preserved. (Not illustrated)
3715#90-83: Trench A. Stratum IV. West of the wall. 79.6/118.1. Level -615.
3716All mints, AD 270, or shortly later. Commemorative coin, RIC V.i, 266.
3717Constantius Gallus Caesar
3718Cat. no. LL-13: zE 18. Obv.: Head r. bare; legend D N FL CL CONSTANTIVS NOB CAES. Rev.: Helmeted soldier L, spearing enemy falling from his horse and extending right hand towards the soldier; legend: fel temp repa]RA[tio, mintmark illegible. Axe 12; Weight 1.95 gr.; Th. 0.1. Well preserved, but with chippings at the edge. (Not illustrated)
3719#90-189: Trench Dn. Stratum III.
3720The type is quite common, and is known from a number of mints, often with a symbol in 1. field of either obv. or rev. The type is struck without symbols in Rome (RIC VIII, 274 nos. 274 and 278) 352-354 AD, and in Nicomedia (RIC VIII, 479 no. 97) 351-354 AD.
3721Theodosius I
3722Cat. no. LL-14: zE 13.5. Obv.: Bust right, pearl-diademed, draped and cuirassed; legend...]SIVS P[.... (Theodosius). Rev.: VOT XV MVLT XX in wreath, mintmark illegible. Axe 6; Weight 1.1 gr.; Th. 0.1. Well-preserved. (Not illustrated)
3723#174-104-1: Trench M. Stratum IV. 104.61/130.45. Level -606.
3724Mint of Rome, 379-383 AD. Type RIC IX, 128 no. 5Id.
3725Unidentified bronze coins
3726Cat. no. LL-15: 2.09 gr. Remains of an almost wholly consumed coin. Unidentified. (Not illustrated)
3727#174-9-199: Trench Ds. Stratum IX. Surface of wall. 82.865/123.225. Level -686.
3728Cat. no. LL-16: zE 12. Obv.: Along the rim a row of relief dots. Rev.: Illegible. Weight 1.0 gr.; Th. 0.25.
3729Surface quite ruined. (Not illustrated)
3730#89-290: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. 81.40/124.09. Level -739.
III.24 Other objects in metal
3731Hanne Thomasen
3732The finds of metal consist of various personal and domestic items of respectively bronze, iron and lead. There is a concentration of fragments of bronze vessels in the early occupation levels of the Courtyard House (H V-TV (lower part) and L V-IV). Worth mentioning are the personal items from the same area such as the finger ring and two iron fibulae, as well as three examples of tools: a chisel and an axe head, both of iron, and a knife-shaped object of lead. An iron key also comes from this area. Further to the south, in G VIII and X (the southern part of the insula to the east), more personal objects have been found such as a bronze spatula and an iron pin, and some iron tools including spikes and a possible knife-blade.
3733Two lead weights, an iron sickle and two small handles from iron vessels came from the later destruction layer to the west of the street (Ds X-IX). They were found together with stone tools and the fragments from stone-working (cf. chapter III.21).
III.24.1 Bronze
3734The excavations yielded 40 items of bronze, 8 of which were discarded due to their fragmentary condition. The objects are divided into five categories: 1. personal items (the largest group); 2. fragments of small vessels; 3. other utensils (one example); 4. weapons (one example); 5. unidentified fragments (not listed in the catalogue). The distribution is shown in Table 87.
3735CATALOGUE
37361. Personal items
3737Fibula
3738Cat. no. MM-1: #90-275: Trench A. Stratum IV. Fig. 118.
3739Fragment with spring preserved. Rectangular thin disc ending in two eyes. Due to its poor state of preservation, it has been impossible to ascribe it to any known type.
37403.5 x 1.1.
3741Buckle
3742Cat. no. MM-2: #174-55-54: Trench G. Stratum V. 89.72/127.6. Level -614. Fig. 118.
3743D-shaped with rhombic tongue. Made in two separate pieces, horizontal part attached through holes in rounded part.
37442.4 x 2.2; Ø 0.3.
3745Parallels: Francolise, San Rocco (Cotton & Metraux 1985, 149, no. 8, fig. 21, unstratified); Luni (Lusuardi Siena 1973, 558, no. CM 2743, pls. 136.7 and 138.44, 1st cent. AD); Pompeii, buckles found in the so-called cubiculum u in the Casa di Marcus Lucretius Fronto. They were clearly in use 79 AD, since they were found on people that died during the eruption (Peters 1993, 398, inv. no. 2275, fig. 270).
3746Finger rings
3747Cat. no. MM-3: #89-211: Trench F. Stratum III. 82.97/ 138.5. Level -625. Fig. 118.
3748Bronze wire decorated with two knots. Slightly irregular.
3749Ø 2.35.
3750Cat. no. MM-4: #90-104: Trench L. Stratum IV. East of 98.0. 98.84/137.67. Level -664. Fig. 118.
3751Smooth and solid with semicircular cross-section. Inner side of ring flat.
3752Inner Ø 1.4; outer Ø 2.1; Ø cross-section 0.35.
3753Spatula
3754Cat. no. MM-5: #89-43: Trench G. Stratum VIII. 86.4/127.61. Level -695.5. Fig. 118.
3755Deliberately bent into a curve. Probably used for cosmetics or for cleaning the ears.
3756L. 3.7; W. 0.7.
37572. Vessels
3758A few handles of bronze, probably for small bronze vessels, have been found, the most elaborate one being cat. no. MM-9. Likewise, a loop-shaped eye, cat. no. MM-8, with parts of a chain preserved must have belonged to a vessel or perhaps a situla, and small thin fragmentary sheets of bronze, found in almost every strata and trench, could be fragments of vessels.
3759Cat. no.. MM-6: #89-258: Trench H. Stratum IV. 91/139.25. Level -660. Fig. 118.
3760Sheet, curved, rectangular in cross-section, rectangular incision. Possibly a handle from a vessel.
3761L. 3.2; W. 0.5; Th. 0.2.
3762Cat. no. MM-7: #90-133: Trench H. Stratum V. 89.5/ 140.5. (Not illustrated) Irregular object folded around a drop-shaped lump of bronze. Possibly a handle from a vessel. Remains of organic material.
3763H. 3.3; W. c.1.6; Th. c.1.4.
3764Cat. no. MM-8: #90-453: Trench H. Stratum V. Bottom of stratum, cleaning after destruction layer. 91.4/137.45. Level -691. Fig. 118.
3765Loop-shaped eye. Two S-shaped links of a chain is attached to it.
3766Handle: H. 3.3; W. 2.0; chain 0.2.
3767Cat. no. MM-9: #90-321: Trench L. Stratum IV. 98.32/136.87. Level -682. Fig. 118.
3768Loop-shaped, rectangular in cross-section. Both ends decorated with a knob.
3769L. 6.3; H. 4.5; W. 0.35.
3770Cat. no. MM-10: #174-101-18: Trench M. Stratum II. Fig. 118.
3771Sheet of bronze, rectangular with a thickset rim. Possibly fragment of a small bowl.
3772L. 3.7; W. 1.2; Th. c.1.
3773Cat. no. MM-11: #174-103-45: Trench M. 103.5/128.5. Stratum III. Fig. 118.
3774Thin sheet, oblong, curved. Rectangular in cross-section. Possibly a handle of a small vessel.
3775L. 2.1; W. 0.5; Th. 0.1.
37763. Other utensils
3777Cat. no. MM-12: #174-104-28: Trench M. Stratum IV. 103.5/128.5. Fig. 118.
3778Weight or button. Circular with smooth upper side. Protrusion at centre that ends in a small flat circle.
3779H. 0.8; Ø 1.5. Weight 1.3 gr.
3780Parallels: A weight very similar to this one is found at Otranto, dated to phase IV, i.e. 9th-11th cent. AD. It has the same diameter but weighs 3.5 gr. (Hicks and Hicks 1992, 288, cat. no. 25). In Corinth a weight of the same type has been discovered, dated to the Byzantine period (Davidson 1952, 206-208).
37814. Weapons
3782Cat. no. MM-13: #90-852: Trench L. Stratum III. Fig. 118.
3783Arrowhead with two perforations at the tip. Hollow. A circular hole underneath for insertion of a shaft.
3784L. 2.6; Ø max. 0.7; Ø min. 0.4.
3785This type of arrowhead is probably of Greek origin (Comstock & Vermeule 1971, 416, nos. 597-600, undated; Schumacher 1890, no. 748, pl. XIV no. 35).
37865. Unidentified fragments
3787This sub-group includes various fragments, mainly sheet bronze (s), discs (d) and lumps (1). It is likely that some of the sheet-bronze fragments derive from vessels.
3788Distribution: C IV (1s); Dn VI (11); Ds IX (1d, 1s); Ds X (1d, 11); F IV (1s); F V (1d); G V (2s); G VIII (1); G X (1); J V (2s); K IV (1d, 1s); M I (1); M II (1s); M III (1s); N II (1s).
III.24.2 Iron
3789More than 200 different objects of iron were discovered in Prop. Avallone. 42 of the items were discarded either because they were too tiny and fragmented or too corroded to be identified as anything but scrap. The remaining objects can roughly be divided into two main groups: 1. personal items; 2. domestic items. As it appears from Table 88 trenches D, E, G and H were particularly rich in finds.
3790CATALOGUE
37911. Personal items
3792Five fibulae were found. Only the arches are preserved. They are all of a simple arched type without any remaining incisions or other decoration. The arched type seems to have continued in use at least throughout the 1st cent. BC/Hellenistic period (Guzzo 1972; Macnamara 1992, 237). The Prop. Avallone fibulae were all found in strata IV and V (which also applies to the bronze fibula), trenches E, F and H.
3793The group also includes one dress pin and one spatula.
3794Fibulae (arches)
3795Cat. no. NN-1: #89-696: Trench E. Stratum V. 82.9-83.5/129.5. Below Level -702. Fig. 119.
3796Thickening in one end and a small offset rim at the other. Circular in cross-section. L. 7.35; W. c.0.7.
3797Cat. no. NN-2: #89-712C: Trench E. Stratum IV. 84.5/ 129.5. Fig. 119.
3798Offset rim in one end. Rectangular in cross-section. L. 3.2.
3799Cat. no. NN-3: #90-8: Trench F. Stratum V. 83.33/138.3. Level -674. Fig. 119.
3800Circular in cross-section. Ø inner 2.5; Ø outer 3.4; W. 0.4.
3801Cat. no. NN-4: #89-707B: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. (Not illustrated)
3802Square in cross-section with rounded corners. L. 4.2; W. 0.5.
3803Cat. no. NN-5: #90-126: Trench H. Stratum V. 89.5/ 140.5. Destruction layer east of the wall. (Not illustrated)
3804Fragment of fibula? 4.2 x 2.7.
3805Pin
3806The closest parallels are found in the Villanovan and Hallstatt cultures (Jacobsthal 1956, 162, 172; Carancini 1975, 79-80). This type of pin usually has a globular head of glass or bone, but the Prop Avallone pin is made entirely in iron.
3807Cat. no. NN-6: #89-224: Trench G. Stratum X. 88.68/126.24. Level -739. Fig. 119.
3808Dress pin with globular head. The head is decorated with circles in relief and below the head two mouldings.
3809L. 4.6; Ø of head 1.3.
3810Spatula
3811Cat. no. NN-7: #89-181: Trench H. Stratum III. 89.5/ 136.5. Level -588. Fig. 119.
3812Flat, ‘arrow-shaped’ head. Handle square in cross-section. L. 15.7; W. of head 1.5; W. of handle 0.7.
38132. Domestic items
3814Various types of domestic items were found, comprising keys, hooks and different types of tools. There are also a large group of items of uncertain function.
3815Keys
3816Cat. no. NN-8: #89-189: Trench H. Stratum III. 90.2/137.82. Level -633. Fig. 119.
3817Rectangular, L-shaped with seven small circular protrusions. The shaft ends in a ring at top. Badly corroded.
3818L. 6.15; W. 2.1. Th. 0.4.
3819Parallels: Cerveteri/Caere (Maffei-Nastasi 1990, 266, pl. 342.2); Pompeii (Gallo 2001, 65, fig. 30).
3820Cat. no. NN-9: #90-299: Trench H. Stratum V. Destruction layer. East of the wall. 91.15/136.5. Fig. 119.
3821Greek type. L-shaped, irregularly bent. Rectangular in cross-section.
3822Parallels: Heraion, Foce del Sele (Zancani Montuoro et al. 1965-66, 152-158).
3823L. 9.5; W. 5.
3824Hooks
3825Cat. no. NN-10: #174-5-40: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 119.
3826Hook (?). Thin stick ending in a small curve. Found together with a fragment of glass (#174-5-41).
3827L. 4.7; W. 0.4.
3828Cat. no. NN-11: #90-22: Trench E. Stratum VI. 83.62/130.24. Level -732. Fig. 119.
3829Fishing-hook. Upper part missing. Flat broad tip with incision on one side.
38302.8 x 2.3.
3831Handles
3832Cat. no. NN-12: #174-6-12A: Trench Ds. Stratum VI. Fig. 119.
3833Fragment of handle (?) from a small vessel. Rectangular incision at one end. Protruding rim on one side.
3834L. 3.8; W. c.1.0.
3835Cat. no. NN-13: #89-40: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. 81.61/124.16. Level -701. Fig. 119.
3836Two small handles from a vessel. Carinated. Strongly corroded. Probably not belonging to the same vessel.
3837A: L. 3.8; W. c.0.8.
3838B: L. 4.4; W. c.0.7.
3839Tools
3840Cat. no. NN-14: #89-299: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 82.26/124.69. Level -732. Fig. 120.
3841Sickle, curved. Badly corroded.
3842L. 28.5; W. 6.1; Th. 0.9.
3843Cat. no. NN-15: #89-463: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 120.
3844Pair of pincers? Sheet, trapezoid.
3845L. 4.5; W. 0.5; Th. 0.1.
3846Parallels: Buccino, S. Stefano (A. Lagi De Caro in Greci in Occidente 1996, tomb 270, 87, no. 37.44).
3847Cat. no. NN-16: #89-67: Trench E. Stratum V. 83.15/130.5. Level -695. Fig. 120.
3848Tip of a small knife’s blade? Curved.
3849L. 4.1; W. 1.2; Th. 0.2.
3850Cat. no. NN-17: #89-201: Trench F. Stratum III. c.85.16/138.16. Level -623. Fig. 120.
3851Needle in two fragments, circular in cross-section.
3852A: L. 2.4; W. 0.3.
3853B: L. 1.4; W. 0.2.
3854Cat. no. NN-18: #89-42: Trench G. Stratum VIII. 86.32/127.4. Level -688. Fig. 120.
3855Spike. Long and rectangular object, ends in a point, bent.
3856L. 10.1; W. 1.6; Th. 0.6.
3857Cat. no. NN-19: #89-221: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 120.
3858Blade of a knife. Curved, with rectangular cross-section.
3859L. 8.4; W. 1.1.
3860Cat. no. NN-20: #89-435: Trench G. Stratum VIII. Fig. 120.
3861Spike(?). Triangular, rectangular cross-section, pointed end. Found together with two iron slags.
3862L. 6.3; W. 1.5 x 0.5.
3863Cat. no. NN-21: #90-447: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.66/146.58. Level -659. Fig. 120.
3864Chisel with small teeth preserved on one side. Rectangular with rectangular incision on top, probably for inserting a handle.
3865H. 5.0; W. 3.6.
3866Cat. no. NN-22: #90-285: Trench H. Stratum V. 91/143. Level -687. Fig. 120.
3867Head of axe. One side is shaped after the handle attached to it.
3868H. 6.2; W. 5.9; Th. 2.7.
3869Cat. no. NN-23: #90-328: Trench L. Stratum III. 100.4/140.07. Level -613. Fig. 120.
3870Shank of spike(?). Bent, rectangular cross-section.
3871L. 5.4; W. 0.8; Th. 0.5.
3872Cat. no. NN-24: #174-102-3: Trench M. Stratum II. Fig. 120.
3873Needle. Bent, circular cross-section.
3874L. 4.0; Ø 0.2.
3875Studs, nails and tacks
3876This group of material is divided into three sub-groups according to size. The first comprises large studs used in the construction of architecture, often with a decorative head. One stud, cat. no. NN-35, was in fact found in situ in a mudbrick. The second sub-group is formed by the nails, which by far are the largest with a total of 90, including many variations. Each nail is of such individual character that not one nail can be certainly ascribed to one type. At Gravina the nails were classified according to the shape of the head (Macnamara 1992, 244-245). The predominant kind has a big, flat, slightly curved head with a long, comparatively thin shank, rectangular or square cross-section, e.g. cat. no. NN-34. The third sub-group consists of a few small tacks used for furniture, such as cat. no. NN-45.
3877Only nails of iron have been discovered in Prop. Avallone, as opposed to other sites, where bronze nails have been found too (Hicks & Hicks 1992, 285; Chiaramonte Trere 1973, 807-808; Lavizzari Pedrazzini 1977, 408).
3878These studs, nails and tacks were found in early as well as later layers, i.e. from the first occupation phase (e.g. H V and L IV), as well as the second (e.g. Ds X-IX) and the later imperial period (e.g. E III and M III). Similar studs and nails are known from other sites (Lavizzari Pedrazzini 1977, 408; Massari 1977, 586; Simpson 1994, 236-238, e.g. no. 243, fig. 19).
3879Studs
3880Cat. no. NN-25: #90-607: Trench B. Stratum VI. 77.55/131. Level -711.5. Fig. 121.
3881Big, flat head. Bent shank with square cross-section. L. 6.9 (while bent); W. 0.5-0.7; Ø of head 2.2.
3882Cat. no. NN-26: #90-342: Trench C.Stratum IV. 77.6/134.8. Fig. 121.
3883Fragment. Big flat head. Shank with square cross-section. Tip missing. L. 4.0; W. 0.7; Ø of head 3.0.
3884Cat. no. NN-27: #90-346: Trench C.Stratum V. 78.26/134.53. Level -687. Fig. 121.
3885Fragment. Big slightly curved head. Bent shank with square cross-section. Tip missing. L. 4.7; W. 0.7; Ø of head 2.8.
3886Cat. no. NN-28: #174-3-1: Trench Ds. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3887Big, slightly curved head. Shank with square cross-section. L. 7.6; W. 0.6; Ø of head 2.5.
3888Cat. no. NN-29: #89-118: Trench Ds. Stratum X. 82.2/125. Level -724. Fig. 121.
3889Two fragments with ‘mushroom-shaped’ head, shank with circular cross-section. Corroded.
3890A: L. 6.4.
3891B: L. 2.2; W. 0.5; Ø of head 2.6.
3892Cat. no. NN-30: #90-186: Trench Ds. Stratum XI. East of the wall. 83.23/124.67. Level -761. Fig. 121.
3893‘Mushroom-shaped’ head. Shank bent at point, with rectangular cross-section.
3894A: L. 8.9; Ø of head 2.1.
3895B: L. 0.5-0.9.
3896Cat. no. NN-31: #90-463: Trench Dn. Stratum VI. 80.76/125.7. Level -676. Fig. 121.
3897Big ‘mushroom-shaped’ head, shank with rectangular cross-section. L. 8.4; W. 1.0; Ø of head. 2.8.
3898Cat. no. NN-32: #89-584A: Trench E. Stratum II. Fig. 121.
3899Semicircular head, shank with square cross-section. L. 7.2; W. 0.8; Ø of head 1.9.
3900Cat. no. NN-33: #89-572: Trench F. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3901A: Big, flat head, shank with rectangular cross-section. L. 4.8; W. 0.6; Ø of head 2.1.
3902B: Slightly curved head, shank with rectangular crosssection. L. 6.7; W. c.0.7; Ø of head 1.0.
3903Cat. no. NN-34: #90-814: Trench F. Stratum V. 82.5-83.5/138.5-139.5. Fig. 121.
3904Big ‘mushroom-shaped’ head. Bent shank with rectangular cross-section. L. 4.7; Ø of head 3.0.
3905Cat. no. NN-35: #89-1114: Trench H. Stratum V. East of the wall. Destruction layer. (Not illustrated)
3906Big, flat head, found in situ in a mudbrick. L. 5.7; Ø of head 3.3.
3907Cat. no. NN-36: #90-294: Trench H. Stratum V. East of the wall. 91.1/137.28. Fig. 121.
3908Big, flat head. Shank slightly bent, rectangular in crosssection. L. 9.8; Ø of head 2.7.
3909Nails
3910Cat. no. NN-37: #90-488: Trench A. Stratum VI. 77.54/118.76. Level -717. Fig. 121.
3911Flat, half-preserved head, shank with rectangular crosssection. Badly corroded.
3912L. 5.6; W. 0.7; W. of head 1.6.
3913Cat. no. NN-38: #90-190A, #90-190B, #90-190D: Trench Dn. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3914A: ‘Mushroom-shaped’ head, shank with rectangular cross-section. L. 3.0; W. 0.7; Ø of head 2.0.
3915B: Semicircular head, shank with square cross-section. L. 3.0; W. 0.5; Ø of head 1.5.
3916D: Half-preserved head, shank with square cross-section. L. 2.8; W. 0.5.
3917Cat. no. NN-39: #89-795A: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3918Flat head, shank with rectangular cross-section. L. 5.9; Ø of head 1.1.
3919Cat. no. NN-40: #89-1341: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 121.
3920Small ‘mushroom-shaped’ head, shank with square cross-section. L. 5.3; W. 0.4; Ø of head c.0.8.
3921Cat. no. NN-41: #89-12: Trench G. Stratum IVa. Fig. 121.
3922Big, flat, rectangular head, partly destroyed. Shank offcentre from head, square cross-section. L. 6.3; est. Ø 2.1.
3923Cat. no. NN-42: #90-52: Trench H. Stratum III. 89.8/142.3. Level -634. Fig. 121.
3924‘Mushroom-shaped’ head, part missing. Bent shank with square cross-section. L. 4.9; W. c.0.6; Ø of head c.1.4.
3925Cat. no. NN-43: #90-448: Trench H. Stratum IV. 90.68/146.96. Level -649. Fig. 121.
3926Almost conical head. Bent shank with square cross-section. L. 8.9; Ø of head 1.3.
3927Cat. no. NN-44: #90-337: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 97.96/139.46. Level -668. Fig. 121.
3928Big, flat head. Bent shank with circular cross-section. L. 5.4; Ø of head 2.1.
3929Tacks
3930Cat. no. NN-45: #90-190C: Trench Dn. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3931Semicircular head, shank with square cross-section. L. 1.5; W. 0.3; Ø of head. 1.0.
3932Cat. no. NN-46: #89-1344C: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3933Big nearly semicircular head, shank with circular cross-section, bent at tip. L. 1.5; Ø of head 1.3.
3934Wall-fixtures
393510 wall-fittings were found distributed in strata representing the first occupation phase (H V), the second (e.g. Ds X and E V) and the later Imperial period (e.g. E III). The wall-fixtures are L-shaped, bent into an almost right angle, with a rectangular or rounded cross-section. Similar examples were found in Cerveteri/Caere and Gravina (MaffeiNatasi 1990, 266, pl. 342.7; Simpson 1994, 233 and 235, nos. 220 and 224, fig. 18).
3936Cat. no. NN-47: #174-5-2A: Trench Ds. Stratum V. Fig. 121.
3937H. 4.2; W. 3.5; Th. 0.4.
3938Cat. no. NN-48: #89-302: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 82.22/124.84, Level -736. Fig. 121.
3939Wall-fixture (?). Curved, almost right-angled object with square cross-section. L. 4.8; Ø 0.5.
3940Cat. no. NN-49: #89-1344A: Trench E. Stratum III. Fig. 121.
3941Curved, badly bent, thickening at horizontal part. L. 5.7; W. c.0.7.
3942Cat. no. NN-50: #89-1342A: Trench E. Stratum IV. Fig. 121.
3943Right-angled, square cross-section. Badly corroded. L. 2.9; W. c.0.6.
3944Cat. no. NN-51: #89-831A: Trench E. Stratum V. 83.5-84.5/129.5-131.5. Fig. 121.
3945A: Right-angled, horizontal flat part, vertical part square in cross-section. 2.6 x 2.6.
3946Cat. no. NN-52: #89-83ID: Trench E. Stratum V. 83.5-84.5/129.5-131.5. Fig. 121.
3947D: Wall-fixture (?). L. 6.4; W. 0.6.
3948Cat. no. NN-53: #90-13A: Trench F. Stratum V. 84.0/138.25. Level -684. Fig. 121.
3949Wall-fixture (?). Very long, narrow stick, square in cross-section, bent at one end to form a right angle. L. 6.3.
3950Cat. no. NN-54: #89-582: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. Below Level -675. Fig. 121.
3951L-shaped, square in cross-section with rounded corners. Badly corroded. L. 4.7; W. 0.4.
3952Cat. no. NN-55: #89-707D: Trench H. Stratum V. West of the wall. (Not illustrated)
3953L-shaped, rectangular in cross-section. L. 4.0; W. c.0.5.
3954Furnishing
3955Cat. no. NN-56: #174-103-55B: Trench M. Stratum III. (Not illustrated)
3956Curved into a triangular shape. Left leg missing.
3957Slags
3958More than 53 slags of iron were found scattered in the layers from II to X, mostly concentrated in the areas E IIIIV and H III (Table 89). Only slags of iron have been found on the site. The presence of iron slags together with a possible ingot, cat. no. NN-57, suggests that ironworking may have taken place at or near the site117.
3959Cat. no. NN-57: #90-170: Trench H. Stratum IV. 89.94/142.95. Level -643. Fig. 122.
3960Ingot for ironworking (?). Solid and rectangular object. 4.5 x 3.7 x 1.0.
III.24.3 Lead
396112 items of lead were discovered (Table 90). The weights form the largest group with three different types and two bands of lead that may have been used as weights for fishing nets.
3962Also worth mentioning is a small, irregularly shaped, hollow object, cat. no. 00-4. It is probably a bowl of some kind. Unfortunately, no parallels have been found. An almost knife-shaped piece, cat. no. OO-l 1, resembles a hammer, but lead would be too soft a material for this function.
3963CATALOGUE
3964Cat. no. OO-l: #90-81: Trench A. Stratum III. 79.25/118.10. Level -599.5. Fig. 122.
3965Counterbalance, trunco-conical with a curved iron handle, uneven surface, a cestello type.
3966H. without handle 4.5; H. with handle 6.5; broadest Ø 5.4.
3967Parallels: Similar toone with an iron handle from Cerveteri/Caere (Maffei & Nastasi 1990, 260, pl. 335.2). Parallels are also known from a Roman villa in Modena (Tarpini 2001, especially figs. 223.5-9, dated 1st/2nd – 3rd/4,h cent. AD).
3968Cat. no. 00-2: #90-264: Trench A. Stratum VI. Destruction layer. 78.4/118.82. Level -683. Fig. 122.
3969Weight (?). Thin loop, almost circular.
39701.8 x 0.3.
3971Parallels: Folded sheets of lead were found in Otranto, recognized by the excavators as weights for fishing nets (Hicks & Hicks 1992, 308, fig. 10:14).
3972Cat. no. 00-3: #90-484: Trench A. Stratum VI. 77.45/118.55. Level -719. (Not illustrated)
3973Scrap from a mould or an unfinished handle or rim of a vessel (?) or weight for fishing net. Curved almost circular with smooth surface, irregularly shaped piece attached underneath.
3974L. 6.6; H. 2.7; W. 1.5.
3975Cat. no. 00-4: #90-303: Trench B. Stratum IV. 78.03/130.26. Fig. 122.
3976Small deform bowl (?). Broad bellied, thick rim with drilled holes on two sides.
3977H. 4.2; Ø 5.9; Th. 0.7-0.9.
3978Cat. no. 00-5: #89-283: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 81.25/123.27. Level -716. Fig. 122.
3979Weight. Semicircular with accidental scratches underneath, uneven surface on top. A small piece of iron wire attached on bottom.
3980H. 1.85; Ø 6.0.
3981Cat. no. 00-6: #89-301: Trench Ds. Stratum X. West of the wall. Destruction layer. 82.26/124.69. Level -735. Fig. 122.
3982Weight. Pyramidal, circular perforation at top. Depressions on surface filled with carbonate.
3983L. 5.7; W. 1.1. Weight: 57.3 gr.
3984Parallels: Similar to Roccagloriosa (Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 319, nos. 671-673, fig. 205).
3985Cat. no. 00-7: #89-533: Trench F. Stratum V. 84.5/136.5. Fig. 122.
3986Object with protruding ends. Circular cross-section.
3987L. c.2.6; Ø c.0.6.
3988Cat. no. 00-8: #174-55-55A + B: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 122.
3989A and B: Sheets, folded.
3990A: 4.1 x 1.3.
3991B: 2.8 x 2.2.
3992Cat. no. 00-9: #174-55-55C + D: Trench G. Stratum V. Fig. 122.
3993C and D: Spatula (?). Fragments from the same object, fit together. Long, narrow handle or stick that ends in a flat, broad head.
3994C: c.4.2 x 0.4. D: c.3.3 x 2.2; Th. 0.2.
3995Cat. no. 00-10: #90-1138A: Trench L. Stratum III. Below Level -641. Fig. 122.
3996Knife-shaped. Slightly curved, rectangular cross-section with rounded corners.
3997c.4.4 x 0.6.
3998Cat. no. 00-11: #90-514: Trench L. Stratum IV. Destruction layer. 99.5/140.4. Level -678. Fig. 122.
3999Tool (?). Oblong, knife-shaped.
4000L. 11.7; H. 3.1; W. 2.5.
Notes de bas de page
1 D’Agostino 1968; Horsnæs 1989; Cuozzo & D’Andrea 1991.
2 Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 71-72.
3 Monograph on the lekythoi: Hurschmann 1997.
4 See Hurschmann 1997, p1s. 1-36.
5 The ascription was made by Ingrid Strøm.
6 Horsnæs 2002, 20-22.
7 Exactly the same problems were noted by Prag in the Gravina publication (Prag 1992, 69-70).
8 The registration of the material, including lists and preliminary studies of types, was done by Anita Lennerstedt. The material, on which this chapter is based, has however been totally revised and comprises some 300 sherds.
9 For a list of kiln sites, see Szilágyi 2004, 148 note 9; to this could be added Horsnæs 2002, 21 and fig. 2 (Pontecagnano, Rivello. Roccagloriosa). See also Yntema 2001, 137-138.
10 Cf. Serritella 1995, 88-97.
11 For overpainted wares produced in Etruria, see e.g. Pianu 1978; Pianu 1982.
12 For up-date and references, see Yntema 2001, 133-136. Paestum and Roccagloriosa: M. Cipriani in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1983, 106-107; Fracchia 1992, 133
13 Small 1992, 53; Graepler 1997, 58-60.
14 Cotton 1992, 157-160.
15 Prop. Truono: Cinquantaquattro 1994; tombs: Serritella 1995.
16 Cinquantaquattro 1994, 139 and note 116.
17 Pontecagnano: Serritella 1995, Tomb 4019, 51 no. 8, 52 fig. 36, pl. 73, last quarter of 4th cent. BC; Tomb 4087, 61, no. 1, fig. 44, pl. 75, first quarter of 3rd cent. BC. Taranto: Graepler 1997, tomb 24, 258-259, no. 9, fig. 174, phases B1 and Cl, starting c.375 BC and 275 BC respectively.
18 Flasks: Fratte: Serritella 1990, 128 no. 40, 127 fig. 246a; Pontecagnano: Serritella 1995, Tomb 4017, 48, no.l, 48 fig. 28, pl. 72. Lekythoi: Fratte: Serritella 1990, e.g. 126, nos. 22 and 24-25, figs. 247c, 246c and 247a; Pomarico Vecchio: Preacco Ancona 1997, 127-128 with references, pl. 49 and fig. 59, mainly third and last quarter of 4th cent. BC; Pontecagnano: Serritella 1995, Tomb 4038, 66, no. 2, fig. 49, pl. 77, second quarter of 4th cent. BC.
19 Cinquantaquattro 1994, 136; cf. also note 79.
20 e.g. Vagnetti 1971, 141-146; Ricciardi 1988-1989, 209.
21 Palermo 2003, 346-348.
22 Cinquantaquattro 1994, 136. The forms attested are Morel 1981, series 2671 and 2764.
23 Cinquantaquattro 1994, 136 and note 80. I agree with C.M. Wells that the term should be avoided or given up, as it only adds to the confusion of terminology (cf. Wells in Conspectus 1990, 4).
24 Comparisons with black-gloss ware: references are made to Morel’s typology (Morel 1981). For comments on this work, see the relevant chapter.
25 Based on list and notes made by Ingrid Strøm. Detailed studies of fabrics and glosses were not made.
26 The assignment was made by Ingrid Strøm.
27 Yntema 2001, 63-65 (especially on the wares in south-eastern Italy).
28 Fratte: Donnarumma & Tomay 1990, tomb 51, 257-258, no. 5, fig. 435b, jug, no later than 470-460 BC. Poseidonia/Paestum: G. Puzzi in Greco, E. & Theodorescu 1983, 117-118, Archaic; L. Tomay in Greci in Occidente 1996, tomb 534, 42-43, no. 23.2, stamnos a fasce, third quarter of 5th cent. BC; tomb 152, 44, no. 26.1, 475-450 BC.
29 The latter term is used to described this class of pottery from Cosa (Dyson 1976, 13).
30 Based on list and notes made by Ingrid Strøm.
31 Forti 1962.
32 Same opinion expressed by Fabbricotti who finds the development too fluid to allow for dating based on the presence or absence of a certain type of unguentarium (Fabbricotti 1979, 409).
33 Gravina: Hayes 1994, 226, no. 162, fig. 159; Samos: Anderson-Stojanovic 1987, 109; Stobi: Anderson-Stojanovic 1987, 115 and note 59; Iberian peninsula: Cuadrado 1977-1978, 399.
34 Graepler 1997, 66.
35 Anderson-Stojanovic 1987, 106-108.
36 Graepler 1997, 96-97.
37 Fajardo 1982, 442-447.
38 Based on list and notes made by Ingrid Strøm.
39 Forti 1962, 151-152.
40 Graepler 1997, 66.
41 E.g. Cuadrado 1977-1978, 394 (variations of type B); L. Giardino in Leukania 1992, 182-185 (tomb 182); Hayes 1994, 225-226, figs. 15-16.
42 Graepler 1997, 82 and 96-97.
43 Serritella 1995, Tomb 4079, 59, pl. 75.
44 Pontecagnano: Serritella 1995, group C, 64, no. 1 (globular), pl. 76; Tomb 4012, 46, no. 3 (piriform), pl. 71; Tomb 4087, 61, no. 2 (piriform), pl. 75, all dated first quarter of the 3rd century BC; Buccino: A. Lagi De Caro in Greci in Occidente 1996, 85-86, nos. 37.18-37.21, end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd century BC; Heraion, Foce del Sele: R. Donnarumma in Greci in Occidente 1996, 230-231, nos. 174.16-174.21, end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd century BC.
45 Hayes 1994, 225-226, no. 162, 80-70 BC.
46 For an overview and references, see Pierobon-Benoit 1996; Yntema 2001, 335. The adjective ‘Megarian’ is no longer regarded suitable.
47 The ascription to the type was made by Ingrid Strøm.
48 Pierobon-Benoit 1996, 738. See also Callaghan 1982.
49 Puppo 1995, 89-106, nos. TA24c and TA24d (from Monte Sannace), fig. 9; 57-64, nos. H6, H16 and H18, pls. XXV, XXVII and XXIX.
50 Puppo 1985, 18.
51 Laumonier 1977, 405, no. 4926, pl. 95; 454, nos. 4685, 4938 and 4998, pl. 104, all from the period 166-69 BC.
52 E.g. Lamboglia 1950 (Albintimilium).
53 Vegas 1963-1964; Marabini Moevs 1973; Mayet 1975; Ricci 1985.
54 Based on list and notes made by Ingrid Strøm.
55 This class of pottery was extracted from the chapter on common wares at the final stage of preparation for publication.
56 Goudineau 1970, 179.
57 Chiosi 1996.
58 Celuzza 1985, 107, pl. 31.1 and 109-115.
59 Semeraro 1992.
60 Goudineau 1970, pls. I-III; Kenrick 1985, type B479; Semeraro 1992, 41-44.
61 Peacock 1977, 149-153.
62 C.M. Wells in Conspectus 1990, 24.
63 Southern Gaul: Vemhet 1986.
64 Dragendorff 1895; Loeschcke 1909. For history of research, see Pucci 1985, 372-375; Klynne 2002, 7-10.
65 Pucci 1985, 379.
66 C.M. Wells in Conspectus 1990, 2.
67 Klynne 2002, 43-47.
68 Referred to as Conspectus 1990.
69 All fragments irrespective of type are inserted in the table. The on-site registration work was done by Ulla Helveg Orth who identified some of the fragments as South Gaulish and Gaulish products.
70 I am very grateful to Dr. Philip Kenrick for help with the reading and interpretation of the stamp.
71 The material was not accessible during the final stage of preparation for publication, and it was decided to label these fragments designated South Gaulish and Gaulish in the notes as South Gaulish.
72 For an overview, see e.g. Rizzo 2003, 98 and 103.
73 Hayes 1972. For history of research, see Carandini 1981, 11-18.
74 Hayes 1980b.
75 Hayes 1980b, 514.
76 For an overview of the study and classification of fabrics, see Mackensen & Schneider 2002, 121-125, with references.
77 Peacock et al. 1990, 61, 79, 82.
78 Mackensen 1993; Lund 1995, especially 450-452.
79 Bonifay 2004, 155-156.
80 It should be stressed that the table only includes fragments that were given individual excavations numbers. The on-site registration work was done by Ulla Helveg Orth.
81 Sparkes & Talcott 1970, 34.
82 Edwards 1975.
83 Dyson 1976, 13.
84 Cotton 1979; Cotton & Metraux 1985.
85 Cotton 1979, 148.
86 Chiaramonte Trere 1984, 140.
87 Volonte 1984.
88 Dyson 1976; Chiaramonte Trere 1984.
89 Type 5 does not exist.
90 Cf. Practical Remarks.
91 See e.g. Gabelmann 1974; Hochuli-Gysel 1977; Martin 1995.
92 Hochuli-Gysel 1977, 46-47, 120-121, 137, 141 and 143.
93 Hochuli-Gysel 1977, 143.
94 Hochuli-Gysel 1977, 121 fig. 31.
95 Celuzza 1985, 165 and pl. 44.4.
96 Stem 2002.
97 Isings 1957.
98 Rütti 1991; Cool & Price 1995.
99 The descriptions of the fragments, in general only stating colour and dimensions, were made by Ulla Helveg Orth. I have not been able to examine the material myself. I would like to thank Birte Poulsen for her comments on an earlier draft of this chapter.
100 More or less following Riitti 1991, Text, 25.
101 Oziol & Rebuffat 1986.
102 Bailey 1975; Bailey 1980; Bailey 1988.
103 Bailey 1988, ix.
104 Nicholls 1952; Bailey 1975, 6.
105 Bailey 1975, 7.
106 The manuscript was finished in summer 1994. Since then it has not been thoroughly up-dated, but later references have been inserted when possible.
107 M. Cipriani in Gualtieri & Fracchia 1990, 109-119; Gualtieri & Fracchia 1993, 116-120; Barra Bagnasco 1996, 186-187; Cipriani 1996, 210; G. Tocco Sciarelli in Greci in Occidente 1996, 215-219; M. Zammarrelli in Greci in Occidente 1996, 275. For statuette holding a small pig, see Greco, G. 1990, 106-111.
108 Dimensions of spindle whorl: Ø 2.6; Th. 1.4.
109 Davidson & Thompson 1943, 68; Serritella 1990, 159.
110 Serritella 1990, 164, no. 131, figs. 274-275.
111 Buccino, Vittimose: Dyson 1983, 28, no. 14, fig. 58. Fratte: Serritella 1990, 159, 164 no. 128, fig. 273. Gravina: Tatton-Brown 1992, 222-223, fig. 101.
112 Serritella 1990, 159.
113 Davidson 1952, 161-162; Small 1977, 203.
114 Cinquantaquattro 1994, in particular 130-131 and notes. Saggio Cl measured only 4.80 x 1.70 m and was excavated to a depth of 2 m from modern surface. The analysis of the coins were undertaken by R. Cantilena.
115 Cantilena 1995, especially 235-237.
116 Cantilena 1995, 237. Pedroni 1996 suggested that the minting of the group of small obols should have taken place during the 340’s BC. In view of the contexts of the recent finds from Pontecagnano this does not seem convincing.
117 After having been studied, the slags were discarded.
Notes de fin
1 I am grateful to John Lund for his comments on an earlier draft of this chapter.
2 The manuscript was finished in 1996, but in spite of the delay in publication it was decided not to attempt to update it. The reader, however, should be aware that a number of important excavation reports with reference to this group of material has appeared in the intermediate period as well as monographs, notably Pomarico Vecchio 1997; Yntema 2001 (Valesio); Olcese 2003. During the final preparation for publication the section on Pompeian-Red Ware was extracted from this chapter to constitute one of its own, and the remaining material was subdivided into four catergories: table and storage wares, cooking wares, lids, miscellaneous types. This subdivision is partly based on the function of the vessels, but the categories cannot be rigid ones, as certain shapes, e.g. the jar, served different purposes, or the original function remains uncertain. Here all jars are treated in the section on table and storage wares. The problem of classifying common wares is stressed by several scholars, but generally the function serves as a criterion, and further subdivision may be more or less detailed (cf. Ceramiche in Lombardia 1998; Olsece 2003). Cf. also Practical Remarks.
3 I am grateful to John Lund for reading this chapter.
4 I would like to thank T.V. Buttrey for reading the chapter.
Auteurs
Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Licence OpenEdition Books. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.
Les bois sacrés
Actes du Colloque International (Naples 1989)
Olivier de Cazanove et John Scheid (dir.)
1993
Énergie hydraulique et machines élévatrices d'eau dans l'Antiquité
Jean-Pierre Brun et Jean-Luc Fiches (dir.)
2007
Euboica
L'Eubea e la presenza euboica in Calcidica e in Occidente
Bruno D'Agostino et Michel Bats (dir.)
1998
La vannerie dans l'Antiquité romaine
Les ateliers de vanniers et les vanneries de Pompéi, Herculanum et Oplontis
Magali Cullin-Mingaud
2010
Le ravitaillement en blé de Rome et des centres urbains des début de la République jusqu'au Haut Empire
Centre Jean Bérard (dir.)
1994
Sanctuaires et sources
Les sources documentaires et leurs limites dans la description des lieux de culte
Olivier de Cazanove et John Scheid (dir.)
2003
Héra. Images, espaces, cultes
Actes du Colloque International du Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Lille III et de l’Association P.R.A.C. Lille, 29-30 novembre 1993
Juliette de La Genière (dir.)
1997
Colloque « Velia et les Phocéens en Occident ». La céramique exposée
Ginette Di Vita Évrard (dir.)
1971
Les bois sacrés
Actes du Colloque International (Naples 1989)
Olivier de Cazanove et John Scheid (dir.)
1993
Énergie hydraulique et machines élévatrices d'eau dans l'Antiquité
Jean-Pierre Brun et Jean-Luc Fiches (dir.)
2007
Euboica
L'Eubea e la presenza euboica in Calcidica e in Occidente
Bruno D'Agostino et Michel Bats (dir.)
1998
La vannerie dans l'Antiquité romaine
Les ateliers de vanniers et les vanneries de Pompéi, Herculanum et Oplontis
Magali Cullin-Mingaud
2010
Le ravitaillement en blé de Rome et des centres urbains des début de la République jusqu'au Haut Empire
Centre Jean Bérard (dir.)
1994
Sanctuaires et sources
Les sources documentaires et leurs limites dans la description des lieux de culte
Olivier de Cazanove et John Scheid (dir.)
2003
Héra. Images, espaces, cultes
Actes du Colloque International du Centre de Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Lille III et de l’Association P.R.A.C. Lille, 29-30 novembre 1993
Juliette de La Genière (dir.)
1997
Colloque « Velia et les Phocéens en Occident ». La céramique exposée
Ginette Di Vita Évrard (dir.)
1971