Table des matières

Massimo Osanna

Preface

Véronique Zech-Matterne, Girolamo Fiorentino, Sylvie Coubray et al.

Introduction to ‘AGRUMED: Archaeology and history of citrus fruit in the Mediterranean: Acclimatization, diversification, uses’

François Luro, Franck Curk, Yann Froelicher et al.

Recent insights on Citrus diversity and phylogeny

• 1. Taxonomy
• 2. Geographical origins
• 3. Phylogeny of edible Citrus species
• 4. Diversification
• Conclusion

Dorian Q. Fuller, Cristina Castillo, Eleanor Kingwell-Banham et al.

Charred pummelo peel, historical linguistics and other tree crops: Approaches to framing the historical context of early Citrus cultivation in East, South and Southeast Asia

• 1. Origins inferred from genetics and biogeography
• 2. Early Historic evidence from China
• 3. Historical linguistic evidence from India
• 4. Limitations of the published archaeobotanical record
• 5. New evidence from archaeological rind finds
• 6. Discussion: The tree crop transition, crafts and trade

Charlène Bouchaud, Jacob Morales, Valérie Schram et al.

The earliest evidence for citrus in Egypt

• 1. Archaeobotanical remains of citrus
• 1.1. Myos Hormos – Quseir al-Qadim (Red Sea coast/Eastern Desert) - Early Roman
• 1.2. Mons Claudianus (Eastern Desert) – Early Roman
• 1.3. Mons Porphyrites (Eastern Desert) – Early Roman
• 1.4. Antinoë (Nile Valley) – Mid Roman
• 1.5. Kellis (Western Desert) – Mid-Late Roman
• 1.6. Mons Porphyrites (Eastern Desert) – Late Roman
• 1.7. Phoebammon (Nile Valley) – Late Antique
• 1.8. Hisn al-Bab (Nile Valley/Nubia) – Early medieval Islamic period
• 1.9. Kusayr (Red Sea coast/Eastern Desert) – Islamic period
• 1.10. Syene (Nile Valley) – Mamluk period
• 1.11. Finds of uncertain provenance
• 1.12. Summary of the botanical evidence
• 2. Text references to citrus
• 2.1. Greek terms for citrus fruits
• 2.2. The earliest Egyptian papyri referring to citrus (1^st-3^rd centuries AD)
• 2.3. Summary of the papyrological evidence
• 3. Discussion
• 3.1. Limitations of the evidence
• 3.2. Local cultivation or import
• 3.3. Consumption
• Conclusion

Dafna Langgut

The history of Citrus medica (citron) in the Near East: Botanical remains and ancient art and texts

• 1. Archaeobotanical evidence
• 2. Textual evidence
• 2.1. The citron in Greco-Roman sources
• 2.2. The citron in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition
• 3. Ancient art artefacts
• 4. Suggested C. medica diffusion route
• 5. Summary

Clémence Pagnoux

Investigating the introduction of citrus fruit in the Western Mediterranean according to ancient Greek and Latin texts

• 1. Names of citrus fruit in Greek and Latin texts
• 2. Descriptions and properties of the plant
• 3. Clues to ancient perception of citrus fruit
• Conclusion

Ernesto De Carolis

Painted gardens: Observations on execution technique

Elda Russo Ermolli, Bruno Menale et Maria Rosaria Barone Lumaga

Pollen morphology reveals the presence of Citrus medica and Citrus x limon in a garden of Villa di Poppea in Oplontis (1^st century BC)

• 1. The introduction of Citrus to the Mediterranean according to Pliny and other classical authors
• 2. Material and methods
• 2.1. Historical notes on the citrus collection at the Botanical Garden of Naples
• 2.2. Reference pollen
• 2.3. Pollen from Villa di Poppea at Oplontis
• 3. Results
• 3.1. Reference pollen
• 3.2. Pollen from Villa di Poppea at Oplontis
• 4. Discussion
• Conclusion

Alessandra Celant et Girolamo Fiorentino

Macroremains of citrus fruit in Italy

• 1. Citrus finds at Pompeii
• 2. Citrus finds in Rome
• 3. Discussion and conclusions

Anna Maria Grasso, Fabio Mavelli et Girolamo Fiorentino

Quantitative evaluation of modern Citrus seed shape and comparison with archaeological remains discovered in Pompeii and Rome

• 1. Materials
• 2. Methods
• 3. Results
• 4. Discussion and research perspectives

Clémence Pagnoux

Citrium: A miraculous fruit. Investigating the uses of citrus fruit in the Western Mediterranean according to ancient Greek and Latin texts

Marie-Pierre Ruas, Perrine Mane, Charlotte Hallavant et al.

Citrus fruit in historical France: Written sources, iconographic and plant remains

• 1. Limits and complementary nature of the medieval sources
• 1.1. The written sources
• 1.2. Iconographical sources
• 1.3. Archaeobotanical evidence
• 2. Citrus fruit through the illustrations and texts of medieval Europe
• 2.1. Citrus fruit knowledge and representation
• 2.2. Places, growing methods and diffusion
• 2.3. Ways of consuming citrus fruit
• 2.4. Provision of citrus fruit
• 2.5. Citrus fruit and symbolic meaning
• 3. Archaeobotannical evidence of citrus fruit in France
• 3.1. In Modern Europe
• 3.2. The first evidence in France
• 3.2.1. Archaeological context
• 3.2.2. Carpological data
• 3.2.3. The population of the quarter at the end of the Middle Ages and during the Modern period.
• 3.2.4. Description of the seeds of the “Espace Saint-Michel” site
• 3.2.5. Fruits of a wealthy family
• Conclusion

Wouter van der Meer

The history of Citrus in the Low Countries during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age

• 1. Citrus in the Low Countries in the period before the late Middle Ages
• 1.1. The Roman period
• 1.2. The early Middle Ages
• 1.3. The high Middle Ages
• 2. Late medieval historical sources concerning Citrus
• 3. Historical sources on Citrus in the early modern age
• 4. Archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus in the Low Countries
• Summary

Helmut-Eberhard Paulus

The humanistic tradition of citrus culture in Central Europe from the 15^th to the 18^th century

• 1. Humanism
• 1.1. Humanitas and Opera
• 1.2. Creation and revival
• 2. The Golden Apples
• 2.1. The renaissance of the art of the Hesperides
• 2.2. Orange tree groves and overwintering
• 3. A humanistic way of life
• 3.1. Allegory
• 3.1. The allegory of the Golden Age
• 3.3. Allegories of the Eternal City of Rome
• 3.4. Ovid’s Metamorphoses
• 3.5. Literature on the Hesperides
• 4. Architecture of the orangery
• 4.1. Staged metamorphoses
• 4.2. Classical studies as the end of the allegorical orangery

Claudia Gröschel

Research on and maintenance of the modern-day citrus collections in Germany and Austria

François Luro, Emmanuel Bloquel, Bruno Tomu et al.

The INRA-CIRAD citrus germplasm collection of San Giuliano, Corsica

• 1. Establishment of a healthy citrus collection in San Giuliano
• 2. Richness of the SRA citrus repository
• 3. Flow of shipped material from the citrus repository
• 4. Characterization and evaluation of accessions
• 4.1. Phenotypic description
• 4.2. Integration of molecular markers in germplasm management and accession description and identification
• 4.2.1. Distinguishing zygotic from nucellar genotypes
• 4.2.2. Cultivar identification
• 5. Major research undertaken courtesy of the INRA-CIRAD citrus collection
• 5.1. On systematics and organization of diversity
• 5.2. On tolerance to abiotic stress
• 5.3. On tolerance to biotic stress
• 5.4. On breeding and selection
• 5.5. On metabolite compositions
• 6. Certification of the INRA-CIRAD citrus collection
• 7. Computerization of the citrus genetic resource management
• 8. Perspective in security and long-term storage/concept of core collection
• 9. The citrus germplasm as a communication and education support
• Conclusion