Bibliographie
Brizzi 2008: BRIZZI (M.) – La fortificazione di contrada Palazzo di Oppido Mamertina (RC). In: DE SENSI SESTITO (G.) ed., La Calabria tirrenica nell’antichità. Nuovi documenti e problematiche storiche. Atti del Convegno Rende 23-25 novembre 2000, Soveria Mannelli, 2008, p.464-474.
Carter 1998: CARTER (J.C.) – The Chora of Metaponto. The Necropoleis I-II, Austin, 1998.
Carter 2006: CARTER (J.C.) – Discovering the Greek Countryside at Metaponto, Ann Arbor, 2006.
Cozzo Presepe 1983= DU PLAT TAYLOR (J.), MACNAMARA (E.), Ward-Perkins (J.), et al. – The Excavations at Cozzo Presepe (1969-1972). NSA 102 Suppl., 1977 [1983], p.191-406.
Falcone 2009: FALCONE (D.) – Emilio Barillaro: Archeologia nella valle del Torbido. I luoghi, la collezione, l’archivio storico, Soveria Mannelli, 2009.
Fortificationes Antiquae: VAN DE MAELE (S.), FOSSEY (J.M.) eds., Fortificationes Antiquae (Monographies en Archéologie et Histoire Classiques de l’Université McGill 12), Amsterdam, 1992 [1993].
Greco 2005: GRECO (E.) – Città e territorio fra tradizioni storiografiche e fonti archeologiche. In: Stretto di Messina, p.217-223.
Kaulonia I= TRÉZINY (H.) – Kaulonia I. Sondages sur la fortification nord (1982-1985) (Cahiers du Centre J. Bérard, XIII), Naples, 1989.
Kaulonía I= PARRA (M.C.) ed., Kaulonía, Caulonia, Stilida (e oltre). Contributi storici,archeologici e topografici, I (ASNP Ser. IV Quaderni 11), Ospedaletto, 2001 [2002].
Kaulonía II= PARRA (M.C.) ed., Kaulonía, Caulonia, Stilida (e oltre). Contributi storici, archeologici e topografici, II (ASNP Ser. IV Quaderni 17-18), Agnano Pisano, 2004 [2007].
Knapp et al. 2007: KNAPP (J.E.), MAZZAGLIA (P.), SABBIONE (C.), VISONÀ (P.) – Monte Palazzi (Passo Croce Ferrata, Comune di Grotteria), 2005: Primi saggi stratigrafici. RAL Ser. IX, 18,3, 2007, p.481-509.
La Torre 2001: LA TORRE (G.F.) – Il mondo enotrio di VI e V secolo a.C. In: BUGNO (M.), MASSERIA (C.) eds., Il mondo enotrio tra VI e V secolo a.C. Atti dei seminari napoletani (1996-1998), Casoria, 2001, p.29-75.
Lauter 1993: LAUTER (H.) – Some Remarks on fortified Settlements in the Attic Countryside. In: Fortificationes Antiquae, p.77-91.
Leone 1998: LEONE (R.) – Luoghi di culto extraurbani d’età arcaica in Magna Grecia, Firenze, 1998.
Locri Epizefiri IV= BARRA BAGNASCO (M.) ed. – Locri Epizefiri IV. Lo scavo di Marasà Sud. Il sacello tardo arcaico e la “casa dei leoni”. Firenze, 1992.
Mercuri 2004: MERCURI (L.) – Eubéens en Calabre à l’époque archaïque. Formes de contacts et d’implantation (Bibliothèque des Écoles Françaises d’Athènes et de Rome 321). Rome, 2004.
Muggia 2000: MUGGIA (A.) – La gerarchia degli insediamenti in Magna Grecia. Alcuni casi studio. In: CAMASSA(G.), DE GUIO (A.), VERONESE (F.) eds., Paesaggi di potere: problemi e prospettive. Atti del Seminario Udine 16-17 maggio 1996, Roma, p.219-237.
San Salvatore 2007: (no author) – Classical Greek excavations at San Salvatore 2005. In: http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk~jer39/BMAP/Salvatore.html (last accessed December 5, 2009).
Stretto di Messina= GHEDINI (F.), BONETTO (J.), GHIOTTO (A.R.), RINALDI (F.) eds. – Lo Stretto di Messina nell’Antichità, Roma, 2005.
Van de Maele 1993: VAN DE MAELE (S.) – Le réseau mégarien de defense territoriale contre l’Attique à l’époque classique (Ve et IVe s. av. J.-C.). In: Fortificationes Antiquae, p.93-107.
Notes
Greco (E.) – discussion. In: Atti Taranto 40, 2001, p. 165. For a similar view cf. Whitehouse (R. D.), Wilkins (J. B.) – Greeks and natives in south-east Italy: approaches to the archaeological evidence. In: Champion (T. C.) ed., Centre and Periphery. Comparative studies in archaeology, Cambridge, 1989, p. 107-109.
Liddell (H. G.), Scott (R.) A Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford, 1958, p. 1384, define peripovlion as a ‘guard-house, fort’. The fort mentioned by Thucydides may have been an outpost or a border post of the Locrian perivpolion (= ‘watchmen’ or ‘patrolmen’).
Both Serro di Tavola and Monte Palazzi have yielded predominantly Greek materials. A single sherd of ‘impasto’ pottery has been found at Serro di Tavola, according to Brizzi (M.) and Costamagna (L.) (in this volume). The ceramic assemblages from the San Salvatore excavations include a mix of Greek and handmade, indigenous-type pottery from the same contexts, which has not yet been studied in detail (personal communication by prof. Lin Foxhall, University of Leicester). For Greek and indigenous relationships in northern and southern Calabria, cf. Attema (P.) – Conflict or Coexistence? Remarks on Indigenous Settlement and Greek Colonization in the Foothills and Hinterland of the Sibaritide (Northern Calabria, Italy). In: Guldager Bilde (P.), Hjarl Petersen (J.) eds., Meetings of Cultures in the Black Sea Region, Aarhus, 2008, p. 67-69; Gras (M.) – Vie e itinerari del commercio. In: Pugliese Carratelli (G.) ed., Magna Grecia II. Lo sviluppo politico, sociale ed economico, Milano, 1987, p. 220; Kaulonía II, p. 327; Mercuri 2004, p. 279 and 292; Falcone 2009, p. 52-60, 73.
“Lo luogo dove si dice Il Palazzo” is mentioned in a 1714 description of the feudal boundaries of Grotteria according to
Naymo (V.) – Feudalità Società ed Economia nella Calabria del Settecento. L’apprezzo della contea di Grotteria (1707-1714) [forthcoming]. I owe this reference to prof. Vincenzo Naymo
(Università di Messina).
The excavations at Monte Palazzi in 2005-2008 were directed by p. Visonà of The Foundation for Calabrian Archaeology (www digcalabria.org/) under a permit from Italy’s Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali, with major funding from the Falkenberg Foundation of Denver (Colorado, U.S.A.). Lesley Chapman (Visual Resources Curator), Henry E. Francis (Kentucky Geological Survey), Jeffrey E. Levy, Prof. Michael Kennedy (GIS Specialists), prof. David p. Moecher (Earth and Environmental Sciences) of the University of Kentucky, dr. Paolo Mazzaglia (Field Architect), and James R. Jansson, former Lieutenant, USNR, Air Wing Intelligence Officer, Attack Carrier Air Wing Eleven, provided invaluable assistance for the preparation of this essay.
See Aumüller (T.) – Die Stadtmauern von Hipponium. Ergebnisse der Bauforschung am Nordostflügel der griechischen Stadtmauern von Vibo Valentia. MDAI (R), 101, 1994, p. 250-252, pl. 92, and (for the emplekton technique) Sconfienza (R.) – Architettura militare in Magna Grecia fra il IV secolo a.C. e l’età ellenistica. Orizzonti. Rassegna di Archeologia 4, 2003, p. 178-179.
Cf. Cozzo Presepe 1983, p. 230; Papadopoulos (J.K.) – La Dea di Sibari e il Santuario ritrovato. The Archaic votive metal objects (Bollettino d’Arte Suppl.), Roma, 2003, p. 63-64, no. 167. Similar arrowheads from the site of San Salvatore (destroyed in the second half of the 5th century B.C.) provide a terminus ante quem for the specimen from Monte Palazzi: see San Salvatore 2007, under: Classical Greek artifact gallery.
Cf. Hill (M.E. Jr.) – Spatial Analysis. In: Logan (B.) ed., Prehistoric Settlement of the Lower Missouri Uplands. The View from DB Ridge Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (University of Kansas Museum of Anthropology Project Report Series No. 98), Kansas City, MO, 1998, p. 254-300.
Also see Barra Bagnasco (M.), Casoli (A.), Chiari (G.), Compagnoni (R.), Davit (P.), Mirti (P.) – Mineralogical and chemical composition of transport amphorae excavated at Locri Epizephiri (southern Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2, 2001, p. 229-239.
See Leone 1998, p. 29 and Otto (B.) – Il santuario sorgivo di Siris-Herakleia nell’odierno Comune di Policoro. In : Nava (M.L.), Osanna (M.) eds., Lo spazio del rito. Santuari e culti in Italia meridionale tra Indigeni e Greci. Atti delle giornate di studio (Matera, 28 e 29 giugno 2002). Bari, 2005, p. 7-11, 14-15.
Cf. Franzoni (C.) – L’ambiente naturale. In : Settis (S.) ed.,
I Greci, IV. Torino, 2002, p. 225-229; Rocchi (M.) – Contesto naturale e religione. In: Rocchi (M.), Xella (P.) eds., Archeologia e religione. Atti del I Colloquio del “Gruppo di contatto per lo studio delle religioni mediterranee” Roma-CNR 15 dicembre 2003. Verona, 2006, p. 18-23; Walsh (K.), Richer (S.), with a contribution from de Beaulieu (J.L.) – Attitudes to altitude: changing meanings and perceptions within a ‘marginal’ Alpine landscape – the integration of palaeoecological and archaeological data in a high-altitude landscape in the French Alps. World Archaeology, 38, 2006, espec. p. 447-451.
See also Fossey (J.M.) – The Development of Some Defensive Networks in Eastern Central Greece During the Classical Period. In : Fortificationes Antiquae, p. 112. Cf. Bashshur (R.L.), Shannon (G.W.) – History of Telemedicine. Evolution, Context, and Transformation. New Rochelle, NY, 2009, p. 27-30.
The remarks by Tréziny (H.) – Les fortifications archaïques dans le monde grec colonial d’Occident. In: Guerra e pace in Sicilia e nel Mediterraneo antico (VIII-III sec. a.C.). Arte, prassi e teoria della pace e della guerra I. Pisa, 2006, p. 261, n. 41, seem especially à propos with regards to a military outpost.
Cf. Paoletti (M.) – Rosarno. In: Nenci (G.), Vallet (G.) eds., BTCGI 17, 2001, p. 2-3; La Torre 2001, p. 66-69; Kaulonía II, p. 325-326.
A military installation built at the Croceferrata Pass in the late 18th century had a similar function: see Cataldo (V.) – Una costruzione militare a Croceferrata del 1772. Rogerius, 7, luglio-dicembre 2004, p. 5-11. Medma could be reached less circuitously from Locri via the Passo del Mercante (elevation: 952 m), where a WWII pillbox still stands today. An isthmic route going through this pass was frequented since prehistory, according to Costabile (F.) – La prima stazione neolitica stentinelliana in Calabria: Prestarona in Comune di Canolo. Relazione preliminare. In: Costabile (F.) – Enigmi delle civiltà antiche dal Mediterraneo al Nilo, I. Reggio Calabria, 2007, p. 19-28.
The frouvria of S. Maria del Casale and Cozzo Presepe lie at c. 18 and c. 15 km. respectively from Metapontum: see Muggia 2000, p. 227-228, 232. In the early 1900s it took six hours to travel on muleback from Caulonia or Focà to Fabrizia (c. 6 km northeast of Monte Palazzi), a distance of c. 15 or 20 km, according to Douglas (N.) – Old Calabria. New York, 1928, p. 398. I owe this reference to James R. Jansson. Cf. McBride (W.S.), McBride (K.A.) – Frontier Forts of western Virginia: Their role within historical and contemporary landscapes. Augusta Historical Bulletin, 42, 2006, p. 19: on the American Frontier, “The distance between forts varied with population density, areas of cleared land, and exposure to danger. The Colony of Virginia’s official French and Indian War “Line of Forts” were placed every fifteen to twenty-six miles, but there were also private forts spaced between these. In the Greenbrier Valley, forts were located three to ten miles apart during the Revolution.”
The ceramic finds from Palazzo comprise fragments of Ionic cups of the second half of the 6th century B.C., one of which is inscribed in the Chalcidian alphabet: see Brizzi 2008, p. 470.
I am grateful to dr. Liliana Costamagna for sharing the results of her research prior to the publication of this essay.
Cf. Sabbione (C.) – Le testimonianze di Metauros a Gioia Tauro. In: Stretto di Messina, p. 245-251; Carafa (P.) – Fattorie e ville: il versante calabro. Ibid., p. 390-394; Parra (M.C.) – I culti dello Stretto: Reggio e il suo territorio. Ibid., p. 429-431; Costamagna (L.) – Il territorio. In: Costamagna (L.), Visonà (P.) eds., Oppido Mamertina (Calabria, Italia). Ricerche archeologiche nel territorio e in contrada Mella. Roma, 1999, p. 252-254; Redfield (J.M.) – The Locrian Maidens. Love and Death in Greek Italy. Princeton, NJ, 2003, p. 223-225; Mercuri 2004, p. 281-283; Greco 2005, p. 221.
The San Salvatore excavations have yielded a late 6th century cup bearing the name S[I]MON written in the Chalcidian alphabet: see San Salvatore 2007.
See Visonà (P.) – Greek Coinage in Dalmatia and Trans-Adriatic Relations in the 4th Century B.C. Chiron, 37, 2007, p. 481; Rutter (N.K.) ed. – Historia Numorum Italy. London, 2001, p. 183, no. 2405.
I wish to thank dr. Lanfredo Castelletti (Cooperativa di Ricerche Archeobiologiche ARCO, Como) and Bruce L. Manzano (University of Kentucky) for these data.
A bronze arrowhead from Monte Palazzi (still containing a fragment of the original wooden shaft) is comparable to 4th century examples from Locri and Starigrad (Hvar): cf. Locri Epizefiri IV, p. 367, no. 404; Jeličić-Radonić (J.) – The foundation of the Greek city of Pharos on the island of Hvar. In: Sanader (M.), Šegvić (M.), Mirnik (I.) eds. – Illyrica antiqua ob honorem Duje Rendić-Miočević. Zagreb, 2005, p. 318, fig. 2.
I am grateful to prof. David p. Moecher (University of Kentucky) for this preliminary information.
Cf. Costabile (F.) – Redditi, terre e fonti finanziarie dell’Olympieion:tribute, imposte e rapporti contrattuali. In : Costabile (F.) ed., Polis ed Olympieion a Locri Epizefiri. Soveria Mannelli, 1992, p. 169; Cuteri (F.A.) – Risorse minerarie ed attività metallurgica nella Sila Piccola meridionale e nella Pre-Sila sul versante tirrenico. Prime osservazioni. In : De Sensi Sestito (G.) ed., Tra l’Amato e il Savuto II. Studi sul Lametino antico e tardo-antico. Soveria Mannelli, 1999, p. 293-317.
The mineral composition of this stone corresponds very closely to that presented by Santi (P.), Renzulli (A.), Antonelli (F.), Alberti (A.) – Classification and provenance of soapstones and garnet chlorite schist artifacts from Medieval sites of Tuscany (Central Italy): insights into the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic trade. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36, 2009, p. 2498, Table 4. I owe this datum to Henry E. Francis (University of Kentucky).