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  • 3.12 Threat: Pollution
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    Plan

    Plan détaillé Texte intégral 3.12.1 Industrial pollution 3.12.2 Agricultural pollution 3.12.3 Air-borne pollutants 3.12.4 Excess energy

    What Works in Conservation 2018

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    Table des matières

    3.12 Threat: Pollution

    p. 183-189

    Texte intégral 3.12.1 Industrial pollution Likely to be beneficial ● Use visual and acoustic ‘scarers’ to deter birds from landing on pools polluted by mining or sewage Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence) ● Relocate birds following oil spills ● Use repellents to deter birds from landing on pools polluted by mining Unlikely to be beneficial ● Clean birds after oil spills 3.12.2 Agricultural pollution Likely to be beneficial ● Leave headlands in fields unsprayed (conservation headlands) ● Provide food for vultures to reduce mortality from diclofenac ● Reduce pesticide, herbicide and fertiliser use generally Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence) ● Reduce chemical inputs in permanent grassland management ● Restrict certain pesticides or other agricultural chemicals No evidence found (no assessment) 3.12.3 Air-borne pollutants Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence) ● Use lime to reduce acidification in lakes 3.12.4 Excess energy Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence) ● Shield lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights ● Turning off lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights ● Use flashing lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights ● Use lights low in spectral red to reduce mortality from artificial lights No evidence found (no assessment)

    Texte intégral

    3.12.1 Industrial pollution

    Image

    Likely to be beneficial

    ● Use visual and acoustic ‘scarers’ to deter birds from landing on pools polluted by mining or sewage

    1Two studies from Australia and the USA found that deterrent systems reduced bird mortality on toxic pools. Four of five studies from the USA and Canada found that fewer birds landed on pools when deterrents were used, one found no effect. Two studies found that radar-activated systems were more effective than randomly-activated systems. One study found that loud noises were more effective than raptor models. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 50%; certainty 46%; harms 0%).

    2http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/452

    Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence)

    ● Relocate birds following oil spills

    3A study from South Africa found that a high percentage of penguins relocated following an oil spill returned to and bred at their old colony. More relocated birds bred than oiled-and-cleaned birds. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 39%; certainty 10%; harms 5%).

    4http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/449

    ● Use repellents to deter birds from landing on pools polluted by mining

    5An ex situ study from the USA found that fewer common starlings consumed contaminated water laced with chemicals, compared to untreated water. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 51%; certainty 10%; harms 0%).

    6http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/453

    Unlikely to be beneficial

    ● Clean birds after oil spills

    7Three studies from South Africa and Australia found high survival of oiled-and-cleaned penguins and plovers, but a large study from the USA found low survival of cleaned common guillemots. Two studies found that cleaned birds bred and had similar success to un-oiled birds. After a second spill, one study found that cleaned birds were less likely to breed. Two studies found that cleaned birds had lower breeding success than un-oiled birds. Assessment: unlikely to be beneficial (effectiveness 30%; certainty 45%; harms 5%).

    8http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/448

    3.12.2 Agricultural pollution

    Image

    Likely to be beneficial

    ● Leave headlands in fields unsprayed (conservation headlands)

    9Three studies from Europe found that several species were strongly associated with conservation headlands; two of these found that other species were not associated with them. A review from the UK found larger grey partridge populations on sites with conservation headlands. Three studies found higher grey partridge adult or chick survival on sites with conservation headlands, one found survival did not differ. Four studies found higher grey partridge productivity on sites with conservation headlands, two found similar productivities and one found a negative relationship between conservation headlands and the number of chicks per adult partridge. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 70%; certainty 50%; harms 0%).

    10http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/461

    ● Provide food for vultures to reduce mortality from diclofenac

    11A before-and-after trial in Pakistan found that oriental white-backed vulture mortality rates were significantly lower when supplementary food was provided, compared to when it was not. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 60%; certainty 40%; harms 0%).

    12http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/456

    ● Reduce pesticide, herbicide and fertiliser use generally

    13One of nine studies found that the populations of some species increased when pesticide use was reduced and other interventions used. Three studies found that some or all species were found at higher densities on reduced-input sites. Five found that some of all species were not at higher densities. A study from the UK found that grey partridge chicks had higher survival on sites with reduced pesticide input. Another found that partridge broods were smaller on such sites and there was no relationship between reduced inputs and survival or the ratio of young to old birds. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 55%; certainty 55%; harms 3%).

    14http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/454

    Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence)

    ● Reduce chemical inputs in permanent grassland management

    15A study from the UK found that no more foraging birds were attracted to pasture plots with no fertiliser, compared to control plots. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 0%; certainty 10%; harms 0%).

    16http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/459

    ● Restrict certain pesticides or other agricultural chemicals

    17A before-and-study from Spain found an increase in the regional griffon vulture population following the banning of strychnine, amongst several other interventions. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 20%; certainty 10%; harms 0%).

    18http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/455

    No evidence found (no assessment)

    19We have captured no evidence for the following interventions:

    • Make selective use of spring herbicides
    • Provide buffer strips along rivers and streams
    • Provide unfertilised cereal headlands in arable fields
    • Use buffer strips around in-field ponds
    • Use organic rather than mineral fertilisers

    3.12.3 Air-borne pollutants

    Image

    Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence)

    ● Use lime to reduce acidification in lakes

    20A study from Sweden found no difference in osprey productivity during a period of extensive liming of acidified lakes compared to two periods without liming. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 0%; certainty 10%; harms 0%).

    21http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/465

    3.12.4 Excess energy

    Image

    Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence)

    ● Shield lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights

    22A study from the USA found that fewer shearwaters were downed when security lights were shielded, compared to nights with unshielded lights. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 50%; certainty 15%; harms 0%).

    23http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/469

    ● Turning off lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights

    24A study from the UK found that fewer seabirds were downed when artificial (indoor and outdoor) lighting was reduced at night, compared to nights with normal lighting. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 49%; certainty 10%; harms 0%).

    25http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/467

    ● Use flashing lights to reduce mortality from artificial lights

    26A study from the USA found that fewer dead birds were found beneath aviation control towers with only flashing lights, compared to those with both flashing and continuous lights. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 54%; certainty 15%; harms 0%).

    27http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/470

    ● Use lights low in spectral red to reduce mortality from artificial lights

    28Two studies from Europe found that fewer birds were attracted to lowred lights (including green and blue lights), compared with the number expected, or the number attracted to white or red lights. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 56%; certainty 15%; harms 0%).

    29http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/471

    No evidence found (no assessment)

    30We have captured no evidence for the following interventions:

    • Reduce the intensity of lighthouse beams
    • Using volunteers to collect and rehabilitate downed birds
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    Table des matières

    Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0

    Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International - CC BY 4.0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire.

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    Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (éds.). (2018). 3.12 Threat: Pollution. In What Works in Conservation 2018. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. Consulté à l’adresse https://books.openedition.org/obp/6425
    Sutherland, William J., Lynn V. Dicks, Nancy Ockendon, Silviu O. Petrovan, et Rebecca K. Smith, éd. « 3.12 Threat: Pollution ». In What Works in Conservation 2018. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https://books.openedition.org/obp/6425.
    Sutherland, William J., et al., éditeurs. « 3.12 Threat: Pollution ». What Works in Conservation 2018, Open Book Publishers, 2018, https://books.openedition.org/obp/6425.

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    Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Ockendon, N., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (éds.). (2018). What Works in Conservation 2018. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers. Consulté à l’adresse https://books.openedition.org/obp/6257
    Sutherland, William J., Lynn V. Dicks, Nancy Ockendon, Silviu O. Petrovan, et Rebecca K. Smith, éd. What Works in Conservation 2018. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2018. https://books.openedition.org/obp/6257.
    Sutherland, William J., et al., éditeurs. What Works in Conservation 2018. Open Book Publishers, 2018, https://books.openedition.org/obp/6257.
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