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Modernism and the Spiritual in Russian Art

 | 
Louise Hardiman
, 
Nicola Kozicharow

Illustrations

Texte intégral

11.1 Vasily Kandinsky, cover of On the Spiritual in Art (Über das Geistige in der Kunst), 1911 (dated 1912). Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Kandinsky,_Umschlag_über_das_Geistige_in_der_Kunst,_ver._1911,_dat._1912.jpg 11

21.2 Aleksandr Ivanov, The Appearance of Christ to the People, 1837–57. Oil on canvas, 540 x 750 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Alexander_Andrejewitsch_Iwanow_-_The_Appearance_of_Christ_before_the_People.jpg 15

31.3 Viktor Vasnetsov and Vasily Polenov, The Church of the Saviour Not Made by Hands. 1881–82. Abramtsevo Estate and Museum Reserve. Photograph © 2013 A. Savin, CC BY-SA 3.0. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Abramtsevo_Estate_in_Jan2013_img06.jpg 19

41.4 Mikhail Nesterov, The Vision of the Youth Bartholomew, 1889–90. Oil on canvas, 160 x 211 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Mikhail_Nesterov_001.jpg 22

51.5 Nicholas Roerich, The Call of the Bells (from the ‘old Pskov’ series), 1897. As reproduced in International Studio, 70, 279 (June 1920), facing p. 60. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:International_studio_(1897)_(14760097306).jpg 25

61.6 Vasily Kandinsky, Composition VII, 1913. Oil on canvas, 200 x 300 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Vassily_Kandinsky,_1913_-_Composition_7.jpg 27

71.7 Andrei Rublev, Trinity, 1411 or 1425–27. Tempera on wood, 142 x 114 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Angelsatmamre-trinity-rublev-1410.jpg 29

82.1 Mikhail Vrubel, Angels’Lamentation, 1884. Church of St Cyril, Kyiv. Photograph © Ivan Krutoyarov, all rights reserved. 39

92.2 Mikhail Vrubel, Annunciation, 1884. Watercolour and oil paint, dimensions unknown. Location unknown. Reproduced in Stepan Iaremich, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Vrubel’, zhizn i tvorchestvo (Moscow: Knebel’, 1911), p. 22. Photograph © General Research Division, New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations, all rights reserved. 39

102.3 The Virgin Mary, 11th century. Mosaic. St Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 41

112.4 Annunciation, Late 12th century. Tempera and gold on panel, 63.1 x 42.2 x 3.2 cm. The Holy Monastery of St Catherine, Sinai. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 41

122.5 Mikhail Vrubel, Two Angels with Labara, 1884. Fresco. Church of St Cyril, Kyiv. Detail. Photograph © Ivan Krutoyarov, all rights reserved. 43

132.6 Angels. Last Judgment. 12th century. Mosaic. Santa Maria Assunta Cathedral, Torcello. Detail. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 43

142.7 Mikhail Vrubel, Demon Seated, 1890. Oil on canvas, 116 x 213.8 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://upload.wikimedia.org/​wikipedia/​commons/​9/​9f/​Vrubel_Demon.jpg 45

152.8 Mikhail Vrubel, Demon Seated, 1890. Detail. Oil on canvas, 116 x 213.8 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph by Maria Taroutina (2017), public domain. 46

162.9 Viktor Vasnetsov, Holy Trinity, 1907. Preparatory sketch for the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Warsaw. Oil on canvas, 268 x 400 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Scala, all rights reserved. 48

172.10 Mikhail Vrubel, Lamentation I, 1887. Sketch for a mural in the St Vladimir Cathedral, Kyiv. Pencil, watercolour, and whitewash on paper, 43.4 x 59.2 cm. State Museum of Russian Art, Kyiv. Photograph © Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Scala, all rights reserved. 51

182.11 Mikhail Vrubel, Lamentation II, 1887. Detail. Sketch for a mural in the St Vladimir Cathedral, Kyiv. Pencil, watercolour, and whitewash on paper. 43.4 x 59.2 cm. State Museum of Russian Art, Kyiv. Photograph © Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Scala, all rights reserved. 51

192.12 Mikhail Vrubel, Resurrection, 1887. Central panel of a triptych; side panels depict figures of angels. Sketch for a mural in the St Vladimir Cathedral, Kyiv. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 53

202.13 Mikhail Vrubel, Study for the Virgin, 1884. Pencil and gouache on paper, 43 x 32.3 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 57

212.14 Mikhail Vrubel, Head of Demon, 1890. Watercolour on cardboard, 23 x 36 cm. State Museum of Russian Art, Kyiv. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 57

222.15 Mikhail Vrubel, Angel with a Candle, 1887. Watercolour, pencil, and varnish on paper. 69 x 26 cm., State Museum of Russian Art, Kyiv. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 59

232.16 Mikhail Vrubel, Head of an Angel, 1887 or Head of the Demon, 1890. Charcoal and red crayon on paper, 41 x 68 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph © Bridgeman Images, all rights reserved. 59

242.17 Mikhail Vrubel, Demon Cast Down, 1902. Oil on canvas, 139 x 387 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Vrubel_Fallen_Demon.jpg 61

252.18 Mikhail Vrubel, Head of John the Baptist, 1905. Watercolour and pencil on paper, 21.3 x 17.6 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Reproduced in Zolotoe runo, 1906, 1, Colour inset. Photograph by Maria Taroutina (2017), public domain. 63

262.19 Mikhail Vrubel, The Six-winged Seraphim (Azrael), 1904. Oil on canvas, 131 x 155 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Scala, all rights reserved. 64

272.20 Mikhail Vrubel, The Six-winged Seraphim (Azrael), 1904. Detail. Oil on canvas, 131 x 155 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph by Maria Taroutina (2017), public domain. 65

282.21 Mikhail Vrubel, The Vision of the Prophet Ekeziel, 1905. Charcoal, watercolour, and gouache on cardboard, 102.3 x 55.1 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Scala, all rights reserved. 66

293.1 Ilia Repin, Portrait of Maria Tenisheva, 1898. Charcoal on canvas. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Maria_Tenisheva_by_I.Repin_(1898,_GTG).jpg 71

303.2 Boris Kustodiev, Portrait of Nicholas Roerich (1913). Pastel on cardboard, 60 x 52.5 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:N.Roerich_by_B.Kustodiev_(1913).jpg 71

313.3 Collection of Maria Tenisheva in the Museum of Antiquity (Muzei ‘Russkaia starina’), Smolensk. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Princess_Tenisheva_Museum_in_Smolensk.jpg 75

323.4 The Church of the Holy Spirit, Flenovo. Designed by Nicholas Roerich. c. 1907. Photograph © Smolensk State Museum-Reserve, all rights reserved. 75

333.5 Sergei Maliutin, Project for a Church at Flenovo, 1901. Watercolour, whitening, and pencil on carton. Photograph © Smolensk State Museum-Reserve, all rights reserved. 77

343.6 Nicholas Roerich, The Queen of Heaven at the River of Life. Fresco. Church of the Holy Spirit, Talashkino. As reproduced in Iskusstvo, 1911. Photograph in the public domain. The New York Public Library Digital Collections, http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/​items/​510d47df-97c5-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 77

353.7 Nicholas Roerich, Sacred Wives. Seraphim. Sketch for the altar design of the Church of the Holy Spirit at Flenovo, 1909–10. Paper on cardboard, tempera, 105 x 49 cm. Photograph © Smolensk State Museum-Reserve, all rights reserved. 78

363.8 Nicholas Roerich, Throne of the Invisible God. Sketch for the altar design of the Church of the Holy Spirit at Flenovo, 1909. Paper on cardboard, tempera, 58 x 91 cm. Photograph © Smolensk State Museum-Reserve, all rights reserved. 79

374.1 Kazimir Malevich, Untitled. Study for a Fresco Painting, 1907. Tempera on cardboard, 69.3 x 71.5 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © State Russian Museum, all rights reserved. 97

384.2 Kazimir Malevich, Study for a Fresco Painting. The Triumph of Heaven, from the so-called ‘Yellow Series’, 1907. Tempera on cardboard, 70 x 72.5 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © State Russian Museum, all rights reserved 98

394.3 Kazimir Malevich, Self-Portrait, 1907. Inscribed on reverse in Russian, ‘Study for a fresco painting’. Tempera on cardboard, 69.3 x 70 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © State Russian Museum, all rights reserved. 101

404.4 Émile Bernard, Symbolic Self-Portrait (also known as Vision), 1891. Oil on canvas, 81 x 60.5 cm. Musée d’Orsay, Paris. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Émile_Bernard_Autoportrait_symbolique_1891.jpg 102

414.5 Kazimir Malevich, Collecting Flowers (also referred to as Secret of Temptation), from the so-called “Yellow Series”, 1908. Watercolour, gouache, and crayon on cardboard, 23.5 cm. x 25.5 cm. Gmurzynska Collection, Zug, Switzerland. Photograph in the public domain. Wikiart, https://www.wikiart.org/​en/​kazimir-malevich/​not_detected_219728 106

424.6 Kazimir Malevich, Prayer (also known as Meditation), 1907. Tempera on wood, 70 x 74.8 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © State Russian Museum, all rights reserved. 108

435.1 Theophanes the Greek, The Saviour’s Transfiguration, early 15th century. Tempera on wood, 184 x 134 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Transfiguration_by_Feofan_Grek_from_Spaso-Preobrazhensky_Cathedral_in_Pereslavl-Zalessky_(15th_c,_Tretyakov_gallery).jpeg 118

445.2 Kazimir Malevich, Quadrilateral (also known as Black Square), 1915. Oil on board, 79.5 x 79.5 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Kazimir_Malevich,_1915,_Black_Suprematic_Square,_oil_on_linen_canvas,_79.5_x_79.5_cm,_Tretyakov_Gallery,_Moscow.jpg 119

455.3 Photograph of The Last Futurist Exhibition of Painting 0.10 (‘Zero-Ten’), 1915. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:0.10_Exhibition.jpg 127

465.4 Display of Kazimir Malevich, Black Square (1915), Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow, 2006. Photograph © Oleg Tarasov, CC BY 4.0. 127

476.1 Anonymous, Monster from Hell with the Souls of Sinners Mounted on its Back, mid-19th century. Ink, tempera, 50.5 x 58.8 cm. State Historical Museum, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​Category:Lubok#/​media/​File:Chudo_yudo.jpg 131

486.2 Old Believers’Workshop, Icon of Archangel Michael (c. 1800). Tempera on wood. 36 x 30 cm. Private Collection. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Icon_of_Michael_horseman,_Old_Believer_(c.1800,_priv.coll).jpg 132

496.3 Natalia Goncharova, St Michael from Mystical Images of War, No. 7, 1914. Lithograph. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Mystical_Images_of_War_-_8.jpg 135

506.4 Group of artists (M. F. Larionov, S. M. Romanovich, V. A. Obolensky, N. S. Goncharova, M. Fabbri, and A. V. Shevchenko) at the Donkey’s Tail Exhibition. 1913. Photograph. Tretyakov Gallery. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Donkey’s_Tail_exhibition.jpg 137

516.5 Old Believers’Country Church, Blagoveshchensk. As published in Henry Lansdell, Through Siberia (London: S. Low, Marston, Searle, and Rivington, 1883), p. 527. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Page_527_of_%22Through_Siberia%22_(1883)._A_starovers_or_old_believers_country_church._Blagoveschensk.jpg 140

526.6 Theotokos of Tikhvin icon (late 19th century, Moscow). Cast copper, 9.5 x 11 cm. Private collection. Photograph © Nina Gurianova, CC BY 4.0. 143

536.7 Old Believer’s Chapel, Museum of the Russian Icon, Moscow. Photograph © Nina Gurianova, CC BY 4.0. 145

547.1 Vasily Kandinsky, Last Judgment, 1912. Glass painting, 34 x 45 cm. Musée national d’art moderne, Centre Pompidou, Paris. As published in Vasily Kandinsky: Painting on Glass. Anniversary Exhibition (exh. cat., The Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation, New York, 1966), no. 18. Photograph in the public domain. 151

557.2 Old German woodcut and Vasily Kandinsky’s woodcut (1911) of Composition II. Double page from Fritz Burger, Introduction to Modern Art (Berlin and Neubabelsberg: Athenaion, 1917), pp. 4–5. Photograph in the public domain. 157

567.3 Vasily Kandinsky, Composition VI, 1913. Oil on canvas, 195 x 300 cm. State Hermitage Museum. As published in Will Grohmann, Kandinsky (Paris: Éditions Cahiers d’Art, 1930), plate 13. Photograph in the public domain. 157

577.4 Vasily Kandinsky, Multicoloured Circle, 1921. Oil on canvas, 138 x 180 cm. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT. As published in Will Grohmann, Wassily Kandinsky (Cologne: DuMont Schauberg, 1958), p. 285. Photograph in the public domain. 163

588.1 Portrait of Nikodim Kondakov by Princess Natalia Iashvil. From G. V. Vernadskij, ‘Nikodim Pavlovič Kondakov’, in Sbornik statei, posviashchennykh pamiati N. P. Kondakova. Arkheologiia, istoriia iskusstva, vizantinovedenie (Prague: Seminarium Kondakovianum, 1926). Photograph in the public domain. 167

598.2 Title page of Nikodim Kondakov, The Russian Icon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927). Photograph in the public domain. 167

608.3 Icon of St Boris and St Gleb (mid-14th century). Tempera on wood. 142.5 x 94.3 cm. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://upload.wikimedia.org/​wikipedia/​commons/​5/​54/​Unknow_-_St_Boris_and_St_Gleb_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 171

618.4 Plate from N. P. Likhachev. Materialy dlia istorii russkago ikonopisaniia: Atlas (St Petersburg: Ekspeditsiia zagotovleniia gosudarstvennykh bumag, 1906). Photograph in the public domain. 172

628.5 Nikodim Kondakov (seated at left) with staff of the Department of Early Russian Art, Alexander III Museum, 1914. State Russian Museum, St Petersburg. Photograph © State Russian Museum, all rights reserved. 173

638.6 Arthur Trevor Haddon, Sir Ellis Hovell Minns, 1933. Oil on canvas, 60 x 49 cm. The Haddon Library, University of Cambridge. Courtesy of Haddon Library, Faculty of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge. Photograph © Haddon Library, all rights reserved. 175

648.7 Comparison of two 15th-century icons of St Athanasius and St Cyril of Alexandria. From Nikodim Kondakov, The Russian Icon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927), plate VIII. Photograph in the public domain. 179

658.8 Icon of Archangel Michael (Novgorod School, 14th century) and icon of Archangel Gabriel (Suzdal, 15th century). Reproduced in Nikodim Kondakov, The Russian Icon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927), plate XIV. Photograph in the public domain. 179

668.9 Photograph of Nikolai Likhachev inspecting an icon of the Mother of God, inscribed: “To dear Il′ ia Egorovich Minns in remembrance, with heartfelt respect, N. Likhachev, 9. VIII. 1924.” Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Sir Ellis Hovell Minns: Correspondence, Add. 9436/98. Photograph © Cambridge University Library, all rights reserved. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. 181

678.10 Photo of Aleksei Zakharov and his wife, 1924. Cambridge University Library, Department of Manuscripts and University Archives, Sir Ellis Hovell Minns: Correspondence, Add. 9436/98. Photograph © Cambridge University Library, all rights reserved. Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. 181

688.11 Addendum on the Vladimir Mother of God (12th century) by Ellis H. Minns with photograph of the icon after restoration supplied by Aleksandr Anisimov. From Nikodim Kondakov, The Russian Icon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1927). Photograph in the public domain. 185

699.1 Dmitry Stelletsky, north and south transept vaults, 1925–27. Saint-Serge Parish Church, Paris. Photograph © Nicola Kozicharow, CC BY 4.0. 205

709.2 Dmitry Stelletsky, gallery arch, 1925–27. Saint-Serge Parish Church, Paris. Photograph © Nicola Kozicharow, CC BY 4.0. 205

719.3 Dmitry Stelletsky, gallery balustrade, 1925–27. Saint-Serge Parish Church, Paris. Photograph © Nicola Kozicharow, CC BY 4.0. 207

729.4 Dmitry Stelletsky, narthex, 1925–27. Saint-Serge Parish Church, Paris. Photograph © Nicola Kozicharow, CC BY 4.0. 209

739.5 Dmitry Stelletsky, Seraphim, nave ceiling, 1925–27. Saint-Serge Parish Church, Paris. Photograph © Nicola Kozicharow, CC BY 4.0. 210

7410.1 Nikolai Punin, c. 1919. Punin Family Archive, St Petersburg. Photograph © Punin Family Archive, all rights reserved. 215

7510.2 Nikolai Punin with Russian Museum guard, 1914. Punin Family Archive, St Petersburg. Photograph © Punin Family Archive, all rights reserved. 215

7610.3 Vladimir Tatlin, Painterly Relief. Collation of Materials, 1914. Iron, plaster, glass, asphalt. Whereabouts unknown. Photograph © Punin Family Archive, all rights reserved. 223

7710.4 Nikolai Punin. c. 1940. Punin Family Archive, St Petersburg. Photograph © Punin Family Archive, all rights reserved. 226

7811.1 Ucha Japaridze, Self-Portrait, 1941. Ink on paper, 21 x 15 cm. Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 232

7911.2 Lado Gudiashvili. c. 1910s. Photograph by Konstantin Zanisi. The National Parliamentary Library of Georgia. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Gudiashvili_Lado_recto.jpg 232

8011.3 Sergei Prokudin-Gorsky, View of Tiflis in the early 1900s. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:View_of_Havlabar_(Tbilisi),_in_the_early_1900s,_Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii.jpg 233

8111.4 Ucha Japaridze, Sleeping Shepherd, 1935. Pastel on paper, 17 x 30 cm. Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 245

8211.5 Ucha Japaridze, untitled self-portrait and watercolour, unnumbered sketchbook, 1928 (Haystack). Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 249

8311.6 Ucha Japaridze, untitled portrait and watercolour, unnumbered sketchbook, 1926 (Margarita). Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 249

8411.7 Ucha Japaridze, Margarita Sleeping, 1941. Oil on canvas, 52 x 38 cm. National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 252

8511.8 Ucha Japaridze, unnumbered drawing, unnumbered sketchbook (sketch for In the Field, 1930. Oil on canvas. 70 x 100 cm.). Pencil and chalk on paper, 16 x 19 cm. Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 253

8611.9 Ucha Japaridze, untitled watercolour, unnumbered sketchbook. Probably late 1920s. Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 256

8711.10 Ucha Japaridze, Nestan in White, 1966. Tempera on paper, 56 x 42 cm., Ucha Japaridze House Museum, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 257

8811.11 Mikhail Vrubel, Swan Princess, 1900. Oil on canvas, 142.5 x 93.5 cm. Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow. Photograph in the public domain. Wikimedia, https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/​wiki/​File:Tsarevna-Lebed_by_Mikhail_Vrubel.jpg 257

8911.12 David Kakabadze, Imereti—My Mother, 1918. Oil on canvas, 137 x 153 cm. Art Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi. Photograph © Georgian National Museum, all rights reserved. 261

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