Table des matières
Introduction
- 1. Philosophy, Ethics and Thinking
- 2. Respecting Ethics
- 3. The A-Level Student
- 4. Doing Ethics Well: Legality versus Morality
- 5. Doing Ethics Well: Prudential Reasons versus Moral Reasons
- 6. Doing Ethics Well: Prescriptive versus Descriptive Claims
- 7. Doing Ethics Well: Thought-Experiments
- 8. Doing Ethics Well: Understanding Disagreement
- QUESTIONS AND TASKS
Part I. Normative ethics
Chapter 1. Utilitarianism
- 1. Utilitarianism: An Introduction
- 2. Hedonism
- 3. Nozick’s Experience Machine
- 4. The Foundations of Bentham’s Utilitarianism
- 5. The Structure of Bentham’s Utilitarianism
- 6. Hedonic Calculus
- 7. Problems with Bentham’s Utilitarianism
- 8. Mill’s Utilitarian Proof
- 9. Mill’s Qualitative Utilitarianism
- 10. Mill’s Rule Utilitarianism versus Bentham’s Act Utilitarianism
- 11. Strong versus Weak Rule Utilitarianism
- 12. Comparing the Classical Utilitarians
- 13. Non-Hedonistic Contemporary Utilitarianism: Peter Singer and Preference Utilitarianism
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Chapter 2. Kantian Ethics
- 1. An Introduction to Kantian Ethics
- 2. Some Key Ideas
- Duty
- Good Will
- 3. Acting for the Sake of Duty and Acting in Accordance with Duty
- 4. Categorical and Hypothetical Imperatives
- 5. The First Formulation of the Categorical Imperative
- 6. Perfect and Imperfect Duties
- 7. Second Formulation of the Categorical Imperative
- 8. The Third Formulation of the Categorical Imperative and Summary
- 9. Kant on Suicide
- 10. Problems and Responses: Conflicting Druties
- 11. Problems and Responses: The Role of Intuitions
- 12. Problem and Responses: Categorical Imperatives and Etiquette
- 13. Problems and Responses: The Domain of Morality
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Chapter 3. Aristotelian Virtue Ethics
- 1. Aristotelian Virtue Ethics Introduction
- 2. The Function Argument
- Function Argument
- 3. Aristotelian Goodness
- 4. Eudaimonia and Virtue
- Act-Centred Moral Theories
- Agent-Centred Moral Theories
- 5. Developing the Virtues
- 6. Practical Wisdom (Phronesis)
- 7. Voluntary Actions, Involuntary Actions and Moral Responsibility
- Physical Force
- Psychological Force
- Action from Ignorance
- Action in Ignorance
- Action from Ignorance with No Regret
- 8. Objection: Unclear Guidance
- 9. Objection: Clashing Virtues
- 10. Objection: Circularity
- 11. Objection: Contribution to Eudaimonia
- 12. Moral Good and Individual Good
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Chapter 4. Aquinas’s Natural Law Theory
- 1. Introduction to Aquinas
- 2. Motivating Natural Law Theory: The Euthyphro Dilemma and Divine Command Theory
- 3. Natural Law Theory
- 4. Summary of Aquinas’s Natural Law Theory
- 5. Putting this into Practice: The Doctrine of Double Effect (DDE)
- 6. Some Thoughts about Natural Law Theory
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Chapter 5. Fletcher’s Situation Ethics
- 1. Situation Ethics Introduction
- 2. Fletcher’s Overall Framework
- Legalism
- Antinomianism
- A Middle Ethics: Situationism
- 3. The Four Working Principles of Situationism
- Principle 1. Pragmatism
- Principle 2: Relativism
- Principle 3: Positivism
- Principle 4: Personalism
- 4. How to Work out What to Do: Conscience as a Verb not a Noun
- 5. The Six Propositions of Situation Ethics
- 1: Only one ‘thing’ is intrinsically good; namely, love, nothing else at all
- 2: The ruling norm of Christian decision is love, nothing else
- 3: Love and justice are the same, for justice is love distributed, nothing else
- 4: Love wills the neighbor’s good when we like him or not
- 5: Only the ends justify the means, nothing else
- 6: Love’s decisions are made situationally, not prescriptively
- 6. Problems with Fletcher’s Situationism
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Part II. Metaethics
Chapter 6. Metaethical Theories
- *WARNING*
- 1. Metaethics: Introduction
- 2. The Value of Metaethics
- 3. Cognitivism versus Non-Cognitivism
- Semantic Cognitivism
- Psychological Cognitivism
- Semantic Non-Cognitivism
- Psychological Non-Cognitivism
- 4. Realism versus Anti-Realism
- Realism
- Anti-Realism
- 5. The Metaethical Map
- Example theories which are both cognitivist and realist
- Theories both cognitivist and anti-realist
- Theories both non-cognitivist and realist
- Theories both non-cognitivist and anti-realist
- 6. Cognitivist and Realist Theory One: Naturalism
- 7. Objections to Naturalism
- 8. Cognitivist and Realist Theory Two: Non-Naturalism
- 9. Objections to Intuitionism
- 10. Cognitivist and Anti-Realist Theory One: Moral Error Theory
- Argument from Relativity
- Argument Queerness
- 11. Objections to Moral Error Theory
- 12. Non-Cognitivism
- 13. Non-Cognitivist and Anti-Realist Theory One: Emotivism
- 14. Objections to Emotivism
- 15. Non-Cognitivist and Anti-Realist Theory Two: Prescriptivism
- 16. Objections to Prescriptivism
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Part III. Applied ethics
Chapter 7. Euthanasia
- 1. Euthanasia Introduction
- 2. Key Terms
- Voluntary Euthanasia
- Non-Voluntary Euthanasia
- Active Euthanasia
- Passive Euthanasia
- 3. Case One: Persistent Vegetative State
- 4. Case Two: Incurable and Terminal Illness
- 5. Pro-Euthanasia: Argument One
- 6. Pro-Euthanasia: Argument Two
- 7. Pro-Euthanasia: Argument Three
- 8. Anti-Euthanasia: Argument One
- 9. Anti-Euthanasia: Argument Two
- 10. Anti-Euthanasia: Argument Three
- 11. Anti-Euthanasia: Argument Four
- 12. Allowing versus Doing
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Chapter 11. Stealing
- 1. Stealing: Introduction
- 2. Defining Stealing
- 3. Kantian Ethics on Stealing
- 4. Act and Preference Utilitarianism on Stealing
- 5. Rule Utilitarianism on Stealing
- 6. Virtue Ethics on Stealing
- 7. Metaethics and Stealing
- Cognitivism and Realism
- Cognitivism and Anti-Realism
- Non-Cognitivism and Anti-Realism
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER
Chapter 14. Eating Animals
- 1. Eating Animals Introduction
- 2. Justifying Meat Eating
- Comparative Justification
- Dominion-Based Justification
- 3. Act Utilitarianism
- 4. Challenges to Bentham
- 5. Utilitarian Reasons for Eating Animals
- 6. Kantian Ethics and Eating Animals
- 7. Virtue Ethics and Eating Animals
- 8. Cora Diamond
- COMMON STUDENT MISTAKES
- ISSUES TO CONSIDER