1David Aldridge, Rebecca K. Smith & William J. Sutherland

Expert assessors

David Aldridge, University of Cambridge, UK

Olaf Booy, Animal and Plant Health Agency, UK

Manuel A. Duenas, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK

Alison Dunn, University of Leeds, UK

Robert Francis, King’s College London, UK

Belinda Gallardo, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, Spain

Jonathan Newman, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, UK

Nancy Ockendon, University of Cambridge, UK

Trevor Renals, Environment Agency, UK

Emmanuelle Sarat, International Union for Conservation of Nature, France

Sonal Varia, The Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, UK

Alexandra Zieritz, University of Nottingham, UK

Scope of assessment: for the control of 11 invasive freshwater species.

Assessed: American bullfrog and Procambarus spp. crayfish 2015; all other species 2016.

Effectiveness measure is the median% score for effectiveness.

Certainty measure is the median% certainty of evidence for effectiveness, determined by the quantity and quality of the evidence in the synopsis.

Harm measure is the median% score for negative side-effects to non-target native species. This was not assessed for some species in this chapter.

Potential impacts on non-target species should be considered carefully before implementing any control action.