Mr. Emerson's Revolution
|Emerson: A Chronology 1803-1882
Volltext
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1801-1809 |
President Thomas Jefferson’s term. |
1801, Toussaint L’Ouverture, black hero of Haiti’s revolt against France, becomes its first governor and helps forward Emerson’s times, an “Age of Revolution.” |
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1803 |
Born 25 May, Boston, 2nd son of 5 surviving children. |
Louisiana Purchase for $15 million doubles U.S. land area. |
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1804 |
Louis & Clark explore Louisiana Purchase. |
Napoleon’s Civil Code completed. |
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1806 |
Webster compiles first American Dictionary. |
British gain control of Cape Colony, South Africa. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1807 |
U.S. ignores slave trade prohibition for high cotton profits. |
UK ends slave trade, serfdom abolished in Prussia. |
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1809-1817 |
President James Madison’s term. |
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1811 |
Father dies; his sister, Mary Moody Emerson (MME), helps educate family. |
Simón Bolívar declares Venezuela independent of Spain. |
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1812-1817 |
Attends Boys’ Latin School, begins writing poetry, in Concord during part of war. |
1812-1814, war with England. |
Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales, Jane Austin, Pride and Prejudice. |
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1814 |
Writes rebus letter to brother William. |
White House burned, Creeks defeated in South. |
First practical steam locomotive. |
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1815 |
Corresponds with MME. |
U.S. society begins transformation by market economy. |
Napoleon defeated, European monarchies return. |
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1817-1825 |
President James Monroe’s term. |
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1817-1821 |
At Harvard College, freshman orderly to president, witnesses theological rifts in Congregationalism. |
First Seminole War. |
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1818 |
Works in Commons to pay college fees, supports sophomore rebellion. |
British gain virtual rule over India. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1819 |
Impressed by young professors of elocution and of Germany’s “higher criticism.” |
Sermon “Unitarian Christianity” by W. E. Channing, Financial Panic, Florida Purchase, whaling industry starts in Pacific. |
Savannah first steamship to cross Atlantic. |
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1820 |
At 16, begins journal, berates self for being “idle, vagrant, stupid & hollow.” Essay “The Character of Socrates,” wins 2nd place, Bowdoin prize. |
The Missouri Compromise, first Christian missionaries in Hawaii. |
In 1820s, U.S. manufacturers produce interchangeable parts, and in same period, Latin American revolts lead to strongmen rule (caudillos) rather than republics, Romanticism at height in Europe. |
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1821 |
“Dissertation on the Present State of Ethical Philosophy” wins 2nd place, Bowdoin Prize, ranked 30th of 59 in class, gives class poem. |
Peru declares independence from Spain. |
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1822 |
Teaches school, in journal: “Let those who would pluck the lot of Immortality from Fate’s Urn, look well to the future prospects of America.” |
Publishes essay, “The Religion of the Middle Ages,” in The Christian Disciple, a Unitarian review. |
American abolitionists found Monrovia, Liberia’s future capital. |
Brazil separates from Portugal. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1823 |
Walks to Western Massachusetts, in journal: “The true epochs of history should be those successive triumphs... such as the Reformation, the Revival of letters, the progressive Abolition of the Slave-trade.” |
Monroe Doctrine strengthens U.S. independence by declaring the American continents closed to European colonization and affirming U.S. lack of interest in Europe’s quarrels. |
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1824 |
Decides on the ministry as a vocation largely based on his oratorical gifts. |
Henry Clay’s American System, Marshall decision strengthens interstate commerce. |
Mexico becomes a republic. |
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1825-1829 |
President John Quincy Adams’ term. |
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1825 |
Enters Harvard Divinity School, but eye complaints interrupt studies, resumes school-teaching. |
American Unitarian Association formed, Erie Canal opens. |
1825-1830: Indonesians revolt vs. Dutch rule. |
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1826 |
Licensed to preach, but ill health leads to trip to Charleston SC, supported by Uncle Samuel Ripley. |
First photographic image produced in France, Ohm’s Law measures electrical resistance. |
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1827 |
Arrives St. Augustine, FL, reports on a slave auction, makes friends with Achille Murat, Napoleon’s nephew, meets Ellen Louisa Tucker in NH. |
48 sermons. |
Uruguay becomes independent state. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1828 |
Engaged to Ellen, brother Edward has nervous breakdown. |
109 sermons. |
Workingman’s Party forms in Philadelphia, NYC and Boston, Cherokees cede homelands to U.S. in Alabama. |
First steam railroad in the U.S. |
1829-1837 |
President Andrew Jackson’s term |
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1829 |
Marries Ellen Tucker, in journal: “We live among eggs, embryos, & seminal principles & the wisest is the most prophetic eye.” |
At Second Church, Boston: junior, then senior pastor; chaplain to MA state senate, 209 sermons. |
James Marsh’s American edition of Coleridge’s Aids to Reflection. |
Greece wins independence from Turks. |
1830 |
In journal: “‘Alii disputent, ego mirabor’ [Let others wrangle, I will wonder], said Augustin. It shall be my speech to the Calvinist & the Unitarian.” |
100 sermons. |
Indian Removal Act, first wagon trains cross Rockies to California. |
French invade Algeria vs. the Ottomans. |
1831 |
Ellen (19) dies of TB (Feb), walks daily from Boston to her grave in Roxbury. |
Boston School Committee, “Lord’s Supper” sermon to his congregation. |
Nat Turner’s Rebellion, National Lyceum Association, Garrison’s “Liberator.” |
Mazzini founds Young Italy. |
1832 |
Opens Ellen’s coffin, months later resigns pastorate, sails for Europe (Dec. 25) for 9 months. |
68 sermons. |
Tocqueville in U.S. (Boston, NY, Philadelphia), Jackson’s Nullification Proclamation,Bank Bill veto. |
Goethe dies |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1833 |
Travels from Malta to Continent and UK, returns to Boston (Oct). |
Meets leading English writers, including Carlyle, begins “The Uses of Natural History” series, preaches most Sundays. |
Factory Act in Britain limits work day for all ages. |
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1834 |
Moves to Concord, brother Edward dies (Oct), inherits first half of Ellen’s estate, begins writing Carlyle. |
“Natural History” lectures continue, 78 sermons. |
Middlesex County, Mass., Anti-Slavery Society begins. |
UK slavery ends in West Indies. |
1835 |
Buys house (“Bush”), marries Lydia Jackson of Plymouth, Mass. |
Gives Concord’s 200th anniversary address, “Lives of Great Men” & “English Literature” series, 71 sermons, 26 lectures. |
New York Herald and Roger’s Herald of Freedom begin, Tocqueville’s Democracy in America I is published, Second Seminole War. |
Ottomans regain control in Tripoli & Benghazi, North Africa. |
1836 |
Meets Margaret Fuller, brother Charles dies (May), son Waldo born (Oct), reads Institutes of Hindu Law. |
Transcendental Club formed, Nature published, “Philosophy of History” series, 73 sermons, 27 lectures. |
Texas wins Mexican War after defeat at the Alamo. |
Colt revolver, Prussian “needle gun” introduces breech-loading. |
1837-1841 |
President Martin Van Buren’s term. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1837 |
Meets Thoreau, inherits second half of Ellen’s estate, Grimké sisters in Concord. |
“Concord Hymn,” poem; “American Scholar” Address, “Human Culture” series, briefly speaks vs. slavery, 73 sermons, 29 lectures. |
Concord Female Anti-Slavery Society formed, First American Women’s Anti-Slavery Convention, Financial Panic. |
DC motor, magnetic telescope, S.F.B. Morse’s telegraph. |
1838 |
Emerson and Thoreau agree: self-reform first, then society’s; Mary M. Brooks leads Concord women & town vs. slavery. |
Protests Cherokee removal from GA, “Divinity School Address,” “Human Life” series, 13 sermons, 44 lectures. |
Cherokees forced out of GA, Second American Women’s Anti-Slavery Convention: A. Grimke & L. Mott are notable leaders. |
French begin to read Emerson. |
1839 |
Daughter Ellen born (Feb). |
3 sermons, ends preaching;44 lectures; “The Present Age” series. |
Abolitionists divide in New England. |
1839: Opium War begins between Britain and China. |
1840 |
Attends reformers’ Chardon Street Convention, Boston, declines to join Brook Farm. |
The Dial begins with Fuller as editor, 31 lectures. |
F. Douglass’s first speech in Concord, Boston Vigilance Committee (multiracial), Tocqueville’s Democracy in America II is published. |
First World Anti-Slavery Convention, London. |
1841-1845 |
Presidents Harrison and Tyler’s terms. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1841 |
Thoreau temporarily moves into “Bush,” daughter Edith born (Nov), reads Persian poets (Saadi, Hafiz) & more Eastern literature. |
Essays I published, |
Brook Farm community (ongoing for 6 years), Fruitland―Alcott’s utopian experiment― (lasts 7 months). |
Carlyle: Emerson is “a voice of the heart of Nature.” |
1842 |
Son Waldo dies (Jan), funds Alcott trip to England, in NYC meets Henry James, Sr. & Horace Greeley. |
Becomes editor of The Dial and in it prints “Ethnical Scriptures,” 19 lectures. |
Treaty establishes U.S.-Canada border, Wm Phillips delivers “Slavery” speech at Concord Lyceum. |
Opium War ends: Britain forces China to open more ports, cede Hong Kong. |
1843 |
Sends Thoreau to NYC, Daniel Webster at “Bush,” promotes Phillips’ speeches on slavery. |
Translates Dante’s Vita Nuova, speaks in Boston series on reform with Thoreau, “New England” lecture series, 26 lectures The Dial focus: Confucian sayings. |
Phillips twice more speaks on slavery at Concord Lyceum. |
Mercerized textiles (stimulus to more cotton production). |
1844 |
Son Edward born (July), buys 41 acres near Walden Pond, decries Samuel Hoar’s eviction from Charleston SC, opposes Texas Annex. and Mexican War, reads Bhagavad Gita. |
Essays II published, Concord address on anniversary of slavery’s end in the West Indies, last issue of The Dial, 30 lectures. |
Railroad comes to Concord, New England Anti-Slavery Convention: disunion of the U.S.; F. Douglass favors disunion in Concord address. |
Dominican Republic becomes independent of Haiti. |
1845-1849 |
President James K. Polk’s term. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1845 |
Permits Thoreau to build cabin on his Walden Pond land, continues to promote Phillips, refuses to lecture in New Bedford lyceum over blacks’ segregated seating, reads classical Hindu texts. |
“Representative Men” lecture series, 14 lectures. |
Phillips in Concord opposes Texas statehood and slavery, Texas (& CA) annexed by U.S. |
Irish Potato Famine, 1 million emigrate. |
1846 |
Calls Thoreau’s night in jail to protest the Mexican War, “one step to suicide;” does not sign Concord’s disunion petition. |
Poems published, speaks at Thoreau’s cabin on second anniversary of end of West Indian slavery, 55 lectures. |
Defeat of Wilmot Proviso ends hope of prohibiting slavery in any territory previously owned by Mexico, Bear Republic established in California; in Boston, a fugitive slave led to safety. |
War with Mexico, 1846-1847. |
1847-1848 |
Lectures in UK (Oct-July), disagrees with Carlyle, Thoreau at “Bush” with Lydian, children. |
Lectures to UK workers and elite. |
1847-1848 Mormons in Utah 1848, Seneca Falls Convention, Free Soil Party (lasts 6 years). |
1847, Liberia established as home for freed American slaves, Istanbul slave market abolished, Revolutions in Europe, 1848; Second French Republic; Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto. |
1849-1853 |
Presidents Taylor and Fillmore’s terms. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1849 |
Prepares lectures, begins smoking cigars, Frederika Bremer at “Bush,” on Hindu texts: “excellent gymnastics for the mind.” |
“Mind and Matters” series, 54 lectures, Nature; Addresses and Lectures published, speaks on third anniversary of end of West Indian slavery. |
California Gold Rush, Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience,” Harriet Tubman escapes slavery, leads 300 to freedom on Underground RR. |
Missionary-explorer David Livingstone reaches Africa’s interior, Lake Ngami; construction begins on Suez Canal. |
1850 |
Mourns Fuller’s death in shipwreck off Fire Island. |
Representative Men, “Conduct of Life” lectures begin; first western tour Ohio; from 1850 to last work, refers to Hindu texts, 48 lectures. |
Webster’s March 7th speech in Congress, Compromise of 1850 includes Fugitive Slave Act, Boston Vigilance Committee accelerates activities, Melville’s Moby Dick. |
1850s South American Republics end slavery, apogee of Romantic music, 1850-1864: Taiping Rebellion, Chinese immigrate to U.S. |
1851 |
Excoriates Webster’s “betrayal” of North, supports Thoreau & family’s aid to escaped slaves via Concord’s Underground RR. |
Speaks vs. Fugitive Slave Act 9 times, 34 lectures. |
Boston: escaped slave Thomas Sims returned to SC, Charles Sumner elected MA Senator, U.S. Underground RR grows. |
First industrial fair, London. |
1852 |
Praises Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. |
Edits Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, 69 lectures in N.E., Canada, Middle Atlantic states, delegate to woman’s rights convention, Worcester, Mass. |
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin sells 10,000 copies in U.S. in first week; 300,000 in the U.S. and 1.5 million in the UK in first year, revolutionizes attitudes toward slavery. |
Napoleon III crowned Emperor of France. |
1853-1857 |
President Franklin Pierce’s term. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1853 |
Mother dies (Nov); in journal, quotes Elizabeth Hoar: “. . . Bloomer dress is very good & reconcilable to men’s taste, if only it be not offensively sudden; so a woman may speak, & vote, & legislate, & drive coach, if only it comes by degrees.” |
44 lectures extend to Mid-West for first time; in IL, Lincoln hears him. |
Gadsden Purchase: Mexican land for RR to Pacific becomes part of New Mexico Territory. |
Commodore Mathew Perry sails into Japan’s Edo bay, forcing trade with U.S.; India has RR and telegraph lines. |
1854 |
In journal: “. . . the races... must be used temporarily... by the Linnaean classification... not as true and ultimate.” Thoreau in Walden: “Plainly Boston does not wish liberty, & can only be tricked into a rescue of a slave.” |
60 widely given lectures, speaks vs. Fugitive Slave Law in NYC. |
Kansas-Nebraska Act, Boston: fugitive slave Anthony Burns returned to VA, Boston conventions: Free Soil Society and New England Anti-Slavery Society. |
1854-1856 Crimean War, Russia defeated by UK, France. |
1855 |
Praises Leaves of Grass, helps found Concord Academy and Saturday Club. |
Anti-slavery addresses in Boston, New York, Philadelphia; “Woman” speech at Woman’s Rights Convention, Boston; 59 lectures. |
Whitman’s Leaves of Grass published. |
India begins to read Emerson. |
1856 |
In journal: “If I knew only Thoreau, I should think cooperation of good men impossible.” |
English Traits, speaks for Kansas Relief, 66 lectures from N.E. to Mid-West. |
Civil War in Kansas, John Brown’s Massacre, Sumner beaten on Senate floor for Kansas speech. |
1856-1860 Second Opium War between Britain and China. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1857-1861 |
President James Buchanan’s term. |
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1857 |
Entertains John Brown with Thoreau at “Bush,” donates to Harriet Tubman in Concord. |
Praises Brown’s speech in Concord, “Brahma,” poem, 48 lectures. |
Dred Scott Decision, Harper’s Weekly, Financial Panic. |
Mutiny in India vs. UK, Africa slave trade ends in Ottoman Empire. |
1858 |
Declares self “absolute” abolitionist, camps in Adirondacks. |
36 lectures. |
Lincoln’s “House Divided” speech, Lincoln/Douglas Debates. |
Tolstoy praises Emerson on Goethe and Shakespeare. |
1859 |
Agitated re Brown, journal entries lapse, begins transcribing MME’s “Almanack,” brother Bulkley dies (May). |
Quotes friend: Brown’s gallows will be as “sacred as the cross,” 44 lectures. |
John Brown raid and capture at Harper’s Ferry. |
Darwin’s Origin of Species. |
1860 |
fails to persuade Whitman to minimize sex in Leaves of Grass. |
The Conduct of Life, 54 lectures in NE, NY, Mid-West, Toronto. |
Lincoln elected, SC secedes, U.S. Pony Express, U.S. slaves at c. 4 million, nearly 60% more than in 1820. |
Italian unification begins, Japanese cross Pacific in Western-style ship. |
1861-1865 |
President Abraham Lincoln’s term. |
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1861 |
In journal: “only as our existence is shared, not as it is self-hood... is [it] divine.” |
Pro-Union crowd hoots him off stage; at Anti-Slavery Soc. in Charleston, Mass.: “sometimes gunpowder smells good.” 30 lectures. |
Lincoln’s first Inaugural, Confederate Constitution, Civil War begins at Fort Sumter, Lincoln asks for volunteers. |
Russian serfs emancipated, Pasteur popularizes germ theory of disease. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1862 |
Quotes dying Thoreau: “I wish so to live... that... I may dream of no heaven but that which lies about me.” Thoreau dies (May), gives funeral oration. |
Delivers “American Civilization” at Smithsonian, meets Lincoln in White House, address printed in Atlantic Monthly, 29 lectures. |
Civil War on sea/land, Homestead Act, Pacific Railroad Act. |
1862-1867 French puppet empire in Mexico, Nietzsche reads & copies Emerson verbatim, Bismarck appointed Prussian Prime Minister. |
1863 |
In journal: “I am a bard least of bards.” MME dies (Oct). |
“Boston Hymn,” poem, celebrates Emancipation, reviews cadets at West Point, 31 lectures. |
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address. |
Player piano. |
1864 |
In journal: “If we escape bravely from the present war, America will be the controlling power.” |
Gives “American Life” and “Fortune of the Republic,” elected to new American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 17 lectures. |
Cheyenne Massacre, Atlanta Campaign. |
Baudelaire echoes Emerson. |
1865-1869 |
Presidents Lincoln and Johnson’s term. |
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1865 |
Eulogy for Lincoln, “the true representative of this continent.” |
Writes preface to Saadi’s Gulistan, 77 lectures from NE to Mid-West. |
Civil war ends, Lincoln shot. |
Young Ottoman Society founded. |
1866 |
Reads poem “Terminus” to son Edward. |
Receives LLD, Harvard University, 43 lectures. |
Transatlantic Cable, Freedman’s Bureau Act, Civil Rights Act. |
American University founded in Beirut, diamonds discovered in South Africa.Dynamite. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1867 |
In journal: “. . . a cleavage is occurring in the hitherto firm granite of the past, and a new era is nearly arrived.” |
May-Day and Other Pieces published, delivers Harvard PBK Address, elected Harvard Overseer, Free Religious Assoc. and Radical Club, 80 lectures. |
Johnson vetoes 1st Reconstruction Act and Reconstruction Acts 2-4, Alaska bought from Russia. |
Dominion of Canada declared, Austria-Hungary monarchy established. |
1868 |
In journal: “. . . the delight in another’s superiority, is as M.M.E. Says, ‘My best gift from God.’... the moral nature is... higher than the intellectual”; brother William dies (Sept). |
Meets Emma Lazarus, NYC; speaks to Chinese officials, Boston; extols Confucius; 25 lectures. |
Ku-Klux-Klan. |
Meiji (Enlightened) Restoration in Japan. |
1869-1877 |
President Ulysses S. Grant’s term. |
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1869 |
In journal: “. . . the charm of [studying religion] is in finding the agreements & identities in all the religions of men.” |
Elected VP, NE Women’s Suffrage Association, profiles MME (“Amita”) for NE Women’s Club, 37 lectures. |
Transcontinental RR, reduces Native American buffalo herds by half. |
Suez Canal opens, Mohandas Gandhi born. |
1870 |
Wishes Julia Ward Howe (“Battle Hymn”) of NYC were Massachusetts born: “We have no such poetess in New England.” |
“National History of the Intellect,” Harvard philosophy course; preface, Plutarch’s Morals; Society and Solitude, 27 lectures. |
15th Amendment, Enforcement Acts re 14th, 15th Amendments. |
Franco-Prussian War, German Empire, 1870-1900 11 million Europeans immigrate to U.S., transatlantic slave trade ends. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1871 |
Aborts Harvard course for trip to CA by RR, meets John Muir, Bret Harte visits him in Concord. |
39 lectures from Chicago to DC. |
Apache War begins, Ku-Klux-Klan Act, Chicago Fire. |
Japanese Mission to study Western ideas. |
1872 |
Memory lapses increase after fire to “Bush,” trip to Europe, Egypt, sees Henry James in Paris. |
Speaks at Howard Institute (later University), addresses Japanese in Boston, is feted in Europe, 20 lectures. |
Liberal Republican Party. |
Japan claims Ryuku Islands. |
1873 |
Returns home (May), more conscious of memory loss. |
begins new term as Harvard Overseer |
Financial Panic. |
Car coupler, blue jeans. |
1874 |
Excludes himself, Whitman & Poe in new poetry collection. |
Parnassus, anthology of his favorite poems. |
Independent Greenback Party formed. |
Barbed wire. |
1875 |
Ends journal entries. |
Reads Minutemen Memorial in Concord, centennial of Revolution, Letters and Social Aims. |
Civil Rights Act. |
Magazine gun. |
1876 |
Hosts Emma Lazarus; on Virginians: “They are very brave people down there, and say just what they think.” |
Selected Poems, lectures at the University of Virginia to indifferent audience. |
Sioux War ends, Mark Twain’s Tom Sawyer. |
Carpet sweeper, Bell’s telephone, refrigerator. |
1877-1882 |
President Rutherford B. Hayes’ term. |
Year |
Private Life |
Professional Work |
U.S. Events |
World Events & Inventions |
1877 |
Increasingly withdrawn, unable to converse at length. |
Southern sentiment vs. blacks rises, North loses interest in Reconstruction. |
Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. |
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1878 |
On himself: “a lecturer who has no idea what he’s lecturing about, and an audience who don’t know what he can mean.” |
Reads “Education” at Concord Lyceum. |
Reconstruction ends. |
Edison’s electric light, cream separator, disc cultivator, cystoscope. |
1879 |
“Strange that the kind Heavens should keep us on earth after they have destroyed our connection with things!” |
Lectures at Amherst College, speaks on memory at Concord School of Philosophy (CSP). |
Japanese student at Amherst College takes Emerson’s work to Tokyo University. |
Second Afghan War: Britain controls Afghanistan. |
1880 |
Family asks James E. Cabot to be literary executor/biographer. |
Speaks on aristocracy at CSP, reads 1867 lecture at Concord Lyceum. |
James Garfield elected president. |
Kipling at 15 lists Emerson his 2nd favorite poet. |
1881 |
Whitman on Emerson at home, “A good color in his face... and the old clear-peering aspect quite the same.” |
Reads paper on Carlyle at Massachusetts Historical Society. |
Clara Barton founds American Red Cross. |
Carbon filament. |
1882 |
27 April, dies of pneumonia at home, buried Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord. |
Late March, attends Longfellow’s funeral but cannot remember his name. |
Oscar Wilde tours US, often quotes Emerson. |
Cuban José Martí writes “Emerson” in Spanish. |
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