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Politics and the Environment in Eastern Europe

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Eszter Krasznai Kovacs

Index

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Abrud, Romania 168, 174

activism 9, 12–13, 27–28, 32, 54, 56–57, 59, 61, 64–65, 67–70, 75, 83–84, 86, 99–100, 105–106, 108–110, 112–113, 121–126, 128–136, 169, 177, 236, 312 grassroots 54, 65, 67, 122–123, 128, 130, 132, 134–136, 296

Afghanistan 150

Africa 197, 239

agrarian question, the 235–238

agriculture 1, 34–35, 40, 167, 172, 186–187, 190, 200–201, 215, 227, 235–238, 240–241, 243, 245, 247, 249–250, 262–268, 270–275, 277–278, 290–291, 310. See also farming
agriculture, community-supported (CSA) 250–251

agro-tourism 169

anarchism 56, 58–62, 65–66, 75, 88, 129

Ángyán, József 34–37, 46–47

Anthropocene, the 134

anti-Semitism 141, 145

Antohi, Sorin 159

Apuseni Mountains 167–168

Arcadia Foundation, the 192

Austria 226

Austro-Hungarian Empire, the 150

authoritarianism 7, 10, 25–26, 29–33, 41–42, 46–47, 54, 60–61, 104, 124, 307

Badiou, Alain 159

Badur Foundation, the 283, 292, 299–301

Balkans, the 159, 190

beekeeping 298, 300

Beirut Decree, the 101

Belchatów Basin, the 77

Beli Breg, Serbia 264

Bemowo Forest, Poland 105

Berlin, Germany 108

Białystok, Poland 89–91, 132–133

Bielsko-Biała, Poland 132

Bielszczanie dla Drzew 132

Bílina, Czech Republic 77, 83, 85

biodiversity 2, 185–186, 190–191, 193, 195, 199, 203, 309–310

Black Sea, the 145

Boia, Lucian 152, 157–158

Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hungary 215

Bourdieu, Pierre 221

Bucegi Mountains 142–147, 152, 155–156, 160
Bucegi Massif 144–146, 152, 156, 160
The Sphinx 142, 156

Budapest, Hungary 40, 213, 217, 221, 285, 295, 310

Bulgaria 4–5, 9

Cambridge Conservation Initiative, the 192, 198

Câmpeni, Romania 174

capitalism 1–2, 8, 16, 27, 45, 55, 60–61, 63–64, 66, 68–69, 89, 102–103, 111, 125–128, 130, 143, 154, 175, 177, 188, 213–214, 227, 236–249, 251, 265, 289–290, 295, 307

Carpathian Convention, the 194

Carpathian Mountains 13, 16, 143, 152, 154, 160, 167, 185, 187–188, 191, 193–197

Carpathia Project, the 188, 195–196, 200

Ceaușescu, Nicolae 153

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 121, 213–214, 229, 235–236, 239, 247–249

Central European University, the 310

Chayanov, Alexander 238–240, 246

Chirilă, Dorina 155

Christianity 8, 28–30, 34, 125, 141, 145, 147–153
Catholicism 129–130
Christianity, orthodox 8, 147–148, 151, 154

Cinamar, Radu 155

Cioloș, Dacian 198

cities 12, 14, 79, 84, 97–99, 101–113, 129, 130, 132–133, 177, 191, 237, 296. See also space, urban; See also urbanism creative cities 99, 107, 109, 113

civil society organisations (CSOs) 4, 44, 53

Climate Action Network Europe 76

climate camps 12–13, 64, 66–67, 75, 77–78, 80–83, 86–91

climate change 3, 12, 45, 54, 64–67, 69–70, 73–74, 80, 85, 89, 91, 111–112, 122, 129, 186, 188, 204, 309

climate crisis 64, 67–68, 90

climate justice 54, 56, 68, 70, 74–75, 80–83, 85–86, 88–91

coal 1, 5, 12–13, 56, 59, 64, 66, 73–81, 85–86, 88–91, 110, 112, 130, 168

colonialism 144, 150–153, 311

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 6, 17, 42, 235, 248, 267, 310

communism 89, 101, 154, 159, 164, 170, 173, 213, 215–216, 218, 220, 222, 227–230, 236

communities 6, 10–11, 15, 17, 29, 34, 37, 42, 45, 47, 58, 63, 74, 78, 100, 108–109, 112–113, 128, 130, 132, 135, 168, 170, 173–174, 176–177, 191, 199, 201–203, 243, 248, 250–251, 261–264, 269, 271, 275–278, 289, 311–312

conservation 2–3, 5, 11, 15–16, 26, 28, 32–35, 38–43, 46, 53, 55, 58, 60, 69, 105, 185–190, 193–201, 203–204, 220, 262, 266

consumerism 27, 55, 58, 60, 63, 67, 69, 128

consumption 3, 31, 63, 102–103, 212–213, 221, 223, 241–242, 245–246, 249–250 consumption, conspicuous 103, 213

co-operative, social 229, 286–294, 298–301

Copenhagen COP of 2009 70

copper 168, 177

Corna, Romania 163–164, 166–172, 174–178

Czechia / Czech Republic, the 7, 11–13, 53–60, 62–64, 66–70, 73–77, 81, 83–84, 87–89, 91, 186, 249, 308
Ministry of Interior 62, 83

Czechoslovakia 54

Czerniakowski Lake, Poland 105

Dacia 145–147, 149–150, 153, 155, 158–159, 170, 198

Dacia Felix 150

decolonialism 284, 297, 302, 312

deforestation 15, 136, 188, 190, 193, 200–201

democracy 4–5, 7, 9–10, 26–31, 34, 41–43, 46, 57, 59, 61–63, 74, 84, 91, 103, 122, 126, 266, 271, 284, 297, 307
democracy, illiberal 28–29, 43, 46, 284–285

depopulation 190–191, 203

Děti Země 55, 57–58, 60

development 1, 3–4, 6, 8–12, 14–17, 25–27, 29–31, 34–36, 41–42, 45–46, 54, 63, 97, 99, 101, 103–106, 108–109, 112, 123, 147, 158, 169–170, 172, 174, 185, 188, 190, 193–195, 199–201, 203, 220, 235–238, 240, 244–249, 251, 261–267, 270, 272, 274, 276–279, 284–286, 290–291, 296–299, 301–302, 307, 310
development, rural 11, 16, 34–36, 42, 193, 220, 261–267, 270, 277–278, 284, 286, 297, 310
development, urban 97, 101, 108

Dobrogea, Romania 148

Drzewce, Poland 77

Duda, Andrzej 85

Duna Kör 26–28

Dunaujvaros, Hungary 103

dwelling 17, 163–167, 175, 177–178

Earth First! 57, 59

Eastern Europe (EE) 1–11, 14–17, 25–26, 42, 54, 74–75, 82, 91, 101, 106, 112, 121, 123, 127, 133–135, 157, 159, 173, 185–196, 204, 213, 235–236, 244, 246, 251, 266, 297, 307–312

Ecolektyw 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135. See also Greenline Front Polska

ecotourism 186, 195–196, 199, 203

Endangered Landscape Programme, the 186, 192

Ende Gelände 64, 67, 86

energy 12, 27, 53, 73–78, 82, 87, 89–91, 130, 187, 288, 293, 300–301, 308

England 29, 68, 103, 127, 211, 229, 284

environmentalism 1–3, 7, 10–13, 17, 25–29, 31, 33, 43, 46–47, 53–56, 58–64, 66–70, 73, 75, 82, 89, 97, 99, 111, 121–124, 127–128, 131, 134–136, 308

ERSTE SEEDS 283, 292–294, 299, 301

ethnography 6, 57, 81, 97, 100, 141, 213, 216, 261, 302, 308

EuroNatur 186, 190, 192
European Green Belt 192

Europe 2, 7–9, 45–46, 54, 75–76, 108, 124, 130, 153, 159–160, 168–169, 185–187, 189–190, 192–193, 195–196, 199, 214, 220, 223, 227, 250, 262
Europe, eastern. See Eastern Europe (EE)
Europe, western 8, 53–54, 108, 130, 186, 218, 227, 235, 244, 247, 266, 298

European Commission, the 8–9, 39, 42, 85, 185–186
Horizon 2020 39
Leader Programme 42
LIFE 39, 42
LIFE+ 39, 197
Natura 2000 39, 46, 185, 196–197

European Parliament, the 186–187, 193, 219

European Rewilding Network, the 192

European Union, the 3, 6–9, 11, 16–17, 28, 33–35, 37, 39, 44–45, 47, 64, 77, 85, 89, 91, 103, 110, 122, 150, 185–189, 192, 196, 198, 203–204, 216, 219–220, 227, 235, 246–248, 250, 265–267, 278, 284, 286, 298, 310
Common Agricultural Policy 187, 235, 267, 278
European Green New Deal 187
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance for Rural Development (IPARD) 267, 277
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) 267, 277

Extinction Rebellion (XR) 66–69

extractivism 2, 5–6, 10, 14–15, 30, 58, 73–75, 77, 80–81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 113, 168, 188, 195–196, 199, 310

Facebook 83, 126, 128, 131, 141, 145

Făgăraș Mountains 188, 196, 198–202

farming 5, 6, 32, 34–36, 40, 88, 124–125, 130, 174, 195, 199, 202–203, 229, 237– 239, 241, 243, 245, 247–251, 262, 265– 269, 275, 278. See also agriculture

Far-Right Ecologism (FRE) 123, 125– 126, 128, 130–131, 133–136

far right, the 13, 121–125, 127–136, 142, 147, 154, 290, 297

fascism 124–127, 131, 134–135 eco-fascism 124–127, 131, 134–135

Federation of Social Anarchists 62

Fidesz 28–30, 34–36, 45, 121

Finland 105, 192

food networks, alternative 243, 247–250

food systems 16, 235–236, 239–244, 246–247, 249–251

fossil fuels 65–68, 73, 80, 83

Foundation Conservation Carpathia (FCC) 189, 196–199, 201–203

France 159, 213, 215, 218–219, 223

Fridays for Future (FFF) 66–68

Friends of the Earth 53–55, 70

Gabriel Resources Ltd. 168–169

Gaj, Serbia 264, 269, 274

gaps, urban 97–105, 110–112

gentrification 106, 109

Geographical Indication (GI) 222–223, 227, 231

geopolitics 185–186

Germany 64, 67, 75–76, 86, 124, 191–192, 223

Global Financial Crash of 2008 (GFC), the 28, 70, 99, 107, 246, 248

globalisation 14, 27, 42, 187, 246

globalism 4–5, 12, 41, 47, 53–55, 59, 65, 73–74, 80–81, 85–86, 89, 91, 99, 108, 110, 112, 128–129, 146, 154, 187–188, 195, 200, 204, 219, 241, 243–247, 301

gold 14, 130, 163, 168–172, 174–175, 178 goldmines 168, 172, 177

government 6–7, 10–11, 25–35, 37–47, 57, 62, 66–68, 70, 77, 79, 84–86, 90, 97, 99, 105, 109–110, 112, 122, 142, 168, 174, 185, 187, 189, 193–194, 198–201, 218, 266, 279, 285, 287, 292, 297, 299, 301, 307–309

Greenline Front 121, 126–127, 131

Greenline Front Polska 121, 126, 127. See also Ecolektyw

Greenpeace 27, 53–55, 59, 62, 66–67, 70, 128

Gyurcsány, Ferenc 34

Hnutí Duha 55, 57–63, 66–67, 70

Horní Jiřetín, Czech Republic 78–79, 84–85

Hungarian Academy of Sciences 36, 310

Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences 36. See also St István University (Hungary)

Hungary 4, 7, 11–12, 15–17, 25–30, 32–41, 43–44, 46–47, 121, 124, 149– 150, 211–216, 218–226, 229, 283–286, 289–291, 294–296, 301–302, 307, 310
Ministry for Agriculture 38–39
Ministry for Environment and Water 38
Ministry for Internal Affairs 38
Ministry for Rural Development 39
National Bureau of Investigation 43

ideology 4, 8–9, 13, 25–26, 28, 34, 43–45, 101, 103, 107, 121–125, 127–130, 133–136, 142, 147, 152–153, 204, 224, 232, 261–262, 264, 308

industry 1, 5, 10, 14, 26, 38, 46, 53, 63, 65–66, 73, 78, 83, 89, 101, 110, 112, 160, 169–170, 173, 176–178, 213, 220, 230, 236, 240, 247, 249, 265

Inicjatyva Pracownicza 89

Iohannis, Klaus 147, 198

Israel 142, 144, 154
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) 142–146, 154

Jazdow initiative, the 98, 108, 112

Jazdow, Warsaw, Poland 98–100, 105–113

Jozwin, Poland 77

Judaism 146–147

Katowice, Poland 85

Klimakemp 80–81, 83, 85–86, 88–89, 91

Konin Basin, the 74, 77–79, 91

közmunka 285, 287–288, 292–293

KTI Institute (Hungary) 31–36, 43, 46

labour 15–16, 73, 213, 217, 224, 230, 237, 239, 242, 244–246, 248, 264, 275, 285, 289–291

land abandonment 186, 190, 195, 203–204

land, ownership of 40, 263–264, 271–275, 277

Latvia 191

Law and Justice (PiS) Party, the 107, 121–122, 129

Lex NGO 44–45

LGBT 89, 91, 129

liberalism 37, 41, 106–107, 122, 125, 129, 157, 285

Libkovice, Czech Republic 56, 59–60, 88

lignite 74–82, 84–85, 87–91

Limity jsme my (LJM) 56, 64–69, 84, 86

localism 14, 124, 131–132, 135, 262, 291

logging 188–190, 193–194, 198–199

Magyars 30–31, 37, 44, 223

Malo Bavanište, Serbia 264

Manichaeism 121, 125, 128–129, 131, 134–136

March for Climate 85

Marxism 236, 240, 242, 244–245

Marx, Karl 143, 244

media 13, 28, 31, 33, 36, 41, 43, 45–46, 58–62, 81, 86–87, 100, 110, 125, 127, 141, 174, 177, 189, 195, 202, 285

Miasto Mieszkańców 132

middle classes, the 6, 11, 30

migrants 109, 122, 124–125, 152, 160, 190, 214, 223

mining 1, 14, 56, 59, 63–64, 67, 69, 73–74, 76–80, 82, 84–85, 87–91, 163, 165–166, 168–173, 175–178

narratives 5, 10, 28, 36, 44, 122, 150, 152, 163–166, 169, 171–172, 174, 176, 178, 185–187, 190, 193–194, 203, 213, 227, 230, 264, 284, 309

nationalisation 7, 171, 215

nationalism 3, 7, 9, 11, 13–14, 87, 121– 122, 124–127, 129, 131–133, 135, 141, 144, 147, 150–152, 157–158, 160–161, 223, 226
ethnonationalism 124, 130

national parks 16, 28, 32–33, 37–40, 198–202

nature 4–5, 10, 16, 25, 31, 38, 40, 60, 177, 185–186, 189, 192, 195, 197, 203, 242 nature, domesticated 188, 199
nature, wild 16, 187–190, 192–195, 197, 199. See also rewilding; See also wilderness

Nazism 122, 124, 126
neo-Nazism 126

neo-agrarianism 275

neoliberalism 6, 12, 30, 41, 46–47, 53–55, 64, 70, 97, 101, 103, 107–108, 112, 127, 141, 160, 241, 246, 249, 289, 295, 298, 307, 309, 311

NESsT 292–293, 299

New Left, the 55

New Wild East, the 189–190

non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 14, 43–45, 61, 67, 75, 78, 88, 105, 109, 129, 169, 186–187, 193, 285–286, 292, 295–298, 301–302
non-governmental organisations, evironmental (ENGOs) 27–28, 47, 56, 64, 66

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the (NATO) 8

North Bohemian Coal Basin, the 74, 77–79, 90–91

Norwegian Foundation (NF) 43

nuclear power 56, 59, 130

Obóz dla Klimatu 81, 85–86, 88–91

Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny (ONR) 127, 133

occult, the 126, 142–146, 152, 154–156, 160

Odkrywkowo 83

oikophilia 124–125

Oltenia, Romania 153

Orbán, Viktor 11, 28–31, 34–41, 43–45, 47, 284–285, 290

Other, the 7, 29, 43, 126, 129, 147, 150, 158, 163, 170, 240, 297–298

Ottoman Empire, the 150–153, 159

Pape, Latvia 191

Partidul Național Liberal (PNL) 147

Partidul Național Țărănesc–Creștin Democrat (PNȚCD) 147

Partidul Social Democrat (PSD) 146–147, 154

peasants 159, 236–242, 245, 248, 275

planning, urban 12

Poland 4, 7, 11–14, 73–77, 81, 83, 85, 87–91, 99, 103, 105–108, 110, 112, 121–122, 125–134, 186, 190, 226, 247–249, 307

polarisation 3, 199

policy, public 6–7, 27–29, 34, 37, 39, 54, 110, 134, 185, 187, 214, 261, 263, 277–278, 309

Polish Autonomous Nationalists 127, 133

pollution 26, 31, 53, 63, 99, 109–111, 132, 177

Ponta, Victor 147, 198

populism 3–4, 9–10, 14, 121–122, 124–125, 129, 150, 153, 158, 284, 301

postcolonialism 153

post-humanism 242

poverty 14, 165, 195, 251, 272, 284, 287, 290, 292, 295

Praca Polska 121, 125, 127–129, 131, 133–135

Prague, Czech Republic 65, 67, 69

privatisation 5, 7, 105, 193, 215–216, 218, 222, 247, 266, 311

property 98, 101–104, 106, 112, 201, 226, 265–266, 269, 272

Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) 219, 222, 224–226

protests 3, 11, 13, 26–27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 45, 55–60, 64, 66–68, 70, 74–75, 80, 82–91, 106, 108, 133, 142–143, 154, 160, 198, 307

Psia Ekipa 132, 135

Puszczyk-Naturokultura Polska 121, 123, 125–129, 131–135

refugees 29, 150, 219

resources, natural 1–2, 5–7, 10–11, 14, 28–31, 37, 46–47, 58, 73, 76, 99, 122, 165, 168, 175, 188, 195–196, 199–200, 202–203, 249, 269, 290, 309

rewilding 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197. See also nature: nature, wild; See also wilderness

Rewilding Europe 186, 192

Riga, Latvia 250

Roman Empire, the 149–150, 153, 158, 170

Romania 4, 7, 11, 13, 15–16, 102, 141–152, 154–155, 157–159, 163–164, 166–167, 169–170, 173–175, 177, 185, 187–188, 192–196, 198–199, 201, 224
Ministry of Environment 198
National Anti-Corruption Office 201
Romanianness 149

Romanian Academy of Sciences, the 169

Romanian Communist Party 154

Roma, the 199, 201, 284, 287, 290–291

Roșia Montană Gold Corporation (RMGC) 169, 174–175, 177

Roșia Montană, Romania 163, 166–170, 173–175, 177–178

Roșia Poieni, Romania 177

Rothschild family, the 146

Ruch Narodowy 122, 129

Russia 148, 213, 219, 226–228, 237–238

Sarajevo 103

science 3, 5, 26, 29, 34, 55, 58, 62, 68, 129, 186, 192, 301, 307

Sejm 122

Serbia 17, 224, 261–262, 264–268, 273, 275, 277–278
Law on Restitution (1991) 266
Ministry of Agriculture 261, 264, 266

Slovakia 3, 7, 27, 133, 215, 224, 226

socialism 1–4, 7, 9–10, 12, 15, 25–27, 37, 41, 45, 47, 54, 57, 60, 64, 68–69, 75, 97–98, 101–104, 112, 135, 154, 165–166, 170–178, 192–193, 201, 211, 213–214, 216, 219, 227, 232, 235–236, 244, 246, 248, 262, 265–266, 289, 301–302, 307, 309

social media 125, 141–146, 155, 199

Sólyom, László 28

Soros, George 146

Soviet Union, the 2, 27, 30, 76, 151, 153, 191, 229, 238

space, urban 12, 45, 97–113, 132–133, 190, 192, 217, 236, 243. See also cities; See also urbanism

Stalinism 108, 159

State Energy Policy (SEP) 76

St István University (Hungary) 31, 33, 35, 36. See also Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences

sustainability 6, 10, 16–17, 25, 27, 34, 74, 80, 112, 147, 165, 169, 191, 203, 216, 243, 246, 248, 291

Sweden 191

Szczecin, Poland 131

Temelín, Czech Republic 56, 59–61, 63

terroir 213–214, 216–217, 219, 221–223, 225–227, 229–232

timber 188, 193–194, 203

Tokaj (wine region) 15–16, 211–216, 218–232

Tomislawice, Poland 77, 85–86, 90

transnational corporations (TNCs) 241

transport, public 104, 110

Transylvania, Romania 147, 150, 200

Treaty of Trianon, the 225

UK 68, 75, 124, 262

Ukraine 126, 148

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 169–170, 174, 193, 219, 223

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 74, 85

urbanism 107, 108, 113. See also cities; See also space, urban

USA 16, 53–54, 220

USSR. See Soviet Union, the

Védegylet 27

Velvet Revolution, the 62

villages 13, 17, 56, 59, 86, 88, 106, 163, 167–171, 174, 177, 191, 199–203, 215, 217, 261–265, 268, 270–273, 275–278, 284–288, 290–291, 294–296, 300–301

Vojvodina Province, Serbia 261–262

Völkisch movement 124, 126, 130

Wallachia, Romania 200

Warsaw, Poland 12, 97–106, 108–113

Washington, USA 203

West, the 2–4, 8, 12, 14–16, 54–55, 58, 60, 62, 103, 110, 142–143, 152–154, 157–159, 186, 189, 192, 199, 203, 213–214, 235, 298, 307, 311–312
‘Westernness’ 113

wilderness 16, 185–196, 198, 200–201, 203–204. See also nature: nature, wild; See also rewilding

wildlife 189–190, 193, 197, 199–200, 202

wine, production of 16, 211, 214–218, 220–222, 224, 227, 229–230, 232
Lenz Moser method, the 228–229

wine tasting 211, 213, 216, 220–221, 231

wood 160

working classes, the 103, 173, 177

World War I 157, 224–225

World War II 2, 97, 101, 105, 154, 157

WWF 27, 128

xenophobia 13, 141, 147

Yellowstone National Park 187, 195, 197, 199–200

Yugoslavia 265

Zalmoxis 145–146

Zalmoxianism 146

Zemplén Mountains 284

Zöld Fiatalok 27

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