Politics and the Environment in Eastern Europe
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Abrud, Romania 168, 174
activism 9, 12–13, 27–28, 32, 54, 56–57, 59, 61, 64–65, 67–70, 75, 83–84, 86, 99–100, 105–106, 108–110, 112–113, 121–126, 128–136, 169, 177, 236, 312 grassroots 54, 65, 67, 122–123, 128, 130, 132, 134–136, 296
Afghanistan 150
Africa 197, 239
agrarian question, the 235–238
agriculture 1, 34–35, 40, 167, 172, 186–187, 190, 200–201, 215, 227, 235–238, 240–241, 243, 245, 247, 249–250, 262–268, 270–275, 277–278, 290–291, 310. See also farming
agriculture, community-supported (CSA) 250–251
agro-tourism 169
anarchism 56, 58–62, 65–66, 75, 88, 129
Ángyán, József 34–37, 46–47
Anthropocene, the 134
anti-Semitism 141, 145
Antohi, Sorin 159
Apuseni Mountains 167–168
Arcadia Foundation, the 192
Austria 226
Austro-Hungarian Empire, the 150
authoritarianism 7, 10, 25–26, 29–33, 41–42, 46–47, 54, 60–61, 104, 124, 307
Badiou, Alain 159
Badur Foundation, the 283, 292, 299–301
Balkans, the 159, 190
beekeeping 298, 300
Beirut Decree, the 101
Belchatów Basin, the 77
Beli Breg, Serbia 264
Bemowo Forest, Poland 105
Berlin, Germany 108
Białystok, Poland 89–91, 132–133
Bielsko-Biała, Poland 132
Bielszczanie dla Drzew 132
Bílina, Czech Republic 77, 83, 85
biodiversity 2, 185–186, 190–191, 193, 195, 199, 203, 309–310
Black Sea, the 145
Boia, Lucian 152, 157–158
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Hungary 215
Bourdieu, Pierre 221
Bucegi Mountains 142–147, 152, 155–156, 160
Bucegi Massif 144–146, 152, 156, 160
The Sphinx 142, 156
Budapest, Hungary 40, 213, 217, 221, 285, 295, 310
Bulgaria 4–5, 9
Cambridge Conservation Initiative, the 192, 198
Câmpeni, Romania 174
capitalism 1–2, 8, 16, 27, 45, 55, 60–61, 63–64, 66, 68–69, 89, 102–103, 111, 125–128, 130, 143, 154, 175, 177, 188, 213–214, 227, 236–249, 251, 265, 289–290, 295, 307
Carpathian Convention, the 194
Carpathian Mountains 13, 16, 143, 152, 154, 160, 167, 185, 187–188, 191, 193–197
Carpathia Project, the 188, 195–196, 200
Ceaușescu, Nicolae 153
Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 121, 213–214, 229, 235–236, 239, 247–249
Central European University, the 310
Chayanov, Alexander 238–240, 246
Chirilă, Dorina 155
Christianity 8, 28–30, 34, 125, 141, 145, 147–153
Catholicism 129–130
Christianity, orthodox 8, 147–148, 151, 154
Cinamar, Radu 155
Cioloș, Dacian 198
cities 12, 14, 79, 84, 97–99, 101–113, 129, 130, 132–133, 177, 191, 237, 296. See also space, urban; See also urbanism creative cities 99, 107, 109, 113
civil society organisations (CSOs) 4, 44, 53
Climate Action Network Europe 76
climate camps 12–13, 64, 66–67, 75, 77–78, 80–83, 86–91
climate change 3, 12, 45, 54, 64–67, 69–70, 73–74, 80, 85, 89, 91, 111–112, 122, 129, 186, 188, 204, 309
climate crisis 64, 67–68, 90
climate justice 54, 56, 68, 70, 74–75, 80–83, 85–86, 88–91
coal 1, 5, 12–13, 56, 59, 64, 66, 73–81, 85–86, 88–91, 110, 112, 130, 168
colonialism 144, 150–153, 311
Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 6, 17, 42, 235, 248, 267, 310
communism 89, 101, 154, 159, 164, 170, 173, 213, 215–216, 218, 220, 222, 227–230, 236
communities 6, 10–11, 15, 17, 29, 34, 37, 42, 45, 47, 58, 63, 74, 78, 100, 108–109, 112–113, 128, 130, 132, 135, 168, 170, 173–174, 176–177, 191, 199, 201–203, 243, 248, 250–251, 261–264, 269, 271, 275–278, 289, 311–312
conservation 2–3, 5, 11, 15–16, 26, 28, 32–35, 38–43, 46, 53, 55, 58, 60, 69, 105, 185–190, 193–201, 203–204, 220, 262, 266
consumerism 27, 55, 58, 60, 63, 67, 69, 128
consumption 3, 31, 63, 102–103, 212–213, 221, 223, 241–242, 245–246, 249–250 consumption, conspicuous 103, 213
co-operative, social 229, 286–294, 298–301
Copenhagen COP of 2009 70
copper 168, 177
Corna, Romania 163–164, 166–172, 174–178
Czechia / Czech Republic, the 7, 11–13, 53–60, 62–64, 66–70, 73–77, 81, 83–84, 87–89, 91, 186, 249, 308
Ministry of Interior 62, 83
Czechoslovakia 54
Czerniakowski Lake, Poland 105
Dacia 145–147, 149–150, 153, 155, 158–159, 170, 198
Dacia Felix 150
decolonialism 284, 297, 302, 312
deforestation 15, 136, 188, 190, 193, 200–201
democracy 4–5, 7, 9–10, 26–31, 34, 41–43, 46, 57, 59, 61–63, 74, 84, 91, 103, 122, 126, 266, 271, 284, 297, 307
democracy, illiberal 28–29, 43, 46, 284–285
depopulation 190–191, 203
Děti Země 55, 57–58, 60
development 1, 3–4, 6, 8–12, 14–17, 25–27, 29–31, 34–36, 41–42, 45–46, 54, 63, 97, 99, 101, 103–106, 108–109, 112, 123, 147, 158, 169–170, 172, 174, 185, 188, 190, 193–195, 199–201, 203, 220, 235–238, 240, 244–249, 251, 261–267, 270, 272, 274, 276–279, 284–286, 290–291, 296–299, 301–302, 307, 310
development, rural 11, 16, 34–36, 42, 193, 220, 261–267, 270, 277–278, 284, 286, 297, 310
development, urban 97, 101, 108
Dobrogea, Romania 148
Drzewce, Poland 77
Duda, Andrzej 85
Duna Kör 26–28
Dunaujvaros, Hungary 103
dwelling 17, 163–167, 175, 177–178
Earth First! 57, 59
Eastern Europe (EE) 1–11, 14–17, 25–26, 42, 54, 74–75, 82, 91, 101, 106, 112, 121, 123, 127, 133–135, 157, 159, 173, 185–196, 204, 213, 235–236, 244, 246, 251, 266, 297, 307–312
Ecolektyw 121, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135. See also Greenline Front Polska
ecotourism 186, 195–196, 199, 203
Endangered Landscape Programme, the 186, 192
Ende Gelände 64, 67, 86
energy 12, 27, 53, 73–78, 82, 87, 89–91, 130, 187, 288, 293, 300–301, 308
England 29, 68, 103, 127, 211, 229, 284
environmentalism 1–3, 7, 10–13, 17, 25–29, 31, 33, 43, 46–47, 53–56, 58–64, 66–70, 73, 75, 82, 89, 97, 99, 111, 121–124, 127–128, 131, 134–136, 308
ERSTE SEEDS 283, 292–294, 299, 301
ethnography 6, 57, 81, 97, 100, 141, 213, 216, 261, 302, 308
EuroNatur 186, 190, 192
European Green Belt 192
Europe 2, 7–9, 45–46, 54, 75–76, 108, 124, 130, 153, 159–160, 168–169, 185–187, 189–190, 192–193, 195–196, 199, 214, 220, 223, 227, 250, 262
Europe, eastern. See Eastern Europe (EE)
Europe, western 8, 53–54, 108, 130, 186, 218, 227, 235, 244, 247, 266, 298
European Commission, the 8–9, 39, 42, 85, 185–186
Horizon 2020 39
Leader Programme 42
LIFE 39, 42
LIFE+ 39, 197
Natura 2000 39, 46, 185, 196–197
European Parliament, the 186–187, 193, 219
European Rewilding Network, the 192
European Union, the 3, 6–9, 11, 16–17, 28, 33–35, 37, 39, 44–45, 47, 64, 77, 85, 89, 91, 103, 110, 122, 150, 185–189, 192, 196, 198, 203–204, 216, 219–220, 227, 235, 246–248, 250, 265–267, 278, 284, 286, 298, 310
Common Agricultural Policy 187, 235, 267, 278
European Green New Deal 187
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance for Rural Development (IPARD) 267, 277
Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance (IPA) 267, 277
Extinction Rebellion (XR) 66–69
extractivism 2, 5–6, 10, 14–15, 30, 58, 73–75, 77, 80–81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 113, 168, 188, 195–196, 199, 310
Facebook 83, 126, 128, 131, 141, 145
Făgăraș Mountains 188, 196, 198–202
farming 5, 6, 32, 34–36, 40, 88, 124–125, 130, 174, 195, 199, 202–203, 229, 237– 239, 241, 243, 245, 247–251, 262, 265– 269, 275, 278. See also agriculture
Far-Right Ecologism (FRE) 123, 125– 126, 128, 130–131, 133–136
far right, the 13, 121–125, 127–136, 142, 147, 154, 290, 297
fascism 124–127, 131, 134–135 eco-fascism 124–127, 131, 134–135
Federation of Social Anarchists 62
Fidesz 28–30, 34–36, 45, 121
Finland 105, 192
food networks, alternative 243, 247–250
food systems 16, 235–236, 239–244, 246–247, 249–251
fossil fuels 65–68, 73, 80, 83
Foundation Conservation Carpathia (FCC) 189, 196–199, 201–203
France 159, 213, 215, 218–219, 223
Fridays for Future (FFF) 66–68
Friends of the Earth 53–55, 70
Gabriel Resources Ltd. 168–169
Gaj, Serbia 264, 269, 274
gaps, urban 97–105, 110–112
gentrification 106, 109
Geographical Indication (GI) 222–223, 227, 231
geopolitics 185–186
Germany 64, 67, 75–76, 86, 124, 191–192, 223
Global Financial Crash of 2008 (GFC), the 28, 70, 99, 107, 246, 248
globalisation 14, 27, 42, 187, 246
globalism 4–5, 12, 41, 47, 53–55, 59, 65, 73–74, 80–81, 85–86, 89, 91, 99, 108, 110, 112, 128–129, 146, 154, 187–188, 195, 200, 204, 219, 241, 243–247, 301
gold 14, 130, 163, 168–172, 174–175, 178 goldmines 168, 172, 177
government 6–7, 10–11, 25–35, 37–47, 57, 62, 66–68, 70, 77, 79, 84–86, 90, 97, 99, 105, 109–110, 112, 122, 142, 168, 174, 185, 187, 189, 193–194, 198–201, 218, 266, 279, 285, 287, 292, 297, 299, 301, 307–309
Greenline Front 121, 126–127, 131
Greenline Front Polska 121, 126, 127. See also Ecolektyw
Greenpeace 27, 53–55, 59, 62, 66–67, 70, 128
Gyurcsány, Ferenc 34
Hnutí Duha 55, 57–63, 66–67, 70
Horní Jiřetín, Czech Republic 78–79, 84–85
Hungarian Academy of Sciences 36, 310
Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences 36. See also St István University (Hungary)
Hungary 4, 7, 11–12, 15–17, 25–30, 32–41, 43–44, 46–47, 121, 124, 149– 150, 211–216, 218–226, 229, 283–286, 289–291, 294–296, 301–302, 307, 310
Ministry for Agriculture 38–39
Ministry for Environment and Water 38
Ministry for Internal Affairs 38
Ministry for Rural Development 39
National Bureau of Investigation 43
ideology 4, 8–9, 13, 25–26, 28, 34, 43–45, 101, 103, 107, 121–125, 127–130, 133–136, 142, 147, 152–153, 204, 224, 232, 261–262, 264, 308
industry 1, 5, 10, 14, 26, 38, 46, 53, 63, 65–66, 73, 78, 83, 89, 101, 110, 112, 160, 169–170, 173, 176–178, 213, 220, 230, 236, 240, 247, 249, 265
Inicjatyva Pracownicza 89
Iohannis, Klaus 147, 198
Israel 142, 144, 154
Israel Defense Forces (IDF) 142–146, 154
Jazdow initiative, the 98, 108, 112
Jazdow, Warsaw, Poland 98–100, 105–113
Jozwin, Poland 77
Judaism 146–147
Katowice, Poland 85
Klimakemp 80–81, 83, 85–86, 88–89, 91
Konin Basin, the 74, 77–79, 91
közmunka 285, 287–288, 292–293
KTI Institute (Hungary) 31–36, 43, 46
labour 15–16, 73, 213, 217, 224, 230, 237, 239, 242, 244–246, 248, 264, 275, 285, 289–291
land abandonment 186, 190, 195, 203–204
land, ownership of 40, 263–264, 271–275, 277
Latvia 191
Law and Justice (PiS) Party, the 107, 121–122, 129
Lex NGO 44–45
LGBT 89, 91, 129
liberalism 37, 41, 106–107, 122, 125, 129, 157, 285
Libkovice, Czech Republic 56, 59–60, 88
lignite 74–82, 84–85, 87–91
Limity jsme my (LJM) 56, 64–69, 84, 86
localism 14, 124, 131–132, 135, 262, 291
logging 188–190, 193–194, 198–199
Magyars 30–31, 37, 44, 223
Malo Bavanište, Serbia 264
Manichaeism 121, 125, 128–129, 131, 134–136
March for Climate 85
Marxism 236, 240, 242, 244–245
Marx, Karl 143, 244
media 13, 28, 31, 33, 36, 41, 43, 45–46, 58–62, 81, 86–87, 100, 110, 125, 127, 141, 174, 177, 189, 195, 202, 285
Miasto Mieszkańców 132
middle classes, the 6, 11, 30
migrants 109, 122, 124–125, 152, 160, 190, 214, 223
mining 1, 14, 56, 59, 63–64, 67, 69, 73–74, 76–80, 82, 84–85, 87–91, 163, 165–166, 168–173, 175–178
narratives 5, 10, 28, 36, 44, 122, 150, 152, 163–166, 169, 171–172, 174, 176, 178, 185–187, 190, 193–194, 203, 213, 227, 230, 264, 284, 309
nationalisation 7, 171, 215
nationalism 3, 7, 9, 11, 13–14, 87, 121– 122, 124–127, 129, 131–133, 135, 141, 144, 147, 150–152, 157–158, 160–161, 223, 226
ethnonationalism 124, 130
national parks 16, 28, 32–33, 37–40, 198–202
nature 4–5, 10, 16, 25, 31, 38, 40, 60, 177, 185–186, 189, 192, 195, 197, 203, 242 nature, domesticated 188, 199
nature, wild 16, 187–190, 192–195, 197, 199. See also rewilding; See also wilderness
Nazism 122, 124, 126
neo-Nazism 126
neo-agrarianism 275
neoliberalism 6, 12, 30, 41, 46–47, 53–55, 64, 70, 97, 101, 103, 107–108, 112, 127, 141, 160, 241, 246, 249, 289, 295, 298, 307, 309, 311
NESsT 292–293, 299
New Left, the 55
New Wild East, the 189–190
non-governmental organisations (NGOs) 14, 43–45, 61, 67, 75, 78, 88, 105, 109, 129, 169, 186–187, 193, 285–286, 292, 295–298, 301–302
non-governmental organisations, evironmental (ENGOs) 27–28, 47, 56, 64, 66
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, the (NATO) 8
North Bohemian Coal Basin, the 74, 77–79, 90–91
Norwegian Foundation (NF) 43
nuclear power 56, 59, 130
Obóz dla Klimatu 81, 85–86, 88–91
Obóz Narodowo-Radykalny (ONR) 127, 133
occult, the 126, 142–146, 152, 154–156, 160
Odkrywkowo 83
oikophilia 124–125
Oltenia, Romania 153
Orbán, Viktor 11, 28–31, 34–41, 43–45, 47, 284–285, 290
Other, the 7, 29, 43, 126, 129, 147, 150, 158, 163, 170, 240, 297–298
Ottoman Empire, the 150–153, 159
Pape, Latvia 191
Partidul Național Liberal (PNL) 147
Partidul Național Țărănesc–Creștin Democrat (PNȚCD) 147
Partidul Social Democrat (PSD) 146–147, 154
peasants 159, 236–242, 245, 248, 275
planning, urban 12
Poland 4, 7, 11–14, 73–77, 81, 83, 85, 87–91, 99, 103, 105–108, 110, 112, 121–122, 125–134, 186, 190, 226, 247–249, 307
polarisation 3, 199
policy, public 6–7, 27–29, 34, 37, 39, 54, 110, 134, 185, 187, 214, 261, 263, 277–278, 309
Polish Autonomous Nationalists 127, 133
pollution 26, 31, 53, 63, 99, 109–111, 132, 177
Ponta, Victor 147, 198
populism 3–4, 9–10, 14, 121–122, 124–125, 129, 150, 153, 158, 284, 301
postcolonialism 153
post-humanism 242
poverty 14, 165, 195, 251, 272, 284, 287, 290, 292, 295
Praca Polska 121, 125, 127–129, 131, 133–135
Prague, Czech Republic 65, 67, 69
privatisation 5, 7, 105, 193, 215–216, 218, 222, 247, 266, 311
property 98, 101–104, 106, 112, 201, 226, 265–266, 269, 272
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) 219, 222, 224–226
protests 3, 11, 13, 26–27, 30, 32, 34, 36, 45, 55–60, 64, 66–68, 70, 74–75, 80, 82–91, 106, 108, 133, 142–143, 154, 160, 198, 307
Psia Ekipa 132, 135
Puszczyk-Naturokultura Polska 121, 123, 125–129, 131–135
refugees 29, 150, 219
resources, natural 1–2, 5–7, 10–11, 14, 28–31, 37, 46–47, 58, 73, 76, 99, 122, 165, 168, 175, 188, 195–196, 199–200, 202–203, 249, 269, 290, 309
rewilding 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197. See also nature: nature, wild; See also wilderness
Rewilding Europe 186, 192
Riga, Latvia 250
Roman Empire, the 149–150, 153, 158, 170
Romania 4, 7, 11, 13, 15–16, 102, 141–152, 154–155, 157–159, 163–164, 166–167, 169–170, 173–175, 177, 185, 187–188, 192–196, 198–199, 201, 224
Ministry of Environment 198
National Anti-Corruption Office 201
Romanianness 149
Romanian Academy of Sciences, the 169
Romanian Communist Party 154
Roma, the 199, 201, 284, 287, 290–291
Roșia Montană Gold Corporation (RMGC) 169, 174–175, 177
Roșia Montană, Romania 163, 166–170, 173–175, 177–178
Roșia Poieni, Romania 177
Rothschild family, the 146
Ruch Narodowy 122, 129
Russia 148, 213, 219, 226–228, 237–238
Sarajevo 103
science 3, 5, 26, 29, 34, 55, 58, 62, 68, 129, 186, 192, 301, 307
Sejm 122
Serbia 17, 224, 261–262, 264–268, 273, 275, 277–278
Law on Restitution (1991) 266
Ministry of Agriculture 261, 264, 266
Slovakia 3, 7, 27, 133, 215, 224, 226
socialism 1–4, 7, 9–10, 12, 15, 25–27, 37, 41, 45, 47, 54, 57, 60, 64, 68–69, 75, 97–98, 101–104, 112, 135, 154, 165–166, 170–178, 192–193, 201, 211, 213–214, 216, 219, 227, 232, 235–236, 244, 246, 248, 262, 265–266, 289, 301–302, 307, 309
social media 125, 141–146, 155, 199
Sólyom, László 28
Soros, George 146
Soviet Union, the 2, 27, 30, 76, 151, 153, 191, 229, 238
space, urban 12, 45, 97–113, 132–133, 190, 192, 217, 236, 243. See also cities; See also urbanism
Stalinism 108, 159
State Energy Policy (SEP) 76
St István University (Hungary) 31, 33, 35, 36. See also Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences
sustainability 6, 10, 16–17, 25, 27, 34, 74, 80, 112, 147, 165, 169, 191, 203, 216, 243, 246, 248, 291
Sweden 191
Szczecin, Poland 131
Temelín, Czech Republic 56, 59–61, 63
terroir 213–214, 216–217, 219, 221–223, 225–227, 229–232
timber 188, 193–194, 203
Tokaj (wine region) 15–16, 211–216, 218–232
Tomislawice, Poland 77, 85–86, 90
transnational corporations (TNCs) 241
transport, public 104, 110
Transylvania, Romania 147, 150, 200
Treaty of Trianon, the 225
UK 68, 75, 124, 262
Ukraine 126, 148
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 169–170, 174, 193, 219, 223
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 74, 85
urbanism 107, 108, 113. See also cities; See also space, urban
USA 16, 53–54, 220
USSR. See Soviet Union, the
Védegylet 27
Velvet Revolution, the 62
villages 13, 17, 56, 59, 86, 88, 106, 163, 167–171, 174, 177, 191, 199–203, 215, 217, 261–265, 268, 270–273, 275–278, 284–288, 290–291, 294–296, 300–301
Vojvodina Province, Serbia 261–262
Völkisch movement 124, 126, 130
Wallachia, Romania 200
Warsaw, Poland 12, 97–106, 108–113
Washington, USA 203
West, the 2–4, 8, 12, 14–16, 54–55, 58, 60, 62, 103, 110, 142–143, 152–154, 157–159, 186, 189, 192, 199, 203, 213–214, 235, 298, 307, 311–312
‘Westernness’ 113
wilderness 16, 185–196, 198, 200–201, 203–204. See also nature: nature, wild; See also rewilding
wildlife 189–190, 193, 197, 199–200, 202
wine, production of 16, 211, 214–218, 220–222, 224, 227, 229–230, 232
Lenz Moser method, the 228–229
wine tasting 211, 213, 216, 220–221, 231
wood 160
working classes, the 103, 173, 177
World War I 157, 224–225
World War II 2, 97, 101, 105, 154, 157
WWF 27, 128
xenophobia 13, 141, 147
Yellowstone National Park 187, 195, 197, 199–200
Yugoslavia 265
Zalmoxis 145–146
Zalmoxianism 146
Zemplén Mountains 284
Zöld Fiatalok 27
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