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    Plan détaillé Texte intégral The Mosque Libraries of al-Aqṣá in Jerusalem and al-Jazzār in Acre The urgency of digitisation Digitising the collection of historical periodicals in al-Aqṣá Mosque Library Digitisation of manuscripts Bibliographie Notes de bas de page Auteur

    From Dust to Digital

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    Table des matières

    12. Digitisation of Islamic manuscripts and periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre1

    Qasem Abu Harb

    p. 377-415

    Texte intégral Bibliographie References Notes de bas de page Auteur

    Texte intégral

    1This chapter provides an overview of three digitisation projects supported by the Endangered Archives Programme (EAP). The first, EAP119, digitised the collection of historical periodicals in al-Aqṣá Mosque Library in Jerusalem (Al-Quds) in 2007.2 Two subsequent projects recorded manuscripts in al-Jazzār Mosque Library in Acre (ʿAkkā) (EAP399 in 2010) and al-Aqṣá Mosque Library in Jerusalem (EAP521 in 2012).3 After tracing a short history of the two libraries and outlining the development of the early Arabic press in Palestine, this contribution makes the case for the urgency of digitisation and provides a brief account of the digitisation process along with the challenges that the projects had to overcome.

    The Mosque Libraries of al-Aqṣá in Jerusalem and al-Jazzār in Acre

    2In Islam, books and book collections have always been seen as a mark of faith, learning and wisdom that lent prestige to their owners. Islamic rulers sought to outdo their predecessors by founding libraries with vast collections of magnificent quality, whilst mosques and madrasahs created impressive book collections in order to enhance their reputation as centres of learning, and scholars achieved fame for their private libraries.4 The late Ottoman Palestine was no different: the mosques and Muslim courthouses contained collections of religious literature and many large private collections were held in the city homes of distinguished families.5

    3The older of the two libraries where the digitisation projects supported by the EAP took place is located in the northern city of Acre. Al-Jazzār Mosque Library (al-Aḥmadīyah) is a part of a waqf, a pious foundation of Ahmad al-Jazzār, the eighteenth-century Ottoman governor (pasha) of the provinces of Acre. Al-Jazzār’s waqf was the largest such endowment in the history of Acre. It was the only waqf in this city which was publicly administered under the Ottoman Ministry of Waqf and later, during the British Mandate rule, under the Supreme Muslim Council.

    4The waqf was created in May 1786 and the endowment included: a mosque, Jami al-Anwar, “the Mosque of Lights”, an Islamic college with fifty rooms for the lodgings for students from the four schools of Islamic law, a large library, a public fountain, an underground water reservoir, a ritual bath, a sundial, a garden and 29 stores surrounding the mosque courtyard.6 The mosque and adjacent buildings, which were heavily damaged by Napoleon’s bombardment in 1799, underwent renovations in the early nineteenth century.7 Throughout the rest of the century the library attracted many visitors, not only from the Muslim community since — unlike in the case of other mosques — Christians were allowed to enter al-Jazzār Mosque and adjacent buildings.8

    5Al-Jazzār Mosque was one of the many buildings damaged by the Egyptian bombardment of Acre in 1831-1832. The mosque’s library was looted and the Egyptian army used the yard as a camp.9 After the defeat of the Egyptians and the liberation of the city, the library was re-opened and remains open to this day.

    6The newer of the libraries, al-Aqṣá, is located at the heart of the Old City of Jerusalem, in the southwestern corner of the al-Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary) complex. Founded in 1922 by the Supreme Muslim Council in Palestine under the leadership of the mufti of Palestine, Hajj Amin al-Husseini, the library brought together the books that had been kept in al-Aqṣá and the Dome of the Rock buildings, and gradually also acquired books from private libraries in Jerusalem, in Palestine and even from abroad.10 In 1923, Adel Jabre became the first director of al-Aqṣá Library and, at the same time, the director of the Islamic Museum. The al-Aqṣá archive preserves his correspondence with the intellectuals in the Middle East and Europe he approached for book donations.11 The uniquely revered status of al-Aqṣá had brought it endowments of private book collections and book gifts, including publications on modern science and literature and donations of local journals.12

    7Al-Aqṣá Library was first housed in Qubbat al-Nahwiyyah, a building that lies in the southwestern corner of the Haram al-Sharif compound and was once home to a thirteen-century school of literature. The library was subsequently moved to the sacred compound, and the manuscripts were stored in a building nearby.13 The development of the library was also stifled by the events of 1948 and their aftermath, when Palestinian libraries were closed, suspended or had their holdings divided among other institutions. Between May 1948 and the end of February 1949, the staff of the National Library of Israel and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Library collected some 30,000 books and manuscripts that had been left behind by the Palestinian residents of western Jerusalem.14 Of these, about 24,000 were disposed of because they were considered irrelevant or hostile material.15 The remaining 6000 books have not been returned, despite a clear statement by the 1954 Hague Convention for the Preservation of Cultural Property, and despite the fact that the National Library of Israel — an internationally leading cultural institution and the recipient of many books stolen in the Holocaust — is well-placed to recognise the importance of acts of restorative justice.16

    8After a long period of inactivity from 1948 to 1976, the Waqf Administration decided to revive the library in early 1977. The library’s collection was moved from the Islamic Museum to the ground floor of the monumental fifteenth-century Ashrafiyya madrasa.17 In 2000, the library was relocated Digitisation of Islamic manuscript and periodicals 381 again to its current position, the building of “Jami‘ al-Nisa”, or “Women’s Mosque”, between al-Aqṣá Mosque on the east side and the Islamic Museum on the west.18 The most valuable part of the library’s collection consists of approximately 2,000 manuscripts and 74 historical Arabic newspapers and magazines titles from the region.19

    The urgency of digitisation

    9The digitisation of the holdings of al-Aqṣá Mosque Library and al-Jazzār Mosque Library was urgently needed in order to document the collection and preserve its content. The manuscripts and the newspapers have been deteriorating rapidly due to the poor environmental conditions in libraries which lack proper humidity and temperature control. The lack of a preservation programme, and the shortage of staff trained in conservation and preservation methods were also a serious threats.20 This issue has now been addressed by the joint project of UNESCO and the Waqf, Jordan’s Islamic authority, initiated in 2014 to restore al-Aqṣá Library’s manuscripts, old maps, Ottoman population and trade registers and hand-written documents from the Mamluk period.21

    10The fragile condition of the documents has been aggravated by scholars and students handling the materials.22 Moreover, because of the unstable political situation in Jerusalem, the location of al-Aqṣá Library in the Old City presents not only a significant threat to the collection, but also makes access difficult. Palestinians from the West Bank or the Gaza Strip have to obtain permits from Israel to enter Jerusalem. Students and scholars are frequently unable to access the library because of the curfews imposed due to political unrest in the Old City.

    11Consequently, all three digitisation projects supported by the EAP had a dual aim: to help the preservation of the materials by creating digital surrogates, and to facilitate access to the materials and make them available to scholars and students in Palestine and worldwide. Each of the three projects created digital photographs in TIFF format. One set remains in al-Aqṣá Library and al-Jazzār Mosque Library, while another has been transferred to the British Library and made accessible via the Internet to scholars worldwide.23

    Digitising the collection of historical periodicals in al-Aqṣá Mosque Library

    12Al-Aqṣá Library contains more than seventy Arabic language newspaper and journal titles, published in Palestine and other Arab countries as well as a selection of periodicals published by the Arab communities in Europe and North and South America. Copies of the historical Palestinian periodicals and newspapers are extremely rare and for many of the titles, the library holds the only copy available in the region.24

    13The region’s first privately published journals appeared in Beirut in the third quarter of the nineteenth century. By 1880 new presses opened in Cairo, Alexandria and other Egyptian towns, reaching a total of 627 different newspapers with a circulation of perhaps 100,000 copies by 1908.25 In Palestine, printing was first undertaken by Christian religious institutions, starting with a Franciscan press established in Jerusalem in 1846. The Armenian and Greek churches followed suit, but in all these cases printing was limited to evangelising materials.26 The Arabic periodicals first appeared in Palestine only after the Young Turks rebellion in 1908, when political changes in the Ottoman Empire brought about the abolition of censorship.27 As many as fifteen periodicals appeared in 1908, another twenty were published before the outbreak of World War I, and nearly 180 more before the end of the British Mandate.28

    14Launching a newspaper was easier than sustaining its publication for long, and the majority of papers started in Palestine and elsewhere in the region turned out to be ephemeral.29 Moreover, the presence of Egyptian and Lebanese publications throughout the region resulted in a weakening of local presses, which found it hard to compete with the quality of the products flowing from Cairo and Beirut.30 In 1936 Zionists attempting to set up an Arabic newspaper to counter anti-Zionist propaganda, acknowledged that it was difficult to compete with the quality of imported Egyptian publications like al-Ahrām [The Pyramids] and al-Jihād [The Struggle].31

    15The Zionist settlement represented an additional incentive for the emergence of Arabic publications, many of them opposed to the new Jewish presence in Palestine.32 The three leading papers of the pre-war period voiced Palestinian Arab emotions and they all were published by the Palestinian Christians. Jurji Habib Hananya’s al-Quds [The Holy, epithet for Jerusalem] was first published in that city from 1908, was moderate.33 Najib Nassar’s al-Karmil [Carmel, after Mount Carmel] which appeared in Haifa in the same year, and the Jaffa paper Filasṭīn [Palestine], established by the cousins Yūsuf al-ʿĪsá and ʿĪsá al-ʿĪsá in 1911, were outspokenly anti-Zionist.34

    16With the outbreak of World War I publishing activities in Palestine were suppressed, but re-emerged in 1919 with the establishment of British control over Palestine, and two of the leading pre-war papers, al-Karmil and Filasṭīn, re-opened. Overall, the publication landscape in Palestine during the British Mandate (1917-1948) was more diverse than in the pre-war period. The press increasingly reflected rising national consciousness and different political factions.35 By the mid 1930s, according to one survey, over 250 papers in Arabic and 65 in other languages were in circulation throughout the country.36

    17Most of the newspapers appeared weekly and their print run increased gradually. Rather than the few hundred copies of the pre-war era, individual papers in Palestine of the 1920s typically circulated at 1,000-1,500 copies. Filasṭīn, the most popular publication, reportedly sold circa 3,000 copies per issue towards the end of the decade.37 In the 1920s, some twenty papers were established in Jerusalem, most importantly Mirʾat al-Sharq [Mirror of the East] which Būlus Shihādah, a Christian, founded in September 1919, and al-Jāmiʿ al-ʿArabīyah [Arab Union], the voice of the Supreme Muslim Council, which appeared in December 1927, and was edited by Munif al-Husayni. Around five or six papers were founded in Jaffa in the 1920s in addition to Filasṭīn, and approximately twelve in Haifa, with some in Gaza, Tulkarm and Bethlehem.38

    18Although the British adopted the Ottoman Press Law, which required licensing and submitting translations of press extracts to the government authorities, they rarely interfered until 1929.39 The Buraq Uprising of that year, which was followed by violent confrontations between Arabs and Zionists, brought a radicalisation of the Arabic language press. The most outspoken papers established in the 1930s in Jaffa, were al-Difāʿ [Defense], a voice of the Istiqlal Party, and al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmīyah [Islamic Union] (Fig. 12.1) which appeared from 1932 to 1937. Al-Liwāʾ [The Flag] (Fig. 12.2), representing the dominant Arab Party, was established in Jerusalem in 1933.40

    Image 100000000000012D000001A2073FCBF9.jpg

    Fig. 12.1 Front page of al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmīyah [Islamic Union] newspaper, 27 July 1937 (EAP119/1/12/480, image 1), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000F10000014CF729662C.jpg

    Fig. 12.2 Front page of al-Liwāʾ [The Flag] newspaper, 16 December 1935 (EAP119/1/17/2, image 1), CC BY.

    19The attitude of the British authorities to the vociferous Palestinian press was initially benign, as they assessed the public impact of newspapers to be minimal. Nevertheless, as the press’s radicalisation and impact grew, the British authorities responded with increasingly harsh measures. The new Publication Law, issued in January 1933, gave the authorities powers to deny or withdraw publication permits, suspend or close down papers, and punish journalists, was amended and new regulations were introduced which restricted the freedom of the press even further.41 Many major newspapers, Filasṭīn, al-Difāʿ, al-Liwāʾ and al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm among others, were suspended from circulation for extended periods of time in 1937 and 1938.42 With the outbreak of World War II and the introduction of new emergency laws, the British ordered the closure of almost all newspapers. Only Filasṭīn and al-Difāʿ were able to survive by adopting a moderate nationalist tone and publishing closely censored news.43

    20The periodical collection at al-Aqṣá Mosque Library consists of historical newspapers, journals and magazines in multiple formats. We selected 24 of these (thirteen magazines and eleven journals) for digitisation, on the grounds of their rarity and importance of the events they covered.44 In addition to Filasṭīn, we have digitised such papers as al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmīyah, published by Shaykh Sulayman al-Taji al-Faruqi in Jaffa.45 The newspaper was deemed to be in opposition to the Supreme Islamic Council led by Muhammad Amin al-Husayni. The first issue of the newspaper was published on 16 July 1932, and by the begining of its second year, the newspaper, which had started on 5 July 1933, had reached issue number 297. Al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmīyah continued to publish its eight-pages for a period of two years. At the end of the same year the newspaper closed with the issue 588, at the order of the British Mandate authorities. We have also digitised al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabīyah published in Jerusalem from 20 January 1927.46 The publisher and chief editor was Munif al-Husayni, who worked as a spokesman for the Supreme Islamic Council, which indicates that the Islamic Council was the funder for the newspaper. The slogan of the newspaper, which was written below the title, was a prophetic saying: “If the Arabs are humiliated, then Islam is humiliated (اذا تلذ برعلا لذ ملاسلاا)”. Amil al-Ghuri joined the editorial staff of the newspaper responsible for the foreign affairs section, and Muhammad Tahir al-Fityani for domestic news. The last issue of the newspaper appeared on 22 July 1934.

    21The collection of historical newspapers in al-Aqṣá is an important source of information about Palestine, its history, and its people in the first half of the twentieth century. The newspapers constitute important sources on the Arab nationalist movement, Palestinian reactions to Jewish immigration and the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. They cover many important historical events, such as the Balfour Declaration of 1917 (Fig. 12.3), the 1929 Buraq Uprising (Fig. 12.4), the al-Qassam unrest of 1931 (Fig. 12.5). They discuss Palestinians political parties (Fig. 12.6), the Palestinians armed forces, the 1936 strike, the 1936-1939 revolution (Fig. 12.7), British policy against Arab leaders, The British Mandate policy toward Palestinians journalism (Fig. 12.8) and the region’s social, economic and cultural development.

    Image 10000000000000F10000017E4C0E8FA9.jpg

    Fig. 12.3 Front page of Miraʾat al-Sharq [The Mirror of the East] newspaper, on the Balfour Declaration, 2 November 1917 (EAP119/1/24/1, image 1), CC BY.

    Image 100000000000012D0000019A38651DA6.jpg

    Fig. 12.4 Front page of al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabīyah [The Arab League] newspaper, on the Buraq uprising, 16 October 1929 (EAP119/1/13/260, image 1), CC BY.

    Image 100000000000011500000194C7C61585.jpg

    Fig. 12.5 Page three of al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabīyah [The Arab League] newspaper, on al-Qassam unrest, 22 November 1935 (EAP119/1/13/1504, image 3), CC BY.

    Image 100000000000011600000194865DBC16.jpg

    Fig. 12.6 Front page of al-Iqdām [The Courage] newspaper, on political parties, 30 March 1935 (EAP119/1/23/34, image 1), CC BY.

    Image 1000000000000129000001A450F20E34.jpg

    Fig. 12.7 Front page of al-Difāʿ [The Defence] newspaper, on the great strike of 1936, 17 June 1936 (EAP119/1/21/169, image 1), CC BY.

    Image 100000000000012C000001A6C14F16AE.jpg

    Fig. 12.8 Page three of al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabīyah [The Arab League] newspaper, on the Palestinian press under the Mandate, 3 April 1930 (EAP119/1/13/338, image 3), CC BY.

    Table 12.1 Selected titles and their publication dates

    NO

    Transliterated Title

    Title in Arabic

    Periodical Type

    Coverage

    1

    Majallat Rawḍat al-Maʿārif

    لجم ةضور فراعملا

    Magazine

    1922-1923; 1932; 1934

    2

    al-Kullīya al-ʿArabīyah

    ةيلكلا ةيبرعلا

    Magazine

    1927-1938

    3

    al-Ḥuqūq

    قوقحلا

    Magazine

    1923-1928

    4

    al-Muqtabas

    سبتقملا

    Magazine

    1907-1912

    5

    al-ʿArab

    برعلا

    Magazine

    1933-1934

    6

    al-Jinān

    نانجلا

    Magazine

    1874

    7

    al-Maḥabbah

    ةبحملا

    Magazine

    1901

    8

    al-Ḥasnāʾ

    ءانسحلا

    Magazine

    1909-1912

    9

    al-Zahrah

    ةرهزلا

    Magazine

    1922-1926

    10

    Rawḍat al-Maʿārif

    ةضور فراعملا

    Magazine

    1326-1327 AH

    11

    al-Fajr

    رجفلا

    Magazine

    1935

    12

    al-Jāmiʿah al-Islāmīyah

    ةعماجلا ةيملاسلاا

    Newspaper

    1932-1938

    13

    al-Jāmiʿah al-ʿArabīyah

    ةعماجلا ةيبرعلا

    Newspaper

    1932-1938

    14

    al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm

    طارصلا ميقتسملا

    Newspaper

    1928-1936

    15

    Ṣawt al-shaʿb

    توص بعشلا

    Newspaper

    1928-1930; 1934

    16

    al-Awqāt al-ʿArabīyah

    تاقولاا ةيبرعلا

    Newspaper

    1935

    17

    al-Liwāʾ

    ءاوللا

    Newspaper

    1935-1937

    18

    Taṣwīr Afkār

    ريوصت راكفا

    Newspaper

    1909

    19

    al-Muqtabas

    سبتقملا

    Newspaper

    1908-1912; 1915-1916

    20

    al-Qabas

    سبقلا

    Newspaper

    1913-1914

    21

    al-Difāʿ

    عافدلا

    Newspaper

    1934-1951

    22

    Filasṭīn

    نيطسلف

    Newspaper

    1923-1937; 1947-1951

    23

    al-Iqdām

    مادقلاا

    Newspaper

    1935-1936

    24

    Mirʾat al-Sharq

    ةأرم قرشلا

    Newspaper

    1922-1936

    Image 1000000000000149000001A5698C78A9.jpg

    Fig. 12.9 Damaged page of Filasṭīn [Palestine] newspaper, 30 December 1947 (EAP119/1/22/1802, image 1), CC BY.

    22Digitisation of newspapers is especially challenging because of the large format, complex page layout, and poor quality of print (Fig. 12.9). This often causes the libraries to outsource the scanning process.47

    23The historical nature of the collection and the location of al-Aqṣá Mosque Library meant outsourcing was not an option and the digitisation had to be performed in-house. It is worth noting that due to this location the project had to overcome problems with environmental conditions as well as restrictions from the police at the al-Aqṣá gates. For the scanning process we have followed the guidelines of the National Digital Newspaper Program.48

    Digitisation of manuscripts

    24In 2010, with the support of the EAP, we initiated the project to digitise the historical manuscript collection in the holdings of al-Jazzār Mosque Library (al-Aḥmadīyah), in Acre. The materials selected for digitisation included a collection of 53 Arabic language manuscripts dating from the fourteenth to the twentieth century. The manuscripts cover aspects of the Islamic religion, but also Arabic literature, the Arabic language, logic, mathematics and Sufism (Figs. 12.10-14). They provide a unique insight into centuries of Arabic culture in Palestine. A catalogue of the manuscripts, published in 1983, documents circa ninety manuscripts in the library.49 The manuscripts are tightly bound and have been damaged through constant use. Due to preservation challenges — and because of their uniqueness and high value — digitisation had to be conducted on the premises of al-Jazzār Mosque Library. The project resulted in the creation of high-quality digital archival copies of 53 rare manuscripts, consisting of 17,965 pages.

    Image 1000000000000094000000EF0318EE99.jpg

    Fig. 12.10 Damaged paper of Bāb sharḥ al-shamsīyah, work on logic, 1389 CE (EAP399/1/23, image 4), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000A2000000E79FCD0202.jpg

    Fig. 12.11 Ashraf al-Wasāʾil, biography of the Prophet, 1566 CE (EAP39

    Image 10000000000000AC000000FC9698A70D.jpg

    Fig. 12.12 Khāliṣ al-talkhīṣ, on the Arabic language, seventeenth century CE (EAP399/1/42, image 5), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000AF000000F1D76E1A1F.jpg

    Fig. 12.13 al-Wasīlah fī al-Ḥisāb, on mathematics, 1412 CE (EAP399/1/14, image 18), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000A7000000F28C212D7D.jpg

    Fig. 12.14 Taṣrīf al-Šāfiyah, on the Arabic language, 1345 CE (EAP399/1/34, image 85), CC BY.

    Table 12.2 List of selected titles (EAP399)

    NO

    Transliterated
    Title

    Title in Arabic

    Dates of original material

    Scope and
    Content

    Physical condition

    1

    Sharḥ al-Muḥallī Matn Jamʿ al-Jawāmiʿ

    نتم ىلع يلحملا حرش عماوجلا عمج

    1369

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    2

    Muʿrib fī al-Naḥw

    وحنلا يف برعم

    1706

    Grammar

    Bad

    3

    al-Jazāʾīyāt

    تايئازجلا

    1429

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    4

    Mughannīy al-Labīb ʿan Kutub al-Aʿārīb

    بتك نع بيبللا ينغم بيراعلاا

    1359

    Grammar

    Fair

    5

    Sharḥ al-Quṭr li-Ibn Hishām

    ماشه نبلا رطقلا حرش

    1359

    Grammar

    Acceptable

    6

    Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalá al-Samarqandī

    ىلع يروجابلا ةيشاح يدنقرمسلا

    1836

    Grammar

    Good

    7

    al-Taṣrīḥ fī Sharḥ al-Tawḍīḥ

    حرش يف حيرصتلا يناث ءزج– حيضوتلا

    1419

    Grammar

    Good

    8

    Sharḥ ʿAwāmil al-Jirjānī

    حرش لماوع يناجرجلا

    1081

    Grammar

    Good

    9

    Sharḥ al-Alfīyah li-Ibn Mālik lil-ʿUlāmah Ibn ʿAqīl

    حرش ةيفللاا نبلا كلام ةملاعلل نب ليقع

    1367

    Grammar

    Acceptable

    10

    Kitāb al-Taḥrīr

    باتك ريرحتلا

    unknown

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    11

    Ḥāshiyat al-Bājūrī ʿalá Mawlid al-ʿUlāmah Ibn Ḥajar

    ىلع يروجابلا ةيشاح رجح نب ةملاعلا دلوم

    1860

    Grammar

    Good

    12

    Ashraf al-Wasāʾil ilá Fahm al-Shamāʾil

    مهف ىلا لئاسولا فرشا لئامش

    1566

    Prophet’s biography

    Fair

    13

    Naẓm al-Khalāfīyāt

    تايفلاخلا مظن

    1142

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    14

    al-Wasīlah fī al-Ḥisāb

    باسحلا يف ةليسولا

    1412

    Mathematics

    Bad

    15

    Anwār al-ʿĀšiqīn

    نيقشاعلا راونا

    1451

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Good

    16

    Ḥāshiyat al-Malawī wa-al-Bājūrī ʿalá al-Samarqandīyah

    يولملا ةيشاح
    ىلع يروجابلاو
    ةيدنقرمسلا

    1768

    Arabic

    language

    Fair

    17

    Sharḥ al-Waraqāt: Fuṣūl min Uṣūl al-Fiqh

    لوصف– تاقرولا حرش هقفلا لوصا نم

    1085

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    18

    Ḥāshiyat al-Ṣabbān ʿalá al-Sharḥ al-Ashmūnī

    ىلع نابصلا ةيشاح ءزج-ينومشلاا حرش يناث

    1791

    Arabic language

    Fair

    19

    Tuḥfat al-Murīd ʿalá Jawharat al-Tawḥīd

    ةفحت ديرملا ىلع ةرهوج ديحوتلا

    1860

    Arabic language

    Acceptable

    20

    al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaghīr

    عماجلا ريغصلا

    n.d.

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    21

    Qurʾān Karīm: Muṣḥaf Sharīf ʿUthmānī

    فحصم -ميرك نارق ينامثع فيرش

    1245

    Holy Quran

    Fair

    22

    al-Futūḥāt al-Makkīyah

    تاحوتفلا ةيكملا – ءزج يناث

    1240

    Sufism

    Fair

    23

    Bāb sharḥ al-shamsīyah

    باب حرش ةيسمشلا

    1389

    Mantiq (Logic)

    Bad

    24

    al-Fawāʾid al-Musʿidīyah fī Ḥall al-Muqaddimah al-Jazarīyah

    دئاوفلا ةيدعسملا يف لح ةمدقملا ةيرزجلا

    n.d.

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Acceptable

    25

    al-Durrah al-Sanīyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Alfīyah

    ىلع حرش ةردلا ةينسلا

    n.d.

    Arabic language

    Fair

    26

    Ḥāshiyat al-Amīr ʿalá al-Shudhūr

    ةيشاح ريملاا ىلع روذشلا

    1761

    Arabic language

    Fair

    27

    al-Jāmiʿ al-Kabīr

    عماجلا ريبكلا 2ج

    n.d.

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    28

    Fatḥ al-Bārī bi-Sharḥ al-Bukhārī

    حتف يرابلا حرشب-يراخبلا ءزجلا يناثلا

    n.d

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Fair

    29

    Ḥāshiyat al-Amīr ʿalá Matn al-Shudhūr

    ةيشاح ريملاا ىلع نتم روذشلا

    1359

    Arabic language

    Good

    30

    Ḥāshiyat ʿalá Sharḥ al-Alfīyah

    ةيشاح ىلع حرش ةيفللاا

    17th century

    Arabic language

    Acceptable

    31

    Kitāb Adhkār

    راكذا باتك

    1278

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Bad

    32

    Ḥāshiyat Fatḥ al-Mujīb wa-al-Qawl al-Mukhtār

    بيجملا حتف ةيشاح راتخملا لوقلاو

    n.d.

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    33

    al-Fawāʾid al-Shanshūrīyah fī Sharḥ al-Manẓūmah al-Raḥbīyah

    يف ةيروشنشلا دئاوفلا ةيبحرلا ةموظنملا حرش

    1591

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    34

    Taṣrīf al-Šāfiyah

    ةيفاشلا فيرصت

    1345

    Arabic language

    Good

    35

    Ḥāshiyat Muḥammad al-Amīr ʿalá al-Samarqandīyah

    ريملاا دمحم ةيشاح ةيدنقرمسلا ىلع

    n.d.

    Arabic language

    Good

    36

    Risālah fī al-Mughārasah

    ةسراغملا يف ةلاسر

    n.d.

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    37

    Ḥāshiyat al-Baqrī ʿalá al-Sabṭ

    ةيشاح يرقبلا ىلع طبسلا

    1733

    Arabic literature

    Acceptable

    38

    Matn al-Manāsik fī al-Ḥajj al-Nawawī

    نتم كسانملا يف جحلا – كسانم يوونلا

    1278

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    39

    Ḥāshiyat al-Baqrī ʿalá al-Sabṭ al-Mārdīnī: Sharḥ al-Manẓūmah al-Raḥbīyah

    ةيشاح يرقبلا ىلع طبس ينيدراملا حرش-ةموظنملا ةيبحرلا

    n.d.

    Arabic literature

    Fair

    40

    Ḥāshiyat al-Zayyāt ʿalá al-Shanshūrīyah

    ةيشاح تايزلا ىلع يروشنشلا

    n.d.

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    41

    Ḥāshiyat al-Sharqāwī ʿalá al-Hudhudī am al-Barahīn

    ةيشاح يواقرشلا ىلع يدهدهلا ما نيهاربلا

    1194

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    42

    Khāliṣ al-Talkhīš

    صلاخ صيخلتلا

    17th century

    Arabic language

    Good

    43

    Thamarat al-Ifhām: Manẓūmat Kifāyat al-Ghulām

    تارمث ماهفلاا - ةموظنم ةيافك ملاغلا

    n.d.

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    44

    Fatḥ al-Mubīn: Sharḥ Manẓūmat Ibn al-ʿImād fī al-Najāsāt

    حتف نيبملا – حرش ةموظنم نب دامعلا يف تاساجنلا

    1623

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    45

    Tanbīh al-Anām: Shifāʾ al-Asqām wa-Maḥw al-Āthām

    هيبنت مانلاا – افش ماقسلاا وحمو ماثلاا

    1553

    Prophet’s biography

    Good

    46

    Iʿrāb al-Qurʾān al-Karīm

    - ميركلا نارقلا بارعا يناث ءزج

    949

    Arabic language

    Acceptable

    47

    Ḥāshiyat al-Ṣabbān ʿalá Sharḥ al-Ashmūnī ʿalá al-Alfīyah l-Ibn Mālik

    ىلع نابصلا ةيشاح ىلع ينومشلاا حرش ءزج– كلام نبلا ةيفللاا 1

    1791

    Arabic literature

    Acceptable

    48

    al-Mulakhkhaṣ min al-Wāfī bi-Kanz al-Daqāʾiq

    صخلملا نم يفاولا زنكب قياقدلا

    818

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    49

    Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Wiqāyah

    ةياقولا رصتخم حرش

    949

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    50

    Kitāb al-Itqān fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān

    باتك ناقتلاا يف مولع نارقلا

    1505

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Acceptable

    51

    Qiṣṣat al-Miʿrāj

    جارعملا ةصق

    1576

    Prophet’s biography

    Acceptable

    52

    Jamʿ al-Jawāmiʿ

    عماوجلا عمج

    1370

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Bad

    53

    al-Tuḥaf al-Kayrīyah ʿalá al-Fawāʾid al-Shanshūrīyah

    ىلع ةيريخلا فحتلا ةيروشنشلا دياوفلا

    1236

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    25In 2012 the 2012 EAP project digitised a collection of 119 manuscripts in al-Aqṣá Mosque Library, dating from the twelfth to the nineteenth century. The selection includes manuscripts from the collections of well-known Palestinian scholars, such as Fayd Allah al-‘ Alami, the Shaykh Khalil al-Khalidi and from the private collection of Shaykh Muhammad al-Khalili. The digitisation of manuscripts was carried out using the ATIZ BOOK Drive system, with two digital cameras to capture images of manuscripts. The initial output of the ATIZ BookDrive system is in RAW format, which required conversion to TIFF format for archiving purposes.50 The digitisation guidelines for the project assumed a use-neutral approach and are based on digital library standards, best practices, and general principles for building digital collections. The goal of the project was to build a repository of digital master files in TIFF format for archiving purposes and to provide derivative files in PDF format for current use. Digital, high-resolution (minimum 300 dpi) master files were created as a direct result of the scanning process. A consistent file naming convention was established in order to manage the project effectively.51 Derivative files in PDF format were created for access and are available for browsing and reading.

    26The project resulted in the creation of high-quality digital archival copies of 119 rare manuscripts ranging in date from the thirteenth to the twentieth century consisting of 33,000 pages (Figs. 12.15-18).

    Image 10000000000000A5000000F0C35B7438.jpg

    Fig. 12.15 al-Rawḍah, on jurisprudence and matters of doctrine, 1329 CE (EAP521/1/90, image 4), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000AD000000FB67E69703.jpg

    Fig. 12.16 Maʿālim al-Tanzīl, exegesis, 1437 CE (EAP521/1/6, image 3), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000A5000000F92C2E78FD.jpg

    Fig. 12.17 Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿīyah, on history, 1542 CE (EAP521/1/26, image 33), CC BY.

    Image 10000000000000A5000000FBCC7C4374.jpg

    Fig. 12.18 al-Nawādir al-Sulṭānīyah, on the history and biography of Salaḥ al-Dīn al-Ayyūbī, 1228 CE (EAP521/1/24, image 29), CC BY.

    27The physical condition of the manuscripts varies from volume to volume, but a significant number of selected titles are in poor condition.

    28Both projects faced a number of challenges due to external factors, such as political upheavals, as well as those related to digitisation. Among the latter were issues such as quality of the original paper, irregular fonts, text density, torn or smudged pages, and a variation in layout. Although they posed many challenges to the digitisation process, we have been successful in overcoming them. We are proud that this important heritage has been preserved and made accessible to scholars.

    Table 12.3 Description of the physical conditions of the manuscripts in EAP521

    NO

    Transliterated Title

    Title in Arabic

    Dates of original material

    Subject

    Physical condition

    1

    Badāʾiʿ al-Burhān

    عئادب ناهربلا

    18th century

    Qirāʾah (Reciting the Quran)

    Good

    2

    Tartīb Zībā

    ابيز بيترت

    1713

    Quranic Sciences

    Acceptable

    3

    Jāmiʿ al-Kalām fī Rasm Muṣḥaf al-Imām

    عماج ملاكلا يف مسر فحصم ماملاا

    1650

    Quranic Sciences

    Bad

    4

    Aqd al-Durrah al-Muḍīʾah

    دقع ةردلا ةئيضملا

    1682

    Quranic Sciences

    Good

    5

    al-Asrār al-Marfūʿah fī al-Aḥādīth

    يف ةعوفرملا رارسلاا ثيداحلاا

    1665

    Hadith (Prophetic tradititions)

    Good

    6

    Maʿālim al-Tanzīl

    ملاعم ليزنتلا

    1437

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Good

    7

    Silsilat al-Khājkān

    ةلسلس ناكجاخلا

    1769

    Sufism

    Acceptable

    8

    al-Tuḥfah al-Marḍīyah bi-al-Arāḍī al-Miṣrīyah

    ةفحتلا ةيضرملا يضارلااب ةيرصملا

    18th century

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    9

    Ghayth al-Mawāhib

    ثيغ بهاوملا

    1617

    Sufism

    Acceptable

    10

    Jāmiʿ al-Fuṣūlīn fī al-Furūʿ

    عماج نيلوصفلا يف عورفلا

    1456

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    11

    Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Muntahá

    ىهتنملا رصتخم حرش

    16th century

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    12

    Īdāḥ Kashf al-Dasāʾis

    حاضيا فشك سئاسدلا

    1466

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    13

    Kashf al-Dasāʾis fī Tarmīm al-Kanāʾis

    فشك سئاسدلا يف ميمرت سئانكلا

    1466

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    14

    Raḥmat al-Ummah fī Ikhtilāf al-Aʾimmah

    ةمحر ةملاا يف فلاتخا ةمئلاا

    1697

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    15

    Ghunyat al-Mutamallī

    ةينغ يلمتملاا

    18th century

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Acceptable

    16

    al-Shifāʾ

    افشلا

    1788

    Prophet’s Biography

    Good

    17

    Sharḥ Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm

    مولعلا حاتفم حرش

    1454

    Arabic Language

    Acceptable

    18

    Ḍawʾ al-Misbāḥ

    حابصملا ىلع ءوضلا

    17th century

    Arabic Language

    Fair

    19

    Ḥāshiyat al-Qalyūbī

    ةيشاح يبويلقلا

    1712

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    20

    Adab al-Kitāb

    بتاكلا بدا

    1693

    Arabic Literature

    Acceptable

    21

    al-Iftitāḥ fī Sharḥ al-Miṣbāḥ

    حرش يف حاتتفلاا حابصملا

    1443

    Arabic Language

    Bad

    22

    al-Shaqāʾiq al-Nuʿmānīyah

    قئاقشلا ةينامعنلا

    17th century

    History & Biography

    Acceptable

    23

    Nashq al-Azhār

    راهزلاا قشن

    17th century

    History & Biography

    Fair

    24

    al-Nawādir al-Sulṭānīyah

    رداونلا ةيناطلسلا

    1228

    History & Biography

    Acceptable

    25

    al-Muṭṭalaʿ

    علطملا

    1874

    Mantiq (Logic)

    Fair

    26

    Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿīyah

    تاقبط ةيعفاشلا

    1542

    History & Biography

    good

    27

    ʿInāyat Ūlī al-Majd

    ةيانع يلوا دجملا

    1902

    History & Biography

    good

    28

    Taḥbīr al-Taysīr

    ريسيتلا ريبحت

    16th century

    Quranic Sciences

    Fair

    29

    Ddah Jonki

    يكنوج هدد

    1769

    Arabic Language

    Good

    30

    Jamīlat Arbāb al-Marāṣid

    ةليمج بابرا دصارملا

    1566

    Quranic Sciences

    Fair

    31

    Sharḥ al-Maṣābīḥ

    حرش حيباصملا

    1350

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    32

    al-Adab al-Mufrad

    بدلاا درفملا

    19th century

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Good

    33

    Tafrīd al-Iʿtimād fī Sharḥ al-Tajrīd

    يف دامتعلاا ديرفت ديرجتلا حرش

    15th century

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Good

    34

    Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid al-ʿAḍdīyah

    ةيدضعلا دئاقعلا حرش

    15th century

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Acceptable

    35

    Sharḥ Qawāʿid al-ʿAqāʾid

    دئاقعلا دعاوق حرش

    1608

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Bad condition

    36

    al-Musāmarah fī Sharḥ al-Musāyarah

    حرش يف ةرماسملا ةرياسملا

    1501

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Good

    37

    Taḥqīq al-Zawrāʾ

    ءاروزلا قيقحت

    1716

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Acceptable

    38

    al-Madad al-Fāʾid wa-al-Kashf al-ʿĀriḍ

    فشكلاو ضئافلا ددملا ضراعلا

    1704

    Sufism

    Good

    39

    Qūt al-Qulūb

    بولقلا توق

    1655

    Sufism

    Good

    40

    Ḥāshiyah ʿalá al-Talwīḥ

    حيولتلا ىلع ةيشاح

    1672

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    41

    al-Nubdhah al-Alfīyah fī al-Uṣūl

    يف ةيفللاا ةذبنلا 1ج لوصلاا

    1463

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Good

    42

    al-Nubdhah al-Alfīyah

    2ج ةيفللاا ةذبنلا

    1463

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Good

    43

    Sirāj al-Uqūl fī

    Minhāj al-Uṣūl

    يف لوقعلا جارس لوصلاا جاهنم

    1397

    Tawhid (On

    Monotheism)

    Fair

    44

    Mukhtaṣar

    Ghunyat

    al-Mutamallī

    يلمتملا ةينغ رصتخم

    1705

    Jurisprudence

    (Fiqh)

    Fair

    45

    Khulāṣat

    al-Mukhtaṣar

    رصتخملا ةصلاخ

    14th

    century

    Jurisprudence

    (Fiqh)

    Good

    46

    al-Sharḥ al-Kabīr

    ʿalá al-Jāmiʿ

    al-Ṣaghīr

    ىلع ريبكلا حرشلا

    ريغصلا عماجلا

    1746

    Jurisprudence

    (Fiqh)

    Fair

    47

    al-Mubtaghá fī

    Furūʿ al-Fiqh

    عورف يف ىغتبملا

    هقفلا

    1464

    Jurisprudence

    (Fiqh)

    Fair

    48

    al-Furūq fī al-Furūʿ

    عورفلا يف قورفلا

    1447

    Jurisprudence

    (Fiqh)

    Acceptable

    49

    Fatāwá al-Sabkī

    يكبسلا ىواتف

    1347

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    50

    Irshād al-Ghāwī ilá

    Masālik al-Ḥāwī

    ىلا يواغلا داشرا يواحلا كلاسم

    1758

    Jurisprudence

    (Fiqh)

    Good

    51

    Taʾsīs ʿalá al-Bināʾ

    سيسأت ىلع ءانبلا

    18th century

    Arabic Language

    Good

    52

    Sharḥ al-Tuḥfah al-Ḥamawīyah

    حرش ةفحتلا ةيومحلا

    1640

    Arabic Language

    Acceptable

    53

    Taj al-lugha wa sihah al-Arabi’a

    حاحصو ةغللا جات ةيبرعلا

    1407

    Arabic language

    Good

    54

    Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Ibn al-Khaṭṭāb

    نبا رصتخم حرش باطحلا

    18th century

    Falak (Astronomy)

    Good

    55

    ʿUjālat al-Bayān fī Sharḥ al-Mīzān

    ةلاجع نايبلا يف حرش نازيملا

    1653

    Arabic Language

    Acceptable

    56

    al-Ṣāfiyah fī Sharḥ al-Shāfiyah

    حرش يف ةيفاصلا

    18th century

    Arabic Language

    Good

    57

    Sharḥ al-Shāfiyah

    ةيفاشلا حرش

    1580

    Arabic Language

    Acceptable

    58

    Risālah fī al-Khayl

    ليخلا يف ةلاسر

    1902

    Arabic Literature

    Good

    59

    Ḥāshiyat Mīrzā Khān

    ناخ ازريم ةيشاح

    1715

    Mantiq (Logic)

    Fair

    60

    Miftāḥ al-ʿUlūm

    حاتفم مولعلا

    1347

    Arabic Language

    Fair

    61

    al-Dībāj al-Mudhahhab

    جابيدلا بهذملا

    16th century

    History

    Acceptable

    62

    al-Ghunyah li-Ṭālibī Ṭarīq al-Ḥaqq

    ةينغلا يبلاطل قيرط قحلا

    1500

    Sufism

    Good

    63

    Ḍiyāʾ al-Anwār

    راونلاا ءايض

    1888

    History & Biography

    Good

    64

    al-ʿUshāriyāt

    تايراشعلا

    1461

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Fair

    65

    Tārīkh Nāẓir

    خيرات رظان

    1738

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Good

    66

    Risālah fī Khalq al-Qurʾān

    ةلاسر يف قلخ نارقلا

    1617

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Fair

    67

    Sharḥ Qaṣīdat Badʾ al-Amalī

    ءدب ةديصق حرش يلاملاا

    19th century

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Good

    68

    Maljāʾ al-Quḍḍāh

    ةاضقلا أجلم

    1864

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    69

    al-Mawlid al-Sharīf

    فيرشلا دلوملا

    1847

    History & Biography

    Good

    70

    al-Fawāʾid al-Jalīlah

    ةليلجلا دئاوفلا

    1731

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    71

    Mafātīḥ al-Ghayb

    حيتافم بيغل

    16th century

    Sufism

    Good

    72

    al-Fukūk

    كوكفلا

    16th

    century

    Sufism

    Good

    73

    Ijāzāt li-ʿUlāmāʾ min ʿĀʾilat al-ʿIlmī

    تازاجا ءاملعل نم ةلئاع يملعلا

    1600

    Ijāzāt (certificates of learning)

    Fair

    74

    al-Arīb fī Maʿná al-Gharīb

    بيرلاا يف ىنعم بيرغلا

    1174

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Fair

    75

    Fatḥ al-Raḥmān bi-Kashf mā Yaltabisu fī al-Qurʾān

    حتف نمحرلا فشكب ام سبتلي يف نارقلا

    1612

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Acceptable

    76

    al-Intiṣār li-Samāʿ al-Ḥajjār

    راصتنلاا عامسل راجحلا

    14th century

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Fair

    77

    al-Thulāthīyāt al-Wāqiʿah fī Musnad Ibn Ḥanbal

    تايثلاثلا ةعقاولا يف دنسم نبا لبنح

    1728

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Good

    78

    Fatḥ al-ʿAllām bi-Sharḥ al-Iʿlām

    حتف ملاعلا حرشب ملاعلاا

    1893

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Fair

    79

    al-Tanqīḥ li-Alfāẓ al-Jāmiʿ al-Ṣaḥīḥ

    حيقنتلا ظافللا عماجلا حيحصلا

    1411

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Fair

    80

    al-Majālis al-Yamānīyah

    سلاجملا ةيناميلا

    1350

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Fair

    81

    al-Musnad al-Ṣaḥīḥ

    دنسملا حيحصلا

    1239

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Fair

    82

    Lisān al-Ḥukkām fī Maʿrifat al-Aḥkām

    يف ماكحلا ناسل ماكحلاا ةفرعم

    1681

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Acceptable

    83

    al-Yawāqīt wa-al-Jawāhir

    رهاوجلاو تيقاويلا

    1548

    Tawhid (On Monotheism)

    Fair

    84

    al-Muwaṭṭaʾ

    أطوملا

    1721

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    85

    Ḥādī al-Asrār ilá Dār al-Qarār

    يداح رارسلاا ىلا راد رارقلا

    1465

    Sufism

    Acceptable

    86

    Dhakhāʾir al-Aʿlāq

    رئاخذ قلاعلاا

    1644

    Sufism

    Acceptable

    87

    Qamʿ al-Nufūs wa-al-Raqiyat al-Maʾyūs

    عمق سوفنلا ةيقرو سويأملا

    1465

    Sufism

    Fair

    88

    Ikhtilāf al-Aʾimmah

    ةمئلاا فلاتخا

    1650

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    89

    al-Tamhīd fī Tanzīl al-Furūʿ

    ديهمتلا يف ليزنت عورفلا

    1450

    Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine (Fiqh & Tawḥīd)

    Fair

    90

    al-Rawḍah

    ةضورلا

    1329

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Acceptable

    91

    Sharḥ al-Mughnī

    حرش ينغملا

    1437

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Bad

    92

    Fatāwá al-Khalīlī

    ىواتف يليلخلا

    1740

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Acceptable

    93

    Fatāwá al-Shaykh al-Khalīlī

    ىواتف خيشلا يليلخلا

    1740

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Acceptable

    94

    Fatāwá al-Khalīlī (part two)

    ىواتف يليلخلا

    1740

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Fair

    95

    Maṭāliʿ al-Madhāhib wa-Jawāmiʿ al-Mawāhib

    علاطم بهاذملا عماوجو بهاوملا

    1346

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Acceptable

    96

    Muʿīn al-Muftī

    نيعم يتفملا

    1678

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Acceptable

    97

    Nukat al-Nabīh ʿalá Aḥkām al-Tanbīh

    تكن هيبنلا ىلع ماكحا هيبنتلا

    1388

    Fiqh & Tawḥīd (Jurisprudence & Matters of Doctrine)

    Acceptable

    98

    Sharḥ Maqāmāt al-Ḥarīrī

    حرش تاماقم يريرحلا

    1558

    Arabic literature

    Fair

    99

    Asmāʾ Ruwāt al-Kutub al-Sittah

    ءامسا ةاور بتكلا ةتسلا

    1738

    History & Biography

    Acceptable

    100

    Nuzūl al-Ghayth

    لوزن ثيغلا

    1607

    Arabic literature

    Good

    101

    Ḥāshiyah ʿalá al-Mawāhib al-Ladunīyah

    ةيشاح ىلع بهاوملا ةيندللا

    18th century

    History & Biography

    Good

    102

    Qiṣṣat Ibn Sīnā

    ةصق نبا انيس

    1870

    History & Biography

    Good

    103

    al-Kawākib al-Durrīyah fī Tarājim al-Ṣūfīyah

    يف ةيردلا بكاوكلا ةيفوصلا مجارت

    18th century

    History & Biography

    Bad

    104

    Murshid al-Zuwwār ilá Qubūr al-Abrār

    ىلا راوزلا دشرم راربلاا روبق

    1605

    History & Biography

    Fair

    105

    Manāqib al-Imām ʿAlī wa-Baqīyat al-ʿAsharah

    يلع ماملاا بقانم ةرشعلا ةيقبو

    1578

    History & Biography

    Acceptable

    106

    Nahj al-Taqdīs ʿan Maʿānī Ibn Idrīs

    نع سيدقتلا جهن سيردا نبا يناعم

    1552

    History & Biography

    Fair

    107

    al-Asbāb wa-al-ʿAlāmāt

    تاملاعلاو بابسلاا

    17th century

    Medicine

    Acceptable

    108

    Kitāb al-Aghdhiyah wa-al-Ashribah

    ةيذغلاا باتك ةبرشلااو

    1346

    Medicine

    Acceptable

    109

    al-Wajīz lil-Ghazālī

    يلازغلل زيجولا او

    15th century

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    110

    al-Ṣafwah al-Ṭibbīyah wa-al- Siyāsah al-Ṣiḥḥīyah

    ةيبطلا ةوفصلا ةيحصلا ةسايسلاو

    1679

    Medicine

    Fair

    111

    Fī ʿIlāj al-Amrāḍ

    ضارملاا جلاع يف

    17th century

    Medicine

    Acceptable

    112

    al-Wajīz lil-Ghazālī (part two)

    2ج يلازغلل زيجولا

    15th century

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Fair

    113

    Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb fī ʿIlm al-Ḥisāb

    ملع يف بابحلاا ةفحت باسحلا

    1686

    Arithmetic

    Fair

    114

    al-Tadhhīb fī Sharḥ al-Tahdhīb

    حرش يف بيهذتلا بيذهتلا

    17th century

    Mantiq (Logic)

    Fair

    115

    Sharḥ ʿalá Matn al-Silm

    ملسلا نتم ىلع حرش

    1866

    Mantiq (Logic)

    Good

    116

    al-Ilbās fī Funūn al-Libās

    نونف يف سابللاا سابللا

    16th century

    Clothes

    Good

    117

    Aḥkām al-Awānī

    يناولاا ماكحا

    18th century

    Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

    Good

    118

    al-Jāmiʿ fī ʿUlūm al-Qurʾān

    مولع يف عماجلا نارقلا

    15th century

    Tafsir (Quranic exegesis)

    Acceptable

    119

    Mabāriq al-Azhār

    راهزلاا قرابم

    1718

    Hadith (Prophetic traditions)

    Acceptable

    Bibliographie

    Des DOI sont automatiquement ajoutés aux références bibliographiques par Bilbo, l’outil d’annotation bibliographique d’OpenEdition. Ces références bibliographiques peuvent être téléchargées dans les formats APA, Chicago et MLA.

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    Abu-Ghazaleh, A. (1972). Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine during the British Mandate. Journal of Palestine Studies, 1(3), 37-63. https://doi.org/10.2307/2535866
    Ali Bey. (1816). Travels of Ali Bey [pseud.] in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. Between the years 1803 and 1807. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.104744
    Ayalon, A. (1995). The Press in the Arab Middle East. Oxford University Press (OUP). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195087802.001.0001
    Khalidi, R. (1997). Palestinian Identity. Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/khal92238
    Lefebvre-Danset, F. (2009). Libraries in Palestine. IFLA Journal, 35(4), 322-334. https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035209355084
    Walravens, H. (Ed.). (2011). Newspapers. DE GRUYTER SAUR. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110255317
    Abu-Ghazaleh, Adnan. “Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine During the British Mandate”. Journal of Palestine Studies 1, nos. 3 (April 1972): 37-63. doi:10.2307/2535866.
    Ali Bey. “Travels of Ali Bey [pseud.] in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. Between the Years 1803 and 1807”. Smithsonian Institution, 1816. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.104744.
    Ayalon, Ami. “The Press in the Arab Middle East”. Oxford University Press (OUP), May 4, 1995. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195087802.001.0001.
    Khalidi, Rashid. Palestinian Identity. []. Columbia University Press, 1997. doi:10.7312/khal92238.
    Lefebvre-Danset, Françoise. “Libraries in Palestine”. IFLA Journal 35, nos. 4 (December 2009): 322-34. doi:10.1177/0340035209355084.
    Walravens, Hartmut, ed. Newspapers. []. DE GRUYTER SAUR, 2011. doi:10.1515/9783110255317.
    Abu-Ghazaleh, Adnan. “Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine During the British Mandate”. Journal of Palestine Studies, vol. 1, nos. 3, Apr. 1972, pp. 37-63. CrossRef, https://doi.org/10.2307/2535866.
    Ali Bey. Travels of Ali Bey [pseud.] in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey. Between the Years 1803 and 1807. Smithsonian Institution, 1816. CrossRef, https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.104744.
    Ayalon, Ami. The Press in the Arab Middle East. Oxford University Press (OUP), 4 May 1995. CrossRef, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195087802.001.0001.
    Khalidi, Rashid. Palestinian Identity. [], Columbia University Press, 1997. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.7312/khal92238.
    Lefebvre-Danset, Françoise. “Libraries in Palestine”. IFLA Journal, vols. 35, nos. 4, Dec. 2009, pp. 322-34. CrossRef, https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035209355084.
    Walravens, Hartmut, editor. Newspapers. [], DE GRUYTER SAUR, 2011. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110255317.

    Cette bibliographie a été enrichie de toutes les références bibliographiques automatiquement générées par Bilbo en utilisant Crossref.

    References

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    Goldenberg, Tia, and Areej Hazboun, “Old Manuscripts Get Face-Lift at Jerusalem Mosque”, The Big Story, 31 January 2014, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/old-manuscripts-get-face-lift-jerusalem-mosque

    Gish, Amit, “Ownerless Objects? The Story of the Books Palestinians Left Behind in 1948”, Palestine Studies, 33 (2008), 7-20, http://www.palestine-studies.org/ar/jq/fulltext/77868
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    Halaby, Mona Hajjar, “Out of the Public Eye: Adel Jabre’s Long Journey from Ottomanism to Binationalism”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 52 (2013), 6-24.

    Hanania, Mary, “Jurji Habib Hanania History of the Earliest Press in Palestine, 1908-1914”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 32 (2007), 51-69.

    Hogg, Edward, Visit to Alexandria, Damascus, and Jerusalem, During the Successful Campaign of Ibrahim Pasha, 2 vols (London: Saunders and Otley, 1835).

    Ibn Dohaish, Abdul Latif, “Growth And Development of Islamic Libraries”, Islamic Quarterly, 31 (1987), 217-29.

    Irving, Sarah, “‘ Endangered Archives’Program Opens up Priceless Palestinian Heritage”, The Electronic Intifada, 13 May 2014, http://electronicintifada.net/blogs/sarah-irving/endangered-archives-program-opens-priceless-palestinian-heritage

    Khader, Majed, “Challenges and Obstacles in Palestinian Libraries”, in Libraries in the Early 21 st Century: An Interntional Perspective, ed. by Ravindra N. Sharma, 2 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012), pp. 425-44.

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    Musallam, Adnan A., “Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of the Ottoman Era”, http://www.bethlehem-holyland.net/Adnan/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm
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    Natsheh, Yusof, “Al-Aqṣa Mosque Library of al-Haram as-Sharif”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 13 (2001), 44-45, http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/Articlespdf/13_Review.pdf

    PLO Negotiations Affairs Department, Nakba: The Untold Story of a Cultural Catastrophe, http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/New%20Publications/NAKBA%20BOOK%202013.pdf

    Reiter, Yitzhak, “The Waqf in Israel Since 1965: The Case of Acre Reconsidered”, in Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence, ed. by Marshall J. Breger, Yitzhak Reiter and Leonard Hammer (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 104-27.

    Roper, Geoffrey, World Survey of Islamic Manuscripts (London: Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 1991).

    Salameh, Khader, Fihris makhṭūṭāt Maktabat al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, 1 (Al-Quds: Idārat al-Awqāf al-ʿĀmmah, 1980)
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    Fihris makhṭūṭāt Maktabat al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, 2 (Ammān: al-Majma ʿal-Malakī li-Buḥūth al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmīyah, 1983).
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    Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordanländer, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten (Berlin: Reimer, 1854).

    Shomali, Qustandi, The Arabic Press in Palestine: Bibliography of Literary and Cultural Texts, “Filastin” Newspaper (1911-1967), 2 (Jerusalem: Arab Studies Society, 1990).
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    Skinner, Thomas, Adventures During a Journey Overland to India, 1 (London: Richard Bentley, 1837).

    Stillman, Larry, “Books: A Palestinian Tale”, Arena, 120 (2012), 35-39.

    Touati, Houari, L’armoire à sagesse: bibliothèques et collections en Islam (Paris: Aubier, 2013).

    Notes de bas de page

    1 The transliteration of Arabic words in this chapter is based on the LOC transliteration system.

    2 EAP119: Preservation of historical periodical collections (1900-1950) at the al-Aqṣá

    3 Mosque Library in East Jerusalem, http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP119

    EAP399: Historical collections of manuscripts located at al-Jazzār mosque library in Acre, http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP399 and EAP521: Digitisation of manuscripts at the al-Aqṣá Mosque Library, East Jerusalem, http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP521

    4 Houari Touati, L’armoire à sagesse: bibliothèques et collections en Islam (Paris: Aubier, 2003; Ami Ayalon, Reading Palestine: Printing and Literacy, 1900-1948 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2004), pp. 43-44; Youssef Eche, Les bibliothèques arabes publiques et semipubliques en Mesopotamie, en Syrie et en Egypte au Moyen-Age (Damascus: Institute Francais de Damas, 1967); and Abdul Latif Ibn Dohaish, “Growth And Development of Islamic Libraries”, Islamic Quarterly, 31 (1987), 217-29.

    5 Dov Schidorsky, “Libraries in Late Ottoman Palestine between the Orient and Occident”, Libraries and Culture, 33.3 (1998), 261-76 (p. 263), https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/fulltext/LandC_33_3_Schidorsky.pdf; and Ayalon, Reading Palestine, pp. 45-47 and 93-103.

    6 Bernhard Dichter, Akko: Sites from the Turkish Period (Haifa: University of Haifa, 2000), p. 108. Yitzhak Reiter, “The Waqf in Israel Since 1965: The Case of Acre Reconsidered”, in Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence, ed. by Marshall J. Breger, Yitzhak Reiter and Leonard Hammer (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 104-27 (pp. 112-14).

    7 Dichter, Akko, p. 109; and Nathan Schur, A History of Acre (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1990), pp. 173-76.

    8 Ulrich Jasper Seetzen, Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten (Berlin: Reimer, 1854), pp. 82-83, https://archive.org/details/ulrichjaspersee03seetgoog; and Ali Bey al-Abassi [Domingo Badia Y Leblich], Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, Between the Years 1803 and 1807 (London: Longman, 1816), https://archive.org/details/travelsalibeyps01beygoog, pp. 249-50.

    9 Thomas Skinner, Adventures During a Journey Overland to India, 1 (London: Richard Bentley, 1837), p. 145, https://archive.org/details/adventuresduring01skin; Edward Hogg, Visit to Alexandria, Damascus, and Jerusalem, During the Successful Campaign of Ibrahim Pasha, 2 vols. (London: Saunders and Otley, 1835), 1, pp. 162-63. https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Edward_Hogg_Visit_to_Alexandria_Damascus_and_Jerus?id=g9G3dRviOv0C&hl=en,

    10 Joseph Asad Dagher dates the library’s foundation to 1927 and attributes it to the Superior Islamic Council (Majlis al-ʾAwqāf al-ʾIslāmī). See Joseph Asad Dagher, Repertoire des bibliotheques du proche et du Moyen Orient (Paris: UNESO, 1951), p. 68. See also Geoffrey Roper, World Survey of Islamic Manuscripts (London: al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 1991), pp. 574-76; and Tia Goldenberg and Areej Hazboun, “Old Manuscripts Get Face-Lift at Jerusalem Mosque”, The Big Story, 31 January 2014, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/old-manuscripts-get-face-lift-jerusalem-mosque

    11 Mona Hajjar Halaby, “Out of the Public Eye: Adel Jabre’s Long Journey from Ottomanism to Binationalism”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 52 (2013), 6-24, http://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/JQ-52-Hajjar_Halaby_Out_of_the_Public_Eye_4.pdf

    12 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 94; Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 54.

    13 Yusof Natsheh, “Al-Aqṣa Mosque Library of al-Haram as-Sharif”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 13 (2001), 44-46, http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/Articlespdf/13_Review.pdf and Ayalon, Reading Palestine, pp. 94 and 128.

    14 Gish Amit, “Ownerless Objects? The Story of the Books Palestinians Left Behind in 1948”, Palestine Studies, 33 (2008), p. 7, http://www.palestine-studies.org/ar/jq/fulltext/77868

    15 Larry Stillman, “Books: A Palestinian Tale”, Arena, 120 (2012), 35-39; and Amit Gish, “Salvage or Plunder?: Israel’s ‘Collection’ of Private Palestinian Libraries in West Jerusalem”, Journal of Palestine Studies, 40/4 (2011), 6-23. See The Great Book Robbery project (http://www.thegreatbookrobbery.org) to identify books which had been collected by the prestigious Jewish National and University Library (National Library) in 1948 and stamped as “Alien Property”. See also PLO Negotiations Affairs Department, Nakba: The Untold Story of a Cultural Catastrophe, http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/New%20Publications/NAKBA%20BOOK%202013.pdf

    16 Hannah Mermelstein, “Overdue Books: Returning Palestine’s ‘ Abandoned Property’of 1948”, Jerusalem Quarterly (Autumn 2011), http://thegreatbookrobbery.org/overduebooks-returning-palestine’s-“abandoned-property”-1948-hannah-mermelstein. See also Ofer Aderet, “Preserving or Looting Palestinian Books in Jerusalem”, Haaretz, 7 December 2012, http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/preserving-or-lootingpalestinian-books-in-jerusalem.premium-1.483352

    17 Salameh Al-balawi, “Libraries of Al-Quds: from the Ayyubi Conquest to the Zionist Violation”, paper presented at the Twelve AFLI Conference, Al-Sharqa University, 5-8 November 2001.

    18 Natsheh, “Al-Aqṣa Mosque Library of al-Haram as-Sharif”, p. 45.

    19 For the partial catalogues of the collection see Khader Salameh, Fihris makhṭūṭāt Maktabat al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, 1 (Al-Quds: Idārat al-Awqāf al-ʿĀmmah, 1980); idem, 2 (Ammān: al-Majmaʿ al-Malakī li-Buḥūth al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmīyah, 1983); and idem, 3 (London: Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation, 1996).

    20 Majed Khader, “Challenges and Obstacles in Palestinian Libraries”, in Libraries in the Early 21st Century: An Interntional Perspective, ed. by Ravindra N. Sharma, 2 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012), pp. 425-44 (pp. 432-33).

    21 Goldenberg and Hazboun.

    22 For a broader discussion of the situation of Palestinian libraries in the early twentyfirst century, see Kader, “Challenges and Obstacles in Palestinian Libraries”; Françoise Lefebvre-Danset, “Libraries in Palestine”, IFLA Journal, 35/4 (2009), 322-34; and Erling Bergan, “Libraries in the West Bank and Gaza: Obstacles and Possibilities”, paper presented at the 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, 13-18 August 2000.

    23 See http://eap.bl.uk/database/results.a4d?projID=EAP119, http://eap.bl.uk/database/results.a4d?projID=EAP399 and http://eap.bl.uk/database/results.a4d?projID=EAP521.

    24 For a discussion of the digitisation project, see Krystyna K. Matusiak and Qasem Abu Harb, “Digitizing the Historical Periodical Collection at the al-Aqṣa Mosque Library in East Jerusalem”, in Newspapers: Legal Deposit and Research in the Digital Era, ed. by Hartmut Walravens (The Hague: DeGruyter, 2011), pp. 271-91.

    25 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 48; Khalidi, Palestinian Identity, pp. 54-55 and 227 (note 63); and Ami Ayalon, “Modern Texts and Their Readers in Late Ottoman Palestine”, Middle Eastern Studies, 38/4 (2002), 17-40.

    26 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 57.

    27 Adnan A. Musallam, “Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of the Ottoman Era”, http://www.bethlehem-holyland.net/Adnan/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm

    28 Ami Ayalon, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 66; and idem, Reading Palestine, p. 60.

    29 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 61

    30 Ibid., p. 60.

    31 Ibid., p. 52.

    32 For a discussion of the role of Zionism in the development of Palestinian identity under the British Mandate, see Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, “The Pitfalls of Palestinology”, Arab Studies Quarterly, 3/4 (1981), 404-05.

    33 Mary Hanania, “Jurji Habib Hanania History of the Earliest Press in Palestine, 1908-1914”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 32 (2007), 51-69.

    34 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 66; Rashid Khalidi, The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007), pp. 91-95; and Qustandi Shomali, The Arabic Press in Palestine: Bibliography of Literary and Cultural Texts, “Filastin” Newspaper (1911-1967), 2 (Jerusalem: Arab Studies Society, 1990).

    35 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 97. See also Adnan Musallam, “Turbulent Times in the Life of the Palestinian Arab Press: The British Era, 1917-1948”, http://www.bethlehemholyland.net/Adnan/publications/Turbulent_Times.htm

    36 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 51.

    37 Ibid., p. 62.

    38 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, pp. 96-97; and Zachary F. Foster, “Arabness, Turkey and the Palestinian National Imagination in the Eyes of Mirʾat al Sarq 1919-1926”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 42 (2011), 61-79.

    39 Musallam, “Arab Press, Society and Politics”; Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 98; and Qustandi Shomali, Mirʾat al-Sharq: A Critical Study and Chronological Bibliography (Jerusalem: Arab Studies Society, 1992).

    40 Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, “Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine during the British Mandate”, Journal of Palestinian Studies, 1/3 (1972), 37-63; and Ann Mosely Lesch, Arab Politics in Palestine: The Frustration of a Nationalist Movement (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), pp. 65-67.

    41 See Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, pp. 98-100; and Musallam, “Arab Press, Society and Politics”.

    42 Aida al-Najjar, The Arabic Press and Nationalism in Palestine, 1920-1948 (Ph. D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1975), ch. 2; and Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 100. See also “Suppression of the Arabic Press During the British Mandate”, Endangered Archives Blog, 18 January 2010, http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/endangeredarchives/2010/01/suppression-of-the-arabic-press-during-the-british-mandate.html#sthash.fUYyVklB.dpuf

    43 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 102.

    44 For a list of the circulation of Arabic Newspapers in the region, see Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, pp. 148-51.

    45 Weldon Matthews, Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007), pp. 52 and 143; and Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 99.

    46 Matthews, p. 82.

    47 See, for example, the State of Michigan’s “Guidelines for Digitizing a Newspaper”, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal/GuidelinesForDigitizingANewspaper_181557_7.pdf

    48 See the EAP’s “Guidelines for Photographing and Scanning Archive Material”, June 2014, http://www.bl.uk/about/policies/endangeredarch/pdf/09guidelines_copying.pdf (accessed 22 October 2014); and the National Digital Newspaper Program’s “Technical Guidelines for Applicants”, 26 September 2014, http://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/NDNP_201517TechNotes.pdf

    49 Mahmoud Attalah, Fihris Makhṭūṭāt Maktabat al-Aḥmadīyah fi ʿAkkā (Amman: Mujmaʿat al-Lughah al-ʿArabīyah al-Urdunnī, 1983).

    50 The EAP specifications consisted of the following devices and software: Device: Atiz BookDrive Pro; Cameras: Canon EOS 600D + Lens EF-S18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 IS II; Capturing Software: BookDrive Capture; Colour Checker: x-ritecolorchecker Passport; Converting Program: Adobe Photoshop CS6 for converting images from RAW to TIFF; CheckSum: Checksum Tool version 0.7; Storage: External Hard Disk WD My Passport 1TB.

    51 File names for digital masters and PDF derivatives were established prior to the scanning process. Each title was assigned a four letter Scan ID. For this digitisation project the following file naming convention has been established: project code_three letter Scan ID +_page numbers (two or three digit page number starting with zero); EAP521_four letter Scan ID + three digit page number starting with zero, for example: EAP521 _ bada _ 01 for the first page of the Badae’ al-burhan manuscript.

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    1 The transliteration of Arabic words in this chapter is based on the LOC transliteration system.

    2 EAP119: Preservation of historical periodical collections (1900-1950) at the al-Aqṣá

    3 Mosque Library in East Jerusalem, http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP119

    EAP399: Historical collections of manuscripts located at al-Jazzār mosque library in Acre, http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP399 and EAP521: Digitisation of manuscripts at the al-Aqṣá Mosque Library, East Jerusalem, http://eap.bl.uk/database/overview_project.a4d?projID=EAP521

    4 Houari Touati, L’armoire à sagesse: bibliothèques et collections en Islam (Paris: Aubier, 2003; Ami Ayalon, Reading Palestine: Printing and Literacy, 1900-1948 (Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2004), pp. 43-44; Youssef Eche, Les bibliothèques arabes publiques et semipubliques en Mesopotamie, en Syrie et en Egypte au Moyen-Age (Damascus: Institute Francais de Damas, 1967); and Abdul Latif Ibn Dohaish, “Growth And Development of Islamic Libraries”, Islamic Quarterly, 31 (1987), 217-29.

    5 Dov Schidorsky, “Libraries in Late Ottoman Palestine between the Orient and Occident”, Libraries and Culture, 33.3 (1998), 261-76 (p. 263), https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~lcr/archive/fulltext/LandC_33_3_Schidorsky.pdf; and Ayalon, Reading Palestine, pp. 45-47 and 93-103.

    6 Bernhard Dichter, Akko: Sites from the Turkish Period (Haifa: University of Haifa, 2000), p. 108. Yitzhak Reiter, “The Waqf in Israel Since 1965: The Case of Acre Reconsidered”, in Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Confrontation and Co-existence, ed. by Marshall J. Breger, Yitzhak Reiter and Leonard Hammer (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 104-27 (pp. 112-14).

    7 Dichter, Akko, p. 109; and Nathan Schur, A History of Acre (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1990), pp. 173-76.

    8 Ulrich Jasper Seetzen, Reisen durch Syrien, Palästina, Phönicien, die Transjordan-länder, Arabia Petraea und Unter-Aegypten (Berlin: Reimer, 1854), pp. 82-83, https://archive.org/details/ulrichjaspersee03seetgoog; and Ali Bey al-Abassi [Domingo Badia Y Leblich], Travels of Ali Bey in Morocco, Tripoli, Cyprus, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, and Turkey, Between the Years 1803 and 1807 (London: Longman, 1816), https://archive.org/details/travelsalibeyps01beygoog, pp. 249-50.

    9 Thomas Skinner, Adventures During a Journey Overland to India, 1 (London: Richard Bentley, 1837), p. 145, https://archive.org/details/adventuresduring01skin; Edward Hogg, Visit to Alexandria, Damascus, and Jerusalem, During the Successful Campaign of Ibrahim Pasha, 2 vols. (London: Saunders and Otley, 1835), 1, pp. 162-63. https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Edward_Hogg_Visit_to_Alexandria_Damascus_and_Jerus?id=g9G3dRviOv0C&hl=en,

    10 Joseph Asad Dagher dates the library’s foundation to 1927 and attributes it to the Superior Islamic Council (Majlis al-ʾAwqāf al-ʾIslāmī). See Joseph Asad Dagher, Repertoire des bibliotheques du proche et du Moyen Orient (Paris: UNESO, 1951), p. 68. See also Geoffrey Roper, World Survey of Islamic Manuscripts (London: al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 1991), pp. 574-76; and Tia Goldenberg and Areej Hazboun, “Old Manuscripts Get Face-Lift at Jerusalem Mosque”, The Big Story, 31 January 2014, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/old-manuscripts-get-face-lift-jerusalem-mosque

    11 Mona Hajjar Halaby, “Out of the Public Eye: Adel Jabre’s Long Journey from Ottomanism to Binationalism”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 52 (2013), 6-24, http://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/JQ-52-Hajjar_Halaby_Out_of_the_Public_Eye_4.pdf

    12 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 94; Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), p. 54.

    13 Yusof Natsheh, “Al-Aqṣa Mosque Library of al-Haram as-Sharif”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 13 (2001), 44-46, http://www.jerusalemquarterly.org/images/Articlespdf/13_Review.pdf and Ayalon, Reading Palestine, pp. 94 and 128.

    14 Gish Amit, “Ownerless Objects? The Story of the Books Palestinians Left Behind in 1948”, Palestine Studies, 33 (2008), p. 7, http://www.palestine-studies.org/ar/jq/fulltext/77868

    15 Larry Stillman, “Books: A Palestinian Tale”, Arena, 120 (2012), 35-39; and Amit Gish, “Salvage or Plunder?: Israel’s ‘Collection’ of Private Palestinian Libraries in West Jerusalem”, Journal of Palestine Studies, 40/4 (2011), 6-23. See The Great Book Robbery project (http://www.thegreatbookrobbery.org) to identify books which had been collected by the prestigious Jewish National and University Library (National Library) in 1948 and stamped as “Alien Property”. See also PLO Negotiations Affairs Department, Nakba: The Untold Story of a Cultural Catastrophe, http://www.nad-plo.org/userfiles/file/New%20Publications/NAKBA%20BOOK%202013.pdf

    16 Hannah Mermelstein, “Overdue Books: Returning Palestine’s ‘ Abandoned Property’of 1948”, Jerusalem Quarterly (Autumn 2011), http://thegreatbookrobbery.org/overduebooks-returning-palestine’s-“abandoned-property”-1948-hannah-mermelstein. See also Ofer Aderet, “Preserving or Looting Palestinian Books in Jerusalem”, Haaretz, 7 December 2012, http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/preserving-or-lootingpalestinian-books-in-jerusalem.premium-1.483352

    17 Salameh Al-balawi, “Libraries of Al-Quds: from the Ayyubi Conquest to the Zionist Violation”, paper presented at the Twelve AFLI Conference, Al-Sharqa University, 5-8 November 2001.

    18 Natsheh, “Al-Aqṣa Mosque Library of al-Haram as-Sharif”, p. 45.

    19 For the partial catalogues of the collection see Khader Salameh, Fihris makhṭūṭāt Maktabat al-Masjid al-Aqṣá, 1 (Al-Quds: Idārat al-Awqāf al-ʿĀmmah, 1980); idem, 2 (Ammān: al-Majmaʿ al-Malakī li-Buḥūth al-Ḥaḍārah al-Islāmīyah, 1983); and idem, 3 (London: Al-Furqān Islamic Heritage Foundation, 1996).

    20 Majed Khader, “Challenges and Obstacles in Palestinian Libraries”, in Libraries in the Early 21st Century: An Interntional Perspective, ed. by Ravindra N. Sharma, 2 (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2012), pp. 425-44 (pp. 432-33).

    21 Goldenberg and Hazboun.

    22 For a broader discussion of the situation of Palestinian libraries in the early twentyfirst century, see Kader, “Challenges and Obstacles in Palestinian Libraries”; Françoise Lefebvre-Danset, “Libraries in Palestine”, IFLA Journal, 35/4 (2009), 322-34; and Erling Bergan, “Libraries in the West Bank and Gaza: Obstacles and Possibilities”, paper presented at the 66th IFLA Council and General Conference, Jerusalem, 13-18 August 2000.

    23 See http://eap.bl.uk/database/results.a4d?projID=EAP119, http://eap.bl.uk/database/results.a4d?projID=EAP399 and http://eap.bl.uk/database/results.a4d?projID=EAP521.

    24 For a discussion of the digitisation project, see Krystyna K. Matusiak and Qasem Abu Harb, “Digitizing the Historical Periodical Collection at the al-Aqṣa Mosque Library in East Jerusalem”, in Newspapers: Legal Deposit and Research in the Digital Era, ed. by Hartmut Walravens (The Hague: DeGruyter, 2011), pp. 271-91.

    25 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 48; Khalidi, Palestinian Identity, pp. 54-55 and 227 (note 63); and Ami Ayalon, “Modern Texts and Their Readers in Late Ottoman Palestine”, Middle Eastern Studies, 38/4 (2002), 17-40.

    26 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 57.

    27 Adnan A. Musallam, “Arab Press, Society and Politics at the End of the Ottoman Era”, http://www.bethlehem-holyland.net/Adnan/publications/EndofTheOttomanEra.htm

    28 Ami Ayalon, The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 66; and idem, Reading Palestine, p. 60.

    29 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 61

    30 Ibid., p. 60.

    31 Ibid., p. 52.

    32 For a discussion of the role of Zionism in the development of Palestinian identity under the British Mandate, see Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, “The Pitfalls of Palestinology”, Arab Studies Quarterly, 3/4 (1981), 404-05.

    33 Mary Hanania, “Jurji Habib Hanania History of the Earliest Press in Palestine, 1908-1914”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 32 (2007), 51-69.

    34 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 66; Rashid Khalidi, The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (Boston: Beacon Press, 2007), pp. 91-95; and Qustandi Shomali, The Arabic Press in Palestine: Bibliography of Literary and Cultural Texts, “Filastin” Newspaper (1911-1967), 2 (Jerusalem: Arab Studies Society, 1990).

    35 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 97. See also Adnan Musallam, “Turbulent Times in the Life of the Palestinian Arab Press: The British Era, 1917-1948”, http://www.bethlehemholyland.net/Adnan/publications/Turbulent_Times.htm

    36 Ayalon, Reading Palestine, p. 51.

    37 Ibid., p. 62.

    38 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, pp. 96-97; and Zachary F. Foster, “Arabness, Turkey and the Palestinian National Imagination in the Eyes of Mirʾat al Sarq 1919-1926”, Jerusalem Quarterly, 42 (2011), 61-79.

    39 Musallam, “Arab Press, Society and Politics”; Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 98; and Qustandi Shomali, Mirʾat al-Sharq: A Critical Study and Chronological Bibliography (Jerusalem: Arab Studies Society, 1992).

    40 Adnan Abu-Ghazaleh, “Arab Cultural Nationalism in Palestine during the British Mandate”, Journal of Palestinian Studies, 1/3 (1972), 37-63; and Ann Mosely Lesch, Arab Politics in Palestine: The Frustration of a Nationalist Movement (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), pp. 65-67.

    41 See Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, pp. 98-100; and Musallam, “Arab Press, Society and Politics”.

    42 Aida al-Najjar, The Arabic Press and Nationalism in Palestine, 1920-1948 (Ph. D. thesis, Syracuse University, 1975), ch. 2; and Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 100. See also “Suppression of the Arabic Press During the British Mandate”, Endangered Archives Blog, 18 January 2010, http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/endangeredarchives/2010/01/suppression-of-the-arabic-press-during-the-british-mandate.html#sthash.fUYyVklB.dpuf

    43 Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 102.

    44 For a list of the circulation of Arabic Newspapers in the region, see Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, pp. 148-51.

    45 Weldon Matthews, Confronting an Empire, Constructing a Nation: Arab Nationalists and Popular Politics in Mandate Palestine (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007), pp. 52 and 143; and Ayalon, Press in the Middle East, p. 99.

    46 Matthews, p. 82.

    47 See, for example, the State of Michigan’s “Guidelines for Digitizing a Newspaper”, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/hal/GuidelinesForDigitizingANewspaper_181557_7.pdf

    48 See the EAP’s “Guidelines for Photographing and Scanning Archive Material”, June 2014, http://www.bl.uk/about/policies/endangeredarch/pdf/09guidelines_copying.pdf (accessed 22 October 2014); and the National Digital Newspaper Program’s “Technical Guidelines for Applicants”, 26 September 2014, http://www.loc.gov/ndnp/guidelines/NDNP_201517TechNotes.pdf

    49 Mahmoud Attalah, Fihris Makhṭūṭāt Maktabat al-Aḥmadīyah fi ʿAkkā (Amman: Mujmaʿat al-Lughah al-ʿArabīyah al-Urdunnī, 1983).

    50 The EAP specifications consisted of the following devices and software: Device: Atiz BookDrive Pro; Cameras: Canon EOS 600D + Lens EF-S18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 IS II; Capturing Software: BookDrive Capture; Colour Checker: x-ritecolorchecker Passport; Converting Program: Adobe Photoshop CS6 for converting images from RAW to TIFF; CheckSum: Checksum Tool version 0.7; Storage: External Hard Disk WD My Passport 1TB.

    51 File names for digital masters and PDF derivatives were established prior to the scanning process. Each title was assigned a four letter Scan ID. For this digitisation project the following file naming convention has been established: project code_three letter Scan ID +_page numbers (two or three digit page number starting with zero); EAP521_four letter Scan ID + three digit page number starting with zero, for example: EAP521 _ bada _ 01 for the first page of the Badae’ al-burhan manuscript.

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    Abu Harb, Qasem. « 12. Digitisation of Islamic Manuscripts and Periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre ». In From Dust to Digital, édité par Maja Kominko. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2015. https://books.openedition.org/obp/2250.
    Abu Harb, Qasem. « 12. Digitisation of Islamic Manuscripts and Periodicals in Jerusalem and Acre ». From Dust to Digital, édité par Maja Kominko, Open Book Publishers, 2015, https://books.openedition.org/obp/2250.

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