Appendix B: Pedagogically selected lists of phoneme-grapheme and grapheme-phoneme correspondences
p. 477-486
Texte intégral
1These lists are intended to be much more useful to teachers and to writers of early reading books than the full lists of correspondences in chapter 8. Similar tables (also largely devised by me) appeared in the Notes of Guidance to Letters and Sounds (DfES, 2007). As far as possible I have ensured that all words within the 1000 most frequent words in English whose correspondences are not covered by the major correspondences are listed in the right-hand columns of Tables B1-2 and in Tables B. 6 and B. 8. My source for the 1000 most frequent words was: http://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Category:1000_English_basic_words&pagefrom=stamp#mwpages [last accessed 20/8/2012].
2For guidance on the phonetics underpinning the application of these lists in phonics teaching see Burton (2011), which also contains versions of these lists.
TABLE B. 1: THE PHONEME-GRAPHEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, BY RP PHONEME, 1: CONSONANTS
Phoneme | Grapheme(s) | As in… | Common words with rare graphemes for the phoneme | |
Basic | Other | |||
/b/ | b | bb | bed rabbit | <bu> build buy |
/k/ | c | ck k q ch | come back look queen Christmas | <cu> biscuit |
/tʃ/ | ch | tch | children match | <t> nature picture <ti> question |
/d/ | d | dd ed | dad teddy called | |
TABLE B. 1: THE PHONEME-GRAPHEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, BY RP PHONEME, 1: CONSONANTS, CONT.
Phoneme | Grapheme(s) | As in… | Common words with rare graphemes for the phoneme | |
Basic | Other | |||
/f/ | f | ff ph | from off elephant | <ft> often soften <gh> cough enough laugh rough tough |
/g/ | g | gg | get jogging | <gh> ghost <gu> guess guy |
/h/ | h | horse | <wh> who whole whose | |
/dʒ/ | j | dg dge g ge | just budgie bridge giant orange | |
/m/ | m | mm | my mummy | <mb> climb lamb thumb <me> come some <mn> autumn column |
/n/ | n | nn | now dinner | <gn> gnome sign <kn> knife knock knot know <ne> done engine none |
/ŋ/ | ng | n | sing sink | <ngue> tongue |
/p/ | p | pp | pen apple | <ph> shepherd |
/r/ | r | rr | red berry | <rh> rgyme rhythm <wr> write wrong |
/s/ | s | c ce se ss | sit city once horse grass | <sc> science scissors <st> castle Christmas listen whistle |
/ʃ/ | sh | ti | ship station | <ch> machine <ci> special |
/ʒ/ | si | vision | <s> measure pleasure treasure usual | |
/t/ | t | tt ed | but little looked | <pt> receipt <th> Thomas <tw> two |
/θ/ | th | thing | ||
/ð/ | th | that | <the> breathe | |
/v/ | v | ve | very have | <bv> obvious <f> of |
/w/ | w | u | went queen | <wh> what when (etc.) wheel whistle white |
/j/ | y | yellow | <i> onion view | |
/z/ | z | s se ze zz | zoo is please sneeze puzzle | <si> business <ss> scissors |
TABLE B. 2: THE PHONEME-GRAPHEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, BY RP PHONEME, 2: VOWELS
Phoneme | Grapheme(s) | As in… | Common words with rare graphemes for the phoneme | |
Basic | Other | |||
/æ/ | a | and | ||
/ə/ | a | e er o | a the butter button | <ar> sugar <i> possible <our> colour favour honour <re> centre <ure> nature picture |
/eɪ/ | a.e | a ai ay | came bacon paint day | <aigh> straight <ea> break great steak <eigh> eight <ey> they |
/eə/ | air | are ar | fair fare parent | <ear> bear pear tear wear <ere> there where <eir> their |
/ɑː/ | ar | a | far ask | <al> half <are> are <au> aunt laugh <ear> heart |
/e/ | e | ea | went bread | <a> any many <ai> again (st) said <ay> says <ie> friend |
/iː/ | ee | e ea ey ie y | see he beach key field city | <e. e> these <eo> people <i. e> police |
/ɪə/ | eer | ear er ere | cheer hear hero here | <ier> fierce |
/ɜː/ | er | ir or ur | her girl word fur | <ear> early earth heard learn <ere> were <our> journey |
/ɪ/ | i | e y | is England gym | <a> language sausage <o> women <u> business minute |
/aɪ/ | i. e | i igh y | like I night my | <ei> either <eigh> height <eye> eye <ye> goodbye /aɪe/ spelt <ir, ire, yre> biro fire wire tyre |
/ɒ/ | o | a | not was | <au> because sausage <ho> honest honour <ou> cough |
/uː/ | oo | ew u u.e | too blew super rule | <o> do to two who <oe> shoe <o.e> lose move prove whose <ou> you <ough> through <ue> blue true <ui> fruit |
/əʊ/ | o | o. e ow | so bone blow | <oa> approach boat <oh> oh <ough> although |
/ɔɪ/ | oi | oy | boil boy | |
/ʊ/ | oo | u | book put | <o> woman <oul> could should would |
TABLE B. 2: THE PHONEME-GRAPHEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, BY RP PHONEME, 2: VOWELS, CONT.
Phoneme | Grapheme(s) | As in… | Common words with rare graphemes for the phoneme | |
Basic | Other | |||
/ʊə/ | oor | ure | poor sure | <our> tour |
/ɔː/ | or | a ar au aw ore | for all warn sauce saw before | <augh> caught naughty <oar> board <oor> door floor <ough> bought brought fought ought thought <our> course four your |
/aʊ/ | ou | ow | out down | /aʊə/ spelt <hour> hour /aʊə/ spelt <our, ower> flour flower |
/ʌ/ | u | o | but some | <oo> blood flood <ou> country couple double encourage enough rough tough trouble young /wʌ/ spelt <o> once one |
TABLE B. 3: THE PHONEME-GRAPHEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 3: 2-PHONEME SEQUENCES FREQUENTLY SPELT WITH SINGLE GRAPHEMES
2-phoneme sequence | Grapheme(s) | As in… | 2-grapheme spellings for same sequence | |
Basic | Other | |||
/əl/ (only word-final) | le | little | animal label pencil carol beautiful | |
/juː/ | u | eau ew ue u. e | union beauty few argue cute | view you |
/ks/ | x | box | banks tricks politics | |
N. B. The 2-phoneme sequence /kw/ is almost always spelt <qu> and should also be taught as a unit.
TABLE B. 4: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 1: SINGLE GRAPHEMES FREQUENTLY PRONOUNCED AS 2-PHONEME SEQUENCES
Grapheme(s) | 2-phoneme sequence | Other phonemes | As in… |
eau ew u ue u.e | /juː/ | (too many to list) | beauty few union argue cute |
le (only word-final) | /əl/ | little | |
x | /ks/ | box |
N. B. The 2-grapheme sequence <qu> is almost always pronounced/kw/and should be taught as a unit.
TABLE B. 5: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 2: MAJOR CORRESPONDENCES FOR CONSONANT GRAPHEMES.
Grapheme(s) | Phonemes(s) | As in… | |
Basic | Other | ||
b bb | /b/ | bed rabbit | |
c | /k/ | /s/ | come city |
ce | /s/ | once | |
ch | /tʃ/ | /k/ | children Christmas |
ck | /k/ | back | |
d dd | /d/ | dad teddy | |
dg (e) | /dʒ/ | budgie bridge | |
ed | /d/ | /t/ | called looked |
f ff | /f/ | from off | |
g | /g/ | /dʒ/ | get giant |
ge | /dʒ/ | orange | |
gg | /g/ | jogging | |
h | /h/ | horse | |
j | /dʒ/ | just | |
k | /k/ | look | |
l ll | /l/ | leg ball | |
TABLE B. 5: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 2: MAJOR CORRESPONDENCES FOR CONSONANT GRAPHEMES, CONT.
Grapheme(s) | Phoneme(s) | As in… | |
Basic | Other | ||
n | /n/ | /ŋ/ | now sink |
ng | /ŋ/ | sing | |
nn | /n/ | dinner | |
p pp | /p/ | pen apple | |
ph | /f/ | elephant | |
q | /k/ | queen | |
r rr | /r/ | red berry | |
s se | /s/ | /z/ | sit is horse please |
sh | /ʃ/ | ship | |
si | /ʒ/ | vision | |
ss | /s/ | grass | |
t tt | /t/ | but little | |
tch | /tʃ/ | match | |
th | /θ/ | /ð/ | thing that |
ti | /ʃ/ | /tʃ/ | station question |
u | /w/ | queen | |
v ve | /v/ | very have | |
w | /w/ | went | |
y | /j/ | yellow | |
z ze zz | /z/ | zoo sneeze puzzle | |
TABLE B.6: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 3: MINOR CORRESPONDENCES FOR CONSONANT GRAPHEMES
Grapheme(s) | Phoneme (s) | As in… |
bu | /b/ | build buy |
bv | /v/ | obvious |
ch ci | /ʃ/ | machine special |
cu | /k/ | biscuit |
f | /v/ | of |
ft | /f/ | often soften |
gh | /f g/ | cough enough laugh rough tough; ghost |
gn | /n/ | gnome sign |
gu | /g/ | guess guy |
i | /j/ | onion view |
kn | /n/ | knife knock knot know |
mb me mn | /m/ | climb lamb thumb; come some; autumn column |
ne | /n/ | done engine none |
ngue | /ŋ/ | tongue |
o | /wʌ/ | once one |
ph | /p/ | shepherd |
pt | /t/ | receipt |
rh | /r/ | rhyme rhythm |
s ssi | /ʃ/ | sugar sure; permission |
s | /ʒ/ | measure pleasure treasure usual |
sc | /s/ | science scissors |
si | /z/ | business |
ss | /ʃ z/ | issue pressure tissue; scissors |
st | /s/ | castle Christmas listen whistle |
t | /tʃ/ | nature picture |
th tw | /t/ | Thomas two |
the | /ð/ | breathe |
wh | /h w/ | who whole whose; what when (etc.) wheel whistle white |
wr | /r/ | write wrong |
TABLE B. 7: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 4: MAJOR CORRESPONDENCES FOR VOWEL GRAPHEMES
Grapheme(s) | Phoneme(s) | As in… | |
Basic | Other | ||
a | /æ/ | /eɪ ɑː ɒ ɔː ə/ | and bacon ask was all about |
a. e ai ay | /eɪ/ | came paint day | |
air are | /eə/ | fair fare | |
ar | /ɑː/ | /eə ɔː/ | far parent warn |
au aw | /ɔː/ | sauce saw | |
e | /e/ | /iː ɪ ə/ | went he England the |
ea | /iː/ | /e/ | beach bread |
ear eer ere | /ɪə/ | hear cheer here | |
ee ey | /iː/ | see key | |
er | /ɜː/ | /ɪə ə/ | her hero butter |
ew | /uː/ | blew | |
i | /ɪ/ | /aɪ/ | is I |
ie | /iː/ | field | |
i. e igh | /aɪ/ | like night | |
ir | /ɜː/ | girl | |
o | /ɒ/ | /ʌ əʊ ə/ | not some so button |
o.e | /əʊ/ | bone | |
oi oy | /ɔɪ/ | boil boy | |
oo | /uː/ | /ʊ/ | too book |
oor | /ɔː/ | /ʊə/ | door poor |
or | /ɔː/ | /ɜː/ | for worm |
ore | /ɔː/ | before | |
ou | /aʊ/ | out | |
ow | /aʊ/ | /əʊ/ | down blow |
u | /ʌ/ | /ʊ uː/ | but put super |
u. e | /uː/ | rule | |
ur | /ɜː/ | fur | |
y | /aɪ/ | /ɪ iː/ | my gym city |
TABLE B. 8: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 5: MINOR CORRESPONDENCES FOR VOWEL GRAPHEMES
Grapheme(s) | Phoneme(s) | As in… |
a | /e ɪ/ | any many; language sausage |
ai ay | /e/ | again(st) said says |
aigh | /eɪ/ | straight |
al are | /ɑː/ | half; are |
ar | /ə/ | sugar |
au | /ɑː ɒ/ | aunt laugh; because sausage |
augh | /ɔː/ | caught naughty |
ea ey | /eɪ/ | break great steak; they |
ear | /eə ɑː ɜː/ | bear pear tear wear; heart; early earth heard learn |
e.e eo | /iː/ | these; people |
ei | /aɪ/ | either |
eigh | /eɪ aɪ/ | eight; height |
eir | /eə/ | their |
ere | /eə ɜː/ | there where; were |
eye | /aɪ/ | eye |
ho | /ɒ/ | honest honour |
hour | /aʊə/ | hour |
i | /ə/ | possible |
ie | /e/ | friend |
i.e | /iː/ | police |
ier | /ɪə/ | fierce |
ir ire | /aɪə/ | biro fire wire |
o | /ʊ ɪ wʌ/ | woman; women; once one |
o oe o. e | /uː/ | do to two who; shoe; lose move prove whose |
oa oh | /əʊ/ | approach boat oh |
oar | /ɔː/ | board |
oo | /ʌ/ | blood flood |
oor | /ɔː/ | door floor |
ou | /ɒ uː ʌ/ | cough; you; country couple double encourage enough rough tough trouble young |
TABLE B. 8: THE GRAPHEME-PHONEME CORRESPONDENCES OF BRITISH ENGLISH SPELLING, 5: MINOR CORRESPONDENCES FOR VOWEL GRAPHEMES, CONT.
Grapheme(s) | Phoneme(s) | As in… |
ough | /əʊ uː ɔː/ | although; through; bought brought fought ought thought |
oul | /ʊ/ | could should would |
our | /ə ɜː ʊə ɔː aʊə/ | colour favour honour; journey; tour; course four your; flour |
ower | /aʊə/ | flower |
re | /ə/ | centre |
u | /ɪ/ | business minute |
ue ui | /uː/ | blue true fruit |
ure | /ə/ | nature picture |
ye | /aɪ/ | goodbye |
yre | /aɪə/ | tyre |
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