Table des matières
1. Introduction
- 1.1 Context
- 1.2 Aims
- 1.3 Some terminology
- 1.4 Phonemes
- 1.5 Long and short vowels
- 1.6 Graphemes
- 1.7 Consonant clusters and ‘blends’
- 1.8 Split digraphs and ‘magic <e>’
- 1.9 Stem words and derived forms
- 1.10 Positions within words
- 1.11 Open and closed syllables
- 1.12 ‘2-phoneme graphemes’
- 1.13 ‘Regular’ correspondences
3. The phoneme-grapheme correspondences of English, 1: Consonants
- 3.1 The general picture: the regular spellings of English consonant phonemes
- 3.2 Order of description
- 3.3 Frequencies
- 3.4 The main system and the rest
- 3.5 Consonants with doubled spellings which are rare in one-syllable words: /b d g m n p t/, plus /r/
- 3.5.1 /b/ as in by
- 3.5.2 /d/ as in dye
- 3.5.3 /g/ as in goo
- 3.5.4 /m/ as in my
- 3.5.5 /n/ as in nigh
- 3.5.6 /p/ as in pie
- 3.5.7 /t/ as in tie
- 3.5.8 /r/ as in rye
- 3.6 /r/-linking
- 3.7 Consonants with doubled spellings which are regular at the end of one-syllable words after a short vowel spelt with one letter: /k ʧ f ʤ l s v z/
- 3.7.1 /k/ as in coo
- 3.7.2 /ʧ/ as in chew
- 3.7.3 /f/ as in few
- 3.7.4 /ʤ/ as in jaw
- 3.7.5 /l/ as in law
- 3.7.6 /s/ as in sue
- 3.7.7 /v/ as in view
- 3.7.8 /z/ as in zoo
- 3.8 Consonants without doubled spellings: /h ŋ ∫ ʒ θ ð w j/
- 3.8.1 /h/ as in who
- 3.8.2 /ŋ/ as in ring
- 3.8.3/∫/as in fission
- 3.8.4 /ʒ/ as in vision
- 3.8.5 /θ/ as in thigh
- 3.8.6 /ð/ as in thy
- 3.8.7 /w/ as in well
- 3.8.8 /j/ as in yell, union
4. How do you know when to write a consonant letter double?
- 4.1 The easy bits
- 4.1.1 Consonant letters are never doubled at the beginning of a word
- 4.1.2 Some consonant letters are never or almost never written double: <h, j, q, v, w, x, y>
- 4.1.3 Doubled consonant letters are very rare after long vowels and diphthongs
- 4.2 The main consonant-doubling rule (Part 1 of ‘double, drop or swop’– see sections 6.4-5)
- 4.3 Other hints for writing a consonant letter double
- 4.3.1 Where the two parts of a compound word, or an affix and a stem, have adjacent identical consonant letters, the consonant letter is written double
- 4.3.2 Monosyllabic content words with /VC/ structure have a double consonant letter: the Three-Letter Rule
- 4.3.3 Consonant phonemes /b d f g k p t z/ are almost always spelt with double letters before final /əl/ spelt <-le> where the immediately preceding vowel phoneme is short, stressed and spelt with a single letter
- 4.3.4 More generally, consonant letters are mostly written double in the middle of two-syllable words where the immediately preceding vowel phoneme is short and written with a single letter
- 4.3.5 At the end of one-syllable words where the preceding vowel phoneme is short and spelt with a single letter the following consonant phonemes are mostly written double: /k ʧ f ʤ l s z v/
- 4.4 Hints for not writing consonant letters double
- 4.4.1 At the end of one-syllable words where the preceding vowel phoneme is short and spelt with a single letter the following consonant phonemes are mostly written single: /b d g m n p t/
- 4.4.2 When do you not write consonant phonemes /b d f g k p t z/ with double letters before final /əl/ spelt <-le>?
- 4.4.3 Digression: When do you not spell final /əl/ as <-le>?
- 4.4.4 When do you not write doublable consonant letters double in the middle of two-syllable words (other than those ending in /əl/)?
- 4.4.5 The third syllable from the end of a word rarely ends in a doubled consonant letter
- 4.4.6 Doubled consonant letters are very rare immediately before the endings <-ic(al), -id, -it,-ule>
- 4.4.7 When do you reduce <ll> to <l>?
- 4.5 Learn the rest
- 4.6 Consolation prizes
- 4.6.1 Consonant letters are never written triple
- 4.6.2 Final <CC> + <e>
5. The phoneme-grapheme correspondences of English, 2: Vowels
- 5.1 The general picture: the principal spellings of English vowel phonemes
- 5.2 Order of description
- 5.3 The main system and the rest
- 5.4 Short pure vowels:/æ e ɪ ɒ ʌ ʊ ə/
- 5.4.1 /æ/ as in ash
- 5.4.2 /e/ as in end
- 5.4.3 /ɪ/ as in ink
- 5.4.4 /ɒ/ as in ox
- 5.4.5 /ʌ/ as in up
- 5.4.6 /ʊ/ as in pull
- 5.4.7 /ə/ (the schwa vowel) as in the first sound in about
- 5.5 Long pure vowels (other than/iː, uː/):/ɑː ɜː ɔː/
- 5.5.1/ɑː/as in aardvark
- 5.5.2/ɜː/as in earl
- 5.5.3/ɔː/as in awe
- 5.6 Diphthongs (other than /eɪ, aɪ, əʊ/): /ɔɪ aʊ eə ɪə ʊə/
- 5.6.1 /ɔɪ/ as in oyster
- 5.6.2 /aʊ/ as in ouch
- 5.6.3 /eə/ as in air
- 5.6.4 /ɪə/ as in ear
- 5.6.5 /ʊə/ as in rural
- 5.7 Letter-name vowels:/eɪ iː aɪ əʊ juː/, plus/uː/
- 5.7.1 /eɪ/ as in aim
- 5.7.2/iː/as in eel
- 5.7.3 /aɪ/ as in ice
- 5.7.4 /əʊ/ as in oath
- 5.7.5 /juː/ as in union
- 5.7.6/uː/as in ooze
6. Some spelling rules for vowels
- 6.1 ‘<i> before <e> except after <c>’
- 6.2 ‘To spell the names of letters <a, i, o, u> in one-syllable words ending with a single consonant phoneme, write the vowel-name letter and the consonant letter and magic <e>’
- 6.3 ‘In non-final syllables of stem words, spell letter-name vowels with their name letters’
- 6.4 <e>-deletion (Part 2 of ‘double, drop or swop’)
- 6.5 <y>-replacement (Part 3 of ‘double, drop or swop’)
- 6.6 <ie>-replacement, <y>-deletion and <e>-insertion
- 6.7 <-able/-ible>
- 6.8 <-ant/-ent,-ance/-ence,-ancy/-ency>
- 6.9 Using related forms to spell schwa
- 6.10 Elided vowels
9. The grapheme-phoneme correspondences of English, 1: Graphemes beginning with consonant letters
- 9.0 Unwritten consonant phonemes
- 9.1 General introduction to the graphemephoneme correspondences
- 9.2 When is a digraph not a digraph?
- 9.3 Frequencies
- 9.4 The general picture: the regular pronunciations of English graphemes beginning with consonant letters
- 9.5 Order of description
- 9.6 <b, bb>
- 9.7 <c>
- 9.8 <ce>
- 9.9 <ch>
- 9.10 <ci>
- 9.11 <ck>
- 9.12 <d, dd>
- 9.13 <dg, dge>
- 9.14 <f, ff>
- 9.15 <g, gg>
- 9.16 <ge>
- 9.17 <h>
- 9.18 <j>
- 9.19 <k>
- 9.20 <l, ll>
- 9.21 <le>
- 9.22 <m, mm>
- 9.23 <n, nn>
- 9.24 <ng>
- 9.25 <p, pp>
- 9.26 <ph>
- 9.27 <q>
- 9.28 <r, rr>
- 9.29 <s, ss>
- 9.30 <se>
- 9.31 <sh>
- 9.32 <si>
- 9.33 <ssi>
- 9.34 <t, tt>
- 9.35 <tch>
- 9.36 <th>
- 9.37 <ti>
- 9.38 <v>
- 9.39 <ve>
- 9.40 <w>
- 9.41 <wh>
- 9.42 <x>
- 9.43 <z, zz>
- 9.44 Some useful generalisations about graphemes beginning with consonant letters
10. The grapheme-phoneme correspondences of English, 2: Graphemes beginning with vowel letters
- 10.1 The general picture: the regular pronunciations of English graphemes beginning with vowel letters
- 10.2 Order of description
- 10.3 <a>
- 10.4 <a.e>
- 10.5 <ai>
- 10.6 <air>
- 10.7 <ar>
- 10.8 <are>
- 10.9 <au>
- 10.10 <aw>
- 10.11 <ay>
- 10.12 <e>
- 10.13 <ea>
- 10.14 <ear>
- 10.15 <ed>
- 10.16 <ee>
- 10.17 <e. e>
- 10.18 <eer>
- 10.19 <er>
- 10.20 <ere>
- 10.21 <ew>
- 10.22 <i>
- 10.23 <ie>
- 10.24 <i.e>
- 10.25 <igh>
- 10.26 <ir>
- 10.27 <o>
- 10.28 <o.e>
- 10.29 <oi>
- 10.30 <oo>
- 10.31 <or>
- 10.32 <ore>
- 10.33 <ou>
- 10.34 <ow>
- 10.35 <oy>
- 10.36 <u>
- 10.37 <ue>
- 10.38 <u. e>
- 10.39 <ur>
- 10.40 <y>
- 10.41 Correspondences of <a, e, i, o, u, y> (± word-final <e>) in content words with no other vowel letters (monosyllables)
- 10.42 Correspondences of <a, e, i, o, u, y> in words with at least one later vowel letter other than ‘silent’ <e> (polysyllables)
- 10.43 Consolation prize?
11. Evaluating some pronunciation rules for vowel graphemes
- 11.1 Some history
- 11.2 ‘When there are two vowels side by side, the long sound of the first one is heard and the second is usually silent.’
- 11.3 ‘When a written word has only one vowel letter, and that letter is followed by at least one consonant letter other than <r, w, y>, the vowel has its usual short pronunciation.’
- 11.4 ‘When a final <e> is preceded by a consonant letter other than <r, w, x, y> and that consonant is preceded by a single vowel letter, the final <e> is silent and the other vowel letter has its letter-name (‘long’) sound.’
- 11.5 ‘When <a> follows <qu, w, wh> and is not followed by <r>, or by any consonant letter plus <e>, it is pronounced /ɒ/.’
- 11.6 ‘When <y> is the final letter in a word, it always has a vowel sound, either alone or in combination with a preceding <a, e, o>.’
