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What Works in Conservation 2020
Introduction
1. Amphibian conservation
Note on the book
1.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
1.2 Threat: Agriculture
1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
1.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
1.5 Threat: Biological resource use
1.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
1.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
1.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
1.9 Threat: Pollution
1.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
1.11 Habitat protection
1.12 Habitat restoration and creation
1.13 Species management
1.14 Education and awareness raising
2. Bat conservation
2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
2.2 Threat: Agriculture
2.3 Threat: Energy production
2.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
2.5 Threat: Biological resource use
2.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
2.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
2.8 Threat: Invasive or problematic species and disease
2.9 Threat: Pollution
2.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
2.11 Habitat protection
2.12 Habitat restoration and creation
2.13 Species management
2.14 Education and awareness raising
3. Bird conservation
3.1 Habitat protection
3.2 Education and awareness raising
3.3 Threat: Residential and commercial development
3.4 Threat: Agriculture
3.5 Threat: Energy production and mining
3.6 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
3.7 Threat: Biological resource use
3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications
3.10 Habitat restoration and creation
3.11 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species
3.12 Threat: Pollution
3.13 Threat: Climate change, extreme weather and geological events
3.14 General responses to small/declining populations
3.15 Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex situ conservation)
4. Farmland conservation
4.1 All farming systems
4.2 Arable farming
4.3 Perennial (non-timber) crops
4.4 Livestock farming
4.5 Threat: Residential and commercial development
4.6 Threat: Agri-chemicals
4.7 Threat: Transport and service corridors
4.8 Threat: Hunting and trapping (for pest control, food or sport)
4.9 Threat: Natural system modification
4.10 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
4.11 Threat: Education and awareness
5. Forest conservation
5.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
5.2 Threat: Agriculture
5.3 Threat: Transport and service corridors
5.4 Threat: Biological resource use
5.5 Habitat protection
5.6 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
5.7 Threat: Pollution
5.8 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
5.9 Habitat protection
5.10 Habitat restoration and creation
5.11 Actions to improve survival and growth rate of planted trees
5.12 Education and awareness raising
6. Peatland conservation
6.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
6.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
6.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
6.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
6.5 Threat: Biological resource use
6.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
6.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
6.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
6.9 Threat: Pollution
6.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
6.11 Habitat creation and restoration
6.12 Actions to complement planting
6.13 Habitat protection
6.14 Education and awareness
7. Primate conservation
7.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
7.2 Threat: Agriculture
7.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
7.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
7.5 Threat: Biological resource use
7.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
7.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
7.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species and genes
7.9 Threat: Pollution
7.10 Education and Awareness
7.11 Habitat protection
7.12 Species management
7.13 Livelihood; economic and other incentives
8. Shrublandand Heathland conservation
8.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
8.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
8.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
8.4 Threat: Biological resource use
8.5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
8.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
8.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
8.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
8.9 Threat: Pollution
8.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
8.11 Threat: Habitat protection
8.12 Habitat restoration and creation
8.13 Actions to benefit introduced vegetation
8.14 Education and awareness
9. Management of captive animals
9.1 Ex-situ conservation – breeding amphibians
9.2 Promoting health and welfare in captive carnivores (felids, canids and ursids) through feeding practices
9.3 Promoting natural feeding behaviours in primates in captivity
10. Some aspects of control of freshwater invasive species
10.1 Threat: Invasive plants
10.2 Threat: Invasive molluscs
10.3 Threat: Invasive crustaceans
10.4 Threat: Invasive fish
10.5 Threat: Invasive reptiles
10.6 Threat: Invasive amphibians
11. Some aspects of enhancing natural pest control
11.1 Reducing agricultural pollution
11.2 All farming systems
11.3 Arable farming
11.4 Perennial farming
11.5 Livestock farming and pasture
12. Enhancing soil fertility
12.1 Reducing agricultural pollution
12.2 All farming systems
12.3 Arable farming
12.4 Livestock and pasture farming
13. Subtidal benthic invertebrateconservation
13.1 Threat: Energy production and mining
13.2 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
13.3 Threat: Biological resource use
13.4 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbances
13.5 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases
13.6 Threat: Pollution
13.7 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
13.8 Habitat protection
13.9 Habitat restoration and creation
13.10 Species management
13.11 Education and awareness
- Table des matières
1. Amphibian conservation
Rebecca K. Smith, Helen Meredith et William J. Sutherland1. Amphibian conservation
2. Bat conservation
Anna Berthinussen, Olivia C. Richardson O.C. et John D. Altringham2. Bat conservation
3. Bird conservation
David R. Williams, Matthew F. Child, Lynn V. Dicks et al.3. Bird conservation
4. Farmland conservation
Lynn V. Dicks, Joscelyne E. Ashpole, Juliana Dänhardt et al.4. Farmland conservation
5. Forest conservation
har’El Agra, Simon Schowanek, Yohay Carmel et al.5. Forest conservation
6. Peatland conservation
Nigel G. Taylor, Patrick Grillas et William J. Sutherland6. Peatland conservation
7. Primate conservation
Jessica Junker, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Lisa Orth et al.7. Primate conservation
8. Shrubland and Heathland conservation
Philip A. Martin, Ricardo Rocha, Rebecca K. Smith et al.8. Shrublandand Heathland conservation
9. Management of captive animals
Coral S. Jonas, Lydia T. Timbrell, Fey Young et al.9. Management of captive animals
10. Some aspects of control of freshwater invasive species
David Aldridge, Nancy Ockendon, Ricardo Rocha et al.10. Some aspects of control of freshwater invasive species
11. Some aspects of enhancing natural pest control
Hugh L. Wright, Joscelyne E. Ashpole, Lynn V. Dicks et al.11. Some aspects of enhancing natural pest control
12. Enhancing soil fertility
Georgina Key, Mike Whitfield, Lynn V. Dicks et al.12. Enhancing soil fertility
13. Subtidal benthic invertebrate conservation
Anaelle J. Lemasson, Laura R. Pettit, Rebecca K. Smith et al.13. Subtidal benthic invertebrateconservation
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Référence électronique du chapitre
6.12 Actions to complement planting In : What Works in Conservation 2020 [en ligne]. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020 (généré le 29 mars 2024). Disponible sur Internet : <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17832>. ISBN : 979-10-365-6992-0.Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (Eds.) 2020. 6.12 Actions to complement planting. In What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers. Tiré de https://books.openedition.org/obp/17832Sutherland, William J, et al., (dir..) “6.12 Actions to complement planting”. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020. (pp. 420-426) Web. <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17832>.Référence électronique du livre
SUTHERLAND, William J. (dir.) ; et al. What Works in Conservation 2020. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020 (généré le 29 mars 2024). Disponible sur Internet : <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17287>. ISBN : 979-10-365-6992-0.Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (Eds.) 2020. What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers. Tiré de https://books.openedition.org/obp/17287Sutherland, William J, et al., ed. What Works in Conservation 2020. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020. Web. <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17287>.Compatible avec Zotero - Partager URL :
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6.12 Actions to complement planting
Likely to be beneficial
Cover peatland with organic mulch (after planting)
1• Germination: One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in a bog in Germany found that mulching after sowing seeds increased germination of two species (a grass and a shrub), but had no effect on three other herb species.
2• Survival: Two replicated, paired, controlled studies in a fen in Sweden and a bog in the USA reported that mulching increased survival of planted vegetation (mosses or sedges). One replicated, paired, controlled study in Indonesia reported that mulching with oil palm fruits reduced survival of planted peat swamp tree seedlings.
3• Growth: One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in a fen in the USA reported that mulching increased growth of transplanted water sedge Carex aquatilis.
4• Cover: Six studies (including four replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after) in bogs in Canada and the USA, and a fen in Sweden, found that mulching after planting increased vegetation cover (specifically total vegetation, total mosses/ bryophytes, Sphagnum mosses or vascular plants after 1–3 growing seasons). Three replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after studies in bogs in Canada found that mulching after planting had no effect on vegetation cover (Sphagnum mosses or fen-characteristic plants).
5• Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 60 %; certainty 60 %; harms 10 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (nine studies); fens (two studies); tropical peat swamps (one study).
6https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1828
Cover peatland with something other than mulch (after planting)
7• Germination: One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in a bog in Germany reported mixed effects of fleece and fibre mats on germination of sown herb and shrub seeds (positive or no effect, depending on species).
8• Survival: Two replicated, randomized, controlled studies examined the effect, on plant survival, of covering planted areas. One study in a fen in Sweden reported that shading increased survival of planted mosses. One study in a nursery in Indonesia reported that shading did not affect survival of most studied peat swamp tree species, but increased survival of some.
9• Growth: Three replicated, randomized, controlled, before-and-after studies examined the effect, on plant growth, of covering planted areas. One study in a greenhouse in Switzerland found that covers, either transparent plastic or shading mesh, increased growth of planted Sphagnum moss. One study in a fen in Sweden found that shading with plastic mesh reduced growth of planted fen mosses. One study in a nursery in Indonesia reported that seedlings shaded with plastic mesh grew taller and thinner than unshaded seedlings.
10• Cover: Two replicated and paired studies, in a fen in Sweden and a bog in Australia, reported that shading plots with plastic mesh increased planted moss cover. One study in a bog in Canada found that covering sown plots with plastic mesh, but not transparent sheets, increased Sphagnum moss abundance. Another study in a bog in Canada reported that shading sown plots with plastic mesh did not affect cover of vegetation overall, vascular plants or mosses.
11• Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 50 %; certainty 50 %; harms 10 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (five studies); fens (two studies); tropical peat swamps (one study).
12https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1829
Reprofile/relandscape peatland (before planting)
13• Survival: One replicated, paired, controlled study in a bog in Canada found that over one growing season, survival of sown Sphagnum mosses was higher in reprofiled basins than on raised plots.
14• Cover: Two replicated, controlled, before-and-after studies in bogs in Canada found that reprofiled basins had higher Sphagnum cover than raised plots, 3–4 growing seasons after sowing Sphagnum-dominated vegetation fragments. One controlled study in a bog in Estonia reported that reprofiled and raised plots had similar Sphagnum cover, 1–2 years after sowing. All three studies found that reprofiled and raised plots developed similar cover of other mosses/ bryophytes and vascular plants.
15• Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 60 %; certainty 40 %; harms 5 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (four studies).
16https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1833
Trade-off between benefit and harms
Add inorganic fertilizer (before/after planting)
17• Survival: Two replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies in bogs in Canada examined the effect, on plant survival, of adding inorganic fertilizer to areas planted with peatland plants. One study reported that fertilizer increased survival of two planted tree species. The other study found that fertilizer had no effect on three planted tree species and reduced survival of one.
18• Growth: Five studies (three replicated, randomized, paired, controlled) in bogs in the UK, Germany and Canada found that fertilizer typically increased growth of planted mosses, herbs or trees. However, for some species or in some conditions, fertilizer had no effect on growth. One replicated, randomized, controlled, before-and-after study in a nursery in Indonesia found that fertilizer typically had no effect on growth of peat swamp tree seedlings.
19• Cover: Three replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies in bogs examined the effect, on vegetation cover, of adding inorganic fertilizer to areas planted with peatland plants. One study in Canada found that fertilizer increased total vegetation, vascular plant and bryophyte cover. Another study in Canada found that fertilizer increased cover of true sedges Carex spp. but had no effect on other vegetation. One study in New Zealand reported that fertilizer typically increased cover of a sown shrub and rush, but this depended on the chemical used and preparation of the peat.
20• Assessment: trade-off between benefit and harms (effectiveness 45 %; certainty 40 %; harms 20 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (eight studies); tropical peat swamps (one study).
21https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1826
Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence)
Introduce nurse plants (to aid focal peatland plants)
22• Survival: One replicated, paired, controlled study in Malaysia reported that planting nurse trees did not affect survival of planted peat swamp tree seedlings (averaged across six species).
23• Cover: Two replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after studies in bogs in the USA and Canada found that planting nurse herbs had no effect on cover, after 2–3 years, of other planted vegetation (mosses/bryophytes, vascular plants or total cover).
24• Assessment: unknown effectiveness – limited evidence (effectiveness 30 %; certainty 38 %; harms 1 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (two studies); tropical peat swamps (one study).
25https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1830
Irrigate peatland (before/after planting)
26• Cover: One replicated, paired, controlled, before-and-after study in a bog in Canada found that irrigation increased the number of Sphagnum moss shoots present 1–2 growing seasons after sowing Sphagnum fragments.
27• Assessment: unknown effectiveness – limited evidence (effectiveness 60 %; certainty 20 %; harms 5 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (one study).
28https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1832
Create mounds or hollows (before planting)
29• Growth: One controlled study, in a peat swamp in Thailand, reported that trees planted into mounds of peat grew thicker stems than trees planted at ground level.
30• Cover: Two replicated, randomized, paired, controlled, before-and-after studies in bogs in Canada found that roughening the peat surface (e.g. by harrowing or adding peat blocks) did not significantly affect cover of planted Sphagnum moss, after 1–3 growing seasons.
31• Assessment: unknown effectiveness – limited evidence (effectiveness 30 %; certainty 38 %; harms 5 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (two studies); tropical peat swamps (one study).
32https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1834
Add fresh peat to peatland (before planting)
33• Cover: One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in New Zealand reported that plots amended with fine peat supported higher cover of two sown plant species than the original (tilled) bog surface.
34• Assessment: unknown effectiveness – limited evidence (effectiveness 45 %; certainty 25 %; harms 5 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (one study).
35https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1837
Remove vegetation that could compete with planted peatland vegetation
36• Survival: One controlled study in a bog the UK reported that some Sphagnum moss survived when sown, in gel beads, into a plot where purple moor grass Molinia caerulea had previously been cut. No moss survived in a plot where grass had not been cut.
37• Assessment: unknown effectiveness – limited evidence (effectiveness 60 %; certainty 20 %; harms 2 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (one study).
38https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1840
Add root-associated fungi to plants (before planting)
39• Survival: Two controlled studies (one also replicated, paired, before-and-after) in peat swamps in Indonesia found that adding root fungi did not affect survival of planted red balau Shorea balangeran or jelutong Dyera polyphylla in all or most cases. However, one fungal treatment increased red balau survival.
40• Growth: Two replicated, controlled, before-and-after studies of peat swamp trees in Indonesia found that adding root fungi to seedlings, before planting, typically had no effect on their growth. However, one controlled study in Indonesia found that adding root fungi increased growth of red balau seedlings.
41• Assessment: unknown effectiveness – limited evidence (effectiveness 30 %; certainty 35 %; harms 0 %). Based on evidence from: tropical peat swamps (three studies).
42https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1841
Likely to be ineffective or harmful
Add lime (before/after planting)
43• Survival: One replicated, controlled study in the Netherlands reported that liming reduced survival of planted fen herbs after two growing seasons. One replicated, randomized, paired, controlled study in Sweden found that liming increased survival of planted fen mosses over one season.
44• Growth: Two controlled, before-and-after studies found that liming did not increase growth of planted peatland vegetation: for two Sphagnum moss species in bog pools in the UK, and for most species of peat swamp tree in a nursery in Indonesia. One replicated, controlled, before-and-after study in Sweden found that liming increased growth of planted fen mosses.
45• Cover: Of two replicated, randomized, paired, controlled studies, one in a fen in Sweden found that liming increased cover of sown mosses. The other, in a bog in Canada, found that liming plots sown with mixed fen vegetation did not affect vegetation cover (total, vascular plants or bryophytes).
46• Assessment: likely to be ineffective or harmful (effectiveness 35 %; certainty 40 %; harms 20 %). Based on evidence from: bogs (two studies); fens (two studies); fen meadows (one study); tropical peat swamps (one study).
47https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/1825
No evidence found (no assessment)
48We have captured no evidence for the following interventions:
- Add organic fertilizer (before/after planting)
- Rewet peatland (before/after planting)
- Remove upper layer of peat/soil (before planting)
- Bury upper layer of peat/soil (before planting)
- Encapsulate planted moss fragments in beads/gel
- Use fences or barriers to protect planted vegetation
- Protect or prepare vegetation before planting (other interventions).