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What Works in Conservation 2020
Introduction
1. Amphibian conservation
Note on the book
1.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
1.2 Threat: Agriculture
1.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
1.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
1.5 Threat: Biological resource use
1.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
1.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
1.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
1.9 Threat: Pollution
1.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
1.11 Habitat protection
1.12 Habitat restoration and creation
1.13 Species management
1.14 Education and awareness raising
2. Bat conservation
2.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
2.2 Threat: Agriculture
2.3 Threat: Energy production
2.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
2.5 Threat: Biological resource use
2.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
2.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
2.8 Threat: Invasive or problematic species and disease
2.9 Threat: Pollution
2.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
2.11 Habitat protection
2.12 Habitat restoration and creation
2.13 Species management
2.14 Education and awareness raising
3. Bird conservation
3.1 Habitat protection
3.2 Education and awareness raising
3.3 Threat: Residential and commercial development
3.4 Threat: Agriculture
3.5 Threat: Energy production and mining
3.6 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
3.7 Threat: Biological resource use
3.8 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
3.9 Threat: Natural system modifications
3.10 Habitat restoration and creation
3.11 Threat: Invasive alien and other problematic species
3.12 Threat: Pollution
3.13 Threat: Climate change, extreme weather and geological events
3.14 General responses to small/declining populations
3.15 Captive breeding, rearing and releases (ex situ conservation)
4. Farmland conservation
4.1 All farming systems
4.2 Arable farming
4.3 Perennial (non-timber) crops
4.4 Livestock farming
4.5 Threat: Residential and commercial development
4.6 Threat: Agri-chemicals
4.7 Threat: Transport and service corridors
4.8 Threat: Hunting and trapping (for pest control, food or sport)
4.9 Threat: Natural system modification
4.10 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
4.11 Threat: Education and awareness
5. Forest conservation
5.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
5.2 Threat: Agriculture
5.3 Threat: Transport and service corridors
5.4 Threat: Biological resource use
5.5 Habitat protection
5.6 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
5.7 Threat: Pollution
5.8 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
5.9 Habitat protection
5.10 Habitat restoration and creation
5.11 Actions to improve survival and growth rate of planted trees
5.12 Education and awareness raising
6. Peatland conservation
6.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
6.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
6.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
6.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
6.5 Threat: Biological resource use
6.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
6.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
6.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
6.9 Threat: Pollution
6.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
6.11 Habitat creation and restoration
6.12 Actions to complement planting
6.13 Habitat protection
6.14 Education and awareness
7. Primate conservation
7.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
7.2 Threat: Agriculture
7.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
7.4 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
7.5 Threat: Biological resource use
7.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
7.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
7.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species and genes
7.9 Threat: Pollution
7.10 Education and Awareness
7.11 Habitat protection
7.12 Species management
7.13 Livelihood; economic and other incentives
8. Shrublandand Heathland conservation
8.1 Threat: Residential and commercial development
8.2 Threat: Agriculture and aquaculture
8.3 Threat: Energy production and mining
8.4 Threat: Biological resource use
8.5 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
8.6 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbance
8.7 Threat: Natural system modifications
8.8 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species
8.9 Threat: Pollution
8.10 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
8.11 Threat: Habitat protection
8.12 Habitat restoration and creation
8.13 Actions to benefit introduced vegetation
8.14 Education and awareness
9. Management of captive animals
9.1 Ex-situ conservation – breeding amphibians
9.2 Promoting health and welfare in captive carnivores (felids, canids and ursids) through feeding practices
9.3 Promoting natural feeding behaviours in primates in captivity
10. Some aspects of control of freshwater invasive species
10.1 Threat: Invasive plants
10.2 Threat: Invasive molluscs
10.3 Threat: Invasive crustaceans
10.4 Threat: Invasive fish
10.5 Threat: Invasive reptiles
10.6 Threat: Invasive amphibians
11. Some aspects of enhancing natural pest control
11.1 Reducing agricultural pollution
11.2 All farming systems
11.3 Arable farming
11.4 Perennial farming
11.5 Livestock farming and pasture
12. Enhancing soil fertility
12.1 Reducing agricultural pollution
12.2 All farming systems
12.3 Arable farming
12.4 Livestock and pasture farming
13. Subtidal benthic invertebrateconservation
13.1 Threat: Energy production and mining
13.2 Threat: Transportation and service corridors
13.3 Threat: Biological resource use
13.4 Threat: Human intrusions and disturbances
13.5 Threat: Invasive and other problematic species, genes and diseases
13.6 Threat: Pollution
13.7 Threat: Climate change and severe weather
13.8 Habitat protection
13.9 Habitat restoration and creation
13.10 Species management
13.11 Education and awareness
- Table des matières
1. Amphibian conservation
Rebecca K. Smith, Helen Meredith et William J. Sutherland1. Amphibian conservation
2. Bat conservation
Anna Berthinussen, Olivia C. Richardson O.C. et John D. Altringham2. Bat conservation
3. Bird conservation
David R. Williams, Matthew F. Child, Lynn V. Dicks et al.3. Bird conservation
4. Farmland conservation
Lynn V. Dicks, Joscelyne E. Ashpole, Juliana Dänhardt et al.4. Farmland conservation
5. Forest conservation
har’El Agra, Simon Schowanek, Yohay Carmel et al.5. Forest conservation
6. Peatland conservation
Nigel G. Taylor, Patrick Grillas et William J. Sutherland6. Peatland conservation
7. Primate conservation
Jessica Junker, Hjalmar S. Kühl, Lisa Orth et al.7. Primate conservation
8. Shrubland and Heathland conservation
Philip A. Martin, Ricardo Rocha, Rebecca K. Smith et al.8. Shrublandand Heathland conservation
9. Management of captive animals
Coral S. Jonas, Lydia T. Timbrell, Fey Young et al.9. Management of captive animals
10. Some aspects of control of freshwater invasive species
David Aldridge, Nancy Ockendon, Ricardo Rocha et al.10. Some aspects of control of freshwater invasive species
11. Some aspects of enhancing natural pest control
Hugh L. Wright, Joscelyne E. Ashpole, Lynn V. Dicks et al.11. Some aspects of enhancing natural pest control
12. Enhancing soil fertility
Georgina Key, Mike Whitfield, Lynn V. Dicks et al.12. Enhancing soil fertility
13. Subtidal benthic invertebrate conservation
Anaelle J. Lemasson, Laura R. Pettit, Rebecca K. Smith et al.13. Subtidal benthic invertebrateconservation
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Référence électronique du chapitre
1.2 Threat: Agriculture In : What Works in Conservation 2020 [en ligne]. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020 (généré le 10 avril 2024). Disponible sur Internet : <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17342>. ISBN : 979-10-365-6992-0.Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (Eds.) 2020. 1.2 Threat: Agriculture. In What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers. Tiré de https://books.openedition.org/obp/17342Sutherland, William J, et al., (dir..) “1.2 Threat: Agriculture”. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020. (pp. 13-16) Web. <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17342>.Référence électronique du livre
SUTHERLAND, William J. (dir.) ; et al. What Works in Conservation 2020. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020 (généré le 10 avril 2024). Disponible sur Internet : <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17287>. ISBN : 979-10-365-6992-0.Sutherland, W. J., Dicks, L. V., Petrovan, S. O., & Smith, R. K. (Eds.) 2020. What Works in Conservation 2020. Open Book Publishers. Tiré de https://books.openedition.org/obp/17287Sutherland, William J, et al., ed. What Works in Conservation 2020. Cambridge : Open Book Publishers, 2020. Web. <https://books.openedition.org/obp/17287>.Compatible avec Zotero - Partager URL :
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1.2 Threat: Agriculture
1.2.1 Engage farmers and other volunteers
Likely to be beneficial
Engage landowners and other volunteers to manage land for amphibians
1Three studies, including one replicated and one controlled study, in Estonia, Mexico and Taiwan found that engaging landowners and other volunteers in habitat management increased amphibian populations and axolotl weight. Six studies in Estonia, the USA and UK found that up to 41,000 volunteers were engaged in habitat restoration programmes for amphibians and restored up to 1,023 ponds or 11,500 km2 of habitat. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 70 %; certainty 55 %; harms 5 %).
2http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/777
Pay farmers to cover the costs of conservation measures
3Four of five studies, including two replicated studies, in Denmark, Sweden and Taiwan found that payments to farmers increased amphibian populations, numbers of species or breeding habitat. One found that amphibian habitat was not maintained. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 70 %; certainty 53 %; harms 10 %).
4http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/818
1.2.2 Terrestrial habitat management
Manage silviculture practices in plantations
5Studies investigating the effects of silviculture practices are discussed in ‘Threat: Biological resource use — Logging and wood harvesting’.
Unknown effectiveness (limited evidence)
Manage cutting regime
6One before-and-after study in Australia found that restoration that included reduced mowing increased numbers of frog species. Assessment for ‘Change mowing regime’ from ‘Habitat restoration and creation’ section: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 50 %; certainty 30 %; harms 0 %).
7http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/788
Manage grazing regime
8Two studies, including one replicated, controlled study, in the UK and USA found that grazed plots had lower numbers of toads than ungrazed plots and that grazing, along with burning, decreased numbers of amphibian species. Five studies, including four replicated studies, in Denmark, Estonia and the UK found that habitat management that included reintroduction of grazing maintained or increased toad populations. Assessment: unknown effectiveness — limited evidence (effectiveness 45 %; certainty 39 %; harms 10 %).
9http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/780
No evidence found (no assessment)
10We have captured no evidence for the following interventions:
- Maintain or restore hedges
- Plant new hedges
- Reduced tillage
1.2.3 Aquatic habitat management
Likely to be beneficial
Manage ditches
11One controlled, before-and-after study in the UK found that managing ditches increased toad numbers. One replicated, site comparison study in the Netherlands found that numbers of amphibians and species were higher in ditches managed under agri-environment schemes compared to those managed conventionally. Assessment: likely to be beneficial (effectiveness 71 %; certainty 60 %; harms 0 %).
12http://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/749
Likely to be ineffective or harmful
Exclude domestic animals or wild hogs from ponds by fencing
13Four replicated studies, including one randomized, controlled, before-and-after study, in the USA found that excluding livestock from streams or ponds did not increase overall numbers of amphibians, species, eggs or larval survival, but did increase larval and metamorph abundance. One before-and-after study in the UK found that pond restoration that included livestock exclusion increased pond use by breeding toads. Assessment: likely to be ineffective or harmful (effectiveness 31 %; certainty 50 %; harms 25 %).