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Terrestrial Mammal Conservation

 | 
Nick A. Littlewood
, 
Ricardo Rocha
, 
Rebecca K. Smith
, 
et al.

Index

Texte intégral

Abrothrix longipilis (long-haired field mice) 778

Acacia seyal 127

Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah) deter predation using nearby people 173

install crossing points 105–106

install non-electric fencing 119

provide live prey to captive mammals 906

release captive-bred individuals 873

release mammals in family/social groups 956

release mammals in unrelated groups 969

translocate predators 154, 156–157

translocate to boost populations 771

use guardian animals 144, 147

use holding pens 798

use visual deterrents 133

wild foster parents 729

Acrobates pygmaeus (feathertail gliders)

install rope bridges between canopies 306

provide artificial dens 698, 700–701,704, 706

Aepyceros melampus (impala)

provide artificial waterholes 538–539

provide live natural prey 906

remove vegetation by hand/machine 662

use prescribed burning 520

Aethomys chrysophilus (red veld rat) 283

African elephants. See Locondonta africana

African honeybees. See Apis mellifera scutellata

African savanna elephants. See Loxodonta africana

African wild dogs. See Lycaon pictus agile antechinus. See Antechinus agilis Agropyron repens (grass) 288

Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass)

remove vegetation by hand/machine 657, 665

use prescribed burning 508, 521

Ailuropoda melanoleucahela (giant pandas) 861

Akodon azarae (grass mice) 690, 694

Alaskan brown bears. See Ursus arctos

Alcelaphus lichtensteini (Lichtenstein’s hartebeest) 513

Alces alces (moose)

allow forest to regenerate naturally 476

apply fertilizer to trees 470–471

install barrier fencing along railways 355

install barrier fencing along roads 319, 322

install crossings over/under pipelines 400–401

install one-way gates 313

install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 293, 298

install underpasses along roads 327, 329–331, 337, 340, 346, 353

modify the roadside environment 375

modify vegetation along railways 377

provide food/salt lick to divert mammals 396

provide supplementary food 737

remove competing vegetation 448

remove or control predators 587

thin trees within forest 466–467

use alternative de-icers on roads 394

use chemical repellents 391–392

use road lighting to reduce vehicle collisions 388

use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting 421

Algerian mice. See Mus spretus

Allegheny woodrats. See Neotoma magister

Alnus spp. (alder) 954

Alopex lagopus (Arctic fox) 737, 745

Alouatta guariba clamitans (brown howler monkeys) 307

alpacas. See Vicugna pacos

Alpine ibex. See Capra ibex

alpine marmot. See Marmota marmota

Altechinus flavipes (yellow-footed antechinus) 249

American marten. See Martes americana

American mink. See Neovison vison; See Mustela vison

American pygmy shrews. See Sorex hoyi

Ammospermophilus nelson (San Joaquin antelope squirrel) 93

Ammotragus lervia (aoudad) 864

Amur tigers. See Panthera tigris altaica

Anas spp. (duck) 159

Anderson’s gerbils. See Gerbillus allenbyi

antbears. See Orycteropus afer

Antechinus agilis (agile antechinus)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700

use patch retention harvesting 439

Antechinus flavipes (mardo)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 699, 701, 704, 707–708

restore former mining sites 247,250–251

Antechinus stuartii (brown antechinus)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698, 703–704, 706

remove/control non-native mammals 564–565

Antechinus swainsonii (dusky antechinus)

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 260

install underpasses beneath ski runs 52

antelope jackrabbit. See Lepus alleni

Antilocapra americana (pronghorn)

apply fertilizer to vegetation 688

captive rear in large enclosures 884

install barrier fencing and underpasses 333, 346

install mammal crossing points along fences 104

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829

remove or control predators 586

use permeable livestock fences 102

use prescribed burning 509

Antilocapra american sonoriensis (Sonoran pronghorns) 632

aoudad. See Ammotragus lervia

Apennine chamois. See Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata

Apis mellifera (feral honeybees) 975

Apis mellifera scutellata (African honeybees) 213

Aplodontia rufa (mountain beavers)

use predator scent to deter crop damage 226–227

use repellents that taste bad 234

Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) 267

Apodemus sylvaticus (wood mice)

create uncultivated margins around fields 59–61

establish wild flower areas on farmland 56

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91

install overpasses over roads/railways 290

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 275

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 260, 267

leave headlands in fields unsprayed 622–623

plant trees on farmland 73

reduce pesticide or fertilizer use 620 use prescribed burning 521

use repellent on slug pellets 78

use set-aside areas on farmland 65–67

Aquila audax (wedge-tailed eagle) 597

Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 937

use holding pens at release site 897

Arabian gazelles. See Gazella arabica

Arabian oryx. See Oryx leucoryx

Arabian sand gazelles. See Gazella subgutturosa marica

Arborimus albipes (white-footed vole) 463

Arctic fox. See Vulpes lagopus; See Alopex lagopus

argali. See Ovis ammon polii

armadillos. See Dasypus novemcinctus

Artemesia (sagebrush) 687

Arvicola amphibius (water vole)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 939

restore or create wetlands 683

Arvicola terrestris (water vole)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 936

remove/control non-native mammals 564, 570

use holding pens at release site 803,894

Arvicolinae (vole spp.)

install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 329

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 263

Arviola terrestris (water vole) 406

ash-grey mouse. See Pseudomys albocinereus

Asian elephants. See Elephas maximus

Asiatic black bears. See Ursus thibetanus

Asiatic lion. See Panthera leo persica

Asiatic wild ass. See Equus hemionus

Avena barbat (slender oat) 671

Avena sativa (winter oats)

install electric fencing to protect crops 163

plant crops to provide supplementary food 83

provide supplementary food 848

azure-winged magpies. See Cyanopica cyanus

baboons. See Papio sp.

badgers. See Meles meles; See Taxidea taxus

Baiomys taylori (northern pygmy mice) 555

banded hare-wallabies. See Lagostrophus fasciatus

bandicoots. See Perameles nasuta

bank vole. See Clethrionomys glareolus; See Myodes glareolus barn owl. See Tyto alba

barrier fencing 259, 274, 282, 284, 288–289, 291–293, 295, 310–316, 318, 320, 323–328, 330, 334, 336, 338–343, 355, 367, 389, 402–404

install barrier fencing along railways 355

install barrier fencing along roads 315–323

install barrier fencing along waterways 404–405

install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 323–354

barriers, use of 7, 21, 24, 40–41, 53, 91, 93, 100, 102, 104–106, 114–118, 120–124, 126–127, 129, 131, 145, 160–161, 163–167, 169–171, 186, 200, 214, 220, 222, 224, 242, 247–249, 251–252, 259, 269–270, 274, 280, 282–289, 291–298, 310–355, 367–368, 370, 372–373, 388–389, 400, 402, 404–405, 453, 455, 480, 484, 492–493, 516, 534, 540–541, 543–553, 560, 613–614, 629, 642–643, 651, 662, 692, 749, 798–799, 809, 845, 894, 912, 914, 925, 935, 937–938, 956, 975, 980

build fences around protected areas 641–642

exclude wild mammals using ditches, moats, walls or other barricades 126–128

install automatically closing gates at field entrances to prevent mammals entering 170–171

install electric fencing to protect crops from mammals 161–167

install electric fencing to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 120–126

install fences around existing culverts or underpasses under roads/ railways 283–286

install mammal crossing points along fences on farmland 103–106

install non-electric fencing to exclude predators or herbivores 114–120 install one-way gates or other structures to allow wildlife to leave roadways 310–315

protect mammals close to development areas (e.g. by fencing) 24

use electric fencing to deter mammals from energy installations or mines 251–252

use fencing/netting to reduce predation of fish stock by mammals 186–187

use fencing to exclude grazers or other problematic species 543–546

use fencing to exclude predators or other problematic species 546–553

use fencing to protect water sources for use by wild mammals 540

use livestock fences that are permeable to wildlife 102–103

use tree tubes/small fences/cages to protect individual trees 479–480

Bettongia gaimardi (eastern bettongs) hold translocated mammals in captivity before release 822–823

provide supplementary food during/ after release of translocated mammals 851, 854

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 942, 945

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 839, 842

Bettongia lesueur (boodie)

provide supplementary food 850, 853 release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 911, 914, 918

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 932, 937, 941, 943, 945, 947, 971–972

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 830, 835, 840

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

use holding pens at release site 808, 897

Bettongia penicillata (woylies)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 933, 946–947, 949

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 838, 841

remove/control non-native mammals 560–562, 568, 571

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

bharal. See Pseudois nayaur

bighorn sheep. See Ovis canadensis

bilbies. See Perameles lagotis

bison. See Bison bison

Bison bison (bison)

manage vegetation using grazing 653 release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829

translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 791

treat disease in wild mammals 599 use permeable livestock fences 102 use prescribed burning 512

Bison bison bison (plains bison)

treat disease in wild mammals 599

use prescribed burning 512

Bison bonasus (European bison)

provide supplementary food 921

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 959

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 782

biting dog lice. See Trichodectes canis

black bear. See Ursus americanus

black-footed ferrets. See Mustela nigripes

black rat. See Rattus rattus

black rhinoceros. See Diceros bicornis

black-tailed hares. See Lepus californicus

black-tailed prairie dog. See Cynomys; See Cynomys ludovicianus

Blarina brevicauda (northern short-tailed shrews)

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91

manage vegetation using grazing 653 thin trees within forest 465

use prescribed burning 516

use selective harvesting 435

Blarina carolinensis (southeastern short-tailed shrew)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 334

leave coarse woody debris 455

leave standing deadwood 453

bobcats. See Felis rufus; See Lynx rufus

Bolam’s mice. See Pseudomys bolami

bontebok. See Damaliscus pygargus pygargus

boodie. See Bettongia lesueur

Bos gaurus (gaur) 664, 666

Bos taurus (cattle) 545

bot fly. See Cuterebra

Bradypus torquatus (maned sloths) 767, 784

Brassica napus (oilseed rape) 66

broad-toothed rat. See Mastacomys fuscus

Bromus inermns (brome grass) 87

brown antechinus. See Antechinus stuartii

brown hare. See Lepus capensis

brown howler monkeys. See Alouatta guariba clamitans

brown hyaena. See Hyaena brunnea

brown rats. See Rattus norvegicus

Brucella abortus (brucellosis) 599

brucellosis. See Brucella abortus

brush mice. See Peromyscus boylii

brush-tailed phascogale. See Phascogale tapoatafa

brush-tailed rock wallabies. See Petrogale penicillata

Bubo virginianus (great-horned owls)

release captive-bred mammals 876, 915

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 938

buffalo. See Syncerus caffer

Bufo marinus (cane toads) 553–554

burning, use of

burn at specific time of year 524–526

use prescribed burning 505–524

Burramys parvus (mountain pygmy-possums) 259

bushpigs. See Potamochoerus larvatus

bush rat. See Rattus fuscipes

bushveld gerbils. See Tatera leucogaster

bushy-tailed wood rat. See Neotoma cinerea

Buteo jamaicensis (red-tailed hawks) 908

cactus mouse. See Peromyscus eremicus

California ground squirrel.

See Spermophilus beecheyi;

See Otospermophilus beecheyi

Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress-pine) 691

Calluna vulgaris (heather)

replant vegetation 661

use prescribed burning 519

Calomys laucha (small vesper mice) 690, 694

cane toads. See Bufo marinus

Canis aureus (jackals) 128

Canis dingo (dingoes)

install tunnels under roads 266

use fencing to exclude predators 551

use guardian animals to deter predators 146

use non-lethal methods 502

Canis familiaris (feral dogs) 586

Canis latrans (coyotes)

deter mammals from human-occupied areas 48

deter predation of livestock using shock collars 175

dispose of livestock carcasses to deter predation 141

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329, 331, 333, 345–346, 348

install crossings over/under pipelines 401

install electric fencing to reduce predation 121–124

install non-electric fencing 116

install overpasses over roads/railways 289

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels under roads 263–265,267, 270

place captive young with captive foster parents 858

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691

provide diversionary feeding for predators 594

release captive-bred individuals 872, 876

release captive-bred mammals 915

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 937–938, 940, 963, 980

remove/control non-native plants 574

remove or control predators 586–588

restore or create forest 679

use conditioned taste aversion 497

use fencing to exclude predators 550

use flags to reduce predation 130

use guardian animals to deter predators 142–143

use holding pens at release site 897 use lights and sound to deter predation 180–181

use loud noises to deter predation 149 use predator scent to deter crop damage 226–227

use repellents that taste bad 237

use scent to deter predation 183

use taste-aversion to reduce predation 135–138

Canis lupus (grey wolves)

control ticks/fleas/lice in wild mammals 616

eter predation of livestock using shock collars 176–177

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–331, 335–336, 342

install crossings over/under pipelines 401

install electric fencing 124, 126

install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291, 295

install overpasses over waterways 403

keep livestock in enclosures 161

pay farmers to compensate for losses 112, 114

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 719, 722

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 954

remove or control predators 585, 587–588

restrict hunting of a species 411

sterilize predators 591

translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789

translocate predators 791

translocate predators away from livestock 152, 154

use chemical repellents 392

use flags to reduce predation 129–132 use guardian animals to deter predators 145

use holding pens at release site 797, 802, 893

use lights and sound to deter predation 181

use scent to deter predation 184

Canis lupus baileyi (Mexican wolves) provide supplementary food 923

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 957

use holding pens at release site 891

Canis lupus dingo (dingoes)

release captive-bred mammals 915

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 938

release translocated mammals 835

use non-lethal methods 501, 503

Canis lupus familiaris (dogs)

deter mammals from human-occupied areas 46–48

deter predation of livestock by mammals 172

dispose of livestock carcasses to deter predation 141

install barrier fencing and underpasses 338

install tunnels under roads 266

keep dogs indoors or in outside enclosures 29

keep domestic cats and dogs well-fed 30

pay farmers to compensate for losses 112

release captive-bred individuals 875

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947

threat: invasive alien and other problematic species 543

threat: residential and commercial development 23

translocate predators away from livestock 153

translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 34

use chili to deter crop damage 218

use dogs to guard crops 240–241

use fire to deter crop damage 223

use guardian animals to deter predators 142–147

use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 501

use scarecrows to deter crop damage 197

Canis lupus lupus (grey wolf) 858–859

Canis lupus rufus (red wolves)

provide supplementary food 924

use holding pens at release site 893

Canis mesomelas (jackals)

fit livestock with protective collars 179

install electric fencing to reduce predation 123

install mammal crossing points 105–106

provide supplementary food 744

use guardian animals to deter predators 147

Canis rufus (red wolf) 124

Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolves) 602

Canus latrans (coyotes) 346

Cape mountain zebra. See Equus zebra zebra

Capra hircus (goats)

release captive-bred mammals 912

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 935, 948

Capra ibex (Alpine ibex) 777

Capra pyrenaica (Iberian ibex) 780, 787

Capra pyrenaica hispanica (Spanish ibex) 611–612

Capra sibirica (ibex) 426

Capreolus capreolus (roe deer)

install barrier fencing along roads 322

install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 339–340, 342

install non-electric fencing 117

install overpasses over roads/railways 289–290, 293, 295

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels under roads 261

install wildlife warning reflectors 362–363

keep dogs indoors 29

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide supplementary food 846, 853

release captive-bred individuals 869, 879

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768, 772, 781, 784

use chemical repellents 390, 392–393

use drugs to treat parasites 609, 613

use holding pens at release site 802,812

Caracal caracal (caracals)

fit livestock with protective collars 179

use guardian animals to deter predators 147

caracals. See Caracal caracal

caragana. See Caragana arborescens

Caragana arborescens (caragana) 232

caribou. See Rangifer tarandus

Carolina northern flying squirrels.

See Glaucomys sabrinus; See Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus

Castor canadensis (North American beavers)

airborne translocation of mammals using parachutes 826

provide diversionary feeding for predators 594

provide supplementary feed 481

reduce intensity of grazing 99

translocate predators 791

use prescribed burning 516, 523

use repellents that taste bad 235

Castor fiber (Eurasian beavers)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 954

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 762, 783

cattle. See Bos taurus

Central American tapir. See Tapirus bairdii

Ceratoiherium simum cottoni (white rhinoceros) 757

Ceratotherium simum (white rhinoceros) provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 717

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 758, 773–774, 785

Cercartetus concinnus (western pygmy possum)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 704

restore former mining sites 249

Cercartetus nanus (eastern pygmy-possums) 700, 702–703, 709

Cercocarpus spp. (mountain mahogany) 537

Cersus elaphus (elk) 103

Cervus canadensis (elk)

apply fertilizer to vegetation 689

deter mammals from human-occupied areas 47

install barrier fencing along roads 322

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–333, 335–336, 345–346, 349

install metal grids at field entrances 169

install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291

install wildlife exclusion grates 369

manage vegetation using grazing by wild herbivores 653

manage vegetation using livestock grazing 649–650

provide supplementary food 743, 923 reduce intensity of grazing 95

reduce legal speed limit 371

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 939, 957, 961

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829

restrict hunting of a species 410

restrict hunting of particular sex/ breeding age animals 417

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 529

translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789

translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 791

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 761, 771

use chemical repellents 391

use holding pens at release site 804,891

use lights and sound to deter crop damage 189

use permeable livestock fences 102

use prescribed burning 508, 510, 516–518

use repellents that taste bad 233

Cervus elaphus (red deer)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336, 339, 342

install non-electric fencing 117

install overpasses over roads/railways 290–292, 295

install overpasses over waterways 403 install wildlife warning reflectors 363 provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 193

provide mammals with escape routes from canals 406

provide supplementary food 742

release captive-bred individuals 873,880

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 966

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 780

use chemical repellents 390, 392–393

use holding pens at release site 812

Cervus nippon (sika deer)

install electric fencing 165

use chemical repellents 390

Chaetodipus fallax (San Diego pocket mouse) 676

Chaetodipus formosus (long-tailed pocket mouse) 90

Chaetodipus spinatus (spiny pocket mouse) 676

cheetahs. See Acinonyx jubatu

Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) 84

chili, use as deterrent 165, 195, 198–200, 215–220, 222, 224, 242

chipmunk. See Tamias minimus; See Tamias striatus

chuditch. See Dasyurus geoffroii

Cirsium spp. (thistles) 61

civet. See Civettictis civetta

Civettictis civetta (civet) 51

clearfelling 438–439, 459, 472, 478

Clethrionomys californicus (Western red-backed vole) 463

Clethrionomys gapperi (red-backed voles) install barrier fencing and underpasses 335

install overpasses over roads/railways 290

leave coarse woody debris in forests 454

open patches in forests 443–444

provide woody debris 54

thin trees within forest 465

use patch retention harvesting 438

use selective harvesting 434

Clethrionomys glareolus (bank voles)

create uncultivated margins around fields 60

provide supplementary food 736

use repellent on slug pellets 78

collared peccaries. See Pecari tajacu

collars, use of 32–35, 46–47, 128, 146, 153, 155, 174, 176–177, 248, 293–294, 319, 339–340, 342, 402–403, 407, 422, 513, 518–520, 528–529, 537, 548, 568, 585, 588–589, 591, 594, 611, 663, 669, 672, 692, 739, 742, 760–761, 767, 778–779, 789–790, 796, 798, 802, 807, 816, 821, 830, 832–833, 868, 870, 873, 877, 911, 933, 939, 955–956, 958, 964, 986, 996, 1001

use collar-mounted devices 25, 25–28, 28, 543

Columbian ground squirrel. See Spermophilus columbianus

Commiphora (thorny trees) 118

common brushtail possum. See Tri ch o su ru s v u lp ecula; See Trichosurus sp.com.

common dunnart. See Sminthopsis murina

common hamsters. See Cricetus cricetus

common mallow. See Malva sylvestris

common ringtail possums. See Pseudocheirus peregrinus

common teasel. See Dipsacus sylvestris

common vole. See Microtus arvalis

common wallaroos. See Macropus robustus

common wombat. See Vombatus ursinus

Conepatus chinga (Molina’s hog-nosed skunk) 451

Connochaetes taurinus (wildebeest)

build fences around protected areas 642

provide artificial waterholes 538

replant vegetation 662

use prescribed burning 521

Corsican pines. See Pinus nigra

cotton mouse. See Peromyscus gossypinus

cottonwood. See Populus spp.

cougars. See Felis concolor

coyotes. See Canis latrans; See Canus latrans

coypu. See Myocastor coypus

crabapple. See Malus spp.

crest-tailed mulgara. See Dasycercus cristicauda

Cricetulus kamensis (Kam dwarf hamster) 98

Cricetus cricetus (common hamsters) establish wild flower areas 57–58

provide mammals with escape routes 406

release translocated mammals 836,841

Crocidura russula (white-toothed shrew) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91

remove/control non-native mammals 563

use prescribed burning 521

Crocidura suaveolens (white-toothed shrews) 563

Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyenas)

exclude wild mammals using barricades 127–128

install non-electric fencing 119

release captive-bred mammals 873

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771, 774

use guardian animals to deter predators 144

use people to deter predation 173

use visual deterrents to deter predation 133

Crotalus viridis (prairie rattlesnakes) 908

Cryptotis parva (North American least shrew)

leave coarse woody debris 455

leave standing deadwood/snags 453

culpeo fox. See Lycalopex culpaeus

culverts 258–261, 263–265, 267–286, 288, 291–292, 294, 297, 316, 319, 322, 324–325, 328–337, 339–341, 343, 346–348, 350–353

Cuterebra (bot fly)

emove vegetation using herbicides 670

remove vegetation using herbicides 668

use prescribed burning 510–511, 522

Cyanopica cyanus (azure-winged magpies) 586

Cynomys (black-tailed prairie dog)

captive rear in large enclosures 883

control ticks/fleas/lice in wild mammals 616

provide live natural prey to captive mammals 905

provide supplementary food 845

release captive-bred mammals 876

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 937, 940, 957, 959–960, 963, 968, 975, 980

remove vegetation using herbicides 667

replant vegetation 658, 660, 665

train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 776

use fencing to exclude predators 550

use holding pens at release site 799,808, 897

use prescribed burning 515, 523

Cynomys ludovicianus (black-tailed prairie dog)

captive rear in large enclosures 883

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 959–960, 968, 975

remove vegetation by hand/machine 665

replant vegetation 660

se prescribed burning 523

train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908

use fencing to exclude predators 550

use prescribed burning 515

Cynomys parvidens (Utah prairie dogs) control ticks/fleas/lice in wild mammals 616

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 940, 963, 980

remove vegetation using herbicides 667

replant vegetation 658

Dama dama (fallow deer)

install acoustic wildlife warnings 365

install overpasses over roads/railways 290

install tunnels under roads 260

install wildlife warning reflectors 359, 363

use chemical repellents 390

use repellents that taste bad 235

Damaliscus lunatus (tsessebe)

provide artificial waterholes 538

provide live natural prey to captive mammals 906

use prescribed burning 513

Damaliscus pygargus pygargus (bontebok) 653

Dama mesopotamica (Persian fallow deer) 893

Dasycercus cristicauda (crest-tailed mulgara) 569

Dasypus novemcinctus (armadillos)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 328, 334

restore or create forest 679

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 773

Dasyurus geoffroii (chuditch)

release captive-bred mammals 871

remove/control non-native mammals 566

restore former mining sites 247

translocate mammals 255

Dasyurus viverrinus (eastern quoll)

install signage to warn motorists about wildlife 384

install traffic calming structures 373

install wildlife warning reflectors 360

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 942

use fencing to exclude predators 548

deer. See Odocoileus spp.

deer mouse. See Peromyscus maniculatus

Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 347

install rope bridges between canopies 305

install tunnels under roads 266

denning sites 39–40, 499

desert cottontail rabbits. See Sylvilagus audubonii

dibblers. See Parantechinus apicalis

Diceros bicornis (black rhinoceros)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 970

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 834

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 758

Dicotyles tajacu (javelina) 574

Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossums) 307

Didelphis marsupialis (opossum) 331

Didelphis virginia (opossums) 138

Didelphis virginiana (opossums)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 328, 343

install tunnels under roads 267, 270

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697

restore or create wetlands 682

Didelphis virginianus (opossums)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 334

install tunnels under roads 265

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698

dingoes. See Canis dingo; See Canis lupus dingo

Diorhabda spp. (leaf beetles) 574

Dipdomys heermanni (Heermann’s kangaroo rat)

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 93

hold translocated mammals in captivity 820

provide supplementary food 849

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 978, 987

Dipodomys ingens (giant kangaroo rat) 93

Dipodomys merriami (Merriam’s kangaroo rat) 90, 95, 676

Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides (short nosed kangaroo rat)

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 93

hold translocated mammals in captivity 820

provide supplementary food 849

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 978, 987

Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens’ kangaroo rat)

manage vegetation using livestock grazing 650

replant vegetation 660

Dipsacus sylvestris (common teasel) 61

diversionary feeding 41, 42, 43, 44, 158, 159, 190, 191, 192, 193, 396, 593, 594. See also food/feeding

dogs. See Canis lupus familiaris

dorcas gazelle. See Gazella dorcas neglecta

Douglas fir. See Pseudotsuga menziesii

duck. See Anas spp.

dusky antechinus. See Antechinus swainsonii

dusky hopping mouse. See Notomys fuscus

dusky shrew. See Sorex monticolus

eastern barred bandicoot. See Perameles gunnii

eastern bettongs. See Bettongia gaimardi

eastern cottontail. See Sylvilagus floridanus

eastern grey kangaroos. See Macropus giganteus

eastern hemlock. See Tsuga canadensis

eastern pygmy-possums. See Cercartetus nanus

eastern quoll. See Dasyurus viverrinus

eastern woodrats. See Neotoma floridana

Echinochloa esculenta (white millet) 83

Echinococcus multicularis (small fox tapeworm) 495

Egyptian mongooses. See Herpestes ichneumon

eland. See Taurotragus oryx

Elaphurus davidianus (Père David’s deer) provide supplementary food during/ after release 924

release captive-bred individuals 879, 882

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829

use holding pens at release site 892, 902

electric fencing 40–41, 114–115, 120–124, 126, 145, 161, 163–164, 167, 251–252, 541, 547, 549–550, 799, 845, 938, 975

elephant. See Loxondonta africana

Elephas maximus (Asian elephants)

drive wild animals away using domestic animals 242

install electric fencing 165

use chili to deter crop damage 217,220

use distress calls or signals to deter crop damage 212

use fire to deter crop damage 224

use light/lasers to deter crop damage 222

use loud noises to deter crop damage 200

Eliomys quercinus (garden dormouse) install barrier fencing and underpasses 336

use prescribed burning 521

elk. See Cervus canadensis; See Cersus elaphus

Enhydra lutris (sea otter)

hand-rear orphaned or abandoned young 725

place abandoned wild young with captive foster parents 731

translocate mammals away from oil spill 624

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 758, 782

use holding pens at release site 796

Equus africanus asinus (horses) 545

Equus burchelli (zebra)

provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538

replant vegetation 662

use prescribed burning 513, 521

Equus ferus caballus (horses) 545

Equus ferus przewalskii (Przewalski’s horses)

provide supplementary food 926, 929 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 964

use holding pens at release site 899, 904

Equus hemionus (Asiatic wild ass) 890, 902

Equus quagga (zebra)

build fences around protected areas 642

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774

Equus zebra (mountain zebra)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774

Equus zebra zebra (Cape mountain zebra) manage vegetation using grazing 653 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 776

use prescribed burning 514

Erethizon dorsatum (porcupines) 234

Erica tetralix (heather)

replant vegetation 661

use prescribed burning 519

Erinaceus europaeus (hedgehogs)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 818, 823

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336–337, 344

install overpasses over roads/railways 292

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels under railways 275, 277

install tunnels under roads 260

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide supplementary food 847, 853

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 717–720, 722

Ethiopian wolves. See Canis simensis

Eucalyptus

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 702, 704

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691

restore former mining sites 248

restore or create forest 679–680

retain understorey vegetation 451

retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460

translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 790

Eudorcas rufifrons (red-fronted gazelle) release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 917

restore or create savannas 674

Eurasian beavers. See Castor fiber

Eurasian lynx. See Lynx lynx

European bison. See Bison bonasus

European ground squirrels. See Spermophilus citellus

European larch. See Larix decidua

European mink. See Mustela lutreola

European rabbits. See Oryctolagus cuniculus

fallow deer. See Dama dama

Fascioloides magna (trematode) 610, 613

fat-tailed dunnart. See Sminthopsis crassicaudata

fawn-footed melomys. See Melomys cervinipes

feathertail gliders. See Acrobates pygmaeus

Felis catus (feral cats) 4, 21

hold translocated mammals in captivity 822

install barrier fencing and underpasses 331, 334, 338

install fences around culverts or underpasses 285

keep cats indoors or in outside runs 25

keep domestic cats and dogs well-fed 30

modify culverts for accessibility 278 modify traps 579

provide supplementary food 850

reintroduce top predators 576

release captive-bred mammals 911–912, 914, 916

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 932, 934–935, 937, 941– 942, 946, 971, 981

release translocated mammals 830, 833, 835, 838, 840

remove/control non-native mammals 558, 568–569, 571–572

remove or control predators 586

restore former mining sites 246

restore or create wetlands 682

sterilise non-native domestic or feral species 595

threat: invasive alien and other problematic species 543

threat: residential and commercial development 23

train captive-bred mammals 908

train mammals to avoid problematic species 597

translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 808

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 779

use collar-mounted devices to reduce predation 26–28

use conditioned taste aversion 581

use fencing to exclude predators 549, 552

use holding pens at release site 897 use reward removal 583

Felis concolor (cougars)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328

translocate predators away from livestock 153, 157

Felis rufus (bobcats)

install tunnels under roads 264

restore or create forest 679

Felis serval (serval) 724

Felis silvestris (wild cat)

install barrier fencing along roads 320

install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 336, 342

install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 294

install tunnels under railways 275

install tunnels under roads 260

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

use fencing to exclude predators 551

feral cats. See Felis catus

feral dogs. See Canis familiaris

feral honeybees. See Apis mellifera

fertilizer 55, 245, 469–471, 619–620, 647, 688–689

Festuca scabrella (rough fescue)

manage vegetation using livestock grazing 650

use prescribed burning 510

field voles. See Microtus agrestis

fire 165, 200, 218, 220, 222–224, 242, 433, 445, 506–507, 509, 514–518, 520, 522–528, 530–536, 540–541, 549, 552,554–555, 647, 652, 670, 675, 902, 928, 965

fishers. See Martes pennanti

food/feeding 3, 38–44, 48–50, 63, 72, 78–79, 82–84, 86–87, 115, 119,124–125, 129, 136–138, 146, 148–150,158–160, 162, 164, 168, 170, 175–176, 181, 187–193, 196, 201–202, 205,207–208, 211, 226–229, 233–236, 238, 260, 281, 312, 321, 355, 358, 365–367, 375–378, 391, 394–398, 409,429, 438, 458, 480–481, 485–486, 493, 496–501, 506–507, 519, 533, 540–541,544, 549–550, 552, 554, 557, 559, 566, 569, 573, 576, 581, 583, 591–594, 600, 609–613, 619, 631–632, 648–649, 651– 652, 660–661, 667, 683–684, 688, 709, 720–721, 728–729, 731–750, 752–753,757, 763, 766–768, 782, 797–800, 802– 803, 806, 809–810, 813, 819, 821, 828, 830, 838–839, 842–853, 867, 871, 883, 885–891, 893–894, 898–901, 911–913,916–917, 919–928, 933, 935–936, 940,942, 944, 952, 957, 960, 962, 972–975, 977–978, 981–982, 985–988, 993, 999

apply fertilizer to vegetation to increase food availability 688–689

apply water to vegetation to increase food availability during drought 631–632

graze herbivores on pasture, instead of sustaining with artificial foods 752–753

plant crops to provide supplementary food for mammals 82–84

prevent mammals accessing potential wildlife food sources 39–41

provide diversionary feeding for mammals to reduce human-wildlife conflict 41–44

provide diversionary feeding for predators 593–595

provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage by mammals 190–193

provide diversionary feeding to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 158–160

provide food/salt lick to divert mammals from roads or railways 394–396

provide supplementary feed to reduce tree damage 480–481

provide supplementary food after fire 540–541

provide supplementary food during/ after release of captive-bred mammals 919–929

provide supplementary food to increase reproduction/survival 732–747

use negative stimuli to deter consumption of livestock feed by mammals 207–208

fox squirrels. See Sciurus niger

Fraxinus americana (white ash) 698

garden dormouse. See Eliomys quercinus

gaur. See Bos gaurus

Gazella arabica (Arabian gazelles)

provide supplementary food 926, 929

provide supplementary water 750–751

release captive-bred mammals 916,919

use holding pens at release site 898,903

Gazella dorcas neglecta (dorcas gazelle) release captive-bred mammals 917,919

restore or create savannas 674–675

Gazella gazella (mountain gazelles) 869,879

Gazella subgutturosa marica (Arabian sand gazelles) 891, 902

Gazella thomsonii (Thomson’s gazelles) 520, 524

genet. See Genetta genetta

Genetta genetta (genet)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336–337, 339–340

install ledges in culverts 280

install overpasses over roads/railways 289

install tunnels under railways 275

install tunnels under roads 261

remove or control predators 586

Gerbillus allenbyi (Anderson’s gerbils) 659

giant anteaters. See Myrmecophaga tridactyla

giant kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys ingens

giant pandas. See Ailuropoda melanoleucahela

Giraffa camelopardalis (giraffe)

provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538–539

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992

replant vegetation 662

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774

giraffe. See Giraffa camelopardalis

Glaucomys sabrinus (Carolina northern flying squirrels)

install pole crossings for gliders/ flying squirrels 301

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701–702, 706, 709

provide supplementary food 740, 746 thin trees within forest 464, 468

Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus (Carolina northern flying squirrels) 301

Glaucomys volans (southern flying squirrels)

manage vegetation using grazing 653

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697–698

use fencing to exclude predators 550, 552

Glirulus japonicus (Japanese dormouse) 706, 710

goats. See Capra hircus

golden bandicoots. See Isoodon auratus

golden eagle. See Aquila chrysaetos

golden-mantled ground squirrel.

See Spermophilus lateralis

golden mouse. See Ochrotomys nuttalli

Gould’s monitors. See Varanus gouldii

Grammomys cometes (Mozambique thicket rats) 705

Graphiurus murinus (woodland dormice) 705, 709

grass mice. See Akodon azarae

gray-collared chipmunk. See Tamias cinereicollis

gray squirrel. See Sciurus carolinensis

gray wolves. See Canis lupis

Great Basin pocket mouse.

See Perognathus parvus

greater bilbies. See Macrotis lagotis

greater glider. See Petauroides volans

greater one-horned rhinoceros.

See Rhinoceros unicornis

greater stick-nest rat. See Leporillus conditor

great-horned owls. See Bubo virginianus

grey fox. See Urocyon cinereoargenteus

grey wolf. See Canis lupus lupus

grey wolves. See Canis lupus

groundhogs. See Marmota monax

guanacos. See Lama guanicoe

guiña. See Leopardus guigna

Gulo gulo (wolverines) 113

Gymnobelideus leadbeateri (Leadbeater’s possum) 702

hares. See Lepus spp.

harvesting 57, 61, 65–66, 77, 86, 237,409–410, 413, 416, 418, 432–439,442–445, 447–449, 454, 457–460, 464–465, 468, 472–475, 477–478, 536,616, 636, 714, 725, 734, 771, 829, 836

harvest mouse. See Micromys minutus

hazel dormouse. See Muscardinus avellanarius

heather voles. See Phenacomys intermedius

hedgehogs. See Erinaceus europaeus

hedgerows, use of 56, 60, 62, 66–71

Heermann’s kangaroo rat. See Dipdomys heermanni

Hemitragus jemlahicus (Himalayan tahr) 419

Herpestes ichneumon (Egyptian mongooses)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 337, 339

remove or control predators 586

Himalayan tahr. See Hemitragus jemlahicus

hippopotamus. See Hippopotamus amphibius

Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus) ban exports of hunting trophies 432 install electric fencing to protect crops 166–167

Hippotragus equinus (roan antelope)

graze herbivores on pasture 752

provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 991

use holding pens at release site 795 use prescribed burning 513

Hippotragus niger (sable antelope)

provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538

use prescribed burning 513

hispid cotton rats. See Sigmodon hispidus

hispid pocket mouse. See Perognathus hispidus

honey badgers. See Mellivora capensis

honey possum. See Tarsipes rostratus

Hordeum vulgare (barley)

provide supplementary food 848

use repellent on slug pellets 79

horses. See Equus africanus asinus; See Equus ferus caballus

house mice. See Mus musculus; See Mus domesticus

human-wildlife conflict, reduction of 11, 23, 30–32, 38–42, 44, 110–111, 114, 120, 126–128, 132, 134, 140–141, 148, 151, 158, 160–161, 168, 170–174, 178–180, 182, 185–188, 190, 194–195, 201–205, 207, 209, 213, 215–217, 221, 223, 225, 228–229, 231–232, 238–241, 243, 252, 369, 390, 483, 490, 493, 496, 499

deter predation of livestock by herding livestock using adults instead of children 173–174

deter predation of livestock by mammals by having people close by 172–173

deter predation of livestock by using shock/electronic dog-training collars 174–178

dispose of livestock carcasses to deter predation of livestock by mammals 140–141

drive wild animals away using domestic animals of the same species 241–242

establish deviation ponds in fish farms to reduce predation of fish stock by mammals 187

exclude wild mammals using ditches, moats, walls or other barricades 126–128

fit livestock with protective collars to reduce risk of predation by mammal 178–179

grow unattractive crop in buffer zone around crops 215–216

install automatically closing gates at field entrances to prevent mammals entering 170–171

install electric fencing to protect crops from mammals 161–167

install electric fencing to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 120–126

install metal grids at field entrances to prevent mammals entering 168–169

install non-electric fencing to exclude predators or herbivores 114–120

issue enforcement notices to deter use of non-bear-proof garbage dumpsters 38

keep livestock in enclosures to reduce predation by mammals 160–161

pay farmers to compensate for losses due to predators/wild herbivores 111–114

play predator calls to deter crop damage by mammals 209, 209–210

provide diversionary feeding for mammals to reduce nuisance behaviour 41–44

provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage by mammals 190–193

provide diversionary feeding to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 158–160

relocate local pastoralist communities 110–111

scare or otherwise deter mammals from human-occupied areas 44–50

translocate crop raiders away from crops 205–207

translocate predators away from livestock 151–157

translocate problem mammals away from residential areas to reduce human-wildlife conflict 30–37

use bees to deter crop damage by mammals 213–215

use chili to deter crop damage by mammals 216–217

use dogs to guard crops 240–241

use drones to deter crop damage by mammals 204–205

use fencing/netting to reduce predation of fish stock by mammals 186–187

use fire to deter crop damage by mammals 223–224

use flags to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 128–132

use guardian animals bonded to livestock to deter predators 141–148

use light/lasers to deter crop damage by mammals 221–222

use lights and sound to deter crop damage by mammals 188–189

use lights and sound to deter predation of livestock by mammals 180–182

use loud noises to deter crop damage by mammals 194–201

use loud noises to deter predation of livestock by mammals 148–150

use mobile phone communications to warn farmers of problematic mammals 185–186

use negative stimuli to deter consumption of livestock feed by mammals 207–208

use noise aversive conditioning to deter crop damage by mammals 201–202

use pheromones to deter crop damage 225

use pheromones to deter predation of livestock by mammals 134

use predator scent to deter crop damage by mammals 225–228

use repellents that smell bad to deter crop or property damage by mammals 238–240

use repellents that taste bad to deter crop or property damage by mammals 231, 231–237

use scarecrows to deter crop damage by mammals 194

use scent to deter predation of livestock by mammals 182–184

use ‘shock collars’ to deter crop damage by mammals 229–230

use target species distress calls or signals to deter crop damage by mammals 209–213

use target species scent to deter crop damage by mammals 228–229

use taste-aversion to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 134–140

use tree nets to deter wild mammals from fruit crops 171

use ultrasonic noises to deter crop damage by mammals 202–203

use visual deterrents to deter predation of livestock by mammals 132–134

use watchmen to deter crop damage by mammals 185

hunting 26, 29–30, 34, 155, 398–399, 409– 411, 413–422, 424, 427–428, 430–431,485–486, 492, 518, 585–587, 613, 636, 643, 646, 713–714, 750, 774, 781–782, 791, 796, 817, 829, 870, 904–906, 954, 997–1001

Hyaena brunnea (brown hyaena) 744

Hyaena hyaena (striped hyenas)

provide artificial waterholes in dry season 539

use guardian animals to deter predators 144

Hydropotes inermis (water deer) 267

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) 61

Hystrix africaeaustralis (porcupine) build fences around protected areas 642

install electric fencing to reduce predation 124

install mammal crossing points along fences 106

Iberian hare. See Lepus granatensis

Iberian ibex. See Capra pyrenaica

Iberian lynx. See Lynx pardinus

ibex. See Capra sibirica

impala. See Aepyceros melampus

Irish hares. See Lepus timidus hibernicus

island foxes. See Urocyon littoralis

Isoodon auratus (golden bandicoots)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 940, 949

release translocated mammals 837

Isoodon macrourus (northern brown bandicoots)

burn at specific time of year 525

install barrier fencing and underpasses 338, 347

install tunnels under roads 262

Isoodon obesulus (southern brown bandicoots)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 348

install tunnels under roads 266

remove/control non-native mammals 566–567

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

jackal. See Canis aureus; See Canis mesomelas

jaguar. See Panthera onca

Japanese dormouse. See Glirulus japonicus

Japanese macaques. See Macaca fuscata

Japanese yew trees. See Taxus cuspidata

javelina. See Dicotyles tajacu

Juniperus ashei (Ashe juniper) 536

Kam dwarf hamster. See Cricetulus kamensis

Keen’s mouse. See Peromyscus keeni

Key Largo woodrats. See Neotoma floridana smalli

koalas. See Phascloarctos cinereus; See Phascolarctos cinereus

Kobus leche leche (red lechwe) 637

kudu. See Tragelaphus strepsiceros

lacustrine vole. See Microtus limnophilus

Lagorchestes hirsutus (rufous hare-wallabies)

provide supplementary food 925

provide supplementary water 749 release captive-bred mammals 871–872, 912

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934, 947–949

train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 907

use holding pens at release site 893

Lagostrophus fasciatus (banded hare-wallabies)

provide supplementary food 925

provide supplementary water 749

release captive-bred mammals 872,911

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947

use holding pens at release site 893

Lama glama (llamas) 142–143

Lama guanicoe (guanacos) 898, 903

Larix decidua (European larch) 193

Lasiorhinus latifrons (wombats) 331

Leadbeater’s possum. See Gymnobelideus leadbeateri

leaf beetles. See Diorhabda spp.

Leggadina lakedownensis (short-tailed mice)

remove/control non-native mammals 559

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

leopard. See Panthera pardus; See Panthera pardus fusca

leopard cat. See Prionailurus benalensis

Leopardus guigna (guiña) 451

Leporillus conditor (greater stick-nest rat) release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 914

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937

release translocated mammals 835

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

use holding pens at release site 808, 897

Leptailurus serval (servals)

release captive-bred individuals 873 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771

Lepus spp. 261

Lepus alleni (antelope jackrabbit) 574

Lepus americanus (snowshoe hare)

apply fertilizer to trees 471

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329

install tunnels under roads 263

remove competing vegetation 449

retain undisturbed patches during thinning 441

thin trees within forest 467

use selective harvesting 434, 437

Lepus californicus (black-tailed hares) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 90

remove/control non-native plants 574

use fencing to exclude grazers 544

Lepus capensis (brown hare) 292

Lepus europaeus (European hare)

create uncultivated margins 62–63

install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 338

install non-electric fencing 117

install overpasses over roads/railways 295

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

keep dogs indoors 29

pay farmers to cover the costs 75

plant new or maintain existing hedgerows 71

plant trees on farmland 73–74

provide or retain set-aside areas 67

reduce intensity of grazing 98

reduce pesticide or fertilizer use 621

release captive-bred mammals 877,881

use traditional breeds of livestock 107

Lepus f lavigularis (Tehuantepec jackrabbits) 651–652

Lepus granatensis (Iberian hare)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336

install overpasses over roads/railways 289

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels under railways 275

remove or control predators 586

Lepus saxatilis (scrub hare)

build fences around protected areas 642

pay farmers to cover the costs 286

Lepus timidus (mountain hares)

site management by field sport practitioners 585

Lepus timidus hibernicus (Irish hares) pay farmers to cover the costs 76

plant new or maintain existing hedgerows 70

reduce intensity of grazing 98

site management for target mammal species 414

lesser anteaters. See Tamandua tetradactyla

Lichtenstein’s hartebeest. See Alcelaphus lichtensteini

Linum usitatissimum (linseed) 83

lion. See Panthera leo

little pocket mouse. See Perognathus longimembris

llama. See Lama glama

Locondonta africana (African elephants) 51

lodgepole chipmunk. See Neotamias speciosus

lodgepole pine. See Pinus contorta

long-eared chipmunks. See Tamias quadrimaculatus

long-haired field mice. See Abrothrix longipilis

long-haired rats. See Rattus villosissimus

long-nosed potoroos. See Potorous tridactylus

long-tailed pocket mouse. See Chaetodipus formosus

long-tailed vole. See Microtus longicaudus

long-tailed weasel. See Mustela frenata

Lontra canadensis (otters) 328

Lower Keys marsh rabbits. See Sylvilagus palustris

Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephants)

deter mammals from human-occupied areas 49

install electric fencing 163

release translocated mammals 831, 835

translocate crop raiders away from crops 206–207

use bees to deter crop damage 214

use chili to deter crop damage 217–220 use dogs to guard crops 241

use drones to deter crop damage 204 use fire to deter crop damage by mammals 223

use loud noises to deter crop damage 196–197, 199–200

use target species distress calls 210 use target species scent to deter crop damage 228–229

Loxondonta africana (elephant) 538

Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos. See Dendrolagus lumholtzi

Lutra canadensis (river otters) 759–760, 764–765

Lutra lutra (otters)

breed mammals in captivity 855, 857

establish deviation ponds in fish farms 187

hhold translocated mammals in captivity 823

hold translocated mammals in captivity 819

install barrier fencing and underpasses 337, 344

install ledges in culverts under roads/ railways 281

install mammal crossing points 105–106

install tunnels under roads 267

provide mammals with escape routes 407

provide supplementary food 744,747, 922

release captive-bred mammals 868,870–872, 875, 879–881

rovide supplementary food 928

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 762–763, 770, 775, 783,786

use fencing/netting to reduce predation 186

use holding pens at release site 888,901

Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo fox) 145

Lycaon pictus (African wild dogs)

establish populations isolated from disease 614–615

install non-electric fencing 119

place orphaned wild young with wild foster parents 729

release captive-bred individuals 873

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 913

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 962

release translocated mammals 831

retain buffer zones around core habitat 643

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771

use guardian animals to deter predators 144

use holding pens at release site 805,890, 894, 902

use people to deter predation of livestock 173

use scent to deter predation 183–184 use visual deterrents to deter predation 133

lynx. See Lynx canadensis

Lynx canadensis (lynx)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 820

install crossings over/under pipelines 401

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 987

Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 817–818

install barrier fencing and underpasses 342

install overpasses over roads/railways 295

set hunting quotas 416

use chemical repellents 392

use holding pens at release site 803

Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)

install electric fencing to reduce predation 125–126

install overpasses over roads/railways 289

install tunnels under railways 275 provide live natural prey to captive mammals 905–906

provide supplementary food 740

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 718, 722

Lynx rufus (bobcats)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328, 343, 346, 348

install fences around existing culverts 285

install tunnels under roads 265, 267

modify culverts 278

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 769

Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaques) 165

Macaranga siamensis trees 664

Macropus eugenii (tammar wallabies)

install acoustic wildlife warnings 366

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947

remove/control non-native mammals 560–562

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

Macropus fuliginosus (Western grey kangaroo)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 348

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947

restore former mining sites 247

Macropus giganteus (eastern grey kangaroos)

install overpasses over roads/railways 292, 296

remove/control non-native mammals 558

retain/maintain road verges 381

use target species signals to deter crop damage 211

use ultrasonic noises to deter crop damage 203

Macropus irma (western brush wallaby) 246

Macropus parma (parma wallaby) 947

Macropus robustus (common wallaroos)

provide supplementary water 751

release captive-bred mammals 918

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 943

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

Macropus rufogriseus (red-necked wallaby)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 338, 347

install overpasses over roads/railways 292, 296

install wildlife warning reflectors 362

Macropus rufus (red kangaroos) fit vehicles with ultrasonic warning devices 381

install wildlife warning reflectors 362

Macrotis lagotis (greater bilbies)

release captive-bred mammals 914

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 835

train mammals to avoid problematic species 596–597

use holding pens at release site 808, 897

Malus domestica (spartan apple) 191

Malus spp. (crabapple) 191

Malva sylvestris (common mallow) 61

maned sloths. See Bradypus torquatus

Manis temminckii (cape pangolins) 763, 783

mardo. See Antechinus flavipes

Marmota marmota (alpine marmot)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 991–992, 994

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 766, 784

Marmota monax (groundhogs)

install overpasses over roads/railways 288, 297

install tunnels under roads 267–268, 270

Marmota vancouverensis (Vancouver Island marmots) 874

Marte foina (stone marten) 280

Martes americana (American marten)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329

install tunnels under roads 263

plant trees following clearfelling 479

remove competing vegetation 450

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 767, 770, 784

use holding pens at release site 795

Martes foina (stone martens)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 337, 339

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 277

install tunnels under roads 261

prevent mammals accessing wildlife food sources 40

provide supplementary water 750 remove or control predators 586

Martes martes (pine martens)

install tunnels under railways 277 provide artificial dens or nest boxes 707, 710

provide supplementary food 852

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 982

remove or control predators 585

use holding pens at release site 810

Martes pennanti (fishers)

use flags to reduce predation 130

use lights and sound to deter predation 181

masked shrews. See Sorex cinereus

Mastacomys fuscus (broad-toothed rat) 52

Mastomys spp. (multimammate rats)

dig trenches around culverts 283

install fences around existing culverts 286

provide supplementary food 738, 746

Mazama (red brocket)

provide mammals with escape routes 407

restore or create forest 679

use artificial insemination 860–861

use wildlife refuges 422

Mazama americana (red brocket) 407

meadow jumping mouse. See Zapus hudsonius

meadow voles. See Microtus pennsylvanicus

Meles meles (badgers)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 336–337, 339–340, 344

install electric fencing 163

install ledges in culverts under roads/ railways 281

install overpasses over roads/railways 290, 292, 295

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels under roads 261

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide supplementary food 846, 853

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 718

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 960, 966

use holding pens at release site 803, 812

use repellents that taste bad 236, 238

use vaccination programme 603–604

Mellivora capensis (honey badgers) 119

Melomys cervinipes (fawn-footed melomys) 305

Mephitis mephitis (striped skunks)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 331, 333

install tunnels under roads 262, 264–265

provide diversionary feeding 159

use taste-aversion 138

Meriones tristrami (Tristram’s jird) 659

Merriam’s kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys merriami

Mexican fox squirrels. See Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae

Mexican wolves. See Canis lupus baileyi

Mexican woodrat. See Neotoma exicana

mhorr gazelle. See Nanger dama mhorr mice. See Peromyscus spp.

Micromys minutus (harvest mouse) 81

Microtus spp. (vole)

change type of livestock 109

provide diversionary feeding 191

reduce intensity of grazing 100

Microtus agrestis (field voles)

change type of livestock 109

reduce intensity of grazing 97, 100

Microtus arvalis (common vole)

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91

install overpasses over roads/railways 290

provide mammals with escape routes 406

Microtus limnophilus (lacustrine vole) 98

Microtus longicaudus (long-tailed vole)

clear or open patches in forests 444

gather coarse woody debris into piles 457

use selective harvesting 434

Microtus montanus (montane voles) 191

Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole) 734

Microtus oeconomus (root voles)

create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 687

reduce intensity of grazing 98

Microtus oregoni (creeping vole) 463

Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow voles) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91

fell trees in groups 473

install barrier fencing and underpasses 335

install overpasses over roads/railways 290, 296

install tunnels under roads 264, 269 leave coarse woody debris in forests 454

restore or create wetlands 682

use patch retention harvesting 438 use selective harvesting 436

Microtus pinetorum (woodland vole) 653 moles. See Talpa europaea

Molina’s hog-nosed skunk. See Conepatus chinga

montane voles. See Microtus montanus

Monterey pine. See Pinus radiata

moose. See Alces alces

mouflon. See Ovis gmelini musimon

mountain beavers. See Aplodontia rufa

mountain brushtail possum. See Trichosurus cunninghami

mountain gazelles. See Gazella gazella

mountain goats. See Oreamnos americanus

mountain mahogany. See Cercocarpus spp.

mountain pygmy-possums. See Burramys parvus

mountain zebra. See Equus zebra

Mozambique thicket rats. See Grammomys cometes

mufflon. See Ovis orientalis

mule deer. See Odocoileus hemionus;

See Odocoileus hemionus hemionus;

See Odocoileush emionush emionus

mulleins. See Verbascum spp.

multimammate rats. See Mastomys spp.

Muntiacus muntjak (red muntjac) 424

Muscardinus avellanarius (hazel dormouse)

fell trees in groups 474

provide supplementary food 844

release captive-bred mammals 871, 880

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 985

remove vegetation by hand/machine 663

restore or create forest 679, 681

rrovide artificial dens or nest boxes 699, 704, 708–709

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 766, 784

use holding pens at release site 796, 889

Mus domesticus (house mice) 559, 570

muskrat. See Ondatra zibethicus

Mus musculus (house mice)

create uncultivated margins around fields 62

install barrier fencing and underpasses 334, 338

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 708

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691

remove vegetation by hand/machine 659

restore former mining sites 246, 249

restore or create wetlands 682

Mus spretus (Algerian mice)

use fencing to exclude grazers 545–546 use prescribed burning 521

Mustela sp. (weasels) 329

Mustela ermine (stoat)

install tunnels under roads 263

remove or control predators 585

Mustela erminea (short-tailed weasel)

install tunnels under railways 277

install tunnels under roads 264

Mustela frenata (long-tailed weasel)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 331

install tunnels under roads 262–263

Mustela lutreola (European mink)

release captive-bred mammals 875,881

use holding pens at release site 895,903

Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferrets) captive rear in large enclosures 883,885

preserve genetic material 864

provide live natural prey 905–906 release captive-bred mammals 875–876, 915

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937–938

train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 775–776

use artificial insemination 860 use fencing to exclude predators 550 use holding pens at release site 896

Mustela nivalis (weasel)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336–337

install tunnels under railways 275, 277

install tunnels under roads 261

Mustela putorius (western polecat)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 339

install tunnels under railways 277

Mustela sibirica (Siberian weasel) 267

Mustela vison (American mink)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 337

remove/control non-native mammals 564, 570

Mycobacterium bovis

treat disease in wild mammals 600

use negative stimuli to deter consumption of livestock feed 208

Myocastor coypus (coypu) 321

Myodes gapperi (southern red-backed voles)

fell trees in groups 473

install overpasses over roads/railways 296

install tunnels under roads 269

retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460–461

use patch retention harvesting 439–440

use selective harvesting 435–436

Myodes glareolus (bank vole) 59

Myrmecobius fasciatus (numbat)

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 914

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937

release translocated mammals 833, 835, 840

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteaters) provide supplementary food 850–851, 854, 927, 929

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 720–722

use holding pens at release site 900–901, 904

nailtail wallabies. See Onychogalea fraenata

Nanger dama mhorr (mhorr gazelle)

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 917

restore or create savannas 674

Nasua nasua (South American coatis) 679

Nasuella olivacea (Western mountain coatis) 679

Neofiber alleni (round-tailed muskrat) 334

Neotamias speciosus (lodgepole chipmunk)

burn at specific time of year 526

use prescribed burning 515

Neotoma cinerea (bushy-tailed wood rat) 263

Neotoma exicana (Mexican woodrat) 528

Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrats)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693

release captive-bred mammals 877

Neotoma floridana smalli (Key Largo woodrats)

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693

release captive-bred mammals 877

Neotoma lepida (desert woodrat) 676

Neotoma magister (Allegheny woodrats)

breed mammals in captivity 856–857

hold translocated mammals in captivity 821

use holding pens at release site 899

Neotoma mexicana (Mexican woodrat)

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 529

use prescribed burning 519

Neovison vison (American mink)

install tunnels under roads 262

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 936, 939

restrict use of rodent poisons on farmland 80

Nesoryzomys swarthi (Santiago rice rats) 565

North American beavers. See Castor canadensis

North American least shrew. See Cryptotis parva

northern brown bandicoots. See Isoodon macrourus

northern mountain brushtail possums. See Trichosurus caninus

northern pocket gophers. See Thomomys talpoides

northern pygmy mice. See Baiomys taylori

northern short-tailed shrews. See Blarina brevicauda

Notomys alexis (spinifex hopping mouse) remove/control non-native mammals 569, 572

Notomys fuscus (dusky hopping mouse) 569

nuisance behaviour 34–35, 39–42, 46, 48, 154, 158, 190, 493–494, 496, 499–500

numbat. See Myrmecobius fasciatus

Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)

install electric fencing 165

install tunnels under roads 267

remove or control predators 585

Nyctophilus geoffroyi (lesser long-eared bat) 707

Ochrotomys nuttalli (golden mouse) manage vegetation using grazing 653 provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697

Odocoileus spp. (deer)

install barrier fencing along roads 317

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–331, 335

install one-way gates 312

install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291

install wildlife exclusion grates 370

install wildlife warning reflectors 357, 360

Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer)

apply fertilizer to trees 470–471

close roads in defined seasons 399

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 89

fit vehicles with ultrasonic warning devices 380

install barrier fencing along roads 318, 322

install barrier fencing and underpasses 325–326, 332–333, 345–346, 348–349

install crossings over/under pipelines 401

install fences around existing culverts 284

install metal grids at field entrances 169

install one-way gates 313

install overpasses over roads/railways 296

install overpasses over waterways 403

install signage to warn motorists 385–386

install tunnels under railways 276–277

install tunnels under roads 265–266,270, 272

install wildlife crosswalks 367

install wildlife exclusion grates 369

install wildlife warning reflectors 358

ise road lighting to reduce vehicle collisions 388

plant crops to provide supplementary food 83

prohibit or restrict hunting 418

provide food/salt lick 395

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide supplementary food 735, 741

reduce intensity of grazing 95

release translocated mammals 829

remove/control non-native plants 574

remove or control predators 586

remove vegetation by hand/machine 657, 663

remove vegetation using herbicides 669

restore or create forest 679

restore or create grassland 672

restore or create shrubland 677

thin trees within forest 466–467

use lights and sound to deter crop damage 189

use loud noises to deter crop damage 198

use permeable livestock fences 102

use prescribed burning 508, 510

use repellents that taste bad 232–234

use ‘shock collars’ to deter crop damage 230

Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (mule deer) 169, 311, 369, 735

Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer)

fit vehicles with ultrasonic warning devices 381

hand-rear orphaned or abandoned young 725

install automatically closing gates 170

install barrier fencing along roads 317–318, 320, 322

install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328, 331–333, 338, 341–342, 344–345, 348–349, 352

install crossings over/under pipelines 401

install electric fencing 124, 162

install electric fencing to protect crops 164

install metal grids at field entrances 169

install signage to warn motorists 386

install tunnels under roads 264–265, 267, 270

install wildlife exclusion grates 369

install wildlife warning reflectors 357–358, 361

manage vegetation using grazing 653 place orphaned wild young with captive foster parents 731

plant crops to provide supplementary food 83

provide supplementary food 737, 745

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 953, 955

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829

remove or control predators 587–588

remove vegetation using herbicides 668

replant vegetation 658–659

thin trees within forest 463

translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789

translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 32–34

treat disease in wild mammals 599–600

use drugs to treat parasites 610

use fencing to exclude predators 551

use guardian animals to deter predators 144

use light/lasers to deter crop damage 222

use lights and sound to deter crop damage 189

use loud noises to deter crop damage 196, 198

use negative stimuli 208

use noise aversive conditioning 202

use predator scent to deter crop damage 227

use prescribed burning 511, 514

use repellents that taste bad 232–233,237

use target species distress calls 210–211

use wildlife refuges 422

Olea europaea (olive trees) 235

Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 332

install tunnels under roads 264

manage wetland water levels 685

restore or create wetlands 682

Onychogalea fraenata (nailtail wallabies) release captive-bred/translocated mammals 933, 939, 944, 947, 991 use holding pens at release site 800,892

Onychomys torridus (southern grasshopper mouse)

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 90

reduce intensity of grazing 95

opossums. See Didelphis marsupialis; See Didelphis virginiana; See Didelphis virginianus

Opuntia polyacantha (pricklypear cactus) 509

Oreamnos americanus (mountain goats) 326, 329

oribi. See Ourebia ourebi

Orycteropus afer (antbears) 124

Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbits) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 92–93

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336

install electric fencing to protect crops 162

install non-electric fencing 117

install overpasses over roads/railways 289

install tunnels under railways 275, 277

install tunnels under roads 260–261

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

plant crops to provide supplementary food 84

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 692–694

provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 192

provide live natural prey to captive mammals 905

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide more small artificial breeding sites 711

provide supplementary food 741, 845, 848

provide supplementary water 750–751

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 719

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 911, 914, 918

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 933–934, 936–937, 943, 946, 976, 979, 981, 984

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 830, 832, 835–836

remove burnt trees and branches 531

remove/control non-native mammals 559, 569, 572

remove or control predators 585

replant vegetation 661, 665

restore former mining sites 246

restore or create grassland 671–672 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 770

use fencing to exclude predators 548–549

use holding pens at release site 799,807–808, 813, 897

use loud noises to deter crop damage 195

use pheromones to deter predation 137

use prescribed burning 511, 522

use tranquilizers to reduce stress 824

use vaccination programme 602

Oryx dammah (scimitar-horned oryx)

release captive-bred mammals 917

restore or create savannas 674

Oryx leucoryx (Arabian oryx)

pelease captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 912, 918

provide supplementary food 923

provide supplementary water 748 release captive-bred individuals 877, 881

Oryzomys palustris (rice rats)

install barrier fencing along roads 319 install barrier fencing and underpasses 334

Otospermophilus beecheyi (California ground squirrel)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 982

replant vegetation 664

otters. See Lutra lutra; See Lontra canadensis

Ourebia ourebi (oribi)

airborne translocation of mammals using parachutes 833, 840

release captive-bred mammals 874, 880

overpasses 12, 268–269, 272, 274–275, 287–298, 301, 306, 309–310, 316, 330–331, 335, 340–342, 349–350, 352, 401–403

Ovis sp. (sheep)

replant vegetation 661

use prescribed burning 519

Ovis ammon polii (argali) 426

Ovis aries (sheep) 137

Ovis canadensis (bighorn sheep)

install barrier fencing along roads 322

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329, 331

install overpasses over roads/railways 289

provide supplementary food 739

provide supplementary water 750

reduce legal speed limit 371

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 953, 958

remove or control predators 586

remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 537

translocate animals from source populations 630

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774, 776, 779

use drugs to treat parasites 609–610

use prescribed burning 508–509, 513

Ovis gmelini musimon (mouflon)

remove vegetation by hand/machine 661

treat disease in wild mammals 599–600

use prescribed burning 519

Ovis orientalis (mufflon)

clone rare species 862–863

use chemical repellents along roads or railways 390

Ovis vignei (urial sheep) 424

Pacific jumping mouse. See Zapus trinotatus

Pacific shrew. See Sorex pacificus

Panthera leo (lion)

exclude wild mammals using barricades 127–128

increase size of protected area 644

install non-electric fencing 119

pay farmers to compensate for losses 112–114

place abandoned wild young with wild foster parents 729

release captive-bred individuals to re-establish or boost populations 873

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 957, 961, 966, 992

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 832

train and support local staff 1003

translocate predators away from livestock 154

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771, 774

use guardian animals bonded to livestock 144

use holding pens at release site 800–801, 804–805, 812, 890

use people to deter predation of livestock 173

use visual deterrents to deter predation 133

Panthera leo persica (Asiatic lion) 110–111

Panthera onca (jaguar)

install electric fencing 125

translocate predators away from livestock 154–155, 157

use loud noises to deter predation 150 use visual deterrents to deter predation of livestock 133

Panthera pardus (leopard)

deter predation of livestock by mammals 173

exclude or limit number of visitors 488

fit livestock with protective collars 179

install mammal crossing points along fences 105

install non-electric fencing 119

prohibit or restrict hunting 411–412

provide education programmes 1001

provide/increase anti-poaching patrols 424

provide live natural prey to captive mammals 906

release captive-bred mammals 873

translocate predators away from livestock 154–157

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771

use guardian animals bonded to livestock to deter predators 144, 147

use visual deterrents to deter predation 133

Panthera pardus fusca (leopard) 35

Panthera tigris (tiger)

provide/increase anti-poaching patrols 425

use holding pens at release site 807

use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 501, 503

Panthera tigris altaica (Amur tigers) 34, 37

Panthera uncia (snow leopard) 426–427

Papio sp. (baboons) 119

Parantechinus apicalis (dibblers)

release captive-bred mammals 871

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 948, 950

parma wallaby. See Macropus parma

pebble-mound mouse. See Pseudomys sp.

Pecari tajacu (collared peccaries)

install overpasses over waterways 403

provide mammals with escape routes 407

use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting 422

Perameles bougainville (western barred bandicoots)

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 914

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934, 937, 943

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 835, 839, 842

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

use fencing to exclude predators 552–553

use holding pens at release site 808,897

Perameles gunnii (eastern barred bandicoot)

provide supplementary food during/ after release 925, 929

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 913–914, 917–919

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934–936, 942–945, 993–994

use fencing to exclude predators 548,552

use holding pens at release site 895,900, 903–904

Perameles lagotis (bilbies) 872

Perameles nasuta (bandicoots)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 347

install tunnels under railways 274

install tunnels under roads 262

remove/control non-native mammals 564–566

Père David’s deer. See Elaphurus davidianus

Perognathus flavus (silky pocket mouse) 95

Perognathus hispidus (hispid pocket mouse) 95

Perognathus inornatus inornatus (San Joaquin pocket mouse) 93

Perognathus longimembris (little pocket mouse) 90

Perognathus parvus (Great Basin pocket mouse) 99

Peromyscus spp. (mice)

install tunnels under roads 270

thin trees within forest 464–465, 468

Peromyscus boylii (brush mice)

remove understorey vegetation 534

use prescribed burning 517

Peromyscus eremicus (cactus mouse) 676

Peromyscus gossypinus (cotton mouse)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 334

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693

Peromyscus keeni (Keen’s mouse) 443

Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse)

manage vegetation using grazing 653

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698

provide supplementary food 735, 745 reduce intensity of grazing 95

remove trees and shrubs 536

remove understorey vegetation 533, 535

restore or create wetlands 682

use prescribed burning 523

Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse)

burn at specific time of year 526

clear or open patches in forests 444

create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 686

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 90

fell trees in groups 473

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329, 335

install overpasses over roads/railways 290, 296

install tunnels under roads 263–264, 269

leave coarse woody debris in forests 454

reduce intensity of grazing 96, 99

remove/control non-native mammals 569

remove understorey vegetation 534

remove vegetation by hand/machine 656

restore former mining sites 245

restore or create shrubland 676

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529

thin trees within forest 463, 465

use patch retention harvesting 438

use prescribed burning 515, 517, 519

use selective harvesting 434–436

Peromyscus pectoralis (white-ankled mice) 536

Persian fallow deer. See Dama mesopotamica

pesticide 55, 72, 619–620

Petauroides volans (greater glider)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698

retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460

Petaurus breviceps (sugar gliders)

install pole crossings 302

install rope bridges between canopies 306

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698, 701, 706–708

provide supplementary food 921, 928 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 974–975, 983

remove/control non-native mammals 564

Petaurus norfolcensis (squirrel gliders) install pole crossings 300–302

install rope bridges between canopies 306–309

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701

rovide artificial dens or nest boxes 704–705, 707–708, 710

Petrogale (rock wallabies) 567

Petrogale lateralis (rock wallabies)

provide supplementary water 751

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 917, 919

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 943, 945, 947

remove/control non-native mammals 557

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

Petrogale penicillata (brush-tailed rock wallabies)

release captive-bred mammals 876, 881

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947

use holding pens at release site 897, 903

Petrogale persephone (Proserpine rock wallabies)

elease translocated/captive-bred mammals 950

install wildlife warning reflectors 362 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 948

Petrogale rothschildi (Rothschild’s rock wallaby) 560

Petrogale xanthopus (yellow-footed rock wallabies)

provide supplementary water 751

release captive-bred mammals 918

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 943

remove/control non-native mammals 568

Phacochoerus aethiopicus (warthogs)

install mammal crossing points 105

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 759

Phacochoerus africanus (warthogs) build fences around protected areas 642

install electric fencing 124

install mammal crossing points along fences 106

Phascloarctos cinereus (koalas) 248

Phascogale calura (red-tailed phascogales) hold translocated mammals in captivity 821

provide supplementary food 927

release captive-bred mammals 916 release captive-bred/translocated mammals 941

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 981

release translocated mammals 838

use holding pens at release site 900

Phascogale tapoatafa (brush-tailed phascogale)

install rope bridges between canopies 308

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 704–705, 708

restore former mining sites 247

Phascolarctos cinereus (koalas)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 331, 334

install rope bridges between canopies 308

plant trees on farmland 73–74

temporarily hold females and offspring in fenced area 717, 722

translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789

Phenacomys intermedius (heather voles) 54

Picea abies (Norway spruce) 193

Picea glauca × engelmannii (interior spruce) 439

Picoides borealis (red-cockaded woodpeckers)

remove mid-storey vegetation in forest 532

use prescribed burning 512

pine martens. See Martes martes

pine vole. See Pitymys pinetorum

Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)

apply fertilizer to trees 470–471

gather coarse woody debris into piles

457–458

provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 192

thin trees within forest 464, 466–467, 469

use patch retention harvesting 439

Pinus nigra (Corsican pines)

fell trees in groups 474

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700

Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697

remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 537

retain undisturbed patches during thinning 441

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529

use prescribed burning 519

Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) 451

Pinus rigida (pitch pines) 698

Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700

provide supplementary food 845

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 975

use holding pens at release site 799

Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)

leave coarse woody debris 455

leave standing deadwood/snags 452

Pitymys pinetorum (pine vole) 682

plains bison. See Bison bison bison

plains mouse. See Pseudomys australis

pocket gophers. See Thomomys mazama

poisoning, use of 78–79, 113–114, 553, 559–560, 564, 566, 577, 830, 840, 911, 914, 932–933, 936

restrict use of rodent poisons on farmland with high secondary poisoning risk 79–80

use repellent on slug pellets to reduce non-target poisoning 78–79

polar bear. See Ursus maritimus

Populus spp. (cottonwood) 235

Populus tremuloides (aspen)

create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 687

thin trees within forest 462 use repellents that taste bad 232–233

porcupine. See Erethizon dorsatum;

See Hystrix africaeaustralis;

See Sphiggurus villosus

Potamochoerus larvatus (bushpigs)

build fences around protected areas 642

install electric fencing 124

Potorous tridactylus (long-nosed potoroos)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 347

remove/control non-native mammals 566–567

prairie rattlesnakes. See Crotalus viridis

prairie vole. See Microtus ochrogaster

predation 3, 23–26, 28–30, 42, 105, 112–113, 115, 118, 120–121, 123–126,128–129, 131–135, 137–150, 152–156,158–161, 172–175, 177–178, 180, 182– 183, 186–187, 190, 252, 258, 264, 273, 276, 299, 303–304, 309–310, 411, 428, 520, 527, 543, 552–554, 557, 568, 573, 577, 587, 595, 684, 690–691, 711, 715, 720, 724–725, 779, 802, 805, 810–811, 833, 844, 852, 869, 877–878, 881, 883, 890, 919, 921, 936, 944, 961, 965, 974, 983, 993

predators 25, 29–30, 79, 81, 92, 111–114,118–119, 126–128, 133–135, 138–152,157–160, 172, 174–175, 178–180, 183,186–187, 203, 209, 226, 264, 276, 376, 391, 522, 538, 543, 546–552, 557, 559, 575–578, 583–586, 590, 593–594, 596– 597, 641, 674, 692, 711, 751, 757, 774, 779, 788, 790–791, 794, 798, 800–801, 807, 818, 822, 827–828, 832, 834–835, 837, 840, 844, 875–876, 892, 896, 901, 907–908, 910–911, 915, 917–918, 925,931–934, 938–943, 945–949, 958, 963,968, 973, 975, 980, 991–992, 1003

pricklypear cactus. See Opuntia polyacantha

Prionailurus benalensis (leopard cat) 267

Procavia capensis (rock hyraxes)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 819, 823

provide supplementary food 849, 853 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 962, 966, 977, 983

use holding pens at release site 806, 813

Procyon lotor (raccoons)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328, 331, 333, 343, 345–346

install ledges in culverts 281

install tunnels under roads 262–265, 267–268, 270

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 696

restore or create forest 679

use taste-aversion to reduce predation 138–139

pronghorn. See Antilocapra americana

Proserpine rock wallabies. See Petrogale persephone

Prosopis juliflora (velvet mesquite) 574

Prunus americana (American plum) 232

Prunus virginiana (wild chokeberry) 232

Przewalski’s horses. See Equus ferus przewalskii

Pseudalopex culpaeus (culpeo) 451

Pseudocheirus occidentalis (western ringtail possum) 768

Pseudocheirus peregrinus (common ringtail possums)

hand-rear orphaned or abandoned young 724, 726

install rope bridges between canopies 306, 308

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 702–703, 706–708

remove/control non-native mammals 564, 566

restore or create forest 680

Pseudocheirus perigrinus (ringtail possum) 306

Pseudois nayaur (bharal) 419

Pseudomys sp. (pebble-mound mouse) 768

Pseudomys albocinereus (ash-grey mouse) 246

Pseudomys australis (plains mouse) 569

Pseudomys bolami (Bolam’s mice) 572

Pseudomys fieldi (shark bay mouse)

release captive-bred mammals 872 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)

clear or open patches in forests 443 fell trees in groups 473

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701

provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 191

replant vegetation 657

thin trees within forest 468

use patch retention harvesting 439 use prescribed burning 508

use selective harvesting 435

Pudu puda (southern pudu) 451

puma. See Puma concolor

Puma concolor (puma)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 816

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–330, 335, 346, 348–349

install overpasses over roads/railways 291

install tunnels under roads 265

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 720

release captive-bred mammals 868 remove or control predators 586

set hunting quotas 415

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 764

use guardian animals bonded to livestock to deter predators 145

use holding pens at release site 796

use loud noises to deter predation 150

use visual deterrents to deter predation 133

Pyrenean chamois. See Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica

Quercus spp. (oak trees)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693

provide supplementary water 750

remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 536

use fencing to exclude grazers 545

quokka. See Setonix brachyurus

rabbits. See Sylvilagus spp.

raccoon dog. See Nyctereutes procyonoides

raccoons. See Procyon lotor

radish. See Raphanus sativus

Rangifer tarandus (caribou)

install crossings over/under pipelines 400–401

manage vegetation using livestock grazing 651

provide diversionary feeding for predators 594

provide supplementary food 737, 742 remove or control predators 585, 588 remove vegetation by hand/machine 661

sterilize predators 591

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 759, 761

use chemical repellents 391

Raphanus sativus (radish) 83

rats. See Rattus sp.

Rattus sp. (rats)

install overpasses over roads/railways 292

install tunnels under railways 275 install tunnels under roads 260

Rattus fuscipes (bush rat)

install tunnels under railways 274

install tunnels under roads 260–261

install underpasses beneath ski runs 52

remove/control non-native mammals 557, 564–565

use patch retention harvesting 439

Rattus lutreolus (swamp rat)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 334

install tunnels under roads 262

Rattus norvegicus (brown rats)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 337

install tunnels under railways 277

install tunnels under roads 262, 267

remove/control non-native mammals 563

Rattus rattus (black rat)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 344

install rope bridges between canopies 306

install underpasses beneath ski runs 52

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 707–708

remove/control non-native mammals 564–565

Rattus villosissimus (long-haired rats) 551

red-backed voles. See Clethrionomys gapperi

red-bellied pademelon. See Thylogale billardierii

red brocket. See Mazama; See Mazama americana

red-cockaded woodpeckers. See Picoides borealis

red deer. See Cervus elaphus

red fox. See Vulpes vulpes; See Vulpes fulva

red-fronted gazelle. See Eudorcas rufifrons

red imported fire ants. See Solenopsis invicta

red kangaroos. See Macropus rufus

red lechwe. See Kobus leche leche

red-legged pademelons. See Thylogale stigmatica

red muntjac. See Muntiacus muntjak

red-necked wallaby. See Macropus rufogriseus

red squirrel. See Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; See Sciurus vulgaris

red-tailed hawks. See Buteo jamaicensis

red-tailed phascogales. See Phascogale calura

red veld rat. See Aethomys chrysophilus

red wolf. See Canis rufus; See Canis lupus rufus

Reithrodonromys megalotis (western harvest mouse) 95

repellents, use of 45–46, 49, 131, 178, 182, 217, 227, 231–233, 235–240, 252–253, 389–393

use chemical repellents along roads or railways 389–393

use repellent on slug pellets to reduce non-target poisoning 78–79

use repellents that smell bad (‘area repellents’) to deter crop or property damage by mammals 238–240

use repellents that taste bad (‘contact repellents’) to deter crop or property damage by mammals 231–238

use repellents to reduce cable gnawing 252–254

Rhabdomys pumilio (striped mouse) 738

Rhinoceros unicornis (greater one-horned rhinoceros)

hand-rear orphaned young in captivity 726–727

hold translocated mammals in captivity 816

legally protect habitat for mammals 638, 640

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 964, 966

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 778, 786

rice rats. See Oryzomys palustris

ringtail possum. See Pseudocheirus perigrinus

riparian brush rabbits. See Sylvilagus bachmani

river otters. See Lutra canadensis

roads 12, 168, 257–262, 264–265,267–268, 270–273, 275–290, 292, 294,296, 298, 300–303, 305–307, 309, 311, 315–316, 319, 323–324, 332, 337, 339, 342, 344, 347–348, 356, 359, 361–368, 370, 373, 376, 379–380, 384, 388–399, 401, 424, 456, 483–484, 489, 514, 718, 830, 911, 932

roan antelope. See Hippotragus equinus

rock hyraxes. See Procavia capensis

rock wallabies. See Petrogale; See Petrogale lateralis

roe deer. See Capreolus capreolus

root voles. See Microtus oeconomus

Rothschild’s rock wallaby. See Petrogale rothschildi

rough fescue. See Festuca scabrella

round-tailed muskrat. See Neofiber alleni

rufous hare-wallabies. See Lagorchestes hirsutus

Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (Apennine chamois)

release captive-bred mammals 878,882

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 780–781, 787

Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica (Pyrenean chamois) 416

Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer) 424

sable antelope. See Hippotragus niger

Saccostomus campestris (South African pouched mouse) 283

Salix spp. (willow) 954

Sambar deer. See Rusa unicolor

San Diego pocket mouse. See Chaetodipus fallax

San Joaquin antelope squirrel. See Ammospermophilus nelson

San Joaquin kit foxes. See Vulpes macrotis mutica

San Joaquin pocket mouse. See Perognathus inornatus inornatus

Santiago rice rats. See Nesoryzomys swarthi

Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devils) captive rear in large enclosures 884 cull disease-infected animals 607

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 993

Sarcophilus laniarius (Tasmanian devils) install signage to warn motorists 384 install traffic calming structures 373 install wildlife warning reflectors 360

Sarcoptes scabiei (sarcoptic mange) 611–612

scimitar-horned oryx. See Oryx dammah

Sciurus aberti (tassel-eared squirrels)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697

retain undisturbed patches during thinning 441

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 529 use prescribed burning 519

Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)

install tunnels under roads 268, 270 provide artificial dens or nest boxes 696–698

provide supplementary food 845, 852 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 975, 983

restore or create wetlands 682

use holding pens at release site 799, 811

Sciurus granatensis (red-tailed squirrel) 679

Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae (Mexican fox squirrels) 520

Sciurus niger (fox squirrels) 697

Sciurus vulgaris (red squirrel)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 336

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700, 709

provide supplementary food 844, 848, 852–853

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 974, 977, 983, 986, 989

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 763

use holding pens at release site 798,806, 811–812

sea otter. See Enhydra lutris

Secale cereale (rye) 671

serval. See Felis serval; See Leptailurus serval

set-aside areas, use of 56, 62, 64–67,71, 76

Setonix brachyurus (quokka)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947

remove/control non-native mammals 563, 570

restore former mining sites 249

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768

shark bay mouse. See Pseudomys fieldi

sheep. See Ovis aries; See Ovis sp.

Short-beaked echidna. See Tachyglossus aculeatus

short nosed kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides

short-tailed mice. See Leggadina lakedownensis

short-tailed weasel. See Mustela erminea

shrews. See Sorex spp.

Siberian weasel. See Mustela sibirica

Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rats)

create uncultivated margins around fields 62

install barrier fencing and underpasses 334

provide supplementary food 739, 746

provide supplementary food after fire 541

reduce intensity of grazing 95

remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 536

use fencing to exclude predators 549

sika deer. See Cervus nippon

silky pocket mouse. See Perognathus flavus

small fox tapeworm. See Echinococcus multicularis

small vesper mice. See Calomys laucha

Sminthopsis crassicaudata (fat-tailed dunnart)

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691

remove/control non-native mammals 572

Sminthopsis granulipes (white-tailed dunnart) 246

Sminthopsis macroura (stripe-faced dunnart) 572

Sminthopsis murina (Common dunnart) 338

smoky shrews. See Sorex fumeus

Smutsia temminckii (Temminck’s ground pangolins) 411

snow leopard. See Panthera uncia

snowshoe hare. See Lepus americanus

Solanum tuberosum (potatoes) 214

Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ants) 555

Sonoran pronghorns. See Antilocapra american sonoriensis

Sorex spp. (shrews)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329

install tunnels under railways 275

install tunnels under roads 260, 263

Sorex aranaeus (common shrew)

create uncultivated margins around fields 59–61

install overpasses over roads/railways 290

plant trees on farmland 73

provide or retain set-aside areas 66

use repellent on slug pellets 78

Sorex cinereus (masked shrews)

fell trees in groups 473

thin trees within forest 465

use selective harvesting 436

Sorex fumeus (smoky shrews) 516

Sorex hoyi (American pygmy shrews) 516

Sorex longirostris (southeastern shrews)

leave coarse woody debris 455

leave standing deadwood/snags 453

use prescribed burning 516

Sorex monticolus (dusky shrew)

clear or open patches in forests 443 fell trees in groups 473

Sorex pacificus (Pacific shrew) 463

Sorex trowbridgii (Trowbridge’s shrew) clear or open patches in forests 443 thin trees within forest 463

Sorex vagrans (vagrant shrew)

clear or open patches in forests 443

install tunnels under roads 264

thin trees within forest 463

Sorghum sp. (sorghum) 214

South African pouched mouse.

See Saccostomus campestris

South American coatis. See Nasua nasua

southeastern short-tailed shrew. See Blarina carolinensis

southeastern shrews. See Sorex longirostris

southern brown bandicoots. See Isoodon obesulus

southern flying squirrels. See Glaucomys volans

southern grasshopper mouse.

See Onychomys torridus

southern pudu. See Pudu puda

southern red-backed voles. See Myodes gapperi

Spanish ibex. See Capra pyrenaica hispanica

Spermophilus beecheyi (California ground squirrel)

exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91, 93

remove understorey vegetation 534

restore or create shrubland 676

use holding pens at release site 795

use prescribed burning 517

Spermophilus citellus (European ground squirrels)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 978–979, 983, 988–989

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 833, 841

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 779

Spermophilus columbianus (Columbian ground squirrel) 264

Spermophilus lateralis (golden-mantled ground squirrel)

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529

use prescribed burning 519

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrels) 245

Sphiggurus villosus (porcupines) 307

Spilogale putorius (spotted skunks) 265

spinifex hopping mouse. See Notomys alexis

spiny pocket mouse. See Chaetodipus spinatus

spotted hyenas. See Crocuta crocuta

spotted skunks. See Spilogale putorius

squirrel gliders. See Petaurus norfolcensis

Sri Lankan hornets. See Vespa affinis affinis

Stephens’ kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys stephensi

stoat. See Mustela ermine

stone marten. See Martes foina; See Marte foina

striped field mouse. See Apodemus agrarius

striped hyenas. See Hyaena hyaena

striped mouse. See Rhabdomys pumilio

striped skunks. See Mephitis mephitis

stripe-faced dunnart. See Sminthopsis macroura

sugar gliders. See Petaurus breviceps

Sus scrofa (wild boar)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 339, 342, 612

install electric fencing to protect crops 165

install non-electric fencing 117

install overpasses over roads/railways 288–290, 292, 295

install overpasses over waterways 403

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 275

install tunnels under roads 261

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

provide diversionary feeding 192–193

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide supplementary food 737

use chemical repellents 390

swamp rat. See Rattus lutreolus

swamp wallaby. See Wallabia bicolor

swift foxes. See Vulpes velox

Sylvilagus spp. (rabbits) 343

Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail rabbits)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 348

install tunnels under roads 265

remove/control non-native plants 574 retain dead trees after uprooting 446–447

train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908

Sylvilagus bachmani (riparian brush rabbits) 896

Sylvilagus floridanus (eastern cottontail rabbits)

establish long-term cover 88

provide supplementary food 742

remove vegetation using herbicides 668

use prescribed burning 510–511

Sylvilagus palustris (Lower Keys marsh rabbits)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 328

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 769

Syncerus caffer (buffalo)

build fences around protected areas 642

provide artificial waterholes 538

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 959, 970, 992

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 831

retain wildlife corridors in residential areas 51

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774

use holding pens at release site 801

Tachyglossus aculeatus (short-beaked echidna)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 338

install overpasses over roads/railways 292

restore former mining sites 246

Talpa europaea (moles) 239–240

Tamandua tetradactyla (lesser anteaters) 254–255

Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) 574

Tamias amoenus (northwestern chipmunk)

clear or open patches in forests 444 fell trees in groups 473

use selective harvesting 434, 436

Tamias cinereicollis (gray-collared chipmunk)

thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529

use prescribed burning 519

Tamiasciurus douglasii (Douglas’ squirrels)

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701–702, 709

provide supplementary food 740, 746

Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (red squirrels)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329

install tunnels under roads 263

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697

provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 192

provide supplementary food 736, 745 thin trees within forest 464

Tamias minimus (chipmunk) 54

Tamias quadrimaculatus (ong-eared chipmunks)

remove understorey vegetation 534

use prescribed burning 517

Tamias striatus (chipmunk)

create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 686

install tunnels under roads 268

Tamias townsendii (Townsend’s chipmunk) 701

tammar wallabies. See Macropus eugenii

tapir. See Tapirus terrestris

Tapirus bairdii (Central American tapir) 422

Tapirus terrestris (tapir) 407

Tarsipes rostratus (honey possum) 246

Tasmanian devils. See Sarcophilus laniarius; See Sarcophilus harrisi

tassel-eared squirrels. See Sciurus aberti

taste aversion 137–140, 496–497, 499

Tatera leucogaster (bushveld gerbils) 286

Taurotragus oryx (eland) 538

Taxidea taxus (badgers)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 346

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937, 940, 963, 980

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 772

use holding pens at release site 897

Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew trees) 233, 237

Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccaries) 422

Tehuantepec jackrabbits. See Lepus flavigularis

Temminck’s ground pangolins. See Smutsia temminckii

thirteen-lined ground squirrels. See Spermophilus tridecemlineatus

Thomomys mazama (pocket gophers) 234

Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gophers) 253

Thomson’s gazelles. See Gazella thomsonii

Thuja plicata (red cedar)

use loud noises to deter crop damage 198

use repellents that taste bad 234

use ‘shock collars’ to deter crop damage 230

Thylogale billardierii (red-bellied pademelon) 947

Thylogale stigmatica (red-legged pademelons)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 347

install tunnels under roads 266

tiger. See Panthera tigris

Townsend’s chipmunk. See Tamias townsendii

Tragelaphus strepsiceros (kudu)

provide artificial waterholes 538

replant vegetation 662

use prescribed burning 520

translocate mammals 30–36, 38, 42, 151–157, 176, 184, 205–207, 254–255, 290, 335, 487, 492–494, 543, 547–549, 552, 561, 587–588, 591, 624–625, 629– 630, 639, 654, 658, 661, 664, 666–667, 673–674, 690, 713, 727, 734, 753–783, 785–811, 814–816, 818–840, 842–853, 865–868, 870–872, 874–876, 878–879, 886–889, 891–897, 902, 910–913, 915–916, 921, 924, 929–934, 938–943, 945–994

airborne translocation of mammals using parachutes 825–826

hold translocated mammals in captivity before release 814–823

provide supplementary food during/after release of

translocated mammals 842–854

release translocated/captive-bred mammals at a specific time 984–989

release translocated/captive-bred mammals in areas with invasive/ problematic species eradication/ control 929–945

release translocated/captive-bred mammals in family/social groups 950–967

release translocated/captive-bred mammals in larger unrelated groups 967–972

release translocated/captive-bred mammals into area with artificial refuges/breeding sites 972–984

release translocated/captive-bred mammals to areas outside historical range 989–994

release translocated/captive-bred mammals to islands without invasive predators 945–950

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 826–842

translocate animals from source populations subject to similar climatic conditions 629–630

translocate crop raiders away from crops 205–207

translocate mammals away from site contaminated by oil spill 624–625 translocate mammals away from sites of proposed energy developments 254–255

translocate mammals that have habituated to humans 492–494

translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 788–790

translocate predators away from livestock 151–157

translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 790–792

translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 30–37

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 753–787

use holding pens at release site prior to release of translocated mammals 792–813

use tranquilizers to reduce stress during translocation 824–825

trematode. See Fascioloides magna

Trichodectes canis (biting dog lice) 616

Trichosurus sp. (common brushtail possum) 706

Trichosurus caninus (northern mountain brushtail possums)

install rope bridges between canopies 308

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698, 706

retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460

Trichosurus cunninghami (mountain brushtail possum) 702

Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 348

install rope bridges between canopies 306, 308

install tunnels under roads 266

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 703, 707–708

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 837

remove/control non-native mammals 560–562, 564–567

restore former mining sites 246–247, 249

restore or create forest 680

Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) 671

Tristram’s jird. See Meriones tristrami

Triticum aestivum (wheat) 66

Trowbridge’s shrew. See Sorex trowbridgii

tsessebe. See Damaliscus lunatus

Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) 706

tunnels 239, 258–261, 263–265, 268, 273–274, 276–277, 280, 284, 288, 291, 293, 295, 300, 305–307, 316, 324, 340, 353

Tyto alba (barn owls)

create uncultivated margins around fields 64

plant trees on farmland 74

provide or retain set-aside areas 67

uncultivated margins, use of 58, 68, 75

underpasses, use of 51, 257–259, 261–262, 264–277, 280, 283–292, 294, 296–299, 309, 311, 314–317, 321, 323–333, 335–354

install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 323–353

install fences around existing culverts or underpasses under roads/ railways 283–288

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 273–278

install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 258–273

install underpasses beneath ski runs 51–53

urial sheep. See Ovis vignei

Urocyon cinereoargenteus (grey fox)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 343, 345

install tunnels under roads 268, 270

Urocyon littoralis (island foxes)

modify traps 579

remove/control non-native mammals 569

use conditioned taste aversion 581

use reward removal 582

Ursus americanus (black bear)

hand-rear orphaned young 726

install barrier fencing and underpasses 327, 329–331, 333, 335, 343, 346, 348–349

install crossings over/under pipelines 401

install electric fencing to protect crops 166

install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291, 295

install tunnels under roads 267, 270 install wildlife exclusion grates 370 issue enforcement notices to deter use of non-bear-proof garbage dumpsters 39

legally protect habitat for mammals 637

place orphaned wild young with wild foster parents 728

prevent mammals accessing potential wildlife food sources 40

provide diversionary feeding for mammals 42–43

provide diversionary feeding for predators 594

provide education programmes 1001 provide supplementary feed 481

release captive-bred mammals 870

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 939, 976, 986

remove or control predators 587

scare or otherwise deter mammals 46–48

translocate crop raiders away from crops 206

translocate mammals 493

translocate predators away from livestock 153–154

translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 34–37

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 760

use campaigns and public information 998

use conditioned taste aversion 497

use flags to reduce predation of livestock 130

use lights and sound to deter predation 181

use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 499–500

use signs or access restrictions 484

Ursus arctos (Alaskan brown bears)

ban private ownership of hunted mammals 413

cease/reduce payments to cull mammals 714

encourage community-based participation 996

exclude or limit number of visitors to reserves 487–488

habituate mammals to visitors 491hand-rear abandoned young 726

install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–330, 335, 342, 346, 349–350

install non-electric fencing 118

install overpasses over roads/railways 291, 295, 297

prohibit or restrict hunting of a species 410

provide diversionary feeding 42

provide diversionary feeding to reduce predation 159

provide supplementary food 744

rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 721

remove or control predators 587

translocate predators away from livestock 154

translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 32–33, 36

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 762, 769, 772, 774, 781,783

use chemical repellents along roads or railways 392

use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 500–501

Ursus maritimus (polar bear) 45

Ursus thibetanus (Asiatic black bears)

hand-rear abandoned young 726

install electric fencing to protect crops 163

Utah prairie dogs. See Cynomys parvidens

vagrant shrew. See Sorex vagrans

Vancouver Island marmots. See Marmota vancouverensis

Varanus gouldii (Gould’s monitors) 934

vegetation 59, 68–69, 72, 85–87, 89, 95, 100, 108, 167, 222, 232, 244, 246–248, 261, 266, 269, 274–276, 290, 294–295, 319, 328, 331, 333, 335, 341, 343, 373– 378, 395–396, 401–403, 448–452, 455,460, 474–476, 478, 514–515, 531–534,536, 623, 631, 633, 635, 647–650, 652–656, 658–662, 664, 666–667, 669,673–674, 676–677, 682–683, 686–688,693, 707, 709, 719, 776, 779, 791, 841, 917, 965, 984, 993

velvet mesquite. See Prosopis juliflora

Verbascum spp. (mulleins) 61

Vespa affinis affinis (Sri Lankan hornets) 212

Vicugna pacos (alpacas) 146

Vitis vinifera (common grape vines)

install non-electric fencing 117

provide diversionary feeding 192

vole. See Microtus spp.; See Arvicolinae

Vombatus ursinus (common wombat) 261, 269, 272

Vulpes fulva (red fox) 331

Vulpes lagopus (arctic fox)

provide supplementary food 742

remove or control competitors 592

Vulpes macrotis mutica (San Joaquin kit foxes)

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 964, 967

use holding pens at release site 809, 813

Vulpes velox (swift foxes)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 816, 818, 823

provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691

release captive-bred mammals 868, 870, 872, 878, 880

release translocated/captive-bred mammals 958, 966, 986

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 760, 765, 777, 784

use holding pens at release site 797, 809, 889, 892, 902

use prescribed burning 518

Vulpes vulpes (red fox)

hold translocated mammals in captivity 822

install barrier fencing and underpasses 328, 330, 333–334, 336–337, 339–340, 344

install ledges in culverts under roads/ railways 281

install mammal crossing points along fences 105

install overpasses over roads/railways 289–292, 295

install tunnels under railways 275, 277

install tunnels under roads 261, 264,267–268, 270

install wildlife warning reflectors 363

make introduction of non-native mammals 428

provide artificial dens or nest boxes 705

provide mammals with escape routes 406

provide supplementary food 742,850, 926

release captive-bred mammals 878

release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 911–914

release captive-bred/translocated mammals 932–937, 941–942, 946, 971, 981, 993

release translocated mammals into fenced areas 830, 833, 835, 838, 840

remove/control non-native mammals 557–569, 571–572

remove or control competitors 592

remove or control predators 585–586

restore former mining sites 247

train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 907

train mammals to avoid problematic species 597

translocate to re-establish or boost populations 779

treat mammals to reduce conflict caused by disease 495

use fencing to exclude predators 548–549, 552

use flags to reduce predation 130

use guardian animals to deter predators 143

use holding pens at release site 808,895, 897

use lights and sound to deter predation 181

use vaccination programme 601–602

Wallabia bicolor (swamp wallaby)

install barrier fencing and underpasses 347

install overpasses over roads/railways 292, 296

install tunnels under railways 274

install tunnels under roads 261

warthogs. See Phacochoerus aethiopicus; See Phacochoerus africanus

water 11, 45, 89, 92, 106, 210, 219, 226, 229, 233, 235–237, 239–240, 243, 261–264, 267, 269–270, 278–281, 312, 318, 332, 338, 375, 402–407, 499, 502, 505, 538–540, 556, 564, 570, 600, 611, 623, 630–633, 647, 681–685, 692, 747–751, 757, 774, 793, 797–799, 803, 807, 830, 843–845, 867, 869, 886, 889–890, 893–894, 901, 908, 911–912, 917–918, 920, 923–926, 930, 933, 935–936, 939–940, 942–944, 948, 973–975, 992

water deer. See Hydropotes inermis

water vole. See Arviola terrestris; See Arvicola terrestris; See Arvicola amphibius

weasel. See Mustela nivalis; See Mustela sp.

wedge-tailed eagle. See Aquila audax

western barred bandicoots. See Perameles bougainville

western brush wallaby. See Macropus irma

western grey kangaroo. See Macropus fuliginosus

western harvest mouse.

See Reithrodonromys megalotis

western jumping mouse. See Zapus princeps

western mountain coatis. See Nasuella olivacea

western polecat. See Mustela putorius

western pygmy possum. See Cercartetus concinnus

western red-backed vole.

See Clethrionomys californicus

western ringtail possum.

See Pseudocheirus occidentalis

white-ankled mice. See Peromyscus pectoralis

white-eared opossums. See Didelphis albiventris

white-footed mouse. See Peromyscus leucopus

white-footed vole. See Arborimus albipes

white rhinoceros. See Ceratotherium simum; See Ceratoiherium simum cottoni

white-tailed deer. See Odocoileus virginianus

white-tailed dunnart. See Sminthopsis granulipes

white-toothed shrew. See Crocidura russula; See Crocidura suaveolens

wild boar. See Sus scrofa

wild cat. See Felis silvestris

wildebeest. See Connochaetes taurinus

wildlife corridors 50–51, 459, 461

retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 459–461

retain wildlife corridors in residential areas 50–51

wolverines. See Gulo gulo

wombats. See Lasiorhinus latifrons

woodland dormice. See Graphiurus murinus

woodland vole. See Microtus pinetorum

wood mice. See Apodemus sylvaticus

woylies. See Bettongia penicillata

yellow-footed antechinus. See Altechinus flavipes

yellow-footed rock wallabies.

See Petrogale xanthopus

Zapus hudsonius (meadow jumping mouse) 91

Zapus princeps (western jumping mouse) 99

Zapus trinotatus (Pacific jumping mouse) 463

Zea mays (maize) 214

zebra. See Equus burchelli; See Equus quagga

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