Terrestrial Mammal Conservation
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Texte intégral
Abrothrix longipilis (long-haired field mice) 778
Acacia seyal 127
Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah) deter predation using nearby people 173
install crossing points 105–106
install non-electric fencing 119
provide live prey to captive mammals 906
release captive-bred individuals 873
release mammals in family/social groups 956
release mammals in unrelated groups 969
translocate predators 154, 156–157
translocate to boost populations 771
use guardian animals 144, 147
use holding pens 798
use visual deterrents 133
wild foster parents 729
Acrobates pygmaeus (feathertail gliders)
install rope bridges between canopies 306
provide artificial dens 698, 700–701,704, 706
Aepyceros melampus (impala)
provide artificial waterholes 538–539
provide live natural prey 906
remove vegetation by hand/machine 662
use prescribed burning 520
Aethomys chrysophilus (red veld rat) 283
African elephants. See Locondonta africana
African honeybees. See Apis mellifera scutellata
African savanna elephants. See Loxodonta africana
African wild dogs. See Lycaon pictus agile antechinus. See Antechinus agilis Agropyron repens (grass) 288
Agropyron spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass)
remove vegetation by hand/machine 657, 665
use prescribed burning 508, 521
Ailuropoda melanoleucahela (giant pandas) 861
Akodon azarae (grass mice) 690, 694
Alaskan brown bears. See Ursus arctos
Alcelaphus lichtensteini (Lichtenstein’s hartebeest) 513
Alces alces (moose)
allow forest to regenerate naturally 476
apply fertilizer to trees 470–471
install barrier fencing along railways 355
install barrier fencing along roads 319, 322
install crossings over/under pipelines 400–401
install one-way gates 313
install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 293, 298
install underpasses along roads 327, 329–331, 337, 340, 346, 353
modify the roadside environment 375
modify vegetation along railways 377
provide food/salt lick to divert mammals 396
provide supplementary food 737
remove competing vegetation 448
remove or control predators 587
thin trees within forest 466–467
use alternative de-icers on roads 394
use chemical repellents 391–392
use road lighting to reduce vehicle collisions 388
use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting 421
Algerian mice. See Mus spretus
Allegheny woodrats. See Neotoma magister
Alnus spp. (alder) 954
Alopex lagopus (Arctic fox) 737, 745
Alouatta guariba clamitans (brown howler monkeys) 307
alpacas. See Vicugna pacos
Alpine ibex. See Capra ibex
alpine marmot. See Marmota marmota
Altechinus flavipes (yellow-footed antechinus) 249
American marten. See Martes americana
American mink. See Neovison vison; See Mustela vison
American pygmy shrews. See Sorex hoyi
Ammospermophilus nelson (San Joaquin antelope squirrel) 93
Ammotragus lervia (aoudad) 864
Amur tigers. See Panthera tigris altaica
Anas spp. (duck) 159
Anderson’s gerbils. See Gerbillus allenbyi
antbears. See Orycteropus afer
Antechinus agilis (agile antechinus)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700
use patch retention harvesting 439
Antechinus flavipes (mardo)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 699, 701, 704, 707–708
restore former mining sites 247,250–251
Antechinus stuartii (brown antechinus)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698, 703–704, 706
remove/control non-native mammals 564–565
Antechinus swainsonii (dusky antechinus)
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 260
install underpasses beneath ski runs 52
antelope jackrabbit. See Lepus alleni
Antilocapra americana (pronghorn)
apply fertilizer to vegetation 688
captive rear in large enclosures 884
install barrier fencing and underpasses 333, 346
install mammal crossing points along fences 104
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829
remove or control predators 586
use permeable livestock fences 102
use prescribed burning 509
Antilocapra american sonoriensis (Sonoran pronghorns) 632
aoudad. See Ammotragus lervia
Apennine chamois. See Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata
Apis mellifera (feral honeybees) 975
Apis mellifera scutellata (African honeybees) 213
Aplodontia rufa (mountain beavers)
use predator scent to deter crop damage 226–227
use repellents that taste bad 234
Apodemus agrarius (striped field mouse) 267
Apodemus sylvaticus (wood mice)
create uncultivated margins around fields 59–61
establish wild flower areas on farmland 56
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91
install overpasses over roads/railways 290
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 275
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 260, 267
leave headlands in fields unsprayed 622–623
plant trees on farmland 73
reduce pesticide or fertilizer use 620 use prescribed burning 521
use repellent on slug pellets 78
use set-aside areas on farmland 65–67
Aquila audax (wedge-tailed eagle) 597
Aquila chrysaetos (golden eagle)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 937
use holding pens at release site 897
Arabian gazelles. See Gazella arabica
Arabian oryx. See Oryx leucoryx
Arabian sand gazelles. See Gazella subgutturosa marica
Arborimus albipes (white-footed vole) 463
Arctic fox. See Vulpes lagopus; See Alopex lagopus
argali. See Ovis ammon polii
armadillos. See Dasypus novemcinctus
Artemesia (sagebrush) 687
Arvicola amphibius (water vole)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 939
restore or create wetlands 683
Arvicola terrestris (water vole)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 936
remove/control non-native mammals 564, 570
use holding pens at release site 803,894
Arvicolinae (vole spp.)
install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 329
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 263
Arviola terrestris (water vole) 406
ash-grey mouse. See Pseudomys albocinereus
Asian elephants. See Elephas maximus
Asiatic black bears. See Ursus thibetanus
Asiatic lion. See Panthera leo persica
Asiatic wild ass. See Equus hemionus
Avena barbat (slender oat) 671
Avena sativa (winter oats)
install electric fencing to protect crops 163
plant crops to provide supplementary food 83
provide supplementary food 848
azure-winged magpies. See Cyanopica cyanus
baboons. See Papio sp.
badgers. See Meles meles; See Taxidea taxus
Baiomys taylori (northern pygmy mice) 555
banded hare-wallabies. See Lagostrophus fasciatus
bandicoots. See Perameles nasuta
bank vole. See Clethrionomys glareolus; See Myodes glareolus barn owl. See Tyto alba
barrier fencing 259, 274, 282, 284, 288–289, 291–293, 295, 310–316, 318, 320, 323–328, 330, 334, 336, 338–343, 355, 367, 389, 402–404
install barrier fencing along railways 355
install barrier fencing along roads 315–323
install barrier fencing along waterways 404–405
install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 323–354
barriers, use of 7, 21, 24, 40–41, 53, 91, 93, 100, 102, 104–106, 114–118, 120–124, 126–127, 129, 131, 145, 160–161, 163–167, 169–171, 186, 200, 214, 220, 222, 224, 242, 247–249, 251–252, 259, 269–270, 274, 280, 282–289, 291–298, 310–355, 367–368, 370, 372–373, 388–389, 400, 402, 404–405, 453, 455, 480, 484, 492–493, 516, 534, 540–541, 543–553, 560, 613–614, 629, 642–643, 651, 662, 692, 749, 798–799, 809, 845, 894, 912, 914, 925, 935, 937–938, 956, 975, 980
build fences around protected areas 641–642
exclude wild mammals using ditches, moats, walls or other barricades 126–128
install automatically closing gates at field entrances to prevent mammals entering 170–171
install electric fencing to protect crops from mammals 161–167
install electric fencing to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 120–126
install fences around existing culverts or underpasses under roads/ railways 283–286
install mammal crossing points along fences on farmland 103–106
install non-electric fencing to exclude predators or herbivores 114–120 install one-way gates or other structures to allow wildlife to leave roadways 310–315
protect mammals close to development areas (e.g. by fencing) 24
use electric fencing to deter mammals from energy installations or mines 251–252
use fencing/netting to reduce predation of fish stock by mammals 186–187
use fencing to exclude grazers or other problematic species 543–546
use fencing to exclude predators or other problematic species 546–553
use fencing to protect water sources for use by wild mammals 540
use livestock fences that are permeable to wildlife 102–103
use tree tubes/small fences/cages to protect individual trees 479–480
Bettongia gaimardi (eastern bettongs) hold translocated mammals in captivity before release 822–823
provide supplementary food during/ after release of translocated mammals 851, 854
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 942, 945
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 839, 842
Bettongia lesueur (boodie)
provide supplementary food 850, 853 release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 911, 914, 918
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 932, 937, 941, 943, 945, 947, 971–972
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 830, 835, 840
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
use holding pens at release site 808, 897
Bettongia penicillata (woylies)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 933, 946–947, 949
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 838, 841
remove/control non-native mammals 560–562, 568, 571
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
bharal. See Pseudois nayaur
bighorn sheep. See Ovis canadensis
bilbies. See Perameles lagotis
bison. See Bison bison
Bison bison (bison)
manage vegetation using grazing 653 release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829
translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 791
treat disease in wild mammals 599 use permeable livestock fences 102 use prescribed burning 512
Bison bison bison (plains bison)
treat disease in wild mammals 599
use prescribed burning 512
Bison bonasus (European bison)
provide supplementary food 921
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 959
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 782
biting dog lice. See Trichodectes canis
black bear. See Ursus americanus
black-footed ferrets. See Mustela nigripes
black rat. See Rattus rattus
black rhinoceros. See Diceros bicornis
black-tailed hares. See Lepus californicus
black-tailed prairie dog. See Cynomys; See Cynomys ludovicianus
Blarina brevicauda (northern short-tailed shrews)
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91
manage vegetation using grazing 653 thin trees within forest 465
use prescribed burning 516
use selective harvesting 435
Blarina carolinensis (southeastern short-tailed shrew)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 334
leave coarse woody debris 455
leave standing deadwood 453
bobcats. See Felis rufus; See Lynx rufus
Bolam’s mice. See Pseudomys bolami
bontebok. See Damaliscus pygargus pygargus
boodie. See Bettongia lesueur
Bos gaurus (gaur) 664, 666
Bos taurus (cattle) 545
bot fly. See Cuterebra
Bradypus torquatus (maned sloths) 767, 784
Brassica napus (oilseed rape) 66
broad-toothed rat. See Mastacomys fuscus
Bromus inermns (brome grass) 87
brown antechinus. See Antechinus stuartii
brown hare. See Lepus capensis
brown howler monkeys. See Alouatta guariba clamitans
brown hyaena. See Hyaena brunnea
brown rats. See Rattus norvegicus
Brucella abortus (brucellosis) 599
brucellosis. See Brucella abortus
brush mice. See Peromyscus boylii
brush-tailed phascogale. See Phascogale tapoatafa
brush-tailed rock wallabies. See Petrogale penicillata
Bubo virginianus (great-horned owls)
release captive-bred mammals 876, 915
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 938
buffalo. See Syncerus caffer
Bufo marinus (cane toads) 553–554
burning, use of
burn at specific time of year 524–526
use prescribed burning 505–524
Burramys parvus (mountain pygmy-possums) 259
bushpigs. See Potamochoerus larvatus
bush rat. See Rattus fuscipes
bushveld gerbils. See Tatera leucogaster
bushy-tailed wood rat. See Neotoma cinerea
Buteo jamaicensis (red-tailed hawks) 908
cactus mouse. See Peromyscus eremicus
California ground squirrel.
See Spermophilus beecheyi;
See Otospermophilus beecheyi
Callitris glaucophylla (white cypress-pine) 691
Calluna vulgaris (heather)
replant vegetation 661
use prescribed burning 519
Calomys laucha (small vesper mice) 690, 694
cane toads. See Bufo marinus
Canis aureus (jackals) 128
Canis dingo (dingoes)
install tunnels under roads 266
use fencing to exclude predators 551
use guardian animals to deter predators 146
use non-lethal methods 502
Canis familiaris (feral dogs) 586
Canis latrans (coyotes)
deter mammals from human-occupied areas 48
deter predation of livestock using shock collars 175
dispose of livestock carcasses to deter predation 141
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329, 331, 333, 345–346, 348
install crossings over/under pipelines 401
install electric fencing to reduce predation 121–124
install non-electric fencing 116
install overpasses over roads/railways 289
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels under roads 263–265,267, 270
place captive young with captive foster parents 858
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691
provide diversionary feeding for predators 594
release captive-bred individuals 872, 876
release captive-bred mammals 915
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 937–938, 940, 963, 980
remove/control non-native plants 574
remove or control predators 586–588
restore or create forest 679
use conditioned taste aversion 497
use fencing to exclude predators 550
use flags to reduce predation 130
use guardian animals to deter predators 142–143
use holding pens at release site 897 use lights and sound to deter predation 180–181
use loud noises to deter predation 149 use predator scent to deter crop damage 226–227
use repellents that taste bad 237
use scent to deter predation 183
use taste-aversion to reduce predation 135–138
Canis lupus (grey wolves)
control ticks/fleas/lice in wild mammals 616
eter predation of livestock using shock collars 176–177
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–331, 335–336, 342
install crossings over/under pipelines 401
install electric fencing 124, 126
install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291, 295
install overpasses over waterways 403
keep livestock in enclosures 161
pay farmers to compensate for losses 112, 114
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 719, 722
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 954
remove or control predators 585, 587–588
restrict hunting of a species 411
sterilize predators 591
translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789
translocate predators 791
translocate predators away from livestock 152, 154
use chemical repellents 392
use flags to reduce predation 129–132 use guardian animals to deter predators 145
use holding pens at release site 797, 802, 893
use lights and sound to deter predation 181
use scent to deter predation 184
Canis lupus baileyi (Mexican wolves) provide supplementary food 923
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 957
use holding pens at release site 891
Canis lupus dingo (dingoes)
release captive-bred mammals 915
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 938
release translocated mammals 835
use non-lethal methods 501, 503
Canis lupus familiaris (dogs)
deter mammals from human-occupied areas 46–48
deter predation of livestock by mammals 172
dispose of livestock carcasses to deter predation 141
install barrier fencing and underpasses 338
install tunnels under roads 266
keep dogs indoors or in outside enclosures 29
keep domestic cats and dogs well-fed 30
pay farmers to compensate for losses 112
release captive-bred individuals 875
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947
threat: invasive alien and other problematic species 543
threat: residential and commercial development 23
translocate predators away from livestock 153
translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 34
use chili to deter crop damage 218
use dogs to guard crops 240–241
use fire to deter crop damage 223
use guardian animals to deter predators 142–147
use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 501
use scarecrows to deter crop damage 197
Canis lupus lupus (grey wolf) 858–859
Canis lupus rufus (red wolves)
provide supplementary food 924
use holding pens at release site 893
Canis mesomelas (jackals)
fit livestock with protective collars 179
install electric fencing to reduce predation 123
install mammal crossing points 105–106
provide supplementary food 744
use guardian animals to deter predators 147
Canis rufus (red wolf) 124
Canis simensis (Ethiopian wolves) 602
Canus latrans (coyotes) 346
Cape mountain zebra. See Equus zebra zebra
Capra hircus (goats)
release captive-bred mammals 912
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 935, 948
Capra ibex (Alpine ibex) 777
Capra pyrenaica (Iberian ibex) 780, 787
Capra pyrenaica hispanica (Spanish ibex) 611–612
Capra sibirica (ibex) 426
Capreolus capreolus (roe deer)
install barrier fencing along roads 322
install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 339–340, 342
install non-electric fencing 117
install overpasses over roads/railways 289–290, 293, 295
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels under roads 261
install wildlife warning reflectors 362–363
keep dogs indoors 29
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide supplementary food 846, 853
release captive-bred individuals 869, 879
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768, 772, 781, 784
use chemical repellents 390, 392–393
use drugs to treat parasites 609, 613
use holding pens at release site 802,812
Caracal caracal (caracals)
fit livestock with protective collars 179
use guardian animals to deter predators 147
caracals. See Caracal caracal
caragana. See Caragana arborescens
Caragana arborescens (caragana) 232
caribou. See Rangifer tarandus
Carolina northern flying squirrels.
See Glaucomys sabrinus; See Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus
Castor canadensis (North American beavers)
airborne translocation of mammals using parachutes 826
provide diversionary feeding for predators 594
provide supplementary feed 481
reduce intensity of grazing 99
translocate predators 791
use prescribed burning 516, 523
use repellents that taste bad 235
Castor fiber (Eurasian beavers)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 954
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 762, 783
cattle. See Bos taurus
Central American tapir. See Tapirus bairdii
Ceratoiherium simum cottoni (white rhinoceros) 757
Ceratotherium simum (white rhinoceros) provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 717
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 758, 773–774, 785
Cercartetus concinnus (western pygmy possum)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 704
restore former mining sites 249
Cercartetus nanus (eastern pygmy-possums) 700, 702–703, 709
Cercocarpus spp. (mountain mahogany) 537
Cersus elaphus (elk) 103
Cervus canadensis (elk)
apply fertilizer to vegetation 689
deter mammals from human-occupied areas 47
install barrier fencing along roads 322
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–333, 335–336, 345–346, 349
install metal grids at field entrances 169
install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291
install wildlife exclusion grates 369
manage vegetation using grazing by wild herbivores 653
manage vegetation using livestock grazing 649–650
provide supplementary food 743, 923 reduce intensity of grazing 95
reduce legal speed limit 371
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 939, 957, 961
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829
restrict hunting of a species 410
restrict hunting of particular sex/ breeding age animals 417
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 529
translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789
translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 791
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 761, 771
use chemical repellents 391
use holding pens at release site 804,891
use lights and sound to deter crop damage 189
use permeable livestock fences 102
use prescribed burning 508, 510, 516–518
use repellents that taste bad 233
Cervus elaphus (red deer)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336, 339, 342
install non-electric fencing 117
install overpasses over roads/railways 290–292, 295
install overpasses over waterways 403 install wildlife warning reflectors 363 provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 193
provide mammals with escape routes from canals 406
provide supplementary food 742
release captive-bred individuals 873,880
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 966
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 780
use chemical repellents 390, 392–393
use holding pens at release site 812
Cervus nippon (sika deer)
install electric fencing 165
use chemical repellents 390
Chaetodipus fallax (San Diego pocket mouse) 676
Chaetodipus formosus (long-tailed pocket mouse) 90
Chaetodipus spinatus (spiny pocket mouse) 676
cheetahs. See Acinonyx jubatu
Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa) 84
chili, use as deterrent 165, 195, 198–200, 215–220, 222, 224, 242
chipmunk. See Tamias minimus; See Tamias striatus
chuditch. See Dasyurus geoffroii
Cirsium spp. (thistles) 61
civet. See Civettictis civetta
Civettictis civetta (civet) 51
clearfelling 438–439, 459, 472, 478
Clethrionomys californicus (Western red-backed vole) 463
Clethrionomys gapperi (red-backed voles) install barrier fencing and underpasses 335
install overpasses over roads/railways 290
leave coarse woody debris in forests 454
open patches in forests 443–444
provide woody debris 54
thin trees within forest 465
use patch retention harvesting 438
use selective harvesting 434
Clethrionomys glareolus (bank voles)
create uncultivated margins around fields 60
provide supplementary food 736
use repellent on slug pellets 78
collared peccaries. See Pecari tajacu
collars, use of 32–35, 46–47, 128, 146, 153, 155, 174, 176–177, 248, 293–294, 319, 339–340, 342, 402–403, 407, 422, 513, 518–520, 528–529, 537, 548, 568, 585, 588–589, 591, 594, 611, 663, 669, 672, 692, 739, 742, 760–761, 767, 778–779, 789–790, 796, 798, 802, 807, 816, 821, 830, 832–833, 868, 870, 873, 877, 911, 933, 939, 955–956, 958, 964, 986, 996, 1001
use collar-mounted devices 25, 25–28, 28, 543
Columbian ground squirrel. See Spermophilus columbianus
Commiphora (thorny trees) 118
common brushtail possum. See Tri ch o su ru s v u lp ecula; See Trichosurus sp.com.
common dunnart. See Sminthopsis murina
common hamsters. See Cricetus cricetus
common mallow. See Malva sylvestris
common ringtail possums. See Pseudocheirus peregrinus
common teasel. See Dipsacus sylvestris
common vole. See Microtus arvalis
common wallaroos. See Macropus robustus
common wombat. See Vombatus ursinus
Conepatus chinga (Molina’s hog-nosed skunk) 451
Connochaetes taurinus (wildebeest)
build fences around protected areas 642
provide artificial waterholes 538
replant vegetation 662
use prescribed burning 521
Corsican pines. See Pinus nigra
cotton mouse. See Peromyscus gossypinus
cottonwood. See Populus spp.
cougars. See Felis concolor
coyotes. See Canis latrans; See Canus latrans
coypu. See Myocastor coypus
crabapple. See Malus spp.
crest-tailed mulgara. See Dasycercus cristicauda
Cricetulus kamensis (Kam dwarf hamster) 98
Cricetus cricetus (common hamsters) establish wild flower areas 57–58
provide mammals with escape routes 406
release translocated mammals 836,841
Crocidura russula (white-toothed shrew) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91
remove/control non-native mammals 563
use prescribed burning 521
Crocidura suaveolens (white-toothed shrews) 563
Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyenas)
exclude wild mammals using barricades 127–128
install non-electric fencing 119
release captive-bred mammals 873
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771, 774
use guardian animals to deter predators 144
use people to deter predation 173
use visual deterrents to deter predation 133
Crotalus viridis (prairie rattlesnakes) 908
Cryptotis parva (North American least shrew)
leave coarse woody debris 455
leave standing deadwood/snags 453
culpeo fox. See Lycalopex culpaeus
culverts 258–261, 263–265, 267–286, 288, 291–292, 294, 297, 316, 319, 322, 324–325, 328–337, 339–341, 343, 346–348, 350–353
Cuterebra (bot fly)
emove vegetation using herbicides 670
remove vegetation using herbicides 668
use prescribed burning 510–511, 522
Cyanopica cyanus (azure-winged magpies) 586
Cynomys (black-tailed prairie dog)
captive rear in large enclosures 883
control ticks/fleas/lice in wild mammals 616
provide live natural prey to captive mammals 905
provide supplementary food 845
release captive-bred mammals 876
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 937, 940, 957, 959–960, 963, 968, 975, 980
remove vegetation using herbicides 667
replant vegetation 658, 660, 665
train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 776
use fencing to exclude predators 550
use holding pens at release site 799,808, 897
use prescribed burning 515, 523
Cynomys ludovicianus (black-tailed prairie dog)
captive rear in large enclosures 883
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 959–960, 968, 975
remove vegetation by hand/machine 665
replant vegetation 660
se prescribed burning 523
train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908
use fencing to exclude predators 550
use prescribed burning 515
Cynomys parvidens (Utah prairie dogs) control ticks/fleas/lice in wild mammals 616
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 940, 963, 980
remove vegetation using herbicides 667
replant vegetation 658
Dama dama (fallow deer)
install acoustic wildlife warnings 365
install overpasses over roads/railways 290
install tunnels under roads 260
install wildlife warning reflectors 359, 363
use chemical repellents 390
use repellents that taste bad 235
Damaliscus lunatus (tsessebe)
provide artificial waterholes 538
provide live natural prey to captive mammals 906
use prescribed burning 513
Damaliscus pygargus pygargus (bontebok) 653
Dama mesopotamica (Persian fallow deer) 893
Dasycercus cristicauda (crest-tailed mulgara) 569
Dasypus novemcinctus (armadillos)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 328, 334
restore or create forest 679
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 773
Dasyurus geoffroii (chuditch)
release captive-bred mammals 871
remove/control non-native mammals 566
restore former mining sites 247
translocate mammals 255
Dasyurus viverrinus (eastern quoll)
install signage to warn motorists about wildlife 384
install traffic calming structures 373
install wildlife warning reflectors 360
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 942
use fencing to exclude predators 548
deer. See Odocoileus spp.
deer mouse. See Peromyscus maniculatus
Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 347
install rope bridges between canopies 305
install tunnels under roads 266
denning sites 39–40, 499
desert cottontail rabbits. See Sylvilagus audubonii
dibblers. See Parantechinus apicalis
Diceros bicornis (black rhinoceros)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 970
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 834
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 758
Dicotyles tajacu (javelina) 574
Didelphis albiventris (white-eared opossums) 307
Didelphis marsupialis (opossum) 331
Didelphis virginia (opossums) 138
Didelphis virginiana (opossums)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 328, 343
install tunnels under roads 267, 270
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697
restore or create wetlands 682
Didelphis virginianus (opossums)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 334
install tunnels under roads 265
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698
dingoes. See Canis dingo; See Canis lupus dingo
Diorhabda spp. (leaf beetles) 574
Dipdomys heermanni (Heermann’s kangaroo rat)
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 93
hold translocated mammals in captivity 820
provide supplementary food 849
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 978, 987
Dipodomys ingens (giant kangaroo rat) 93
Dipodomys merriami (Merriam’s kangaroo rat) 90, 95, 676
Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides (short nosed kangaroo rat)
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 93
hold translocated mammals in captivity 820
provide supplementary food 849
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 978, 987
Dipodomys stephensi (Stephens’ kangaroo rat)
manage vegetation using livestock grazing 650
replant vegetation 660
Dipsacus sylvestris (common teasel) 61
diversionary feeding 41, 42, 43, 44, 158, 159, 190, 191, 192, 193, 396, 593, 594. See also food/feeding
dogs. See Canis lupus familiaris
dorcas gazelle. See Gazella dorcas neglecta
Douglas fir. See Pseudotsuga menziesii
duck. See Anas spp.
dusky antechinus. See Antechinus swainsonii
dusky hopping mouse. See Notomys fuscus
dusky shrew. See Sorex monticolus
eastern barred bandicoot. See Perameles gunnii
eastern bettongs. See Bettongia gaimardi
eastern cottontail. See Sylvilagus floridanus
eastern grey kangaroos. See Macropus giganteus
eastern hemlock. See Tsuga canadensis
eastern pygmy-possums. See Cercartetus nanus
eastern quoll. See Dasyurus viverrinus
eastern woodrats. See Neotoma floridana
Echinochloa esculenta (white millet) 83
Echinococcus multicularis (small fox tapeworm) 495
Egyptian mongooses. See Herpestes ichneumon
eland. See Taurotragus oryx
Elaphurus davidianus (Père David’s deer) provide supplementary food during/ after release 924
release captive-bred individuals 879, 882
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829
use holding pens at release site 892, 902
electric fencing 40–41, 114–115, 120–124, 126, 145, 161, 163–164, 167, 251–252, 541, 547, 549–550, 799, 845, 938, 975
elephant. See Loxondonta africana
Elephas maximus (Asian elephants)
drive wild animals away using domestic animals 242
install electric fencing 165
use chili to deter crop damage 217,220
use distress calls or signals to deter crop damage 212
use fire to deter crop damage 224
use light/lasers to deter crop damage 222
use loud noises to deter crop damage 200
Eliomys quercinus (garden dormouse) install barrier fencing and underpasses 336
use prescribed burning 521
elk. See Cervus canadensis; See Cersus elaphus
Enhydra lutris (sea otter)
hand-rear orphaned or abandoned young 725
place abandoned wild young with captive foster parents 731
translocate mammals away from oil spill 624
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 758, 782
use holding pens at release site 796
Equus africanus asinus (horses) 545
Equus burchelli (zebra)
provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538
replant vegetation 662
use prescribed burning 513, 521
Equus ferus caballus (horses) 545
Equus ferus przewalskii (Przewalski’s horses)
provide supplementary food 926, 929 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 964
use holding pens at release site 899, 904
Equus hemionus (Asiatic wild ass) 890, 902
Equus quagga (zebra)
build fences around protected areas 642
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774
Equus zebra (mountain zebra)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774
Equus zebra zebra (Cape mountain zebra) manage vegetation using grazing 653 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 776
use prescribed burning 514
Erethizon dorsatum (porcupines) 234
Erica tetralix (heather)
replant vegetation 661
use prescribed burning 519
Erinaceus europaeus (hedgehogs)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 818, 823
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336–337, 344
install overpasses over roads/railways 292
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels under railways 275, 277
install tunnels under roads 260
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide supplementary food 847, 853
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 717–720, 722
Ethiopian wolves. See Canis simensis
Eucalyptus
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 702, 704
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691
restore former mining sites 248
restore or create forest 679–680
retain understorey vegetation 451
retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460
translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 790
Eudorcas rufifrons (red-fronted gazelle) release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 917
restore or create savannas 674
Eurasian beavers. See Castor fiber
Eurasian lynx. See Lynx lynx
European bison. See Bison bonasus
European ground squirrels. See Spermophilus citellus
European larch. See Larix decidua
European mink. See Mustela lutreola
European rabbits. See Oryctolagus cuniculus
fallow deer. See Dama dama
Fascioloides magna (trematode) 610, 613
fat-tailed dunnart. See Sminthopsis crassicaudata
fawn-footed melomys. See Melomys cervinipes
feathertail gliders. See Acrobates pygmaeus
Felis catus (feral cats) 4, 21
hold translocated mammals in captivity 822
install barrier fencing and underpasses 331, 334, 338
install fences around culverts or underpasses 285
keep cats indoors or in outside runs 25
keep domestic cats and dogs well-fed 30
modify culverts for accessibility 278 modify traps 579
provide supplementary food 850
reintroduce top predators 576
release captive-bred mammals 911–912, 914, 916
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 932, 934–935, 937, 941– 942, 946, 971, 981
release translocated mammals 830, 833, 835, 838, 840
remove/control non-native mammals 558, 568–569, 571–572
remove or control predators 586
restore former mining sites 246
restore or create wetlands 682
sterilise non-native domestic or feral species 595
threat: invasive alien and other problematic species 543
threat: residential and commercial development 23
train captive-bred mammals 908
train mammals to avoid problematic species 597
translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 808
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 779
use collar-mounted devices to reduce predation 26–28
use conditioned taste aversion 581
use fencing to exclude predators 549, 552
use holding pens at release site 897 use reward removal 583
Felis concolor (cougars)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328
translocate predators away from livestock 153, 157
Felis rufus (bobcats)
install tunnels under roads 264
restore or create forest 679
Felis serval (serval) 724
Felis silvestris (wild cat)
install barrier fencing along roads 320
install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 336, 342
install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 294
install tunnels under railways 275
install tunnels under roads 260
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
use fencing to exclude predators 551
feral cats. See Felis catus
feral dogs. See Canis familiaris
feral honeybees. See Apis mellifera
fertilizer 55, 245, 469–471, 619–620, 647, 688–689
Festuca scabrella (rough fescue)
manage vegetation using livestock grazing 650
use prescribed burning 510
field voles. See Microtus agrestis
fire 165, 200, 218, 220, 222–224, 242, 433, 445, 506–507, 509, 514–518, 520, 522–528, 530–536, 540–541, 549, 552,554–555, 647, 652, 670, 675, 902, 928, 965
fishers. See Martes pennanti
food/feeding 3, 38–44, 48–50, 63, 72, 78–79, 82–84, 86–87, 115, 119,124–125, 129, 136–138, 146, 148–150,158–160, 162, 164, 168, 170, 175–176, 181, 187–193, 196, 201–202, 205,207–208, 211, 226–229, 233–236, 238, 260, 281, 312, 321, 355, 358, 365–367, 375–378, 391, 394–398, 409,429, 438, 458, 480–481, 485–486, 493, 496–501, 506–507, 519, 533, 540–541,544, 549–550, 552, 554, 557, 559, 566, 569, 573, 576, 581, 583, 591–594, 600, 609–613, 619, 631–632, 648–649, 651– 652, 660–661, 667, 683–684, 688, 709, 720–721, 728–729, 731–750, 752–753,757, 763, 766–768, 782, 797–800, 802– 803, 806, 809–810, 813, 819, 821, 828, 830, 838–839, 842–853, 867, 871, 883, 885–891, 893–894, 898–901, 911–913,916–917, 919–928, 933, 935–936, 940,942, 944, 952, 957, 960, 962, 972–975, 977–978, 981–982, 985–988, 993, 999
apply fertilizer to vegetation to increase food availability 688–689
apply water to vegetation to increase food availability during drought 631–632
graze herbivores on pasture, instead of sustaining with artificial foods 752–753
plant crops to provide supplementary food for mammals 82–84
prevent mammals accessing potential wildlife food sources 39–41
provide diversionary feeding for mammals to reduce human-wildlife conflict 41–44
provide diversionary feeding for predators 593–595
provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage by mammals 190–193
provide diversionary feeding to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 158–160
provide food/salt lick to divert mammals from roads or railways 394–396
provide supplementary feed to reduce tree damage 480–481
provide supplementary food after fire 540–541
provide supplementary food during/ after release of captive-bred mammals 919–929
provide supplementary food to increase reproduction/survival 732–747
use negative stimuli to deter consumption of livestock feed by mammals 207–208
fox squirrels. See Sciurus niger
Fraxinus americana (white ash) 698
garden dormouse. See Eliomys quercinus
gaur. See Bos gaurus
Gazella arabica (Arabian gazelles)
provide supplementary food 926, 929
provide supplementary water 750–751
release captive-bred mammals 916,919
use holding pens at release site 898,903
Gazella dorcas neglecta (dorcas gazelle) release captive-bred mammals 917,919
restore or create savannas 674–675
Gazella gazella (mountain gazelles) 869,879
Gazella subgutturosa marica (Arabian sand gazelles) 891, 902
Gazella thomsonii (Thomson’s gazelles) 520, 524
genet. See Genetta genetta
Genetta genetta (genet)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336–337, 339–340
install ledges in culverts 280
install overpasses over roads/railways 289
install tunnels under railways 275
install tunnels under roads 261
remove or control predators 586
Gerbillus allenbyi (Anderson’s gerbils) 659
giant anteaters. See Myrmecophaga tridactyla
giant kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys ingens
giant pandas. See Ailuropoda melanoleucahela
Giraffa camelopardalis (giraffe)
provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538–539
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 992
replant vegetation 662
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774
giraffe. See Giraffa camelopardalis
Glaucomys sabrinus (Carolina northern flying squirrels)
install pole crossings for gliders/ flying squirrels 301
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701–702, 706, 709
provide supplementary food 740, 746 thin trees within forest 464, 468
Glaucomys sabrinus coloratus (Carolina northern flying squirrels) 301
Glaucomys volans (southern flying squirrels)
manage vegetation using grazing 653
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697–698
use fencing to exclude predators 550, 552
Glirulus japonicus (Japanese dormouse) 706, 710
goats. See Capra hircus
golden bandicoots. See Isoodon auratus
golden eagle. See Aquila chrysaetos
golden-mantled ground squirrel.
See Spermophilus lateralis
golden mouse. See Ochrotomys nuttalli
Gould’s monitors. See Varanus gouldii
Grammomys cometes (Mozambique thicket rats) 705
Graphiurus murinus (woodland dormice) 705, 709
grass mice. See Akodon azarae
gray-collared chipmunk. See Tamias cinereicollis
gray squirrel. See Sciurus carolinensis
gray wolves. See Canis lupis
Great Basin pocket mouse.
See Perognathus parvus
greater bilbies. See Macrotis lagotis
greater glider. See Petauroides volans
greater one-horned rhinoceros.
See Rhinoceros unicornis
greater stick-nest rat. See Leporillus conditor
great-horned owls. See Bubo virginianus
grey fox. See Urocyon cinereoargenteus
grey wolf. See Canis lupus lupus
grey wolves. See Canis lupus
groundhogs. See Marmota monax
guanacos. See Lama guanicoe
guiña. See Leopardus guigna
Gulo gulo (wolverines) 113
Gymnobelideus leadbeateri (Leadbeater’s possum) 702
hares. See Lepus spp.
harvesting 57, 61, 65–66, 77, 86, 237,409–410, 413, 416, 418, 432–439,442–445, 447–449, 454, 457–460, 464–465, 468, 472–475, 477–478, 536,616, 636, 714, 725, 734, 771, 829, 836
harvest mouse. See Micromys minutus
hazel dormouse. See Muscardinus avellanarius
heather voles. See Phenacomys intermedius
hedgehogs. See Erinaceus europaeus
hedgerows, use of 56, 60, 62, 66–71
Heermann’s kangaroo rat. See Dipdomys heermanni
Hemitragus jemlahicus (Himalayan tahr) 419
Herpestes ichneumon (Egyptian mongooses)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 337, 339
remove or control predators 586
Himalayan tahr. See Hemitragus jemlahicus
hippopotamus. See Hippopotamus amphibius
Hippopotamus amphibius (hippopotamus) ban exports of hunting trophies 432 install electric fencing to protect crops 166–167
Hippotragus equinus (roan antelope)
graze herbivores on pasture 752
provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 991
use holding pens at release site 795 use prescribed burning 513
Hippotragus niger (sable antelope)
provide artificial waterholes in dry season 538
use prescribed burning 513
hispid cotton rats. See Sigmodon hispidus
hispid pocket mouse. See Perognathus hispidus
honey badgers. See Mellivora capensis
honey possum. See Tarsipes rostratus
Hordeum vulgare (barley)
provide supplementary food 848
use repellent on slug pellets 79
horses. See Equus africanus asinus; See Equus ferus caballus
house mice. See Mus musculus; See Mus domesticus
human-wildlife conflict, reduction of 11, 23, 30–32, 38–42, 44, 110–111, 114, 120, 126–128, 132, 134, 140–141, 148, 151, 158, 160–161, 168, 170–174, 178–180, 182, 185–188, 190, 194–195, 201–205, 207, 209, 213, 215–217, 221, 223, 225, 228–229, 231–232, 238–241, 243, 252, 369, 390, 483, 490, 493, 496, 499
deter predation of livestock by herding livestock using adults instead of children 173–174
deter predation of livestock by mammals by having people close by 172–173
deter predation of livestock by using shock/electronic dog-training collars 174–178
dispose of livestock carcasses to deter predation of livestock by mammals 140–141
drive wild animals away using domestic animals of the same species 241–242
establish deviation ponds in fish farms to reduce predation of fish stock by mammals 187
exclude wild mammals using ditches, moats, walls or other barricades 126–128
fit livestock with protective collars to reduce risk of predation by mammal 178–179
grow unattractive crop in buffer zone around crops 215–216
install automatically closing gates at field entrances to prevent mammals entering 170–171
install electric fencing to protect crops from mammals 161–167
install electric fencing to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 120–126
install metal grids at field entrances to prevent mammals entering 168–169
install non-electric fencing to exclude predators or herbivores 114–120
issue enforcement notices to deter use of non-bear-proof garbage dumpsters 38
keep livestock in enclosures to reduce predation by mammals 160–161
pay farmers to compensate for losses due to predators/wild herbivores 111–114
play predator calls to deter crop damage by mammals 209, 209–210
provide diversionary feeding for mammals to reduce nuisance behaviour 41–44
provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage by mammals 190–193
provide diversionary feeding to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 158–160
relocate local pastoralist communities 110–111
scare or otherwise deter mammals from human-occupied areas 44–50
translocate crop raiders away from crops 205–207
translocate predators away from livestock 151–157
translocate problem mammals away from residential areas to reduce human-wildlife conflict 30–37
use bees to deter crop damage by mammals 213–215
use chili to deter crop damage by mammals 216–217
use dogs to guard crops 240–241
use drones to deter crop damage by mammals 204–205
use fencing/netting to reduce predation of fish stock by mammals 186–187
use fire to deter crop damage by mammals 223–224
use flags to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 128–132
use guardian animals bonded to livestock to deter predators 141–148
use light/lasers to deter crop damage by mammals 221–222
use lights and sound to deter crop damage by mammals 188–189
use lights and sound to deter predation of livestock by mammals 180–182
use loud noises to deter crop damage by mammals 194–201
use loud noises to deter predation of livestock by mammals 148–150
use mobile phone communications to warn farmers of problematic mammals 185–186
use negative stimuli to deter consumption of livestock feed by mammals 207–208
use noise aversive conditioning to deter crop damage by mammals 201–202
use pheromones to deter crop damage 225
use pheromones to deter predation of livestock by mammals 134
use predator scent to deter crop damage by mammals 225–228
use repellents that smell bad to deter crop or property damage by mammals 238–240
use repellents that taste bad to deter crop or property damage by mammals 231, 231–237
use scarecrows to deter crop damage by mammals 194
use scent to deter predation of livestock by mammals 182–184
use ‘shock collars’ to deter crop damage by mammals 229–230
use target species distress calls or signals to deter crop damage by mammals 209–213
use target species scent to deter crop damage by mammals 228–229
use taste-aversion to reduce predation of livestock by mammals 134–140
use tree nets to deter wild mammals from fruit crops 171
use ultrasonic noises to deter crop damage by mammals 202–203
use visual deterrents to deter predation of livestock by mammals 132–134
use watchmen to deter crop damage by mammals 185
hunting 26, 29–30, 34, 155, 398–399, 409– 411, 413–422, 424, 427–428, 430–431,485–486, 492, 518, 585–587, 613, 636, 643, 646, 713–714, 750, 774, 781–782, 791, 796, 817, 829, 870, 904–906, 954, 997–1001
Hyaena brunnea (brown hyaena) 744
Hyaena hyaena (striped hyenas)
provide artificial waterholes in dry season 539
use guardian animals to deter predators 144
Hydropotes inermis (water deer) 267
Hypericum perforatum (St John’s wort) 61
Hystrix africaeaustralis (porcupine) build fences around protected areas 642
install electric fencing to reduce predation 124
install mammal crossing points along fences 106
Iberian hare. See Lepus granatensis
Iberian ibex. See Capra pyrenaica
Iberian lynx. See Lynx pardinus
ibex. See Capra sibirica
impala. See Aepyceros melampus
Irish hares. See Lepus timidus hibernicus
island foxes. See Urocyon littoralis
Isoodon auratus (golden bandicoots)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 940, 949
release translocated mammals 837
Isoodon macrourus (northern brown bandicoots)
burn at specific time of year 525
install barrier fencing and underpasses 338, 347
install tunnels under roads 262
Isoodon obesulus (southern brown bandicoots)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 348
install tunnels under roads 266
remove/control non-native mammals 566–567
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
jackal. See Canis aureus; See Canis mesomelas
jaguar. See Panthera onca
Japanese dormouse. See Glirulus japonicus
Japanese macaques. See Macaca fuscata
Japanese yew trees. See Taxus cuspidata
javelina. See Dicotyles tajacu
Juniperus ashei (Ashe juniper) 536
Kam dwarf hamster. See Cricetulus kamensis
Keen’s mouse. See Peromyscus keeni
Key Largo woodrats. See Neotoma floridana smalli
koalas. See Phascloarctos cinereus; See Phascolarctos cinereus
Kobus leche leche (red lechwe) 637
kudu. See Tragelaphus strepsiceros
lacustrine vole. See Microtus limnophilus
Lagorchestes hirsutus (rufous hare-wallabies)
provide supplementary food 925
provide supplementary water 749 release captive-bred mammals 871–872, 912
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934, 947–949
train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 907
use holding pens at release site 893
Lagostrophus fasciatus (banded hare-wallabies)
provide supplementary food 925
provide supplementary water 749
release captive-bred mammals 872,911
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947
use holding pens at release site 893
Lama glama (llamas) 142–143
Lama guanicoe (guanacos) 898, 903
Larix decidua (European larch) 193
Lasiorhinus latifrons (wombats) 331
Leadbeater’s possum. See Gymnobelideus leadbeateri
leaf beetles. See Diorhabda spp.
Leggadina lakedownensis (short-tailed mice)
remove/control non-native mammals 559
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
leopard. See Panthera pardus; See Panthera pardus fusca
leopard cat. See Prionailurus benalensis
Leopardus guigna (guiña) 451
Leporillus conditor (greater stick-nest rat) release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 914
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937
release translocated mammals 835
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
use holding pens at release site 808, 897
Leptailurus serval (servals)
release captive-bred individuals 873 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771
Lepus spp. 261
Lepus alleni (antelope jackrabbit) 574
Lepus americanus (snowshoe hare)
apply fertilizer to trees 471
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329
install tunnels under roads 263
remove competing vegetation 449
retain undisturbed patches during thinning 441
thin trees within forest 467
use selective harvesting 434, 437
Lepus californicus (black-tailed hares) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 90
remove/control non-native plants 574
use fencing to exclude grazers 544
Lepus capensis (brown hare) 292
Lepus europaeus (European hare)
create uncultivated margins 62–63
install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 338
install non-electric fencing 117
install overpasses over roads/railways 295
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
keep dogs indoors 29
pay farmers to cover the costs 75
plant new or maintain existing hedgerows 71
plant trees on farmland 73–74
provide or retain set-aside areas 67
reduce intensity of grazing 98
reduce pesticide or fertilizer use 621
release captive-bred mammals 877,881
use traditional breeds of livestock 107
Lepus f lavigularis (Tehuantepec jackrabbits) 651–652
Lepus granatensis (Iberian hare)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336
install overpasses over roads/railways 289
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels under railways 275
remove or control predators 586
Lepus saxatilis (scrub hare)
build fences around protected areas 642
pay farmers to cover the costs 286
Lepus timidus (mountain hares)
site management by field sport practitioners 585
Lepus timidus hibernicus (Irish hares) pay farmers to cover the costs 76
plant new or maintain existing hedgerows 70
reduce intensity of grazing 98
site management for target mammal species 414
lesser anteaters. See Tamandua tetradactyla
Lichtenstein’s hartebeest. See Alcelaphus lichtensteini
Linum usitatissimum (linseed) 83
lion. See Panthera leo
little pocket mouse. See Perognathus longimembris
llama. See Lama glama
Locondonta africana (African elephants) 51
lodgepole chipmunk. See Neotamias speciosus
lodgepole pine. See Pinus contorta
long-eared chipmunks. See Tamias quadrimaculatus
long-haired field mice. See Abrothrix longipilis
long-haired rats. See Rattus villosissimus
long-nosed potoroos. See Potorous tridactylus
long-tailed pocket mouse. See Chaetodipus formosus
long-tailed vole. See Microtus longicaudus
long-tailed weasel. See Mustela frenata
Lontra canadensis (otters) 328
Lower Keys marsh rabbits. See Sylvilagus palustris
Loxodonta africana (African savanna elephants)
deter mammals from human-occupied areas 49
install electric fencing 163
release translocated mammals 831, 835
translocate crop raiders away from crops 206–207
use bees to deter crop damage 214
use chili to deter crop damage 217–220 use dogs to guard crops 241
use drones to deter crop damage 204 use fire to deter crop damage by mammals 223
use loud noises to deter crop damage 196–197, 199–200
use target species distress calls 210 use target species scent to deter crop damage 228–229
Loxondonta africana (elephant) 538
Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos. See Dendrolagus lumholtzi
Lutra canadensis (river otters) 759–760, 764–765
Lutra lutra (otters)
breed mammals in captivity 855, 857
establish deviation ponds in fish farms 187
hhold translocated mammals in captivity 823
hold translocated mammals in captivity 819
install barrier fencing and underpasses 337, 344
install ledges in culverts under roads/ railways 281
install mammal crossing points 105–106
install tunnels under roads 267
provide mammals with escape routes 407
provide supplementary food 744,747, 922
release captive-bred mammals 868,870–872, 875, 879–881
rovide supplementary food 928
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 762–763, 770, 775, 783,786
use fencing/netting to reduce predation 186
use holding pens at release site 888,901
Lycalopex culpaeus (culpeo fox) 145
Lycaon pictus (African wild dogs)
establish populations isolated from disease 614–615
install non-electric fencing 119
place orphaned wild young with wild foster parents 729
release captive-bred individuals 873
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 913
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 962
release translocated mammals 831
retain buffer zones around core habitat 643
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771
use guardian animals to deter predators 144
use holding pens at release site 805,890, 894, 902
use people to deter predation of livestock 173
use scent to deter predation 183–184 use visual deterrents to deter predation 133
lynx. See Lynx canadensis
Lynx canadensis (lynx)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 820
install crossings over/under pipelines 401
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 987
Lynx lynx (Eurasian lynx)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 817–818
install barrier fencing and underpasses 342
install overpasses over roads/railways 295
set hunting quotas 416
use chemical repellents 392
use holding pens at release site 803
Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx)
install electric fencing to reduce predation 125–126
install overpasses over roads/railways 289
install tunnels under railways 275 provide live natural prey to captive mammals 905–906
provide supplementary food 740
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 718, 722
Lynx rufus (bobcats)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328, 343, 346, 348
install fences around existing culverts 285
install tunnels under roads 265, 267
modify culverts 278
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 769
Macaca fuscata (Japanese macaques) 165
Macaranga siamensis trees 664
Macropus eugenii (tammar wallabies)
install acoustic wildlife warnings 366
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947
remove/control non-native mammals 560–562
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
Macropus fuliginosus (Western grey kangaroo)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 348
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947
restore former mining sites 247
Macropus giganteus (eastern grey kangaroos)
install overpasses over roads/railways 292, 296
remove/control non-native mammals 558
retain/maintain road verges 381
use target species signals to deter crop damage 211
use ultrasonic noises to deter crop damage 203
Macropus irma (western brush wallaby) 246
Macropus parma (parma wallaby) 947
Macropus robustus (common wallaroos)
provide supplementary water 751
release captive-bred mammals 918
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 943
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
Macropus rufogriseus (red-necked wallaby)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 338, 347
install overpasses over roads/railways 292, 296
install wildlife warning reflectors 362
Macropus rufus (red kangaroos) fit vehicles with ultrasonic warning devices 381
install wildlife warning reflectors 362
Macrotis lagotis (greater bilbies)
release captive-bred mammals 914
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 835
train mammals to avoid problematic species 596–597
use holding pens at release site 808, 897
Malus domestica (spartan apple) 191
Malus spp. (crabapple) 191
Malva sylvestris (common mallow) 61
maned sloths. See Bradypus torquatus
Manis temminckii (cape pangolins) 763, 783
mardo. See Antechinus flavipes
Marmota marmota (alpine marmot)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 991–992, 994
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 766, 784
Marmota monax (groundhogs)
install overpasses over roads/railways 288, 297
install tunnels under roads 267–268, 270
Marmota vancouverensis (Vancouver Island marmots) 874
Marte foina (stone marten) 280
Martes americana (American marten)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329
install tunnels under roads 263
plant trees following clearfelling 479
remove competing vegetation 450
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 767, 770, 784
use holding pens at release site 795
Martes foina (stone martens)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 337, 339
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 277
install tunnels under roads 261
prevent mammals accessing wildlife food sources 40
provide supplementary water 750 remove or control predators 586
Martes martes (pine martens)
install tunnels under railways 277 provide artificial dens or nest boxes 707, 710
provide supplementary food 852
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 982
remove or control predators 585
use holding pens at release site 810
Martes pennanti (fishers)
use flags to reduce predation 130
use lights and sound to deter predation 181
masked shrews. See Sorex cinereus
Mastacomys fuscus (broad-toothed rat) 52
Mastomys spp. (multimammate rats)
dig trenches around culverts 283
install fences around existing culverts 286
provide supplementary food 738, 746
Mazama (red brocket)
provide mammals with escape routes 407
restore or create forest 679
use artificial insemination 860–861
use wildlife refuges 422
Mazama americana (red brocket) 407
meadow jumping mouse. See Zapus hudsonius
meadow voles. See Microtus pennsylvanicus
Meles meles (badgers)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 330, 336–337, 339–340, 344
install electric fencing 163
install ledges in culverts under roads/ railways 281
install overpasses over roads/railways 290, 292, 295
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels under roads 261
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide supplementary food 846, 853
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 718
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 960, 966
use holding pens at release site 803, 812
use repellents that taste bad 236, 238
use vaccination programme 603–604
Mellivora capensis (honey badgers) 119
Melomys cervinipes (fawn-footed melomys) 305
Mephitis mephitis (striped skunks)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 331, 333
install tunnels under roads 262, 264–265
provide diversionary feeding 159
use taste-aversion 138
Meriones tristrami (Tristram’s jird) 659
Merriam’s kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys merriami
Mexican fox squirrels. See Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae
Mexican wolves. See Canis lupus baileyi
Mexican woodrat. See Neotoma exicana
mhorr gazelle. See Nanger dama mhorr mice. See Peromyscus spp.
Micromys minutus (harvest mouse) 81
Microtus spp. (vole)
change type of livestock 109
provide diversionary feeding 191
reduce intensity of grazing 100
Microtus agrestis (field voles)
change type of livestock 109
reduce intensity of grazing 97, 100
Microtus arvalis (common vole)
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91
install overpasses over roads/railways 290
provide mammals with escape routes 406
Microtus limnophilus (lacustrine vole) 98
Microtus longicaudus (long-tailed vole)
clear or open patches in forests 444
gather coarse woody debris into piles 457
use selective harvesting 434
Microtus montanus (montane voles) 191
Microtus ochrogaster (prairie vole) 734
Microtus oeconomus (root voles)
create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 687
reduce intensity of grazing 98
Microtus oregoni (creeping vole) 463
Microtus pennsylvanicus (meadow voles) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91
fell trees in groups 473
install barrier fencing and underpasses 335
install overpasses over roads/railways 290, 296
install tunnels under roads 264, 269 leave coarse woody debris in forests 454
restore or create wetlands 682
use patch retention harvesting 438 use selective harvesting 436
Microtus pinetorum (woodland vole) 653 moles. See Talpa europaea
Molina’s hog-nosed skunk. See Conepatus chinga
montane voles. See Microtus montanus
Monterey pine. See Pinus radiata
moose. See Alces alces
mouflon. See Ovis gmelini musimon
mountain beavers. See Aplodontia rufa
mountain brushtail possum. See Trichosurus cunninghami
mountain gazelles. See Gazella gazella
mountain goats. See Oreamnos americanus
mountain mahogany. See Cercocarpus spp.
mountain pygmy-possums. See Burramys parvus
mountain zebra. See Equus zebra
Mozambique thicket rats. See Grammomys cometes
mufflon. See Ovis orientalis
mule deer. See Odocoileus hemionus;
See Odocoileus hemionus hemionus;
See Odocoileush emionush emionus
mulleins. See Verbascum spp.
multimammate rats. See Mastomys spp.
Muntiacus muntjak (red muntjac) 424
Muscardinus avellanarius (hazel dormouse)
fell trees in groups 474
provide supplementary food 844
release captive-bred mammals 871, 880
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 985
remove vegetation by hand/machine 663
restore or create forest 679, 681
rrovide artificial dens or nest boxes 699, 704, 708–709
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 766, 784
use holding pens at release site 796, 889
Mus domesticus (house mice) 559, 570
muskrat. See Ondatra zibethicus
Mus musculus (house mice)
create uncultivated margins around fields 62
install barrier fencing and underpasses 334, 338
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 708
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691
remove vegetation by hand/machine 659
restore former mining sites 246, 249
restore or create wetlands 682
Mus spretus (Algerian mice)
use fencing to exclude grazers 545–546 use prescribed burning 521
Mustela sp. (weasels) 329
Mustela ermine (stoat)
install tunnels under roads 263
remove or control predators 585
Mustela erminea (short-tailed weasel)
install tunnels under railways 277
install tunnels under roads 264
Mustela frenata (long-tailed weasel)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 331
install tunnels under roads 262–263
Mustela lutreola (European mink)
release captive-bred mammals 875,881
use holding pens at release site 895,903
Mustela nigripes (black-footed ferrets) captive rear in large enclosures 883,885
preserve genetic material 864
provide live natural prey 905–906 release captive-bred mammals 875–876, 915
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937–938
train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 775–776
use artificial insemination 860 use fencing to exclude predators 550 use holding pens at release site 896
Mustela nivalis (weasel)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336–337
install tunnels under railways 275, 277
install tunnels under roads 261
Mustela putorius (western polecat)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 339
install tunnels under railways 277
Mustela sibirica (Siberian weasel) 267
Mustela vison (American mink)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 337
remove/control non-native mammals 564, 570
Mycobacterium bovis
treat disease in wild mammals 600
use negative stimuli to deter consumption of livestock feed 208
Myocastor coypus (coypu) 321
Myodes gapperi (southern red-backed voles)
fell trees in groups 473
install overpasses over roads/railways 296
install tunnels under roads 269
retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460–461
use patch retention harvesting 439–440
use selective harvesting 435–436
Myodes glareolus (bank vole) 59
Myrmecobius fasciatus (numbat)
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 914
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937
release translocated mammals 833, 835, 840
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
Myrmecophaga tridactyla (giant anteaters) provide supplementary food 850–851, 854, 927, 929
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 720–722
use holding pens at release site 900–901, 904
nailtail wallabies. See Onychogalea fraenata
Nanger dama mhorr (mhorr gazelle)
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 917
restore or create savannas 674
Nasua nasua (South American coatis) 679
Nasuella olivacea (Western mountain coatis) 679
Neofiber alleni (round-tailed muskrat) 334
Neotamias speciosus (lodgepole chipmunk)
burn at specific time of year 526
use prescribed burning 515
Neotoma cinerea (bushy-tailed wood rat) 263
Neotoma exicana (Mexican woodrat) 528
Neotoma floridana (eastern woodrats)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693
release captive-bred mammals 877
Neotoma floridana smalli (Key Largo woodrats)
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693
release captive-bred mammals 877
Neotoma lepida (desert woodrat) 676
Neotoma magister (Allegheny woodrats)
breed mammals in captivity 856–857
hold translocated mammals in captivity 821
use holding pens at release site 899
Neotoma mexicana (Mexican woodrat)
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 529
use prescribed burning 519
Neovison vison (American mink)
install tunnels under roads 262
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 936, 939
restrict use of rodent poisons on farmland 80
Nesoryzomys swarthi (Santiago rice rats) 565
North American beavers. See Castor canadensis
North American least shrew. See Cryptotis parva
northern brown bandicoots. See Isoodon macrourus
northern mountain brushtail possums. See Trichosurus caninus
northern pocket gophers. See Thomomys talpoides
northern pygmy mice. See Baiomys taylori
northern short-tailed shrews. See Blarina brevicauda
Notomys alexis (spinifex hopping mouse) remove/control non-native mammals 569, 572
Notomys fuscus (dusky hopping mouse) 569
nuisance behaviour 34–35, 39–42, 46, 48, 154, 158, 190, 493–494, 496, 499–500
numbat. See Myrmecobius fasciatus
Nyctereutes procyonoides (raccoon dog)
install electric fencing 165
install tunnels under roads 267
remove or control predators 585
Nyctophilus geoffroyi (lesser long-eared bat) 707
Ochrotomys nuttalli (golden mouse) manage vegetation using grazing 653 provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697
Odocoileus spp. (deer)
install barrier fencing along roads 317
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–331, 335
install one-way gates 312
install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291
install wildlife exclusion grates 370
install wildlife warning reflectors 357, 360
Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer)
apply fertilizer to trees 470–471
close roads in defined seasons 399
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 89
fit vehicles with ultrasonic warning devices 380
install barrier fencing along roads 318, 322
install barrier fencing and underpasses 325–326, 332–333, 345–346, 348–349
install crossings over/under pipelines 401
install fences around existing culverts 284
install metal grids at field entrances 169
install one-way gates 313
install overpasses over roads/railways 296
install overpasses over waterways 403
install signage to warn motorists 385–386
install tunnels under railways 276–277
install tunnels under roads 265–266,270, 272
install wildlife crosswalks 367
install wildlife exclusion grates 369
install wildlife warning reflectors 358
ise road lighting to reduce vehicle collisions 388
plant crops to provide supplementary food 83
prohibit or restrict hunting 418
provide food/salt lick 395
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide supplementary food 735, 741
reduce intensity of grazing 95
release translocated mammals 829
remove/control non-native plants 574
remove or control predators 586
remove vegetation by hand/machine 657, 663
remove vegetation using herbicides 669
restore or create forest 679
restore or create grassland 672
restore or create shrubland 677
thin trees within forest 466–467
use lights and sound to deter crop damage 189
use loud noises to deter crop damage 198
use permeable livestock fences 102
use prescribed burning 508, 510
use repellents that taste bad 232–234
use ‘shock collars’ to deter crop damage 230
Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (mule deer) 169, 311, 369, 735
Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer)
fit vehicles with ultrasonic warning devices 381
hand-rear orphaned or abandoned young 725
install automatically closing gates 170
install barrier fencing along roads 317–318, 320, 322
install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328, 331–333, 338, 341–342, 344–345, 348–349, 352
install crossings over/under pipelines 401
install electric fencing 124, 162
install electric fencing to protect crops 164
install metal grids at field entrances 169
install signage to warn motorists 386
install tunnels under roads 264–265, 267, 270
install wildlife exclusion grates 369
install wildlife warning reflectors 357–358, 361
manage vegetation using grazing 653 place orphaned wild young with captive foster parents 731
plant crops to provide supplementary food 83
provide supplementary food 737, 745
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 953, 955
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829
remove or control predators 587–588
remove vegetation using herbicides 668
replant vegetation 658–659
thin trees within forest 463
translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789
translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 32–34
treat disease in wild mammals 599–600
use drugs to treat parasites 610
use fencing to exclude predators 551
use guardian animals to deter predators 144
use light/lasers to deter crop damage 222
use lights and sound to deter crop damage 189
use loud noises to deter crop damage 196, 198
use negative stimuli 208
use noise aversive conditioning 202
use predator scent to deter crop damage 227
use prescribed burning 511, 514
use repellents that taste bad 232–233,237
use target species distress calls 210–211
use wildlife refuges 422
Olea europaea (olive trees) 235
Ondatra zibethicus (muskrat)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 332
install tunnels under roads 264
manage wetland water levels 685
restore or create wetlands 682
Onychogalea fraenata (nailtail wallabies) release captive-bred/translocated mammals 933, 939, 944, 947, 991 use holding pens at release site 800,892
Onychomys torridus (southern grasshopper mouse)
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 90
reduce intensity of grazing 95
opossums. See Didelphis marsupialis; See Didelphis virginiana; See Didelphis virginianus
Opuntia polyacantha (pricklypear cactus) 509
Oreamnos americanus (mountain goats) 326, 329
oribi. See Ourebia ourebi
Orycteropus afer (antbears) 124
Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbits) exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 92–93
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336
install electric fencing to protect crops 162
install non-electric fencing 117
install overpasses over roads/railways 289
install tunnels under railways 275, 277
install tunnels under roads 260–261
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
plant crops to provide supplementary food 84
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 692–694
provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 192
provide live natural prey to captive mammals 905
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide more small artificial breeding sites 711
provide supplementary food 741, 845, 848
provide supplementary water 750–751
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 719
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 911, 914, 918
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 933–934, 936–937, 943, 946, 976, 979, 981, 984
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 830, 832, 835–836
remove burnt trees and branches 531
remove/control non-native mammals 559, 569, 572
remove or control predators 585
replant vegetation 661, 665
restore former mining sites 246
restore or create grassland 671–672 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 770
use fencing to exclude predators 548–549
use holding pens at release site 799,807–808, 813, 897
use loud noises to deter crop damage 195
use pheromones to deter predation 137
use prescribed burning 511, 522
use tranquilizers to reduce stress 824
use vaccination programme 602
Oryx dammah (scimitar-horned oryx)
release captive-bred mammals 917
restore or create savannas 674
Oryx leucoryx (Arabian oryx)
pelease captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 912, 918
provide supplementary food 923
provide supplementary water 748 release captive-bred individuals 877, 881
Oryzomys palustris (rice rats)
install barrier fencing along roads 319 install barrier fencing and underpasses 334
Otospermophilus beecheyi (California ground squirrel)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 982
replant vegetation 664
otters. See Lutra lutra; See Lontra canadensis
Ourebia ourebi (oribi)
airborne translocation of mammals using parachutes 833, 840
release captive-bred mammals 874, 880
overpasses 12, 268–269, 272, 274–275, 287–298, 301, 306, 309–310, 316, 330–331, 335, 340–342, 349–350, 352, 401–403
Ovis sp. (sheep)
replant vegetation 661
use prescribed burning 519
Ovis ammon polii (argali) 426
Ovis aries (sheep) 137
Ovis canadensis (bighorn sheep)
install barrier fencing along roads 322
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329, 331
install overpasses over roads/railways 289
provide supplementary food 739
provide supplementary water 750
reduce legal speed limit 371
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 953, 958
remove or control predators 586
remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 537
translocate animals from source populations 630
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774, 776, 779
use drugs to treat parasites 609–610
use prescribed burning 508–509, 513
Ovis gmelini musimon (mouflon)
remove vegetation by hand/machine 661
treat disease in wild mammals 599–600
use prescribed burning 519
Ovis orientalis (mufflon)
clone rare species 862–863
use chemical repellents along roads or railways 390
Ovis vignei (urial sheep) 424
Pacific jumping mouse. See Zapus trinotatus
Pacific shrew. See Sorex pacificus
Panthera leo (lion)
exclude wild mammals using barricades 127–128
increase size of protected area 644
install non-electric fencing 119
pay farmers to compensate for losses 112–114
place abandoned wild young with wild foster parents 729
release captive-bred individuals to re-establish or boost populations 873
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 957, 961, 966, 992
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 832
train and support local staff 1003
translocate predators away from livestock 154
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771, 774
use guardian animals bonded to livestock 144
use holding pens at release site 800–801, 804–805, 812, 890
use people to deter predation of livestock 173
use visual deterrents to deter predation 133
Panthera leo persica (Asiatic lion) 110–111
Panthera onca (jaguar)
install electric fencing 125
translocate predators away from livestock 154–155, 157
use loud noises to deter predation 150 use visual deterrents to deter predation of livestock 133
Panthera pardus (leopard)
deter predation of livestock by mammals 173
exclude or limit number of visitors 488
fit livestock with protective collars 179
install mammal crossing points along fences 105
install non-electric fencing 119
prohibit or restrict hunting 411–412
provide education programmes 1001
provide/increase anti-poaching patrols 424
provide live natural prey to captive mammals 906
release captive-bred mammals 873
translocate predators away from livestock 154–157
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 771
use guardian animals bonded to livestock to deter predators 144, 147
use visual deterrents to deter predation 133
Panthera pardus fusca (leopard) 35
Panthera tigris (tiger)
provide/increase anti-poaching patrols 425
use holding pens at release site 807
use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 501, 503
Panthera tigris altaica (Amur tigers) 34, 37
Panthera uncia (snow leopard) 426–427
Papio sp. (baboons) 119
Parantechinus apicalis (dibblers)
release captive-bred mammals 871
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 948, 950
parma wallaby. See Macropus parma
pebble-mound mouse. See Pseudomys sp.
Pecari tajacu (collared peccaries)
install overpasses over waterways 403
provide mammals with escape routes 407
use wildlife refuges to reduce hunting 422
Perameles bougainville (western barred bandicoots)
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 914
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934, 937, 943
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 835, 839, 842
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
use fencing to exclude predators 552–553
use holding pens at release site 808,897
Perameles gunnii (eastern barred bandicoot)
provide supplementary food during/ after release 925, 929
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 913–914, 917–919
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 934–936, 942–945, 993–994
use fencing to exclude predators 548,552
use holding pens at release site 895,900, 903–904
Perameles lagotis (bilbies) 872
Perameles nasuta (bandicoots)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 347
install tunnels under railways 274
install tunnels under roads 262
remove/control non-native mammals 564–566
Père David’s deer. See Elaphurus davidianus
Perognathus flavus (silky pocket mouse) 95
Perognathus hispidus (hispid pocket mouse) 95
Perognathus inornatus inornatus (San Joaquin pocket mouse) 93
Perognathus longimembris (little pocket mouse) 90
Perognathus parvus (Great Basin pocket mouse) 99
Peromyscus spp. (mice)
install tunnels under roads 270
thin trees within forest 464–465, 468
Peromyscus boylii (brush mice)
remove understorey vegetation 534
use prescribed burning 517
Peromyscus eremicus (cactus mouse) 676
Peromyscus gossypinus (cotton mouse)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 334
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693
Peromyscus keeni (Keen’s mouse) 443
Peromyscus leucopus (white-footed mouse)
manage vegetation using grazing 653
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698
provide supplementary food 735, 745 reduce intensity of grazing 95
remove trees and shrubs 536
remove understorey vegetation 533, 535
restore or create wetlands 682
use prescribed burning 523
Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse)
burn at specific time of year 526
clear or open patches in forests 444
create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 686
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 90
fell trees in groups 473
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329, 335
install overpasses over roads/railways 290, 296
install tunnels under roads 263–264, 269
leave coarse woody debris in forests 454
reduce intensity of grazing 96, 99
remove/control non-native mammals 569
remove understorey vegetation 534
remove vegetation by hand/machine 656
restore former mining sites 245
restore or create shrubland 676
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529
thin trees within forest 463, 465
use patch retention harvesting 438
use prescribed burning 515, 517, 519
use selective harvesting 434–436
Peromyscus pectoralis (white-ankled mice) 536
Persian fallow deer. See Dama mesopotamica
pesticide 55, 72, 619–620
Petauroides volans (greater glider)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698
retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460
Petaurus breviceps (sugar gliders)
install pole crossings 302
install rope bridges between canopies 306
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698, 701, 706–708
provide supplementary food 921, 928 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 974–975, 983
remove/control non-native mammals 564
Petaurus norfolcensis (squirrel gliders) install pole crossings 300–302
install rope bridges between canopies 306–309
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701
rovide artificial dens or nest boxes 704–705, 707–708, 710
Petrogale (rock wallabies) 567
Petrogale lateralis (rock wallabies)
provide supplementary water 751
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 917, 919
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 943, 945, 947
remove/control non-native mammals 557
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
Petrogale penicillata (brush-tailed rock wallabies)
release captive-bred mammals 876, 881
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947
use holding pens at release site 897, 903
Petrogale persephone (Proserpine rock wallabies)
elease translocated/captive-bred mammals 950
install wildlife warning reflectors 362 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 948
Petrogale rothschildi (Rothschild’s rock wallaby) 560
Petrogale xanthopus (yellow-footed rock wallabies)
provide supplementary water 751
release captive-bred mammals 918
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 943
remove/control non-native mammals 568
Phacochoerus aethiopicus (warthogs)
install mammal crossing points 105
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 759
Phacochoerus africanus (warthogs) build fences around protected areas 642
install electric fencing 124
install mammal crossing points along fences 106
Phascloarctos cinereus (koalas) 248
Phascogale calura (red-tailed phascogales) hold translocated mammals in captivity 821
provide supplementary food 927
release captive-bred mammals 916 release captive-bred/translocated mammals 941
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 981
release translocated mammals 838
use holding pens at release site 900
Phascogale tapoatafa (brush-tailed phascogale)
install rope bridges between canopies 308
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 704–705, 708
restore former mining sites 247
Phascolarctos cinereus (koalas)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 331, 334
install rope bridges between canopies 308
plant trees on farmland 73–74
temporarily hold females and offspring in fenced area 717, 722
translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 789
Phenacomys intermedius (heather voles) 54
Picea abies (Norway spruce) 193
Picea glauca × engelmannii (interior spruce) 439
Picoides borealis (red-cockaded woodpeckers)
remove mid-storey vegetation in forest 532
use prescribed burning 512
pine martens. See Martes martes
pine vole. See Pitymys pinetorum
Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)
apply fertilizer to trees 470–471
gather coarse woody debris into piles
457–458
provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 192
thin trees within forest 464, 466–467, 469
use patch retention harvesting 439
Pinus nigra (Corsican pines)
fell trees in groups 474
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697
remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 537
retain undisturbed patches during thinning 441
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529
use prescribed burning 519
Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) 451
Pinus rigida (pitch pines) 698
Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700
provide supplementary food 845
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 975
use holding pens at release site 799
Pinus taeda (loblolly pine)
leave coarse woody debris 455
leave standing deadwood/snags 452
Pitymys pinetorum (pine vole) 682
plains bison. See Bison bison bison
plains mouse. See Pseudomys australis
pocket gophers. See Thomomys mazama
poisoning, use of 78–79, 113–114, 553, 559–560, 564, 566, 577, 830, 840, 911, 914, 932–933, 936
restrict use of rodent poisons on farmland with high secondary poisoning risk 79–80
use repellent on slug pellets to reduce non-target poisoning 78–79
polar bear. See Ursus maritimus
Populus spp. (cottonwood) 235
Populus tremuloides (aspen)
create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 687
thin trees within forest 462 use repellents that taste bad 232–233
porcupine. See Erethizon dorsatum;
See Hystrix africaeaustralis;
See Sphiggurus villosus
Potamochoerus larvatus (bushpigs)
build fences around protected areas 642
install electric fencing 124
Potorous tridactylus (long-nosed potoroos)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 347
remove/control non-native mammals 566–567
prairie rattlesnakes. See Crotalus viridis
prairie vole. See Microtus ochrogaster
predation 3, 23–26, 28–30, 42, 105, 112–113, 115, 118, 120–121, 123–126,128–129, 131–135, 137–150, 152–156,158–161, 172–175, 177–178, 180, 182– 183, 186–187, 190, 252, 258, 264, 273, 276, 299, 303–304, 309–310, 411, 428, 520, 527, 543, 552–554, 557, 568, 573, 577, 587, 595, 684, 690–691, 711, 715, 720, 724–725, 779, 802, 805, 810–811, 833, 844, 852, 869, 877–878, 881, 883, 890, 919, 921, 936, 944, 961, 965, 974, 983, 993
predators 25, 29–30, 79, 81, 92, 111–114,118–119, 126–128, 133–135, 138–152,157–160, 172, 174–175, 178–180, 183,186–187, 203, 209, 226, 264, 276, 376, 391, 522, 538, 543, 546–552, 557, 559, 575–578, 583–586, 590, 593–594, 596– 597, 641, 674, 692, 711, 751, 757, 774, 779, 788, 790–791, 794, 798, 800–801, 807, 818, 822, 827–828, 832, 834–835, 837, 840, 844, 875–876, 892, 896, 901, 907–908, 910–911, 915, 917–918, 925,931–934, 938–943, 945–949, 958, 963,968, 973, 975, 980, 991–992, 1003
pricklypear cactus. See Opuntia polyacantha
Prionailurus benalensis (leopard cat) 267
Procavia capensis (rock hyraxes)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 819, 823
provide supplementary food 849, 853 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 962, 966, 977, 983
use holding pens at release site 806, 813
Procyon lotor (raccoons)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 327–328, 331, 333, 343, 345–346
install ledges in culverts 281
install tunnels under roads 262–265, 267–268, 270
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 696
restore or create forest 679
use taste-aversion to reduce predation 138–139
pronghorn. See Antilocapra americana
Proserpine rock wallabies. See Petrogale persephone
Prosopis juliflora (velvet mesquite) 574
Prunus americana (American plum) 232
Prunus virginiana (wild chokeberry) 232
Przewalski’s horses. See Equus ferus przewalskii
Pseudalopex culpaeus (culpeo) 451
Pseudocheirus occidentalis (western ringtail possum) 768
Pseudocheirus peregrinus (common ringtail possums)
hand-rear orphaned or abandoned young 724, 726
install rope bridges between canopies 306, 308
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 702–703, 706–708
remove/control non-native mammals 564, 566
restore or create forest 680
Pseudocheirus perigrinus (ringtail possum) 306
Pseudois nayaur (bharal) 419
Pseudomys sp. (pebble-mound mouse) 768
Pseudomys albocinereus (ash-grey mouse) 246
Pseudomys australis (plains mouse) 569
Pseudomys bolami (Bolam’s mice) 572
Pseudomys fieldi (shark bay mouse)
release captive-bred mammals 872 translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir)
clear or open patches in forests 443 fell trees in groups 473
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701
provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 191
replant vegetation 657
thin trees within forest 468
use patch retention harvesting 439 use prescribed burning 508
use selective harvesting 435
Pudu puda (southern pudu) 451
puma. See Puma concolor
Puma concolor (puma)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 816
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–330, 335, 346, 348–349
install overpasses over roads/railways 291
install tunnels under roads 265
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 720
release captive-bred mammals 868 remove or control predators 586
set hunting quotas 415
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 764
use guardian animals bonded to livestock to deter predators 145
use holding pens at release site 796
use loud noises to deter predation 150
use visual deterrents to deter predation 133
Pyrenean chamois. See Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica
Quercus spp. (oak trees)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 693
provide supplementary water 750
remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 536
use fencing to exclude grazers 545
quokka. See Setonix brachyurus
rabbits. See Sylvilagus spp.
raccoon dog. See Nyctereutes procyonoides
raccoons. See Procyon lotor
radish. See Raphanus sativus
Rangifer tarandus (caribou)
install crossings over/under pipelines 400–401
manage vegetation using livestock grazing 651
provide diversionary feeding for predators 594
provide supplementary food 737, 742 remove or control predators 585, 588 remove vegetation by hand/machine 661
sterilize predators 591
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 759, 761
use chemical repellents 391
Raphanus sativus (radish) 83
rats. See Rattus sp.
Rattus sp. (rats)
install overpasses over roads/railways 292
install tunnels under railways 275 install tunnels under roads 260
Rattus fuscipes (bush rat)
install tunnels under railways 274
install tunnels under roads 260–261
install underpasses beneath ski runs 52
remove/control non-native mammals 557, 564–565
use patch retention harvesting 439
Rattus lutreolus (swamp rat)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 334
install tunnels under roads 262
Rattus norvegicus (brown rats)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 337
install tunnels under railways 277
install tunnels under roads 262, 267
remove/control non-native mammals 563
Rattus rattus (black rat)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 344
install rope bridges between canopies 306
install underpasses beneath ski runs 52
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 707–708
remove/control non-native mammals 564–565
Rattus villosissimus (long-haired rats) 551
red-backed voles. See Clethrionomys gapperi
red-bellied pademelon. See Thylogale billardierii
red brocket. See Mazama; See Mazama americana
red-cockaded woodpeckers. See Picoides borealis
red deer. See Cervus elaphus
red fox. See Vulpes vulpes; See Vulpes fulva
red-fronted gazelle. See Eudorcas rufifrons
red imported fire ants. See Solenopsis invicta
red kangaroos. See Macropus rufus
red lechwe. See Kobus leche leche
red-legged pademelons. See Thylogale stigmatica
red muntjac. See Muntiacus muntjak
red-necked wallaby. See Macropus rufogriseus
red squirrel. See Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; See Sciurus vulgaris
red-tailed hawks. See Buteo jamaicensis
red-tailed phascogales. See Phascogale calura
red veld rat. See Aethomys chrysophilus
red wolf. See Canis rufus; See Canis lupus rufus
Reithrodonromys megalotis (western harvest mouse) 95
repellents, use of 45–46, 49, 131, 178, 182, 217, 227, 231–233, 235–240, 252–253, 389–393
use chemical repellents along roads or railways 389–393
use repellent on slug pellets to reduce non-target poisoning 78–79
use repellents that smell bad (‘area repellents’) to deter crop or property damage by mammals 238–240
use repellents that taste bad (‘contact repellents’) to deter crop or property damage by mammals 231–238
use repellents to reduce cable gnawing 252–254
Rhabdomys pumilio (striped mouse) 738
Rhinoceros unicornis (greater one-horned rhinoceros)
hand-rear orphaned young in captivity 726–727
hold translocated mammals in captivity 816
legally protect habitat for mammals 638, 640
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 964, 966
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 829
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 778, 786
rice rats. See Oryzomys palustris
ringtail possum. See Pseudocheirus perigrinus
riparian brush rabbits. See Sylvilagus bachmani
river otters. See Lutra canadensis
roads 12, 168, 257–262, 264–265,267–268, 270–273, 275–290, 292, 294,296, 298, 300–303, 305–307, 309, 311, 315–316, 319, 323–324, 332, 337, 339, 342, 344, 347–348, 356, 359, 361–368, 370, 373, 376, 379–380, 384, 388–399, 401, 424, 456, 483–484, 489, 514, 718, 830, 911, 932
roan antelope. See Hippotragus equinus
rock hyraxes. See Procavia capensis
rock wallabies. See Petrogale; See Petrogale lateralis
roe deer. See Capreolus capreolus
root voles. See Microtus oeconomus
Rothschild’s rock wallaby. See Petrogale rothschildi
rough fescue. See Festuca scabrella
round-tailed muskrat. See Neofiber alleni
rufous hare-wallabies. See Lagorchestes hirsutus
Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata (Apennine chamois)
release captive-bred mammals 878,882
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 780–781, 787
Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica (Pyrenean chamois) 416
Rusa unicolor (Sambar deer) 424
sable antelope. See Hippotragus niger
Saccostomus campestris (South African pouched mouse) 283
Salix spp. (willow) 954
Sambar deer. See Rusa unicolor
San Diego pocket mouse. See Chaetodipus fallax
San Joaquin antelope squirrel. See Ammospermophilus nelson
San Joaquin kit foxes. See Vulpes macrotis mutica
San Joaquin pocket mouse. See Perognathus inornatus inornatus
Santiago rice rats. See Nesoryzomys swarthi
Sarcophilus harrisii (Tasmanian devils) captive rear in large enclosures 884 cull disease-infected animals 607
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 993
Sarcophilus laniarius (Tasmanian devils) install signage to warn motorists 384 install traffic calming structures 373 install wildlife warning reflectors 360
Sarcoptes scabiei (sarcoptic mange) 611–612
scimitar-horned oryx. See Oryx dammah
Sciurus aberti (tassel-eared squirrels)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697
retain undisturbed patches during thinning 441
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 529 use prescribed burning 519
Sciurus carolinensis (gray squirrel)
install tunnels under roads 268, 270 provide artificial dens or nest boxes 696–698
provide supplementary food 845, 852 release translocated/captive-bred mammals 975, 983
restore or create wetlands 682
use holding pens at release site 799, 811
Sciurus granatensis (red-tailed squirrel) 679
Sciurus nayaritensis chiricahuae (Mexican fox squirrels) 520
Sciurus niger (fox squirrels) 697
Sciurus vulgaris (red squirrel)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 336
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 700, 709
provide supplementary food 844, 848, 852–853
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 974, 977, 983, 986, 989
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 763
use holding pens at release site 798,806, 811–812
sea otter. See Enhydra lutris
Secale cereale (rye) 671
serval. See Felis serval; See Leptailurus serval
set-aside areas, use of 56, 62, 64–67,71, 76
Setonix brachyurus (quokka)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 947
remove/control non-native mammals 563, 570
restore former mining sites 249
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 768
shark bay mouse. See Pseudomys fieldi
sheep. See Ovis aries; See Ovis sp.
Short-beaked echidna. See Tachyglossus aculeatus
short nosed kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys nitratoides nitratoides
short-tailed mice. See Leggadina lakedownensis
short-tailed weasel. See Mustela erminea
shrews. See Sorex spp.
Siberian weasel. See Mustela sibirica
Sigmodon hispidus (hispid cotton rats)
create uncultivated margins around fields 62
install barrier fencing and underpasses 334
provide supplementary food 739, 746
provide supplementary food after fire 541
reduce intensity of grazing 95
remove trees and shrubs to recreate open areas 536
use fencing to exclude predators 549
sika deer. See Cervus nippon
silky pocket mouse. See Perognathus flavus
small fox tapeworm. See Echinococcus multicularis
small vesper mice. See Calomys laucha
Sminthopsis crassicaudata (fat-tailed dunnart)
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691
remove/control non-native mammals 572
Sminthopsis granulipes (white-tailed dunnart) 246
Sminthopsis macroura (stripe-faced dunnart) 572
Sminthopsis murina (Common dunnart) 338
smoky shrews. See Sorex fumeus
Smutsia temminckii (Temminck’s ground pangolins) 411
snow leopard. See Panthera uncia
snowshoe hare. See Lepus americanus
Solanum tuberosum (potatoes) 214
Solenopsis invicta (red imported fire ants) 555
Sonoran pronghorns. See Antilocapra american sonoriensis
Sorex spp. (shrews)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329
install tunnels under railways 275
install tunnels under roads 260, 263
Sorex aranaeus (common shrew)
create uncultivated margins around fields 59–61
install overpasses over roads/railways 290
plant trees on farmland 73
provide or retain set-aside areas 66
use repellent on slug pellets 78
Sorex cinereus (masked shrews)
fell trees in groups 473
thin trees within forest 465
use selective harvesting 436
Sorex fumeus (smoky shrews) 516
Sorex hoyi (American pygmy shrews) 516
Sorex longirostris (southeastern shrews)
leave coarse woody debris 455
leave standing deadwood/snags 453
use prescribed burning 516
Sorex monticolus (dusky shrew)
clear or open patches in forests 443 fell trees in groups 473
Sorex pacificus (Pacific shrew) 463
Sorex trowbridgii (Trowbridge’s shrew) clear or open patches in forests 443 thin trees within forest 463
Sorex vagrans (vagrant shrew)
clear or open patches in forests 443
install tunnels under roads 264
thin trees within forest 463
Sorghum sp. (sorghum) 214
South African pouched mouse.
See Saccostomus campestris
South American coatis. See Nasua nasua
southeastern short-tailed shrew. See Blarina carolinensis
southeastern shrews. See Sorex longirostris
southern brown bandicoots. See Isoodon obesulus
southern flying squirrels. See Glaucomys volans
southern grasshopper mouse.
See Onychomys torridus
southern pudu. See Pudu puda
southern red-backed voles. See Myodes gapperi
Spanish ibex. See Capra pyrenaica hispanica
Spermophilus beecheyi (California ground squirrel)
exclude livestock from semi-natural habitat 91, 93
remove understorey vegetation 534
restore or create shrubland 676
use holding pens at release site 795
use prescribed burning 517
Spermophilus citellus (European ground squirrels)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 978–979, 983, 988–989
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 833, 841
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 779
Spermophilus columbianus (Columbian ground squirrel) 264
Spermophilus lateralis (golden-mantled ground squirrel)
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529
use prescribed burning 519
Spermophilus tridecemlineatus (thirteen-lined ground squirrels) 245
Sphiggurus villosus (porcupines) 307
Spilogale putorius (spotted skunks) 265
spinifex hopping mouse. See Notomys alexis
spiny pocket mouse. See Chaetodipus spinatus
spotted hyenas. See Crocuta crocuta
spotted skunks. See Spilogale putorius
squirrel gliders. See Petaurus norfolcensis
Sri Lankan hornets. See Vespa affinis affinis
Stephens’ kangaroo rat. See Dipodomys stephensi
stoat. See Mustela ermine
stone marten. See Martes foina; See Marte foina
striped field mouse. See Apodemus agrarius
striped hyenas. See Hyaena hyaena
striped mouse. See Rhabdomys pumilio
striped skunks. See Mephitis mephitis
stripe-faced dunnart. See Sminthopsis macroura
sugar gliders. See Petaurus breviceps
Sus scrofa (wild boar)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 339, 342, 612
install electric fencing to protect crops 165
install non-electric fencing 117
install overpasses over roads/railways 288–290, 292, 295
install overpasses over waterways 403
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 275
install tunnels under roads 261
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
provide diversionary feeding 192–193
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide supplementary food 737
use chemical repellents 390
swamp rat. See Rattus lutreolus
swamp wallaby. See Wallabia bicolor
swift foxes. See Vulpes velox
Sylvilagus spp. (rabbits) 343
Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail rabbits)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 348
install tunnels under roads 265
remove/control non-native plants 574 retain dead trees after uprooting 446–447
train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 908
Sylvilagus bachmani (riparian brush rabbits) 896
Sylvilagus floridanus (eastern cottontail rabbits)
establish long-term cover 88
provide supplementary food 742
remove vegetation using herbicides 668
use prescribed burning 510–511
Sylvilagus palustris (Lower Keys marsh rabbits)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 328
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 769
Syncerus caffer (buffalo)
build fences around protected areas 642
provide artificial waterholes 538
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 959, 970, 992
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 831
retain wildlife corridors in residential areas 51
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 774
use holding pens at release site 801
Tachyglossus aculeatus (short-beaked echidna)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 338
install overpasses over roads/railways 292
restore former mining sites 246
Talpa europaea (moles) 239–240
Tamandua tetradactyla (lesser anteaters) 254–255
Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) 574
Tamias amoenus (northwestern chipmunk)
clear or open patches in forests 444 fell trees in groups 473
use selective harvesting 434, 436
Tamias cinereicollis (gray-collared chipmunk)
thin trees to reduce wildfire risk 528–529
use prescribed burning 519
Tamiasciurus douglasii (Douglas’ squirrels)
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 701–702, 709
provide supplementary food 740, 746
Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (red squirrels)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329
install tunnels under roads 263
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 697
provide diversionary feeding to reduce crop damage 192
provide supplementary food 736, 745 thin trees within forest 464
Tamias minimus (chipmunk) 54
Tamias quadrimaculatus (ong-eared chipmunks)
remove understorey vegetation 534
use prescribed burning 517
Tamias striatus (chipmunk)
create or maintain corridors between habitat patches 686
install tunnels under roads 268
Tamias townsendii (Townsend’s chipmunk) 701
tammar wallabies. See Macropus eugenii
tapir. See Tapirus terrestris
Tapirus bairdii (Central American tapir) 422
Tapirus terrestris (tapir) 407
Tarsipes rostratus (honey possum) 246
Tasmanian devils. See Sarcophilus laniarius; See Sarcophilus harrisi
tassel-eared squirrels. See Sciurus aberti
taste aversion 137–140, 496–497, 499
Tatera leucogaster (bushveld gerbils) 286
Taurotragus oryx (eland) 538
Taxidea taxus (badgers)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 346
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 937, 940, 963, 980
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 772
use holding pens at release site 897
Taxus cuspidata (Japanese yew trees) 233, 237
Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccaries) 422
Tehuantepec jackrabbits. See Lepus flavigularis
Temminck’s ground pangolins. See Smutsia temminckii
thirteen-lined ground squirrels. See Spermophilus tridecemlineatus
Thomomys mazama (pocket gophers) 234
Thomomys talpoides (northern pocket gophers) 253
Thomson’s gazelles. See Gazella thomsonii
Thuja plicata (red cedar)
use loud noises to deter crop damage 198
use repellents that taste bad 234
use ‘shock collars’ to deter crop damage 230
Thylogale billardierii (red-bellied pademelon) 947
Thylogale stigmatica (red-legged pademelons)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 347
install tunnels under roads 266
tiger. See Panthera tigris
Townsend’s chipmunk. See Tamias townsendii
Tragelaphus strepsiceros (kudu)
provide artificial waterholes 538
replant vegetation 662
use prescribed burning 520
translocate mammals 30–36, 38, 42, 151–157, 176, 184, 205–207, 254–255, 290, 335, 487, 492–494, 543, 547–549, 552, 561, 587–588, 591, 624–625, 629– 630, 639, 654, 658, 661, 664, 666–667, 673–674, 690, 713, 727, 734, 753–783, 785–811, 814–816, 818–840, 842–853, 865–868, 870–872, 874–876, 878–879, 886–889, 891–897, 902, 910–913, 915–916, 921, 924, 929–934, 938–943, 945–994
airborne translocation of mammals using parachutes 825–826
hold translocated mammals in captivity before release 814–823
provide supplementary food during/after release of
translocated mammals 842–854
release translocated/captive-bred mammals at a specific time 984–989
release translocated/captive-bred mammals in areas with invasive/ problematic species eradication/ control 929–945
release translocated/captive-bred mammals in family/social groups 950–967
release translocated/captive-bred mammals in larger unrelated groups 967–972
release translocated/captive-bred mammals into area with artificial refuges/breeding sites 972–984
release translocated/captive-bred mammals to areas outside historical range 989–994
release translocated/captive-bred mammals to islands without invasive predators 945–950
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 826–842
translocate animals from source populations subject to similar climatic conditions 629–630
translocate crop raiders away from crops 205–207
translocate mammals away from site contaminated by oil spill 624–625 translocate mammals away from sites of proposed energy developments 254–255
translocate mammals that have habituated to humans 492–494
translocate mammals to reduce overpopulation 788–790
translocate predators away from livestock 151–157
translocate predators for ecosystem restoration 790–792
translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 30–37
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 753–787
use holding pens at release site prior to release of translocated mammals 792–813
use tranquilizers to reduce stress during translocation 824–825
trematode. See Fascioloides magna
Trichodectes canis (biting dog lice) 616
Trichosurus sp. (common brushtail possum) 706
Trichosurus caninus (northern mountain brushtail possums)
install rope bridges between canopies 308
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 698, 706
retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 460
Trichosurus cunninghami (mountain brushtail possum) 702
Trichosurus vulpecula (common brushtail possum)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 348
install rope bridges between canopies 306, 308
install tunnels under roads 266
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 703, 707–708
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 837
remove/control non-native mammals 560–562, 564–567
restore former mining sites 246–247, 249
restore or create forest 680
Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) 671
Tristram’s jird. See Meriones tristrami
Triticum aestivum (wheat) 66
Trowbridge’s shrew. See Sorex trowbridgii
tsessebe. See Damaliscus lunatus
Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) 706
tunnels 239, 258–261, 263–265, 268, 273–274, 276–277, 280, 284, 288, 291, 293, 295, 300, 305–307, 316, 324, 340, 353
Tyto alba (barn owls)
create uncultivated margins around fields 64
plant trees on farmland 74
provide or retain set-aside areas 67
uncultivated margins, use of 58, 68, 75
underpasses, use of 51, 257–259, 261–262, 264–277, 280, 283–292, 294, 296–299, 309, 311, 314–317, 321, 323–333, 335–354
install barrier fencing and underpasses along roads 323–353
install fences around existing culverts or underpasses under roads/ railways 283–288
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under railways 273–278
install tunnels/culverts/underpass under roads 258–273
install underpasses beneath ski runs 51–53
urial sheep. See Ovis vignei
Urocyon cinereoargenteus (grey fox)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 343, 345
install tunnels under roads 268, 270
Urocyon littoralis (island foxes)
modify traps 579
remove/control non-native mammals 569
use conditioned taste aversion 581
use reward removal 582
Ursus americanus (black bear)
hand-rear orphaned young 726
install barrier fencing and underpasses 327, 329–331, 333, 335, 343, 346, 348–349
install crossings over/under pipelines 401
install electric fencing to protect crops 166
install overpasses over roads/railways 289, 291, 295
install tunnels under roads 267, 270 install wildlife exclusion grates 370 issue enforcement notices to deter use of non-bear-proof garbage dumpsters 39
legally protect habitat for mammals 637
place orphaned wild young with wild foster parents 728
prevent mammals accessing potential wildlife food sources 40
provide diversionary feeding for mammals 42–43
provide diversionary feeding for predators 594
provide education programmes 1001 provide supplementary feed 481
release captive-bred mammals 870
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 939, 976, 986
remove or control predators 587
scare or otherwise deter mammals 46–48
translocate crop raiders away from crops 206
translocate mammals 493
translocate predators away from livestock 153–154
translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 34–37
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 760
use campaigns and public information 998
use conditioned taste aversion 497
use flags to reduce predation of livestock 130
use lights and sound to deter predation 181
use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 499–500
use signs or access restrictions 484
Ursus arctos (Alaskan brown bears)
ban private ownership of hunted mammals 413
cease/reduce payments to cull mammals 714
encourage community-based participation 996
exclude or limit number of visitors to reserves 487–488
habituate mammals to visitors 491hand-rear abandoned young 726
install barrier fencing and underpasses 329–330, 335, 342, 346, 349–350
install non-electric fencing 118
install overpasses over roads/railways 291, 295, 297
prohibit or restrict hunting of a species 410
provide diversionary feeding 42
provide diversionary feeding to reduce predation 159
provide supplementary food 744
rehabilitate injured, sick or weak mammals 721
remove or control predators 587
translocate predators away from livestock 154
translocate problem mammals away from residential areas 32–33, 36
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 762, 769, 772, 774, 781,783
use chemical repellents along roads or railways 392
use non-lethal methods to deter carnivores 500–501
Ursus maritimus (polar bear) 45
Ursus thibetanus (Asiatic black bears)
hand-rear abandoned young 726
install electric fencing to protect crops 163
Utah prairie dogs. See Cynomys parvidens
vagrant shrew. See Sorex vagrans
Vancouver Island marmots. See Marmota vancouverensis
Varanus gouldii (Gould’s monitors) 934
vegetation 59, 68–69, 72, 85–87, 89, 95, 100, 108, 167, 222, 232, 244, 246–248, 261, 266, 269, 274–276, 290, 294–295, 319, 328, 331, 333, 335, 341, 343, 373– 378, 395–396, 401–403, 448–452, 455,460, 474–476, 478, 514–515, 531–534,536, 623, 631, 633, 635, 647–650, 652–656, 658–662, 664, 666–667, 669,673–674, 676–677, 682–683, 686–688,693, 707, 709, 719, 776, 779, 791, 841, 917, 965, 984, 993
velvet mesquite. See Prosopis juliflora
Verbascum spp. (mulleins) 61
Vespa affinis affinis (Sri Lankan hornets) 212
Vicugna pacos (alpacas) 146
Vitis vinifera (common grape vines)
install non-electric fencing 117
provide diversionary feeding 192
vole. See Microtus spp.; See Arvicolinae
Vombatus ursinus (common wombat) 261, 269, 272
Vulpes fulva (red fox) 331
Vulpes lagopus (arctic fox)
provide supplementary food 742
remove or control competitors 592
Vulpes macrotis mutica (San Joaquin kit foxes)
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 964, 967
use holding pens at release site 809, 813
Vulpes velox (swift foxes)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 816, 818, 823
provide artificial refuges/breeding sites 691
release captive-bred mammals 868, 870, 872, 878, 880
release translocated/captive-bred mammals 958, 966, 986
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 760, 765, 777, 784
use holding pens at release site 797, 809, 889, 892, 902
use prescribed burning 518
Vulpes vulpes (red fox)
hold translocated mammals in captivity 822
install barrier fencing and underpasses 328, 330, 333–334, 336–337, 339–340, 344
install ledges in culverts under roads/ railways 281
install mammal crossing points along fences 105
install overpasses over roads/railways 289–292, 295
install tunnels under railways 275, 277
install tunnels under roads 261, 264,267–268, 270
install wildlife warning reflectors 363
make introduction of non-native mammals 428
provide artificial dens or nest boxes 705
provide mammals with escape routes 406
provide supplementary food 742,850, 926
release captive-bred mammals 878
release captive-bred mammals into fenced areas 911–914
release captive-bred/translocated mammals 932–937, 941–942, 946, 971, 981, 993
release translocated mammals into fenced areas 830, 833, 835, 838, 840
remove/control non-native mammals 557–569, 571–572
remove or control competitors 592
remove or control predators 585–586
restore former mining sites 247
train captive-bred mammals to avoid predators 907
train mammals to avoid problematic species 597
translocate to re-establish or boost populations 779
treat mammals to reduce conflict caused by disease 495
use fencing to exclude predators 548–549, 552
use flags to reduce predation 130
use guardian animals to deter predators 143
use holding pens at release site 808,895, 897
use lights and sound to deter predation 181
use vaccination programme 601–602
Wallabia bicolor (swamp wallaby)
install barrier fencing and underpasses 347
install overpasses over roads/railways 292, 296
install tunnels under railways 274
install tunnels under roads 261
warthogs. See Phacochoerus aethiopicus; See Phacochoerus africanus
water 11, 45, 89, 92, 106, 210, 219, 226, 229, 233, 235–237, 239–240, 243, 261–264, 267, 269–270, 278–281, 312, 318, 332, 338, 375, 402–407, 499, 502, 505, 538–540, 556, 564, 570, 600, 611, 623, 630–633, 647, 681–685, 692, 747–751, 757, 774, 793, 797–799, 803, 807, 830, 843–845, 867, 869, 886, 889–890, 893–894, 901, 908, 911–912, 917–918, 920, 923–926, 930, 933, 935–936, 939–940, 942–944, 948, 973–975, 992
water deer. See Hydropotes inermis
water vole. See Arviola terrestris; See Arvicola terrestris; See Arvicola amphibius
weasel. See Mustela nivalis; See Mustela sp.
wedge-tailed eagle. See Aquila audax
western barred bandicoots. See Perameles bougainville
western brush wallaby. See Macropus irma
western grey kangaroo. See Macropus fuliginosus
western harvest mouse.
See Reithrodonromys megalotis
western jumping mouse. See Zapus princeps
western mountain coatis. See Nasuella olivacea
western polecat. See Mustela putorius
western pygmy possum. See Cercartetus concinnus
western red-backed vole.
See Clethrionomys californicus
western ringtail possum.
See Pseudocheirus occidentalis
white-ankled mice. See Peromyscus pectoralis
white-eared opossums. See Didelphis albiventris
white-footed mouse. See Peromyscus leucopus
white-footed vole. See Arborimus albipes
white rhinoceros. See Ceratotherium simum; See Ceratoiherium simum cottoni
white-tailed deer. See Odocoileus virginianus
white-tailed dunnart. See Sminthopsis granulipes
white-toothed shrew. See Crocidura russula; See Crocidura suaveolens
wild boar. See Sus scrofa
wild cat. See Felis silvestris
wildebeest. See Connochaetes taurinus
wildlife corridors 50–51, 459, 461
retain wildlife corridors in logged areas 459–461
retain wildlife corridors in residential areas 50–51
wolverines. See Gulo gulo
wombats. See Lasiorhinus latifrons
woodland dormice. See Graphiurus murinus
woodland vole. See Microtus pinetorum
wood mice. See Apodemus sylvaticus
woylies. See Bettongia penicillata
yellow-footed antechinus. See Altechinus flavipes
yellow-footed rock wallabies.
See Petrogale xanthopus
Zapus hudsonius (meadow jumping mouse) 91
Zapus princeps (western jumping mouse) 99
Zapus trinotatus (Pacific jumping mouse) 463
Zea mays (maize) 214
zebra. See Equus burchelli; See Equus quagga
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