The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew. Volume I
|I.5. Summary of the Tiberian Pronunciation and Sample Transcriptions of Biblical Passages
Texte intégral
I.5.1. Summary of the Phonetics and Phonology of the Consonants
Letter | Name | Phonetic realization | Phoneme | References |
א | ʾalef | [ʔ] | /ʔ/ | §I.1.1. |
ב | bet (dagesh) | [b], [bb] | /b/ | §I.1.2., §I.1.25., §I.3.1.11.3. |
ב | bet (rafe) | [v] | /v/ | §I.1.2., §I.1.25. |
גּ | gimel (dagesh) | [g], [gg] | /g/ | §I.1.3., §I.1.25., §I.3.1.11.3. |
ג | gimel (rafe) | [ʁ] | /ʁ/ | §I.1.3., §I.1.25. |
ֹּ ד | dalet (dagesh) | [d], [dd] | /d/ | §I.1.4., §I.1.25., §I.3.1.11.3. |
ד | dalet (rafe) | [ð] | /ð/ | §I.1.4., §I.1.25. |
ה | he | [h] | /h/ | §I.1.5. |
ו | vav | [v], [w] | /v/ | §I.1.6. |
ז | zayin | [z] | /z/ | §I.1.7. |
ח | ḥet | [ħ] | /ħ/ | §I.1.8. |
ט | ṭet | [tˁ] | /tˁ/ | §I.1.9. |
י | yod | [j], [ɟ] | /j/ | §I.1.10. The stop allophone [ɟ] occurs only when the consonant is geminated. |
, כּ ּ ך | kaf (dagesh) | [kʰ], [kkʰ] | /kʰ/ | §I.1.11., §I.1.25., §I.3.1.11.3. |
, ך כ | kaf (rafe) | [χ] | /χ/ | §I.1.11., §I.1.25. |
ל | lamed | [l] | /l/ | §I.1.12. |
, ם מ | mem | [m] | /m/ | §I.1.13. |
ן , נ | nun | [n] | /n/ | §I.1.14. |
ס | samekh | [s] | /s/ | §I.1.15. This was equivalent in the oral reading tradition to sin (§I.1.21.). The distinction in orthography is an archaism (§I.0.8.). |
ע | ʿayin | [ʕ] | /ʕ/ | §I.1.16. |
ּ פ | pe (dagesh) | [pʰ], [ppʰ] | /pʰ/ | §I.1.17., §I.1.25., §I.3.1.11.3. |
ּ פ | pe (dagesh) | [pˁ], [ppˁ] | /pˁ/ | This is attested only in א ַ פ ְַ נד ֹ֔ ו ֹ ‘his palace’ (Dan. 11.45), where its occurrence is not conditioned by the |
phonetic environment, so it should be identified as a phoneme (§I.1.17.). | ||||
פ | pe (rafe) | [f] | /f/ | §I.1.17., §I.1.25. |
צ | ṣade | [sˁ], [zˁ] | /sˁ/ | §I.1.18. For the voiced variant see §I.1.7. |
ק | qof | [̟q] | /̟q/ | §I.1.19. |
ר | resh | [R̟], [rˁ] | /r/ | §I.1.20. The two variant realizations are conditioned by the phonetic environment and so should be identified as allophones. |
ש | sin | [s] | /s/ | §I.1.21. This was equivalent in the oral reading tradition to samekh (§I.1.15.). The distinction in orthography is an archaism (§I.0.8.). |
ש | shin | [∫] | /∫/ | §I.1.22. |
ת | tav (dagesh) | [tʰ], [ttʰ] | /tʰ/ | §I.1.23., §I.1.25., §I.3.1.11.3. |
ת | tav (rafe) | [θ] | /θ/ | §I.1.23., §I.1.25. |
I.5.2. Summary of the Phonetics and Phonology of the Full Vowel Signs
Sign (placed on א ) | Name | Phonetic realization | Phoneme | References |
ִַ א | pataḥ | [a], [Ɑ], [aː], [Ɑː] Long in stressed syllables or open unstressed syllables. |
/a/ | §I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
ִ א | qameṣ | [ɔ], [ɔː] Long in stressed syllables or open unstressed syllables. |
(i) /o/ (when realized as short [ɔ]) /ɔ̄/ (when realized as long [ɔː]) | §I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
ִֶ א | segol | [ɛ], [ɛː] Long in stressed syllables or open unstressed syllables. |
/ɛ/ /e/ (in the final syllable of certain nominal and verbal forms) |
§I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
ִ א | ṣere | [eː] | /e/, /ē/ | §I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
ִ א | ḥireq | [i], [iː] Long in stressed syllables or open unstressed syllables. |
/i/, /ī/ | §I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
ִ א | ḥolem | [oː] | /o/ (in final syllable of certain nominal and verbal forms) /ō/ | §I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
א ִ , וּא | shureq, qibbuṣ | [u], [uː] Long in stressed syllables or open unstressed syllables. |
/u/, /ū/ | §I.2.1., §I.2.2., §I.2.3. |
I.5.3. Summary of the Phonetics and Phonology of Shewa and the Ḥ̣aṭef Signs
- 1 Epenthetic vowel, without phonological representation.
- 2 Epenthetic vowel, without phonological representation.
- 3 Epenthetic vowel, without phonological representation.
- 4 When an epenthetic vowel.
- 5 When a lexical vowel.
Sign (placed on א ) | Name | Phonetic realization | Phoneme | References |
ְִ א | shewa | Silent shewa: [∅] | /∅/1 | §I.2.5, §I.2.6. |
Vocalic shewa: [a], [ɔ], [ɛ], [e], [i], [o], [u]. The default realization of vocalic shewa is a short [a]. The other vowel qualities are conditioned by some specific environments, viz.: (i) Before a guttural consonant ( עחהא ) a vocalic shewa is pronounced as a short vowel with the quality of the vowel after the guttural. (ii) Before yod, a vocalic shewa is pronounced as a short [i]. |
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ֲִ א | ḥaṭef pataḥ | [a] | /∅/2 | §I.2.5. |
א ֱ | ḥaṭef segol | [ɛ] | /∅/3 | §I.2.5., §I.2.7. |
ֳִ א | ḥaṭef qameṣ | [ɔ] | /∅/4 /o/5 |
§I.2.5., §I.2.7. |
I.5.4. Sample Transcriptions of Biblical Passages
1Each verse has two versions of transcription, which represent two different sub-traditions of the standard Tiberian reading. The first represents the dagesh forte—dagesh lene reading, whereas the second represents the extended dagesh forte reading (§I.3.1.11.3.). If a verse would have been pronounced the same in both streams of tradition, only one reading is given.
2Links are given to audio files of oral performances by Alex Foreman of the Tiberian pronunciation reconstructed for the passages.
I.5.4.1. Genesis 1.1-13
3Oral Performances
- 6 Default realization of vocalic shewa: §I.2.5.1. Insertion of an epenthetic vowel in a closed sylla (...)
- 7 All stressed vowels are lengthened: §I.2.2.1.
- 8 Default pronunciation of vav is [v]: §I.1.6. Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the (...)
4[baR̟eːˈ∫iːiθ6 bɔːˈR̟ɔː ʔɛloːˈhiːim ˈʔeːeθ ha∫∫ɔːˈmaːjim7 veˈʔeːeθ8 hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ]
5[bbaR̟eːˈ∫iːiθ bbɔːˈR̟ɔː ʔɛloːˈhiːim ˈʔeːeθ ha∫∫ɔːˈmaːjim veˈʔeːeθ hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ]
- 9 Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
- 10 Insertion of epenthetic in closed syllable with a long vowel: §I.2.4.
- 11 Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
- 12 Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
- 13 Glide [w] before furtive pataḥ: §I.1.6.
- 14 Stressed vowels and vowels in open unstressed syllables are lengthened: §I.2.2.1.
6[vɔhɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ9 hɔːɔjˈθɔː10 ˈθoːhuː vɔːˈvoːhuː voˈħoː∫ɛχ11 ʕal-pʰaˈneː θoˈhoːom12 vaˈR̟uːwaħ13 ʔɛloːˈhiːim maR̟aːˈħɛːfɛθ14 ʕal-pʰaˈneː hamˈmɔːjim]
7[vɔhɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ hɔːɔjˈθɔː ˈθoːhuː vɔːˈvoːhuː voˈħoː∫ɛχ ʕalppʰaˈneː θoˈhoːom vaˈR̟uːwaħ ʔɛloːˈhiːim maR̟aːˈħɛːfɛθ ʕalppʰaˈneː hamˈmɔːjim]
- 15 A geminated yod is pronounced as a voiced palatal stop [ɟ]: §I.1.10.
- 16 In [ˌvaˑjhiː] there is orthoepic lengthening of the vowel before two weak consonants in contact: § (...)
8[vaɟˈɟoːmɛR̟15 ʔɛloːˈhiːim jiˈhiː ˈʔoːoR̟ ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈʔoːoR̟16]
- 17 Word-initial וּ is pronounced [wu]: §I.1.6.
9[vaɟˈɟaːaR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim ʔɛθ-hɔːˈʔoːoR̟ kʰiː-ˈtˁoːov vaɟɟavˈdeːel ʔɛloːˈhiːim beːen hɔːˈʔoːoR̟ wuˈveːen17 haːˈħoː∫ɛχ]
10[vaɟˈɟaːaR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim ʔɛθ-hɔːˈʔoːoR̟ kkʰiː-ˈtˁoːov vaɟɟavˈddeːel ʔɛloːˈhiːim bbeːen hɔːˈʔoːoR̟ wuˈveːen haːˈħoː∫ɛχ]
11[vaɟɟi̟qˈR̟ɔː ʔɛloːˈhiːim lɔːˈʔoːoR̟ ˈjoːom valaːˈħoː∫ɛχ ˈ̟qɔːR̟ɔː ˈlɔːɔjlɔː ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈʕɛːR̟ɛv ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈvoː̟qɛR̟ ˈjoːom ʔɛːˈħɔːɔð]
12[vaɟˈɟoːmɛR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim jiˈhiː R̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ baˈθoːoχ hamˈmɔːjim viːˈhiː mavˈdiːil ˈbeːen ˈmaːjim lɔːˈmɔːjim]
13[vaɟˈɟoːmɛR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim jiˈhiː R̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ bbaˈθoːoχ hamˈmɔːjim viːˈhiː mavˈddiːil ˈbbeːen ˈmaːjim lɔːˈmɔːjim]
14[vaɟˈɟaːʕas ʔɛloːˈhiːim ʔɛθ-hɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ vaɟɟavˈdeːel beːen hamˈmaːjim ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ mitˈtʰaːħaθ lɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ wuˈveːen hamˈmaːjim ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ meːˈʕaːal lɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈχeːen]
15[vaɟˈɟaːʕas ʔɛloːˈhiːim ʔɛθ-hɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ vaɟɟavˈddeːel bbeːen hamˈmaːjim ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ mitˈtʰaːħaθ lɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ wuˈveːen hamˈmaːjim ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ meːˈʕaːal lɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈχeːen]
16[vaɟɟi̟qˈR̟ɔː ʔɛloːˈhiːim ˌlɔːR̟ɔːˈ̟qiːjaʕ ∫ɔːˈmɔːjim ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈʕɛːR̟ev ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈvoː̟qɛR̟ ˈjoːom ∫eːˈniː]
17[vaɟˈɟoːmɛR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim jiq̟q̟ɔːˈvuː hamˈmaːjim mitˈtʰaːħaθ ha∫∫ɔːˈmaːjim ʔɛl-mɔːˈ̟qoːom ʔɛːˈħɔːɔð vaθeːR̟ɔːˈʔɛː haɟɟabbɔːˈ∫ɔː ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈχeːen]
18[vaɟɟi̟qˈR̟ɔː ʔɛloːˈhiːim laɟɟabbɔːˈ∫ɔː ˈʔɛːR̟ɛsˁ wulmi̟qˈveː hamˈmaːjim ̟qɔːˈR̟ɔː jamˈmiːim vaɟˈɟaːaR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim kʰiː-ˈtˁoːov]
19[vaɟɟi̟qˈR̟ɔː ʔɛloːˈhiːim laɟɟabbɔːˈ∫ɔː ˈʔɛːR̟ɛsˁ wulmi̟qˈveː hamˈmaːjim ̟̟qɔːˈR̟ɔː jamˈmiːim vaɟˈɟaːaR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim kkʰiː-ˈtˁoːov]
- 18 Orthoepic lengthening of the vowel before two weak consonants in contact: §I.2.10.
- 19 The pharyngealized alveolar realization of resh [rˁ] is conditioned by contact with the preceding (...)
- 20 Deḥiq involving the compression of the vowel and compensatory gemination of the following consonan (...)
- 21 The pharyngealized alveolar realization of resh [rˁ] is conditioned by the fact that it is precede (...)
20[vaɟˈɟoːmɛR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim ˌtʰaˑðˈ∫eː18 hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ ˈdɛː∫ɛː ˈʕeːsɛv mⱭzˈrˁiːjaʕ19 ˈzɛːR̟aʕ ˈʕeːesˁ pʰaˈR̟iː ˈʕoːsɛˑ ppʰaˈR̟iː20 lamiːˈnoː ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ zⱭrˁʕoː21-ˈvoː ʕal-hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈχeːen]
21[vaɟˈɟoːmɛR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim ˌttʰaˑðˈ∫eː hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ ˈddɛː∫ɛː ˈʕeːsɛv mⱭzˈrˁiːjaʕ ˈzɛːR̟aʕ ˈʕeːesˁ ppʰaˈR̟iː ˈʕoːsɛˑ ppʰaˈR̟iː lamiːˈnoː ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ zⱭrˁʕoː-ˈvoː ʕal-hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈχeːen]
22[vattʰoːˈsˁeː hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ ˈdɛː∫ɛː ˈʕeːsɛv mⱭzˈrˁiːjaʕ ˈzɛːR̟aʕ lamiːˈneːhuː veˈʕeːesˁ ˈʕoːsɛˑ ppʰaˈR̟iː ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ zⱭrˁʕoː-ˈvoː lamiːˈneːhuː vaɟˈɟaːaR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim kʰiː-ˈtˁoːov]
23[vattʰoːˈsˁeː hɔːˈʔɔːR̟ɛsˁ ˈddɛː∫ɛː ˈʕeːsɛv mⱭzˈrˁiːjaʕ ˈzɛːR̟aʕ lamiːˈneːhuː veˈʕeːesˁ ˈʕoːsɛˑ ppʰaˈR̟iː ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ zⱭrˁʕoː-ˈvoː lamiːˈneːhuː vaɟˈɟaːaR̟ ʔɛloːˈhiːim kkʰiː-ˈtˁoːov]
24[ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈʕɛːR̟ev ˌvaˑjhiː-ˈvoːq̟ɛR̟ ˈjoːom ∫aliːˈ∫iː]
I.5.4.2. Psalm 1
25Oral Performances
- 22 The short vowel in the first syllable is lengthened by a merkha to condition the reading of the fo (...)
26[ˌʔaːˌ∫aˑR̟eː22-hɔːˈʔiːi∫ ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ ˈloː hɔːˈlaːaχ baːʕⱭˈsˁⱭːⱭθ R̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim wuvˈðɛːR̟ɛχ ħⱭttˁɔːˈʔiːim ˈloː ʕɔːˈmɔːɔð wuvmoːˈ∫aːav leːˈsˁiːim ˈloː jɔːˈ∫ɔːɔv]
27[ˌʔaːˌ∫aˑR̟eː-hɔːˈʔiːi∫ ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ ˈloː hɔːˈlaːaχ bbaːʕⱭˈsˁⱭːⱭθ R̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim wuvˈðɛːR̟ɛχ ħⱭttˁɔːˈʔiːim ˈloː ʕɔːˈmɔːɔð wuvmoːˈ∫aːav leːˈsˁiːim ˈloː jɔːˈ∫ɔːɔv]
- 23 The initial וּ before a consonant with silent shewa is normally pronounced [wu] (§I.1.6.), but is h (...)
28[ˈkʰiː ˈʔiːim baθoːˈR̟aːaθ ʔaðoːˈnɔːɔj ħɛfˈsˁoː ˌwuˑvθoːR̟ɔːˈθoː23 jɛhˈgɛː joːˈmɔːɔm vɔːˈlɔːɔjlɔː]
29[ˈkkʰiː ˈʔiːim bbaθoːˈR̟aːaθ ʔaðoːˈnɔːɔj ħɛfˈsˁoː ˌwuˑvθoːR̟ɔːˈθoː jɛhˈggɛː joːˈmɔːɔm vɔːˈlɔːɔjlɔː]
- 24 The shewa is pronounced half-long due to its being read with gaʿya: §I.2.9.
- 25 The vowel in עַָּֽל־ is read with minor gaʿya and so is half-long: §I.2.8.2.2.
- 26 The major gaʿya on the long vowel in the open syllable marks secondary stress: §I.2.8.2.1.
30[ˌvɔˑhɔːˈjɔː24 kʰeˈʕeːesˁ ∫ɔːˈθuːul ˌʕaˑl-pʰalˈʁeː25 ˈmɔːjim ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ pʰiR̟ˈjoː jitˈtʰeːen biʕitˈtʰoː vɔʕɔːˈleːhuː ˌloː26-jibˈboːol vaˈχoːol ʔa∫ɛR̟-jaːʕaˈsɛː jⱭsˁˈliːjaħ]
31[ˌvɔˑhɔːˈjɔː kkʰeˈʕeːesˁ ∫ɔːˈθuːul ˌʕaˑl-ppʰalˈʁeː ˈmɔːjim ʔaˈ∫ɛːɛR̟ ppʰiR̟ˈjoː jitˈtʰeːen bbiʕitˈtʰoː vɔʕɔːˈleːhuː ˌloː-jibˈboːol vaˈχoːol ʔa∫ɛR̟-jaːʕaˈsɛː jⱭsˁˈliːjaħ]
- 27 The shewa on a resh after the definite article is vocalic (§I.2.5.7.4.), although by default a she (...)
- 28 The first element of the composite accent reviaʿ mugrash does not lengthen the short vowel in the (...)
- 29 The ḥaṭef pataḥ is half-long since it has gaʿya: §I.2.9.
32[loː-ˈχeːen hɔːR̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim27 ˈkʰiː ʔim-kʰamˈmoːosˁ28 ˌʔaˑ∫ɛR̟29- tʰiddaˈfɛːɛnnuː ˈR̟uːwaħ]
33[loː-ˈχeːen hɔːR̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim ˈkkʰiː ʔim-kkʰamˈmoːosˁ ˌʔaˑ∫ɛR̟- ttʰiddaˈfɛːɛnnuː ˈR̟uːwaħ]
34[ʕal-ˈkʰeːen loː-jɔːˈ̟quːmuː R̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim bammi∫ˈpʰɔːɔtˁ vaħⱭttˁɔːˈʔiːim baːʕaˈðaːaθ sˁⱭddiːˈ̟qiːim]
35[ʕal-ˈkkʰeːen loː-jɔːˈ̟quːmuː R̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim bbammi∫ˈppʰɔːɔtˁ vaħⱭttˁɔːˈʔiːim bbaːʕaˈðaːaθ sˁⱭddiːˈ̟qiːim]
36[ˌkʰiː-joːˈðeːjaʕ ʔaðoːˈnɔːɔj ˈdɛːR̟ɛχ sˁⱭddiːˈ̟qiːim vaˈðɛːR̟ɛχ
37R̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim tʰoːˈveːeð]
38[ˌkkʰiː-joːˈðeːjaʕ ʔaðoːˈnɔːɔj ˈddɛːR̟ɛχ sˁⱭddiːˈ̟qiːim vaˈðɛːR̟ɛχ
39R̟a∫ɔːˈʕiːim ttʰoːˈveːeð]
Notes
1 Epenthetic vowel, without phonological representation.
2 Epenthetic vowel, without phonological representation.
3 Epenthetic vowel, without phonological representation.
4 When an epenthetic vowel.
5 When a lexical vowel.
6 Default realization of vocalic shewa: §I.2.5.1. Insertion of an epenthetic vowel in a closed syllable with a long vowel: §I.2.4.
7 All stressed vowels are lengthened: §I.2.2.1.
8 Default pronunciation of vav is [v]: §I.1.6. Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
9 Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
10 Insertion of epenthetic in closed syllable with a long vowel: §I.2.4.
11 Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
12 Assimilation of a vocalic shewa to the quality of the vowel after a following guttural: §I.2.5.1.
13 Glide [w] before furtive pataḥ: §I.1.6.
14 Stressed vowels and vowels in open unstressed syllables are lengthened: §I.2.2.1.
15 A geminated yod is pronounced as a voiced palatal stop [ɟ]: §I.1.10.
16 In [ˌvaˑjhiː] there is orthoepic lengthening of the vowel before two weak consonants in contact: §I.2.10.
17 Word-initial וּ is pronounced [wu]: §I.1.6.
18 Orthoepic lengthening of the vowel before two weak consonants in contact: §I.2.10.
19 The pharyngealized alveolar realization of resh [rˁ] is conditioned by contact with the preceding alveolar: §I.1.20. Pataḥ is pronounced as back [Ɑ] in the environment of pharyngealized consonants: §I.2.1.3.
20 Deḥiq involving the compression of the vowel and compensatory gemination of the following consonant: §I.2.8.1.2.
21 The pharyngealized alveolar realization of resh [rˁ] is conditioned by the fact that it is preceded by an alveolar consonant in the same syllable and/or the same foot: §I.1.20.
22 The short vowel in the first syllable is lengthened by a merkha to condition the reading of the following shewa as vocalic: §I.2.5.8.5. The vocalic shewa has gaʿya, which causes it to be read as half-long: §I.2.9.
23 The initial וּ before a consonant with silent shewa is normally pronounced [wu] (§I.1.6.), but is here pronounced half-long due to the fact that it has minor gaʿya: §I.2.8.2.2.
24 The shewa is pronounced half-long due to its being read with gaʿya: §I.2.9.
25 The vowel in עַָּֽל־ is read with minor gaʿya and so is half-long: §I.2.8.2.2.
26 The major gaʿya on the long vowel in the open syllable marks secondary stress: §I.2.8.2.1.
27 The shewa on a resh after the definite article is vocalic (§I.2.5.7.4.), although by default a shewa after a long vowel is silent (§I.2.5.6.).
28 The first element of the composite accent reviaʿ mugrash does not lengthen the short vowel in the first syllable: §I.2.12.
29 The ḥaṭef pataḥ is half-long since it has gaʿya: §I.2.9.
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