accentuation, 332, 333, 364, 365

African Latin, 2, 20, 23, 25, 27, 28, 45

Aleppo Codex (A), 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 391, 399

Algeria, 578

algorithm, 477, 498, 499, 500, 501, 511, 513, 519, 524, 533, 534

ʿAlī ibn Sulaymān, 317

al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad, 213

allophony, 174, 182

al-Qirqisānī, 285, 320

Arabic case, 211

Arabic, 514, 516, 533, 534, 536, 537, 538, 551, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 583

Aramaic, 238, 253, 262, 272, 274, 275, 276, 514, 533

ʿarūḍ, 618, 619, 620, 627, 628, 629, 630, 634, 638, 639, 640, 642

Ashkenazi, Ashkenazic, 573, 574, 593-613

Babylonia, 164

Babylonian pronunciation/ reading tradition, 148, 151, 550, 551, 584

Ben Asher, Aharon, 389, 394, 395, 397, 399, 400, 401, 409, 410, 411, 420, 424, 446, 454, 456, 461, 462, 594, 597, 611

Ben Jacob, Samuel, 379, 380, 381, 382, 386, 387, 389, 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 449

Ben Labraṭ, Dunash, 618, 633, 636, 650

Ben Naftali, Moses, 394, 395, 397

Ben Nagrela, Samuel, 633, 651

Ben Sira, 253, 277, 279

bgdkpt, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 255

Biblical Hebrew quotations, 164

Cairo Prophets Codex, 595, 597

Chersin, 595, 596

Cherson, 596

Classical Biblical Hebrew (CBH), 253, 257

coda, 141, 143

codicology, 467, 470, 473, 477, 478, 500, 503, 538, 539, 540

Common Romance, 2, 20, 21, 23, 28, 30, 44, 45, 46

Complutensian Bible, 595

consonantal text, 227, 228, 229, 236, 237, 245, 246, 247, 255, 256, 261, 263, 270, 271, 273, 281, 283, 284

continuous dichotomy, 352, 357, 358, 361, 368, 370, 371

dagesh, 416, 426, 428, 430, 434, 435, 437, 438, 442, 444, 446, 459, 460, 461, 469, 494, 495, 496, 498, 516, 517, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 525, 526, 527, 528, 530, 531, 533, 534

dagesh mavḥin, 98, 104, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 122, 123

ḍarb, 627, 628, 629, 630, 634, 638, 639

David ben Abraham al-Fāsī, 300

Dead Sea Scrolls, 237, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 250, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 259, 262, 264, 269, 271

diphthong/triphthong, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 272

Diqduqe haṭ-Ṭeʿamim, 379, 386, 389, 391, 392, 393, 394, 400

distinguishing dagesh, 98, 104, 111

Egypt, 558, 575, 578

Elias of Tirhan, 204, 210, 216, 217, 218, 223

Elijah ha-Naqdan, 598, 599, 601

ʿEn ha-Qore, 597, 611

epigraphic source, 149, 164

epigraphic/inscriptional Hebrew, 257, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267

fāṣila, 617, 621, 622, 624, 638

Flavignac, 595, 596

fricative, 134, 143

fricativisation, 232, 233

gaʿya, 381, 382, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 395, 396, 398, 399

Graetz, Heinrich, 197

Greek, 55, 56, 67, 68, 69, 72, 74, 76, 84, 85, 91, 93, 127, 129, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 567, 570, 571

Greek transcriptions, 67, 84

gutturals, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 141, 143, 153, 156, 157

gutturals (weakening), 150, 153, 157

hafṭara (hafṭarot), 408, 412, 434, 437, 451, 458

haplography, 137

ḥaṭef vowel, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 398, 401

Ḥayyūj, 623

Hebrew component, 557, 567, 572, 573, 574, 575, 578, 579

Hexapla, 73, 76, 127, 129, 133

Hilleli Codex, 595

Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq, 205, 209, 210

hypercorrect, 552, 560, 584, 585

Ibn ʿEzra, Abraham, 618, 633, 635

Ibn Gabirol, Shelomo, 633, 643, 651

Ibn Janāḥ, 550, 623, 624

Ibn Sīnā, 215, 218, 220

incantation bowls, 147, 148, 149, 153, 158, 163, 164

interference, 150, 153, 165

intonational phrase, 331, 332, 334, 335, 336, 337, 347

Jacob of Edessa, 193, 195, 198, 201, 203, 206, 209, 217

Jerome, 65, 66, 67, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101, 114, 115, 117, 120, 121, 122, 123, 128

Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, 147, 150, 153, 165, 184

Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, 184, 185, 566, 570, 572

Karaite, 285, 289, 290, 292, 300, 320, 550, 551, 552, 553, 558, 560, 581, 583, 584

ketiv, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320

ketiv/qere, 259, 262, 270, 271, 273

Kitāb al-ʿAyn, 213, 214

Kitāb al-Khilaf, 391, 394, 399

Kitāb Sībawayh, 214

Kutub al-Lugha, 202, 219

La Rochelle, 601, 612

language contact, 514, 533, 534, 540

laryngeal, 133

Late Antiquity, 151, 153, 165

Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH), 228, 249, 252, 253, 255

Latin, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 66, 67, 76, 78, 79, 88, 91, 120, 133, 135

Latin transcriptions, 56, 66, 67

Leningrad Codex (L), 380, 383, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 398, 399, 400

Les Cars, 595, 596

Levant, 552, 575, 578

Lexical stress, 40

Libya, 578

L^m, 380, 381, 383, 393, 397, 400

maqāma, 669, 670, 671, 673

Masorete, 281, 282

mater/matres lectionis, 228, 234, 238, 258, 261, 262, 264, 266

Mesopotamia, 147

metathesis, 137

milleʿel, 197, 201, 202, 219, 222

milleraʿ, 197, 201, 202, 219, 223

Morocco, 553, 579

Moses Maimonides, 411, 412, 439, 462

MS Berlin, Statsbibliothek zu Berlin, Or. Qu. 9, 601

MS Cambridge, St John’s College, A1, 604

MS Jerusalem, National Library of Israel, 24°5702 (Damascus Pentateuch), 600

MS London, British Library, Or. 4227, 607

MS London, British Library, Or. 4445, 594, 600

MS London, Valmadonna Trust 1, 601, 609, 611

MS Madrid, Complutense University Library, 118-Z-42 [M1], 600

MS Madrid, Escoria Library, G-I-1, 596

MS St. Petersburg, National Library, Evr I B19a (Leningrad Codex), 594, 600

MS Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ebr. 468, 601

MS Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. ebr. 482, 601

MS Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vat. Ebr. 14, 598, 599, 600, 601, 604, 612, 613

MSS Paris, BnF, hébreu 1–3, 595, 597

Muḥammad al-Sāʾib al-Kalbī, 202, 203, 205, 206, 209

Neo-Punic, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 53

non-standard Tiberian (NST), 467, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 478, 483, 490, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 501, 503, 505, 506, 507, 508, 510, 511, 512, 514, 515, 520, 522, 525, 531, 532, 534, 535, 537, 538, 539, 540

North Africa, 1, 2, 3, 7, 19, 21, 30, 44, 45, 47, 53

Origen, 92, 94

orthoepy, 151, 158, 163, 165

orthography, 228, 234, 245, 258, 259, 261, 263, 265, 268, 269

palaeography, 467, 475, 490, 492, 503, 504, 505, 509, 522, 523, 527, 536, 538

Palestinian, 549, 550, 551, 553, 566, 568, 570, 571, 573, 574, 575, 578

Palestinian Greek, 185, 186

parasha (parashiyyot), 408, 415, 439, 442, 443, 448, 452, 462

pataḥ, 469, 496, 497, 514, 515, 518, 519, 521, 522, 523, 524, 526, 528, 529, 531, 532, 533, 536

pausal form (s), 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 341, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 367, 368, 370, 371, 372

pause, 347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 354, 356, 360, 365

Persia, 594

pharyngeal, 133, 134

Phoenician, 4, 5, 52

phonetic realisation, 229, 258, 260, 263, 267, 269, 271, 272

Pinḥas Rosh ha-Yeshiva, 549

piyyuṭ, 455, 457, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 668

plene spelling, 238, 259

pre-Masoretic pronunciation tradition, 148

pre-Masoretic reading tradition, 164

pre-Tiberian Hebrew, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, 265, 266, 267, 269

pronunciation tradition, 229, 244, 260, 263, 270, 272, See Tiberian pronunciation/ reading tradition, Babylonian pronunciation/ reading tradition prosodic hierarchy, 334, 335, 336, 337, 342, 345, 347, 352

prosodic transformations, 341

prosody, 353, 363, 366, 371, 372

qameṣ, 469, 496, 497, 498, 514, 515, 519, 520, 522, 523, 524, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532

qere, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 303, 304, 306, 308, 309, 311, 312, 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320

Qillir, 659, 660, 661, 662, 667, 668

Qimḥi, Moshe, 618, 619, 623, 627, 640, 641

Qumran Hebrew (QH), 240, 241, See Dead Sea Scrolls

Rabbinic Hebrew (RH), 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 253, 255, 256, 262

relative vocalisation, 197

Revell, E. John., 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 348, 350, 353, 354, 359, 361, 367, 368, 371, 372, 376

revision (spelling, orthography), 228, 261, 272

rhyme, 657, 658, 659, 660, 662, 663, 664, 665, 666, 668, 671, 672

Saadya Gaon, 202, 219, 223, 281, 285, 290, 300, 320, 550

sabab, 617, 621, 622, 623, 624, 629, 630, 631, 638, 643

Salmon ben Yeruḥam, 294, 300

Samaritan Hebrew, 66, 95, 108, 109, 111, 113, 126, 127, 243, 245, 246, 255, 256, 257, 265

Samuel ben Jacob, See Ben Jacob, Samuel

Sardinia, 1, 2, 4, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 52

Sardinian, 2, 4, 20, 21, 23, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47

Second Temple Hebrew, 245, 246, 253, 256

Second Temple period, 57, 74, 76, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 122, 125

secondary (feature, development), 228, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235, 239, 261

Secunda, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 102, 103, 106, 114, 122, 123, 125, 129, 244, 255, 262, 265, 277

seder (sedarim), 408, 442, 443, 448

segol, 469, 496, 497, 514, 515, 518, 519, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 536

Septuagint, 133

shewa, 230, 231, 232, 236, 240, 242, 247, 469, 496, 497, 498, 514, 516, 517, 518, 519, 521, 522, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 529, 531, 532, 533

shewa (vocalic), 161, 162, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383, 387, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 396, 397, 398

Sībawayh, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212, 213, 214, 219, 220

Spain, 550

spirant/spirantisation, 232, 233, 236

statistics, 477, 492, 493, 511, 532

substrate, 525, 552, 555, 557, 560, 567

syllable, 138, 141, 143

Syriac, 262, 272

Tafsīr, 288, 291

tenuʿa, 617, 618, 619, 627, 636, 638, 643

Tetragrammaton, 415, 418, 427, 428, 434, 438, 443

Tiberian Hebrew (TH), 331, 334, 335, 337, 338, 339, 341, 347, 348, 352, 353, 354, 362, 368

Tiberian pronunciation/ reading tradition, 133, 138, 139, 141, 142

Tiberian vocalisation tradition, 227, 228, 229, 231, 236, 237, 238, 239, 245, 246, 257, 272, 273

Tiberian, 549, 550, 551, 552, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 562, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 574, 575, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 584, 585

Tiberias, 549, 550, 551

transcription, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558, 560, 562, 564, 569, 571, 574, 575, 581, 583, 584

transmission (oral), 149, 151, 156, 163, 165

Tunisia, 558, 579

vernacular, 237, 240, 246, 256

vocalic shewa, See shewa (vocalic)

vowel quality, 2, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 23, 26, 41, 46, 331

vowel quantity, 2, 10, 18, 24, 25, 27, 28

watid, 617, 621, 623, 624, 629, 630, 631, 632, 643, 647

wayyiqṭol, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 72, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 113, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125

word stress, 331, 351

yated, 617, 618, 619, 627, 636, 637, 638, 643

Yefet ben ʿEli, 300

Yeivin, Israel, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 386, 387, 389, 399

Yeshiva, 549

yiqṭol, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 65, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 89, 91, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124

Yūsuf ibn Nūḥ, 300, 314

ziḥāf, 629

, ל ֹ ו / ל ֹ א 318