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Simplified Signs: A Manual Sign-Communication System for Special. Volume 1

 | 
John D. Bonvillian
, 
Nicole Kissane Lee
, 
Tracy T. Dooley
, 
et al.

Subject Index

Texte intégral

AAC. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)

abstract concepts. See iconicity/iconic signs: abstract concepts

Abul Fazl 36

Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM) 260, 369

acquired epileptic aphasia. See Landau-Kleffner syndrome

acquired language impairment 189

acquired neurological disorder 103, 369, 389

active hand. See sign production: active hand

adaptive behaviors 97, 154, 370, 393, 397

ADHD. See attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

adult-acquired apraxia of speech. See apraxia: adult-acquired apraxia of speech

agent. See grammar: agent

agglutination of signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: agglutination of signs

aided communication 173, 370, 430

Akbar 36–37, 370

alphabetic language 57, 370, 391

alternative communication system xiv, 4, 21, 117, 123, 141, 148, 150, 172, 182, 282, 340, 370, 413

Alzheimer’s disease 261

American Indian Hand Talk. See sign (ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)

American School for the Deaf 371, 380, 392

American Sign Language (ASL). See sign (ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)

Amer-Ind 105–106, 119, 136, 199–202, 204, 208, 210–212, 287, 302–303, 349, 371, 421, 423

constraining factors 202

ease of production 201–202

glossectomy patients, use with 200, 371

iconicity 105, 201, 371

laryngectomy patients, use with 200

origins of signs 105, 200–201, 371

Skelly, Madge 201, 371

amodal symbol processing 371, 389

Angelman syndrome 98, 113–116, 371–373, 403, 412

arcuate fasciculus, role of 114, 372

intellectual disability 116, 371

intellectual disposition 113

lack of speech 113–114

loss of speech 371

natural gestures approach 115

personal signs 114–115, 412

poor movement coordination (ataxia) 113–114, 371

sign-communication training or teaching outcomes 114–115

speech-generating devices, use of 116

aphasia 2, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 94, 128, 139, 185, 187–195, 197–215, 217, 218, 221, 232, 233, 235, 277, 284, 308, 311, 325, 337, 369, 371, 373, 378, 380, 385, 390–392, 394, 399, 403, 408, 416, 418, 421, 422, 433, 434. See also Landau-Kleffner syndrome

apraxia/dyspraxia, co-occurrence with 195

auditory training 218

childhood aphasia and language disorders in children 187, 214–215, 233, 369

cueing methods 211–212, 385

dysgraphia 189, 388

dyslexia 189, 388

dysphasia 188, 220–221, 371, 387, 424

etiology 188–189, 215, 371

gestures, use of 190–195, 199, 206–208, 211–213

incidence 189

intensive language therapy 190

language recovery 190–191, 193, 199, 210, 212–214, 217, 219

motor impairments 191, 208

pantomime skills 192, 195, 199, 202–207

preactivation of motor cortex 211, 415

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 187, 192, 197– 201, 204, 207–210, 212, 214–215, 219, 233, 308, 325, 337

simultaneous communication 192– 193, 206, 211–214, 233

sounds, atypical processing of 9, 205

speech comprehension 189–190, 193, 197, 211–213, 215–216

speech production 10, 189–190, 193, 198, 211, 213, 215–216

types

Broca’s aphasia 206, 211, 378, 390, 408

chronic aphasia 190–191, 380

congenital aphasia 221, 383

expressive (speech) aphasia 185, 198, 308, 390, 416

fluent aphasia 392, 433

global aphasia 199, 214, 394

nonfluent aphasia 211, 378, 408

primary progressive aphasia 209, 416

productive (speech) aphasia 390, 416

receptive aphasia 185, 418

Wernicke’s aphasia 198, 206, 392, 433

visual-processing difficulties 191, 205, 208

Appendix A (sign language dictionaries and other sources) 30, 288, 347

Appendix B (handshapes) xx, 30, 334, 336, 351

Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations) xx, 30, 357

applied behavior analysis 149, 371

apraxia 108, 167–168, 188, 195–197, 205, 207, 209, 220, 231–233, 370, 372, 379, 387, 400, 402, 410, 431

adult-acquired apraxia of speech 231, 370

apraxia of speech 188, 196, 207, 209, 231–233, 370, 372, 379, 431.

See apraxia: dyspraxia

childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech 188, 220, 231–232, 379

autism spectrum disorder 231

childhood verbal apraxia/ dyspraxia 231

developmental apraxia of speech 231

developmental articulatory apraxia 231, 379

impaired reading skills 232

inheritability 231

intellectual disability 231

limb apraxia 232

Melodic Intonation Therapy 232, 403

sign-communication training 232–233

dyspraxia 167–168, 195, 231, 372, 379, 387, 431

developmental dyspraxia 167, 387

etiology 195–196, 372

limb apraxia 196–197, 205, 207, 400

manual apraxia 196, 402. See apraxia: dyspraxia

oral-motor/oromotor apraxia 196, 410

apraxia test battery 167, 372

arbitrary signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: arbitrary signs

arcuate fasciculus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: arcuate fasciculus

articulation 10, 25, 99, 108, 126, 161, 187, 196, 232, 373

articulatory disorders 10, 373

articulatory gestures. See gestures: articulatory gestures

ASD. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Asher, James 260, 429

ASL. See sign (ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)

Asperger, Hans 142–143, 373

Asperger syndrome 143, 373, 375

asymmetrical signs 64–65, 340, 373, 426, 430

two-handed 64–65, 340, 373, 426

ataxia 114, 373

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 147, 236, 250–254, 374, 419

attentional control problems 250–251, 253, 374

boys more often affected 250

disruptive behavior 250, 254, 374

incidence 250

intact imitation abilities 251

micro-signing 253

motor dysfunctions 251

poor executive functioning skills 251

Ritalin, use of 251, 419

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 251–254

attention span 10, 154, 321, 370, 374

attrition rate 241, 374

auditory memory. See memory, types of: auditory

auditory processing 215–216, 374, 413, 431

auditory sequencing 224, 374, 413, 431

auditory-temporal processing deficit 224, 374

auditory training 218, 374

auditory-vocal languages 373, 374, 376, 425. See also spoken languages

auditory-vocal modality. See language, modalities of: auditory-vocal

auditory-vocal processing skills 173

augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) xiv, 4, 10, 21, 94, 99, 112, 117, 122–123, 129, 134–135, 137, 141, 148, 150, 158, 172, 182, 184, 190–191, 232, 282, 312, 316–317, 369, 375, 381, 398, 408, 416–417, 429

advantages and disadvantages 173

aided communication 173, 370, 430

alternative communication system 141, 282, 340, 370, 413

augmentative communication system 23, 375

Blissymbols 123–124, 377, 413

communication boards, books 117, 123–124, 174, 178, 196, 232, 381, 413

communication devices 210, 429

comparison studies 179–182, 299

line drawings 123–124, 177, 378, 413

non-oral communication systems 94, 142, 152, 183, 408

photographs/pictures xxi, 10, 23, 117, 162, 173–176, 178, 183, 203–205, 211–212, 259, 264–265, 268, 271, 273, 294, 305, 315, 370, 375, 381–382, 385, 389, 398, 407–408, 412, 417–418, 430

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 99, 123, 175–176, 179–181, 412–413

communication partner 175

physical prompter 175, 413, 417

portable prompt system 131, 414

printed words or letters 124, 177, 381

Proloquo2Go 178–179, 181, 417

real objects 10, 162, 173–174, 183, 204, 294, 315, 370, 407, 430

rebus 104, 418

sign-communication systems xii, xiv, xix, 2, 7, 23–24, 27, 32, 40–42, 44–46, 48–49, 54, 58, 69, 75, 105, 119, 134, 138, 153, 166, 191, 200, 220, 235–236, 277, 281, 284, 304, 338, 345, 369, 371, 378, 383, 399, 410, 414, 421, 423

speech-generating devices 10, 23, 116, 137, 173, 178, 181–182, 197, 232, 370, 424, 429–430, 433

symbols, wooden or plastic 177

text-to-speech alternative communication device 209, 429

touchscreen devices 178

unaided communication 173, 370, 430

voice output communication aid (VOCA) 178, 424, 429, 433

voice output system 179

writing 10

autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD) xi–xiv, xvi, xviii, xxiii, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 29, 54, 65, 76, 91, 94, 103, 109, 121, 128, 130, 132, 139, 141–173, 175–185, 188, 220–222, 231, 235, 238, 277, 281, 284, 287, 290–292, 297, 308, 311, 321, 324, 325, 329, 331, 337, 346, 371, 373, 375, 377, 380, 386–388, 391, 393, 396, 398, 413, 415, 423, 426. See also Grafton School; See also Grandin, Temple

arcuate fasciculus 144, 373

Asperger, Hans 142–143, 373

Asperger syndrome 143, 373, 375

Benhaven 153, 377

characteristics 142, 146, 375

childhood autism 94, 141–147, 184, 375, 380, 386, 398

comorbidity, issues of 147

ADHD 147

apraxia/dyspraxia 167

depression 147

hearing impairment 147

intellectual disability 146

otitis media 147

diagnosis, age of 157

diagnosis, stability of 151, 157

dianostic substitution, issues of 146

echolalia/verbal imitation 171, 431

etiology 144–145, 147

generalization skills, teaching of 162–164, 393

incidence 145

intensive early intervention 150, 152, 158

Kanner, Leo 142–143, 375, 398

maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors 148, 325

maternal chromosomal deletion, form of 116

motor and imitation abilities xi, xii, xiii, 141, 156, 158, 164–172

motor cortex 161

mutism 150, 159

non-oral communication approaches, use of 142, 152, 183

parental concerns 158, 160, 162

peripheral vision, use of 321, 412

prevalence 145–147

proprioceptive feedback 171

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 169, 183, 185

social touch aversion 157, 423

speech development and signing, myths 158–162

speech therapy and outcomes 8

spontaneous communication skills, teaching of 162–164

synesthesia 161

twin studies 144

autonomous speech 34, 375

aversives 148, 376

axon 376

babbling 87, 120, 376, 399

baby signs/baby-signing 237–243, 269, 376

basal ganglia. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: basal ganglia

base 64–65, 340, 376, 426

Bébian, R.-A. 39–40

behavior modification (speech) training 8, 148–149, 162, 376, 409

Benhaven 153, 377

bilateral 120, 122, 191, 340, 377, 379

bimodal bilinguals. See sign language psycholinguistics: bimodal bilinguals

bimodal input. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: bimodal input

Binet, Alfred 426

birth language 25, 377

Blissymbols 123–124, 377, 413

Bonet, Juan Pablo 57

brain, diseases or conditions of. See also acquired neurological disorder; See also Alzheimer’s disease; See also aphasia; See also ataxia; See also cerebral hemorrhage; See also cerebral palsy; See also cerebrovascular accident (CVA); See also encephalitis; See also epilepsy; See also herpes encephalitis; See also Landau-Kleffner syndrome; See also seizure; See also stroke; See also synesthesia; See also traumatic brain injury (TBI); See also tuberculous meningitis; See also tumor

infection 185, 189, 371–372, 394, 420 lesion 193–194, 208–209, 378

neuromotor disorder or impairment 12, 97, 120, 167, 372, 387, 408

neuropathology 109, 408

brain, neuro-imaging and tests of 209, 408

computed tomography (CT) scan 382, 408

electroencephalogram (EEG) 152, 217, 388

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 401, 408

positron emission tomography (PET) scan 408, 415

brain stem. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: brain stem

brain, structures and neurophysiology of arcuate fasciculus 114, 144, 372–373

basal ganglia 266, 376

brain stem 378, 403, 414, 429

Broca’s area 372

cerebellum 109, 172, 196, 266, 378, 395, 404

cerebral cortex 376, 379, 384, 406, 429, 433

cerebral hemispheres (left and right) 194–195, 217, 223, 376, 379, 383–384, 392, 400, 409, 411, 419, 424, 428, 431

cerebrum 209, 378–379, 392, 400, 419, 424

cortex 143–144, 161, 172, 209, 211, 217, 266, 376, 379, 384, 406, 409, 429, 431, 433

forebrain 379, 392, 404

hindbrain 172, 378, 395, 403–404, 414

hippocampus 109, 395

lobes

frontal 378, 392

occipital 409, 431

parietal 209, 411

temporal 209, 395, 428

medulla oblongata 378, 395, 403, 414

midbrain 378, 404, 414, 429

motor centers of the brain 376, 395

motor cortex 161, 211, 406

neural circuitry 9, 408

neural plasticity 158, 408

pons 378, 395, 404, 414

primary auditory cortex 217

speech-language center of the brain 424

temporal cortices 209

thalamus 378, 429

visual cortex 409, 431

Wernicke’s area 372, 433

white matter/white matter tract 114,

119, 144, 372, 428, 433

Broca’s aphasia. See aphasia: types: Broca’s aphasia

Broca’s area. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: Broca’s area

Bulwer, John 38–39

Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez 32, 47–49, 378

caregiver xvii, 4–5, 7, 16, 19–22, 24, 30, 76, 103–104, 115, 118–119, 127, 129, 132–135, 138, 141, 146, 148, 153–156, 173–175, 179, 183, 193, 214, 238, 243, 286, 288, 290, 293, 298–299, 303, 308–309, 311, 314–316, 318–334, 339, 341–343, 346, 397, 413

Cartier, Jacques 50

case study 98, 110, 112, 200, 218, 221, 228, 252, 378

Castañeda, Pedro de 51

CATALISE 220

central nervous system 369, 378, 425

central symbolic deficit 203, 205, 378

Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 3

cerebellum. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebellum

cerebral cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral cortex

cerebral hemispheres. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)

cerebral hemorrhage 119, 379, 426

cerebral palsy xvi, 2, 8–9, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 93–94, 100, 119–126, 128, 137–139, 147, 185, 235, 277, 281, 284, 311, 337, 373, 377, 379

ataxia 114, 373

communication strategies, use of Blissymbols 123

Makaton Vocabulary 125

PECS 123

etiology 119

fine motor skills, deficits in 120, 122–124, 379

hearing loss 121, 124–125, 379

intellectual disability 120–123, 379

motor planning disturbances 120

posture and movement disorders 120

seizures 121

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 94, 124–125, 128, 137–138, 337

spoken language production 120–121 types and subtypes

ataxic 120, 122, 125, 379

athetoid 125, 379

choreoathetoid 379

diplegia 120, 379

dyskinetic 120, 122, 125, 379

dystonic 379

mixed 120, 379

quadriplegia 120, 122, 379

spastic 120, 122, 379

vision problems 121

cerebrovascular accident (CVA) 189, 194, 379, 426

cerebrum. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebrum

challenging behaviors. See maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors

cheremes. See sign language psycholinguistics: cheremes

child development

adaptive behaviors/skills 154, 393

attention span 10, 154, 370, 374

behavioral regulation 248, 374

cognitive development 98, 107, 121, 234, 242, 268

expressive language development 99, 107, 111–112, 126, 183, 189, 211, 223, 228, 249, 328, 378, 416, 434

eye-hand coordination 278, 390

fine motor skills 120, 165–166, 372

gross motor skills 165, 226

imitation skills 170–171, 226, 396

impulse control 374

language milestones 87, 90, 220, 237, 399–400

motor milestones 166, 406

oral language skills 210–211, 255–256

oromotor coordination 410

prereading skills 246

productive speech skills 221, 224, 416

reading acquisition skills 244

self-help skills 154, 370, 417, 421

social development 215, 242, 419

symbolic gesturing 237, 427

symbol-processing skills 208, 427

childhood apraxia of speech. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech

childhood autism. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD): childhood autism

chromosomes 380, 388, 393, 403

chronic aphasia. See aphasia: types: chronic aphasia

Clark, William P. 43

classifiers. See sign production: classifiers

cleft lip or palate 373, 380

Clerc, Laurent 58, 371, 380

cochlea. See ear/aural structures: cochlea codes

motor (action) codes 28

verbal (word) codes 28, 271

visual (pictorial) codes 28

cognitive impairment 11, 94–95, 98–101, 104, 107, 119, 121, 124, 185, 228, 293, 337, 380

cognitive processing 29, 77, 156, 279

collateral effects. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: collateral effects

Columbus, Christopher 42, 49–51, 381

communication assessment. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: communication assessment

communication disorder xvii, 25, 94, 200, 230, 381, 424

communication intervention system 129, 381

communication (or picture) board/ book. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books

communication plan. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: communication plan

communicative competence 132, 382

communicative spontaneity 163, 382

comorbidity 147, 382

complex communication needs 2, 19, 29, 100, 382

compound signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: compound signs

computed tomography (CT) scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: computed tomography (CT) scan

Concentration (game) 271, 382

concepts xiv, xv, xvii, xxi, 3, 13–15, 17–20, 28, 38, 44, 53, 58, 65, 69, 76, 79–81, 94, 100, 103–105, 110, 128, 138, 141, 163–164, 170, 177, 182–183, 198, 201–202, 211–212, 235, 257, 259, 266–268, 276, 278, 282–283, 285, 287–290, 296–299, 302, 305, 314–315, 318, 324–325, 328, 330–331, 333, 341, 369–372, 382–383, 390, 393, 403–404, 409, 413, 415, 419–420, 423, 426–427

conceptual integration skills 78

concordance rate 144, 383

concrete nouns 263

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 35–36, 259, 383

congenital 106, 221, 383, 388

congruent gestures 262, 264, 383

consecutive movements. See sign production: consecutive movements

contralateral 194, 383

convention 1, 81, 362, 384

Cook, James 51

copula verb 75, 384

core sign vocabulary 124, 384

Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de 51

Corsi block-tapping test 270–271, 384, 387, 424

Cortés, Hernán 47

cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cortex

Cratylus 38

Cri du chat syndrome 126, 384

criterion/selection criteria. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: criterion/selection criteria

cross-modal activation 213, 385

cross-modal transfer 161, 385

CT scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: computed tomography (CT) scan

cued-recall memory task. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: cued-recall memory task

cueing 211–212, 224, 239, 294, 327–328, 385, 389, 415, 417, 423, 433

CVA. See cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Dancing with Words: Signing for Hearing Children’s Literacy 246

Deaf associations and organizations

British Deaf Association 349

Edinburgh & East of Scotland Society for the Deaf 347

Japanese Federation of the Deaf, Institute for Sign Language Studies 348

National Association for the Deaf 348

Tanzania Association of the Deaf 349

World Federation of the Deaf,

Unification of Signs Commission 70, 349

Deaf community/culture xi, 1, 33, 60, 91, 103, 284, 298, 335–336, 371, 375, 377–378, 385, 392, 407, 427

Deaf/deaf xi, xii, xiii, xvi, xix, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 15–16, 19, 23, 26, 28–29, 32–33, 37–39, 43, 46, 54–60, 62–66, 68–72, 75, 77, 79, 81–85, 87–91, 93, 96–98, 100–104, 112, 125, 138, 147, 153, 156, 158, 160, 166, 171, 187–188, 194–195, 198, 201–202, 215–216, 218–219, 221, 224, 226–231, 235–237, 239, 242, 248, 257, 268–275, 284, 289–292, 298–299, 303, 306, 313, 320–321, 329, 335–338, 340, 371, 375–378, 380, 385–386, 391–393, 395, 402, 407, 410, 414–415, 420–422, 427

Deaf education/educators of deaf persons. See also American School for the Deaf; See also Bébian, R.-A.; See also Clerc, Laurent; See also de l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel; See also Gallaudet, Thomas H.; See also Gallaudet University; See also Haga, Cornelius; See also homesigns; See also personal signs; See also Ponce de León, Pedro

history of deaf education 56–62 manual alphabet, letters of 57, 64 Monastery of San Salvador de Oña 56 oral-only education programs 59–60, 84, 97, 160, 410

residential programs 21, 419

deafness/hearing loss or impairment xiv, 1, 8–9, 26, 45–46, 59, 84, 91, 101, 107–108, 121–122, 125, 130, 147, 156, 226–227, 281–282, 373, 385, 387, 393, 410

cochlear implants 59

congenital deafness 59, 102, 218

deafblind populations 102

etiology 101, 122

German measles (rubella), link with 101, 393, 419

postlingual deafness 59, 415

prelingual deafness xvi, 59, 272, 415

Deaf People Around the World: Educational and Social Perspectives 60

deblocking. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: deblocking

declarative memory. See memory, types of: declarative

deixis/deictic gestures. See sign language psycholinguistics: deixis/ deictic gestures

delayed recall. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: delayed recall

de l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel 58, 60, 386

de novo mutation 144–145, 386

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 380, 386, 393

depth of processing 267, 386

de Radonvilliers, Claude-François Lyzarde 259–260

descriptive name signs. See name signs: descriptive

designator 61, 386, 395, 422

developmental apraxia of speech. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/ dyspraxia of speech: developmental apraxia of speech

developmental articulatory apraxia. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/ dyspraxia of speech: developmental apraxia of speech

developmental delay 143, 226, 387

developmental dysphasia. See developmental language disorder (DLD): developmental dysphasia

developmental dyspraxia. See apraxia: dyspraxia: developmental dyspraxia

developmental language disorder (DLD) 29, 188, 220, 222–231, 233, 387, 424

attention span problems 226

auditory processing difficulties 224

auditory-temporal processing deficits 224–225

delayed and slower rate of language acquisition 220, 223

developmental dysphasia 220–221

grammar and morphosyntactic deficits 222

imitation skills 226

late talkers 222–223

motor control 221, 226

poor phonological memory 225–226

right-hemispheric dominance 223

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 221–222, 224– 226, 229–231

sign language DLD in deaf persons 226, 230–231

specific language impairment (SLI) 220, 424

spontaneous development of signs 220–221

vocabulary deficits 222, 225

diagnostic substitution 146, 387

Digit Span Task 384, 387

discrete trial training. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: discrete trial training

dizygotic twins 144, 388, 405

DNA. See deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dominant hand 65, 326, 358, 369, 388, 395

Down syndrome xvi, 6, 8–9, 98–99, 106–113, 116, 126, 133–134, 136–137, 147, 238, 277, 281, 388, 410

articulation disorders 108

decreased cerebellar size 109

early intervention, importance of 106, 109

epicanthic eye folds 388

hearing impairment 107–108

hippocampus, role of 109

intellectual disability 106, 388

otitis media, occurrence of 108, 410

poor phonological/verbal memory 107–108

preservation of visual-spatial skills 107

recessed mandibles 10, 108, 388

short stature 388

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 109–113

speech intelligibility 108, 112

spoken language delays 98, 106–109

trisomy 21 388

verbal apraxia 108

dysgraphia. See aphasia: dysgraphia

dyslexia. See aphasia: dyslexia

dysphasia. See aphasia: dysphasia

dyspraxia. See apraxia: dyspraxia

ear/aural structures

cochlea 380, 397

eardrum 404

incus 404

inner ear 108, 380, 397, 404, 420, 431

malleus 404

middle ear 45, 108, 147, 404, 410

semicircular canals 397, 420

stapes 404

vestibule 397, 431

early intervention 106, 151–152, 158, 248, 388

early screening 109

echolalia 150, 159, 171, 388, 431

EEG. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: electroencephalogram (EEG)

elderly persons with hearing loss 16, 308

embodied actions 266, 388–389

embodied cognition 389

empirical 7, 36, 260–261, 284, 306, 389

EMT. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program

enactment effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: enactment effect

encephalitis 215, 217, 369, 389, 395

English translation/word equivalent 294, 302–303, 307, 389, 394, 434

enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program

environmental cues 164, 210, 294, 327–328, 389

epilepsy 114, 116, 120, 122, 147, 217, 388–389, 399, 420

Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge 35

essentially correct (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): essentially correct

etiology 98, 106, 136, 144, 147, 231, 390

European expeditions to North America. See also Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez; See also Cartier, Jacques; See also Columbus, Christopher; See also Cook, James; See also Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; See also Cortés, Hernán; See also Frobisher, Martin; See also Verrazzano, Giovanni da

Baffin Island 44

communication through signs 47–51

Great Plains 44–46, 49, 51, 378, 414

Gulf Coast 48

executive functioning skills 251, 390

exemplars. See sign language psycholinguistics: exemplars

expressive aphasia. See aphasia: types: expressive (speech) aphasia

expressive language skills 99, 183, 189, 223, 249, 328, 390, 392, 399, 416

expressive vocabulary 104, 285, 390, 416

eye-hand coordination 278, 390

facial discrimination 268, 271, 273–274, 391

facial (non-manual) expression 62, 72–73, 229, 297, 306, 319, 321–322, 327, 338, 391, 402, 407, 409

Facial Recognition test 273, 391

field testing. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: field testing

fine motor skills 120, 165–166, 372, 391

finger orientation 362, 391

fingerspelling 57, 58, 97, 102, 172, 209, 219, 247, 248, 253, 322, 335, 391, 402, 410, 422. See also manual alphabet

fluent aphasia. See aphasia: types: fluent aphasia

forebrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: forebrain

foreign language vocabulary acquisition xx, 16, 20, 28, 236, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 277, 278, 308, 309, 397. See also Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM); See also Asher, James; See also congruent gestures; See also embodied actions; See also incongruent gestures; See also Maxwell, Wendy

enactment effect 261, 389, 427

greater depth of processing 267, 386

increased proficiency 257, 262, 264, 266–267, 308

memory processes 261–264, 266–267

migrants/refugees 259

neural activation 266

rate of vocabulary learning 265

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 262–263, 265–267

subject performed task effect 261, 427

synchronous gestures 259–262, 264, 267

Total Physical Response (TPR) 260, 429

vocabulary retention over time 262, 264, 266

fragile X syndrome 98–99, 147, 392

expressive language deficits 99

intellectual disability 98

males more often affected 98

PECS, use of 99

phonological processing impairments 99

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 99

Frobisher, Martin 44

frontal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: frontal

Gallaudet Encyclopedia of Deaf People and Deafness 69

Gallaudet, Thomas H. 58, 248, 371, 380, 392

Gallaudet University xiii, xv, xxii, 58, 392

general exposure. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: general exposure

generalization skills, teaching of 162–164

genetic 116, 122, 126, 144, 231, 369, 371, 375, 383–384, 386–387, 392, 403

genitive case (possessive). See grammar: genitive case (possession)

German measles (rubella) 101, 393, 419

gestation 393, 416

Gestuno. See sign (ed) languages: Gestuno

Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf 70

gestures

articulatory gestures 35, 373

gestural communication 6, 31, 33–34, 37, 41, 46, 50–51, 96, 169, 192, 200, 214, 220, 222, 249, 383, 394–395

gestural imitation xiii, 169–170, 393

gestural modality 400, 402, 428, 432

gestural processing 394

gestural sequencing 166, 169, 394

manual gestures 33–34, 37, 82, 192, 196, 208, 211, 224, 330, 427

representative gestures 40, 107, 224, 236, 240, 251, 263–265, 267, 276, 383, 389, 419

symbolic gestures 237, 239, 427

global aphasia. See aphasia: types: global aphasia

glossectomy 200, 394, 423

gloss (sign) 14, 18, 66, 283, 303, 389, 394, 434

Grafton School xi, xxiii

grammar 38, 66, 72, 75, 113, 223, 228–229, 255, 371, 384, 394, 408, 419

agent 35, 74, 370, 397

consonants 376

genitive case (possession) 88, 393

instrument 35, 397

locative case (location) 88, 401

negation 72, 87, 228

nouns 68, 113, 125, 198, 228, 263, 383–384, 433

syllables 63, 216, 325, 376, 418 vowels 376

Grandin, Temple 155

gross motor skills 165, 394

Hadley, Lewis (Ingonompashi) 43, 348

Haga, Cornelius 39

hand-internal movements 87, 394

hand preference xix, 369, 388, 394

haptic 272, 395, 428

Head Start. See Project Head Start

hearing loss or impairment 1, 8–9, 16, 26, 45, 59, 84, 107–108, 121–122, 125, 130, 147, 226, 281–282, 308, 373, 385, 387, 410

conductive hearing loss 122

sensineural hearing loss 122

hemiparesis 120, 191, 395

hemiplegia 120, 191, 199, 395, 426

herpes encephalitis 215, 395

hindbrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: hindbrain

hippocampus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: hippocampus

homesigns 57, 395, 412

human rights 127

iconicity/iconic signs xiv, xvi, xvii, xxi, 13–16, 24, 27–28, 35, 44, 57, 67, 70–71, 76–82, 88–89, 97, 100, 104–105, 118– 119, 126, 136, 138, 141, 155, 173, 182, 185, 190–191, 193, 198, 201, 203–206, 208, 210, 212–213, 224–226, 228, 233, 235–236, 239–240, 252, 257–258, 262– 263, 265–268, 277–278, 280, 282, 284, 286–290, 297–298, 300, 303, 306–307, 318, 334, 338, 341–343, 369, 371, 383, 385–386, 389, 396, 409, 411, 419

abstract concepts 14, 40, 79–80, 369

advantages of xiv, 14, 27–28, 76, 81, 88–89, 104–105, 138, 225, 233, 236, 257, 262, 265–268, 277, 286, 342

concrete objects 40, 79–80, 221

exemplars 14–15, 76

metonymic signs 77

pantomimic signs 14, 35, 76, 78–79, 81, 88, 155, 182, 201, 204, 286, 288–289, 300, 303, 306, 343, 411

translucency/translucent signs 13, 15, 79, 105, 138, 198, 287, 289–290, 318, 429

transparency/transparent signs xiv, 4, 13–15, 26, 38, 41, 51, 54, 72, 77, 79, 105, 141, 177, 212–213, 225, 284–285, 289, 318, 327, 429

variations across sign languages 15, 80

identifiable (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): identifiable

ideophones 76

idioms/idiomatic expressions. See semantics: idioms/idiomatic expressions

imitation skills 170–171, 226, 396

immediate recall 307, 396. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: immediate recall

incidence/incidence rate 45, 98–99, 108, 119, 147, 156, 168, 222, 231, 246, 250, 387, 396

incidental teaching program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: incidental teaching program

incongruent gestures 262–264, 397

indexical signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: indexical signs

Indian Sign Language, The 43

Indian Sign Talk 43

Indigenous peoples 12, 31–32, 38, 42–51, 54, 71, 105, 138, 198, 200, 302, 378, 381, 414, 421

Ingonompashi (Lewis Hadley). See Hadley, Lewis (Ingonompashi)

initial sign lexicon 331, 397

inner ear. See ear/aural structures: inner ear

instrument. See grammar: instrument

intellectual disability xiv, xix, 2, 8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 93–106, 108, 113, 116–118, 120–123, 126, 128, 130, 131, 133, 135–139, 143, 146, 185, 197, 200, 214, 220, 228, 231, 235, 261, 284, 289, 304, 308, 311, 337, 371, 379, 384, 387, 388, 392, 393, 397, 402, 404, 405, 416, 417, 420, 421, 434. See also Angelman syndrome; See also Cri du chat syndrome; See also Down syndrome; See also fragile X syndrome; See also Williams syndrome

classification of 97

deafness and intellectual disability 100–102

linguistic deficits 98

neuromotor impairments 97

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 99–102, 104–106, 117–118, 128, 130, 135

speech therapy, use of 8

W. R. Scott study 95–97

intelligibility of signs 65, 398

intelligibility of speech 8, 107, 118, 187, 212, 398

internal models or representations 171, 398, 409, 432

International Sign. See sign (ed) languages: International Sign

International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC) xvi, 398

intervention program 29, 91, 94–95, 99–100, 106, 111, 116, 124, 127–129, 131–132, 134–137, 141, 147, 151, 158, 162, 172, 182–183, 196, 204, 225, 243, 248, 251, 276–277, 301, 311, 316–317, 320, 342, 344, 398, 417, 428

IQ tests 99, 121, 151, 247, 268–269, 279, 398, 426

joint attention 157, 249, 398

Kanner, Leo. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Kanner, Leo

key word signing 103, 111–112, 125, 130, 134, 136, 154, 214, 218, 280, 320, 322–323, 342, 399, 423

content (or key) words 103, 111, 130, 154, 198, 238, 322–323, 398–399, 433

simultaneous communication 322– 323, 423

simultaneous speech and sign 322–323

kinesthetic system 399

knuckle orientation xx, 30, 357, 360, 399

Lámh (Irish key word signing) 134, 136

Landau-Kleffner syndrome 188, 214– 219, 233, 369, 399, 420, 431

age of onset 216

attention span problems 216

expressive language skills 216–218, 399

hyperactivity 216

receptive language skills, impairment of 215–218, 399

seizure activity 217, 399

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 188, 218–219

spoken language recovery 219

language acquisition xii, xiv, xviii, 8, 9, 25, 87, 90, 108, 109, 160, 220, 226, 227, 228, 237, 245, 269, 278, 287, 369, 389, 420, 422. See also second-first language acquisition

language milestones 87, 90, 220, 237, 399–400

babbling 87, 120, 376, 399

individual words 87, 399

word combinations 87, 399

language, modalities of 64, 73, 87, 89, 90, 212, 222, 322, 399. See also gestures: gestural modality

auditory-vocal 240, 252, 258, 375, 399–400, 424

manual 155, 195, 222, 385, 393, 400, 402, 428, 432

speech 104, 113, 375, 377, 385, 400, 424

tactile 102, 393, 400, 402, 428

visual-gestural 2, 33, 63, 72, 235, 240, 252, 393, 399–400, 402, 422, 432

visual-motor 2, 63, 166, 283, 311, 373, 377, 422, 432

language, origins of 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 405.

See also Akbar; See also Condillac,

Etienne Bonnot de

gestural communication 33, 35

gestural theory of language origins 33–34

mirror neurons 33–34, 405, 409

observation matching system 34

prehominid ancestors 33

primates 34

vocal mechanisms, control of 34

language, writing, and literacy disorders. See also acquired language impairment; See also aphasia; See also aphasia: dysgraphia; See also aphasia: dyslexia; See also aphasia: dysphasia; See also apraxia; See also apraxia: dyspraxia; See also articulatory disorders; See also developmental language disorder (DLD); See also developmental language disorder (DLD): specific language impairment (SLI); See also late talkers; See also motor speech disorders; See also reading comprehension impairment; See also reading comprehension impairment: poor comprehenders; See also speech disorders

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 152, 197

laryngectomy 200, 400, 423

larynx. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: larynx

late talkers 222–223, 400

left hemisphere of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)

limb apraxia. See apraxia: limb apraxia

lingua franca 43, 400

linguistics, terminology. See also alphabetic language; See also autonomous speech; See also birth language; See also concepts; See also grammar; See also language acquisition; See also lingua franca; See also native user; See also natural language; See also onomatopoeia/ onomatopoeic words; See also phonology; See also proprioception; See also referents; See also Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; See also semantics; See also sensorimotor actions; See also spoken languages; See also syntax; See also vocal inflection

articulatory gestures 35, 373

fluency 2, 7, 168, 218, 230, 258, 341, 377

intonation (speech) 216, 322, 433

linguistic deprivation 227–228

linguistic families 400–401

mental representations 80, 266, 369

monosyllabic 64

morphology 229, 254

register 69, 419

speech stream 238

symbolic coding system 238, 427

vocabulary skills 29, 246

lip reading 401, 410, 425

list intrusion 295, 401

literacy 177, 245–247, 277–278, 401

lobes. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes

location (sign). See sign formational parameters: location (tabula)

locative case. See grammar: locative case (location)

longer-term recall. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: longer-term recall

longitudinal studies. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: longitudinal studies

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

mainstream schools or settings 127, 132, 136, 152, 219

Makaton Vocabulary 103–104, 114, 124, 348, 402

graphic symbols 103

key word signing 103

origins 103

maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors 112, 148, 176, 181, 317, 325, 345, 379, 402, 416

Mallery, Garrick 43–45

mandible. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: mandible

manual alphabet 57, 64, 160, 232, 335, 336, 337, 349, 391, 402, 407. See also fingerspelling

manual apraxia. See apraxia: manual apraxia

manual dexterity 278, 402

manual modality. See language, modalities of: manual

manual numeration system 402

manual skills 168, 403

maternal chromosomal deletion 116, 403

Maxwell, Wendy 260

Mayfield, Gail xi, xxiii, xxiv

mean (mathematical). See research methods, procedures, and terminology: mean

medulla oblongata. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: medulla oblongata

Melodic Intonation Therapy. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech: Melodic Intonation Therapy

memory aids or cues 15, 131, 287, 305–307, 403, 405, 414

memory, types of. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies

auditory 108, 374, 412, 431

declarative 267, 386

lexical retrieval 213, 266, 385

nondeclarative 408, 416

phonological 108, 374, 412, 431

procedural 267, 408, 416

spatial 30, 236, 268, 270–272, 275–276, 279, 424

verbal 10, 255, 374, 412, 431

visual 383, 432

visuospatial 270, 384, 433

word span 271

working 166, 255, 258, 434

Mendelian inheritance pattern 144, 403

mental rotation skills 30, 236, 268, 270, 272–273, 275–276, 279, 404

metaphors. See semantics: metaphors

metonymic signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: metonymic signs

midbrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: midbrain

middle ear. See ear/aural structures: middle ear

midface 291, 404

military personnel and veterans.

See signs, contemporary use by or with: military personnel and veterans

mime 35, 78, 100, 220, 347, 411. See also pantomime/pantomimic signs

mime artists 78

mirror image signs 405, 427. See also symmetrical signs

mirror neurons 33–34, 405, 409

mnemonic explanations 307, 403, 405

monastic orders 12, 52–54

Benedictines 52–53, 56–57, 414

Cistercians 53, 347

Vatican II 53

monozygotic twins 144, 388, 405

motor abilities 180, 338

motor actions/activity xxi, 33–34, 78, 167, 172, 191, 251, 267, 378, 383, 394, 406, 408, 415, 421

motor and imitation abilities xi, 20, 106, 109, 123–124, 164–165, 170, 173, 187, 191, 248, 318, 326, 339, 406

motor complexity of signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: motor complexity of signs

motor coordination 202, 338–339, 390, 405

motor cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: motor cortex

motor embodiment 275, 406

motor imagery 191, 406

motor milestones 166, 406

crawling 394, 406

sitting 166, 406

standing 166

walking 166, 394, 406

motor planning 166, 196, 406

motor processing skills 406

motor programming process 213, 406

motor sequencing 406

motor speech disorders 120, 406

movement (sign). See sign formational parameters: movement (signation)

MRI. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

multi-channel system. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-channel system

multimodal 82, 94, 110, 135, 160, 211, 327–328, 407

multimodal communication system 82, 407

multi-movement signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-movement signs

multi-term sign utterance. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-term sign utterance

mute 38–39, 56–57, 150, 154, 159, 407

name signs

arbitrary 335, 372, 386, 407

descriptive 336, 372, 386, 407

Native American tribes or nations

Cheyenne 44

Comanche 44

Cree 44

hearing loss, incidence of 45–46

Inuit 44

Iroquois 44

Kiowa 44–45

manual signs, use of 42–47

otitis media, incidence of 45

Paiutes 44

Plains Apache 50–51

Plains Indians 44, 349, 414

spoken language diversity 32, 42–43, 45

Utes 44

native user 85, 407, 416

natural language 38–40, 82, 84–85, 408

neural circuitry. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: neural circuitry

neural plasticity. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: neural plasticity

neuro-imaging techniques. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of

neuromotor impairment. See brain, diseasesorconditionsof: neuromotor disorder or impairment

neuropathology. See brain, diseases or conditions of: neuropathology

neurophysiology 34, 143, 147, 408

neutral place/space. See sign production: neutral place/space

nondeclarative memory. See memory, types of: nondeclarative

nonfluent aphasia. See aphasia: types: nonfluent aphasia

non-oral communication system. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): non-oral communication systems

non-speaking or minimally verbal persons xi, xiv, xv, xvi, xix, 4–8, 10–13, 16, 19–23, 30, 78, 91, 93–97, 100, 103–104, 106, 112, 114, 117, 128–133, 137, 149–150, 152–154, 156, 159–160, 162, 167, 170, 173–174, 176–179, 182–184, 187, 197–198, 200, 214, 220, 248, 277, 281–282, 284–286, 289–290, 299, 303, 305, 308–309, 312–314, 316–317, 319–321, 323–324, 327, 333, 336–338, 341, 346, 371, 377, 381, 395, 398, 402, 412, 417, 423, 433

nonverbal behavior 40–41

nonverbal communication 6, 143, 168, 316, 391, 409

nonverbal intelligence 274, 409

non-vocal sounds 155, 409

nucleus 380

object visualization 212, 398, 409, 432

observation matching system 171, 405, 409

occipital lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: occipital

onomatopoeia/onomatopoeic words 76, 81, 338, 396, 409

operant (speech) training. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: operant (speech) training

oral educational programs. See Deaf education/educators of deaf persons: oral-only education programs

oral-motor/oromotor apraxia. See apraxia: oral-motor/oromotor apraxia

oral-motor/oromotor coordination 108, 410

oral-motor/oromotor planning 108, 410

oral-motor/oromotor sequencing 108, 410

oral-motor/oromotor skills 9, 168, 410

oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus

esophagus 412

jaw 5, 10, 63, 108, 373, 384, 388, 402, 410

larynx 5, 200, 384, 400, 410, 433

lips 5, 9, 63, 108, 168, 196, 332, 339, 373, 380, 401, 410, 425

mandible 10, 108, 388, 402

mouth 14, 63, 72, 161, 181, 212, 339, 373, 380, 401, 407, 410, 412, 431

oral cavity 410

palate (hard and soft) 373, 380, 410, 431

pharynx 410, 412, 431

tongue 2, 5, 9, 36–39, 49, 63, 108, 161, 168, 196, 200, 338–339, 371, 373, 394, 410

upper respiratory tract 108, 431

velum 410, 431

vocal cords 200, 338, 400, 433

voice box 400, 433

otitis media 45, 108, 147, 410

Paget-Gorman sign system 125, 198, 410, 421

palate. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: palate (hard and soft)

panacea 11, 411

pantomime/pantomimic signs 14, 35, 39, 46, 49, 51–52, 56, 60, 76–79, 81–82, 88, 100, 155, 182, 192, 195–196, 199, 201–207, 212, 235, 260, 278, 286, 288–289, 300, 303, 306, 343, 369, 394, 409, 411

parietal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: occipital

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). See psychological testing: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R)

pedagogy 246, 277, 279, 412

perfect (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): perfect

personal signs 395, 412

PET scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: positron emission tomography (PET) scan

pharynx. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: pharynx

phonology 63, 190, 229, 371, 413

phonemes xii, 61–63, 78, 85–86, 291, 379, 395, 401, 407, 411–412, 422, 426–427

phonemic awareness 244

phonemic sequencing errors 232, 412

phonological memory 108, 374, 412, 431

phonological processing 8, 99, 374, 413, 431

phonological sequencing 374, 413, 431

physical prompter. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): physical prompter

pictographic line drawings 123–124, 378, 413

picture board/book. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books

Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

pincer grip 13, 292, 376, 413

pivotal response treatment. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: pivotal response treatment

Plains Indians. See Native American tribes or nations: Plains Indians

Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL). See sign (ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)

Plato 38

play therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: play therapy

Ponce de León, Pedro 56–57, 414

pons. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: pons

poor (reading) comprehenders. See reading comprehension impairment: poor comprehenders

portable prompt system. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): portable prompt system

positron emission tomography (PET) scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: positron emission tomography (PET) scan

postlingual deafness. See deafness/ hearing loss or impairment: postlingual deafness

praxis 195–196, 415

preactivation 211, 415

prehominid 33, 415

prelingual deafness. See deafness/ hearing loss or impairment: prelingual deafness

prelinguistic gestures 87, 415

prestimulation 212, 385, 415, 417

preterm infant 119, 416

prevalence 99, 145–147, 396, 416

primary progressive aphasia. See aphasia: types: primary progressive aphasia

primates 34, 94, 415–416

apes 34, 416

chimpanzees 93, 177, 240, 416, 433

gorillas 416

humans 1–2, 28, 33–37, 39, 44, 49, 52, 56, 82, 90–91, 127, 158, 160, 240, 261, 271, 282, 308, 339, 379, 392, 399–400, 409, 412, 415–416

lemurs 416

monkeys 405, 416

principal language xi, 1, 27, 54, 60, 82, 103, 266, 298, 372, 407, 416

problem behaviors. See maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors

procedural memory. See memory, types of: procedural

productive aphasia. See aphasia: types: productive (speech) aphasia

productive language skills 390, 416

productive vocabulary 390, 416

professional societies and organizations

AAIDD Ad Hoc Committee on Terminology and Classification 97

AGRE Consortium 146

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 93

American Association on Mental Retardation 93

American Psychiatric Association 143, 146

Autism Genome Project Consortium 144

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 145–147

European Sign Language Centre 69, 80, 284

International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication xvi, 398

March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation xiii

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 189

Sign Language Tutors Association of Ireland 348

prognosis 151, 199, 216, 417

progressive disorder 215, 369, 417

Project Head Start 243–246, 417

Proloquo2Go. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Proloquo2Go

prompts 131, 163, 212, 385, 414–415, 417, 433

proprioception 102, 417

proximalization error 86, 417

pseudo-words 262, 417

psychodynamic therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: psychodynamic therapy

psychological testing. See also apraxia test battery; See also Corsi block-tapping test; See also Digit Span Task; See also Facial Recognition test Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) 247, 411

Raven Progressive Matrices 147, 270, 409, 418

Responsive Augmentative and Alternative Communication Style (RAACS) scale 134

Stanford-Binet IQ test 247, 426

Visual Patterns Test 271, 432

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) 269, 433

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III) 269, 433

Random House Webster’s American Sign Language Medical Dictionary 283

Raven Progressive Matrices. See psychological testing: Raven Progressive Matrices

reading comprehension impairment 236, 255–258, 414, 418

adequate phonological skills 255

grammar processing difficulties 255

listening comprehension problems 255, 418

oral vocabulary training outcomes 256

poor comprehenders 255, 414

problems understanding figurative language 255

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 257–258

verbal memory deficits 255

weak vocabulary knowledge 255

rebus. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): rebus

recall accuracy (sign) 295, 297, 300, 384. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies

essentially correct 295, 300, 390, 419

identifiable 295, 396

perfect 294–298, 300, 412

recognizable 300, 418

receptive aphasia. See aphasia: types: receptive aphasia

receptive language skills 99, 189, 197, 213, 215, 221, 225, 392, 399, 418

receptive vocabulary 104, 229, 247, 418

recognizable (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): recognizable

referential words 415

referents 14–16, 35, 53, 68, 72–73, 76–82, 88–89, 97, 100, 177, 198, 230, 240, 258, 266, 284, 286–287, 289, 294, 297, 305–308, 320, 338, 404, 411, 419

register. See linguistics, terminology: register

rehabilitation program 27, 419

representative gestures. See gestures: representative gestures

research methods, procedures, and terminology. See also attrition rate; See also case study; See also English translation/word equivalent; See also field testing; See also foreign language vocabulary acquisition: enactment effect; See also foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect; See also incidence/incidence rate; See also intelligibility of signs; See also list intrusion; See also mnemonic explanations; See also object visualization; See also prevalence; See also pseudo-words; See also recall accuracy (sign)

collateral effects 345, 381

contrasting sign pairs 302

criterion/selection criteria xxii, 150, 181, 288–290, 294–298, 384

cross-system comparisons 302

cued-recall memory task 293, 295, 385

empirical evidence 36

experimenter 294, 297, 300–301, 385, 390, 396, 412, 419

field testing xvi, 391

longitudinal studies 104, 111, 116, 152, 223, 237, 401

mean 101, 116, 121, 247, 269–270, 300, 403, 425

memory aids, provision of 131, 287, 305–307, 403, 405, 414

non-sign repetition task 227–228

non-word repetition task 227–228

object naming task 206

pilot study 304–305

recall studies

delayed recall 301, 307, 386

immediate recall 300–301, 307, 396

longer-term recall 307, 401

receptive vocabulary test 104, 229, 247

rehearsal 261, 267, 278, 307

sentence repetition task 229

standard deviation 247, 425

stimulus, provision of 150, 206, 272, 415

story retelling task 206

word cues 295

word-sign pairs 307, 434

residential programs. See Deaf education/educators of deaf persons: residential programs

right hemisphere of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)

Ritalin (methylphenidate) 251, 419

rubella (German measles). See German measles (rubella)

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 279, 420

Scott, W.R. 95–97

second-first language acquisition 25, 420

seizure 120–121, 214–215, 217, 369, 388–389, 395, 399, 420, 430

self-performed task effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect

semantics 13, 18, 35, 77–78, 88, 150, 190, 196, 205, 221, 230, 256, 294, 308, 420

idioms/idiomatic expressions 256, 396, 418

metaphors 15, 256, 404, 418

semantic categories 77–78, 420

semantic encoding 308, 420

semantic hierarchy 18

semantic relations 88, 221, 420

semicircular canals. See ear/aural structures: semicircular canals

sensorimotor actions xxi, 421

sensory blending 161, 428

sequential movements. See sign production: sequential movements

sign apraxia. See apraxia: limb apraxia; See apraxia: manual apraxia

signation. See sign formational parameters: movement (signation)

sign-communication deblocking therapy 385. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: sign-communication deblocking therapy

sign-communication systems. See Amer-Ind; See Lámh (Irish key word signing); See Makaton Vocabulary; See Paget-Gorman sign system; See Signed English; See Signed Norwegian; See Signing Exact English; See Simplified Sign System (SSS)

sign-communication training and teaching outcomes xiv, 3–4, 7, 10–11, 30, 93, 95, 97, 110, 112, 124, 141, 152, 154, 159–160, 185, 197, 200, 207–208, 212–213, 215, 341, 421

sign-communication training concerns 4–8

availability of programs 7–8

effects of signing on speech skills 4–5

stigmas about sign/gestural use 6

time investment 7

sign dialects. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign dialects

sign echolalia. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign echolalia

Signed English 75, 232, 422

sign (ed) languages

American Sign Language (ASL) xi, xviii, xx, xxi, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 29, 38, 46, 58, 60–67, 69–72, 74–76, 78, 81, 85, 87–89, 91, 93, 105–106, 141, 169, 181, 199–202, 209–210, 228, 230, 243, 247, 253–254, 257, 273, 283, 287, 291, 298–302, 306–307, 322, 334, 336–337, 347, 349, 371, 373, 377, 380, 385, 390– 393, 408, 412, 419, 421–422, 426, 433

Argentine Sign Language (LSA, Lengua de Señas Argentina) 66

Australian/Australasian Sign Language (AUSLAN) 66, 199, 375

Belgian Sign Language xvi, 377, 392

British Sign Language (BSL) 74, 89, 103, 112–113, 228–229, 257, 271, 378, 402

Czech Sign Language (CSE) 66

Flemish Sign Language (VGT, Vlaamse Gebarentaal) xvi, 377, 392

French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB, Langue des Signes Belge Francophone) xvi, 377, 392

French Sign Language (LSF, Langue des Signes Française) 58, 69, 392

Gestuno 70–71, 349, 393

Indigenous sign languages 43, 46. See also sign (ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)

International Sign 70–71, 349, 393, 398

Italian Sign Language 15, 269–270, 279

Japanese Sign Language (JSL) 66

Kenyan Sign Language (KSL) 66

linguistic recognition of 56–62

Mexican Sign Language (LSM, Lenguaje de Señas Mexicanas) 66

natural sign languages 71, 75, 347

Persian Sign Language (PSC) 66

Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) 42–43, 105, 138, 200–201, 371, 378, 409, 414, 423

American Indian Hand Talk 42, 200, 349, 371, 414

lingua franca, use as a 43

North American Indian Sign Language 42, 200, 371, 409, 414

origins of 42–43

research into and documentation of 43–45

Portuguese Sign Language (LGP, Língua Gestual Portuguesa) 66

Quebec Sign Language (LSQ, Langue des Signes Québécoise) 66

sign language interpreters xix, 39, 42, 71, 272

Sign Language of the Netherlands 272

Swiss-French Sign Language (SSR) 218, 427

Taiwanese Sign Language (TSS) 66

Turkish Sign Language 89

Warlpiri Sign Language 66

Signed Norwegian 221

sign formational parameters xii, 16, 55, 61, 66, 85–86, 138, 230, 288, 290–291, 308, 332, 338, 386, 395, 401, 407, 421, 423, 426, 428

finger/knuckle orientations 360, 362–367, 391, 399

handshape (designator) xx, 11–13, 16, 30, 41, 55, 57, 61–62, 64–65, 67–68, 75, 78, 86–87, 119, 168, 170, 195, 276, 284, 292, 296, 325, 334–336, 338–339, 341, 351, 373, 380, 391, 395, 402–403, 422, 427, 430

unmarked 12, 292, 430

location (tabula) xii, 3, 14, 16, 28, 34–35, 55, 61–68, 73–74, 78, 80, 85–86, 88, 113, 164, 167, 173–174, 187–188, 193–195, 202, 209, 271–272, 274–276, 291–292, 295, 306, 325, 332, 339, 373, 380, 390, 401–402, 404–405, 408, 411, 422–424, 426–428, 430

movement (signation) xii, 11, 14, 16–17, 34–35, 55, 61–65, 67–68, 73–74, 76–78, 85–86, 100, 105, 118–119, 137, 161, 167, 169–170, 195, 202, 205, 226, 228, 237, 291–293, 295–296, 298–300, 306, 315, 325–326, 328–329, 332–334, 338–339, 341, 373, 388, 390, 394, 402, 407, 411, 421–423, 426–427

non-manual (facial) expression 62, 72–73, 229, 297, 306, 319, 321–322, 327, 338, 391, 402, 407, 409

palm orientation 62, 171, 195, 357–360, 362, 411

relationship to meaning 66

sign formation errors xii, 167, 292, 296

handshape errors 167, 228

location errors 167

movement errors 86, 167, 228

palm orientation errors 171, 329

sign glosses 14, 66, 283

sign handshape. See sign formational parameters

Signing Exact English 254, 422

sign language acquisition xii, xiv, xviii, 82–90, 227, 287, 422

age of introduction to signs 84–85

handshape phonemes 86–87

location phonemes 66–67, 85, 291–292

movement phonemes 63, 65, 67, 85, 167, 292, 388, 394

role of sign iconicity 88–89

sign versus spoken language

acquisition

babbling 87

combination of lexical items 87

copula verb 75

formation of short sentences 87

gestural advantage 90

hand-internal movements 87

negation 87

prelinguistic gestures 87

recognizable utterances 87

semantic relations 88

verb agreement 87

vocabulary, content 87

vocabulary, growth 87

vocabulary, rate of acquisition 87, 89

Sign Language among North American Indians 43

sign language interpreters/interpreting. See sign (ed) languages: sign language interpreters

sign language psycholinguistics. See also fingerspelling; See also language, modalities of: visual-gestural; See also sign formational parameters; See also sign formation errors; See also sign production; See also sign phonemes; See also sign (ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)

agglutination of signs 202, 370, 382

arbitrary signs 77, 138, 240, 287, 289, 307, 338, 372

bimodal bilinguals 341

cheremes 61, 379, 422

compound signs 370, 382

deixis/deictic gestures 13, 169, 206, 252, 386, 397

embodied actions/cognition 266, 389

exemplars 78, 164, 390, 393

hand preference/dominance xix, 65, 326, 358, 369, 388, 394–395

indexical signs 13, 386, 397

motor complexity of signs 202, 405

motor production skills 41, 107, 169, 213, 245, 263

multi-channel system 72, 407

multi-movement signs 167, 169, 205, 292–293, 407

multi-term sign utterance 407

sign apparatus 63

sign dialects 69, 421

sign echolalia 171

sign notational system 63, 167, 378, 425–426

Stokoe notation 422, 426

visual perspective-taking 171, 329, 432

sign-learning and signing environment, recommendations for enhancement 127–128, 130–136, 319–320

caretaker and family involvement 129, 133–134

communicative competence 129, 132

consistency of sign use 319

early intervention 135

factors affecting signing success 129–135, 320

incidental teaching 132–133, 393, 397

molding of signs 154–155, 170, 208, 279, 314–315, 320–321, 326, 339

sign use throughout day 128–129, 131

spontaneous sign communication 129, 132–133

staff signing 130–131

use of environmental cues 327–328

sign location. See sign formational parameters

sign movement. See sign formational parameters

sign notational system. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign notational system

sign palm orientation. See sign formational parameters

sign phonemes xii, 61, 62, 63, 78, 291, 379, 395, 401, 407, 411, 422, 426. See also sign formational parameters

sign production xii, 60, 63, 64, 155, 161, 162, 167, 187, 194, 212, 254, 267, 274, 285, 287, 290, 292, 294, 305, 319, 320, 322, 339. See also asymmetrical signs; See also manual alphabet; See also manual numeration system; See also sign formational parameters; See also symmetrical signs

active hand 64–65, 369, 388, 395

classifiers 67–68, 113, 228–229, 380

consecutive movements 63, 383, 421

neutral place/space 64, 291, 408

one-handed sign 65, 292, 326, 334

sequential movements 383, 421

simultaneous movements 63, 72, 74, 423

sociolinguistic variations 69

spatial relations 68, 73, 113, 275, 424, 432

stationary hand/base 64–65, 77, 291, 340, 376, 426

syllable-like structure 63

temporal relations 74, 428

topicalization 74

unique aspects of 72–75

with injured limb (s) 65–66

signs, contemporary use by or with all persons for cognitive enhancement 268–276, 279–280

caregivers and family members 24–25

elderly persons with hearing loss or impairment 23, 26

elementary school teachers 28, 236, 246–248, 257, 278

foreign language teachers and students 24, 27–28, 236, 257–268, 277

healthcare providers 24, 27, 235, 238

hearing children of hearing parents 24–26, 236–240

immigrants, migrants, refugees 24, 27

military personnel and veterans 23, 27

non-speaking or minimally verbal persons 23, 94–95, 133, 150, 154, 170, 176, 187, 277, 282, 309, 312–313, 316, 324, 346, 371, 398, 433

primates (Washoe) 93–94, 433

tourists or international travelers 23–24

workers in the travel and hospitality industries 23–24

signs, historical use by

actors in theatrical performances 52

court jesters and mimes 52

deaf persons 32, 39, 46

Europeans in the New World 31, 47–51, 54

European travelers 32, 38, 46–47, 51, 54

monastic orders 32, 52–54

Native Americans of the Great Plains 31–32, 38, 42, 44–47, 49–51

signs, philosophy of. See also Bébian, R.-A.; See also Bulwer, John; See also Plato; See also Socrates

gestural origins of language 33–38

signs as a natural language 37, 39–40

signs as a universal language 37–40

signs, potential benefits of

attention span 154, 236

collateral behavioral effects 10, 154, 181, 215, 219, 232, 254, 316–317, 345

enhanced vocabulary learning/ retention in one’s principal language 240, 248, 256

foreign language vocabulary acquisition. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition

improved cognition 268–276

increased vocalization/speech skills 5, 22, 111, 159–160, 162, 188, 200, 218, 221, 224, 340–341, 346

motor control, gains in 226, 278, 346

reading comprehension/literacy skills 255–258

Simplified Sign System (SSS) xi, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 2–4, 7, 12–24, 26, 28–30, 54–56, 62, 76, 91, 105, 119, 127, 136, 138–139, 141–142, 164, 170–172, 182, 185, 201–202, 204, 207–208, 210, 212, 233, 262, 265, 277–278, 280–290, 293–294, 297–306, 308–309, 311–314, 316–319, 321–327, 330, 333–335, 338– 339, 341–347, 351, 376–377, 379–380, 384–385, 390–391, 394–396, 398, 400, 402–403, 409, 412, 414, 419, 421, 423, 425–426, 428, 431

approaches to teaching 312–318

factors affecting sign acquisition 11–12

finger/knuckle orientations. See Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations)

frequently asked questions (FAQs) 330–345

guidelines for using 318–329

handshapes 16. See also Appendix B (handshapes)

locations 16

main user 312–316

memory aids, provision of 287, 305–308

movements 16–17

palm orientations. See Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations)

potential users. See signs, contemporary use by or with

principles 12–20, 318

selection of iconic signs 286, 288–290

sign formation modification 287, 290–293

sign testing 287, 293–298

sign testing, comparison studies 287, 298–303

special populations, use by 8–12

user feedback 287, 303–305

vocabulary selection 19–20

simultaneous communication 5, 214, 322, 377, 399

simultaneous movements 63, 72, 74, 423

Skelly, Madge 200

SLI. See developmental language disorder (DLD): specific language impairment (SLI)

SLP. See speech-language pathologist (SLP)

social interaction skills 10, 251, 286, 309, 370, 423

social touch aversion 157, 423

socioeconomic status (SES) 25, 245, 249, 423

Socrates 38

sound symbolism 82, 424

spatial memory. See memory, types of: spatial

spatial orientation 202, 405, 424

spatial relations. See sign production: spatial relations

spatial skills/spatial cognition skills 273–274, 276, 424

speech disorders 126, 209, 231, 370, 372, 406

speech-generating devices. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): speech-generating devices

speech-language center of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: speech-language center of the brain

speech-language pathologist (SLP) 22, 30, 424–425

speech modality. See language, modalities of: speech

speech reading 401, 425

speech signals 155, 424–425

speech-sound processing 215, 255

speech therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: speech therapy

spinal cord 378, 403, 425, 430

spoken languages xix, 1–6, 8–13, 16, 17, 18, 21–27, 29, 31–33, 35–39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 52–55, 59–64, 67–69, 71–76, 81–85, 87, 90, 91, 94–96, 98, 99, 106– 112, 114, 116, 120–141, 143, 147–149, 151, 153–155, 157–162, 169, 175–178, 184, 185, 187–194, 196, 197, 199, 207, 208, 210–216, 218–220, 222–224, 227, 229, 231–233, 237–242, 245–249, 252, 253, 257, 258, 260, 268, 276, 277–279, 283, 285, 286, 304, 308, 317, 322, 323, 325, 338, 339–343, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 383, 385, 394, 399, 400, 402, 413, 415, 421–423, 425–427, 429, 434. See also auditory-vocal languages

spontaneous communication 114, 185, 425

Spread Signs (app) 69

Spread the Sign (website) 69, 80, 284

SSS. See Simplified Sign System (SSS)

standard deviation. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: standard deviation

standardization 19, 324, 426

Stanford-Binet IQ test. See psychological testing: Stanford-Binet IQ test

stationary hand. See sign production: stationary hand/base

stereotypies/stereotyped motor movements 148, 156, 402, 426

Stokoe notation. See sign language psycholinguistics: Stokoe notation

Stokoe, William C., Jr. 60, 167, 291, 395, 401, 407, 422, 426

stroke xv, 2, 185, 187–191, 193–194, 215, 231, 281–282, 369–372, 379, 394, 406, 420

and hemiparesis 191

and hemiplegia 191

hemorrhagic stroke 189

incidence 189

ischemic stroke 189

subject performed task effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect

sublexical 61, 427

symbols 12, 21, 60, 81, 103–104, 124, 137, 173, 177, 289, 294, 311, 318, 325, 341, 348, 370–371, 381–382, 399, 408, 417–418, 422, 426–428

graphic symbols 103–104, 124, 348, 377, 417

symbolic coding system 238, 427

symbolic gestures 237, 239, 243, 427

symbolic skills 173, 341

symbol-processing skills 208, 427

symbol system 21, 427

tangible symbols 173, 428

symmetrical signs 17, 64–65, 86, 105, 339, 405, 427, 430, 432

two-handed 64–65, 326, 427, 430

synesthesia 161, 428. See also cross-modal activation; See also sensory blending

syntax 98, 107, 125, 150, 190, 394, 428

tabula. See sign formational parameters: location (tabula)

tactile modality. See language, modalities of: tactile

tangible symbols. See symbols: tangible symbols

target population or user 13, 103, 285, 312, 318, 324, 333, 402, 428. See also signs, contemporary use by or with; See also Simplified Sign System (SSS): main user

TBI. See traumatic brain injury (TBI)

teaching strategies, methods, and techniques. See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books; See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS); See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Proloquo2Go; See also early intervention; See also enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program; See also key word signing; See also joint attention; See also lip reading; See also Melodic Intonation Therapy; See also pictographic line drawings; See also Project Head Start; See also speech reading; See also Total Physical Response (TPR)

Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM) 260, 369

applied behavior analysis 371

behavior modification (speech) training 8, 148–149, 162, 376

bimodal input 109, 377

communication assessment 22, 381

communication plan 309, 343–345, 382

contextual information, use of 327–328

cueing, prompts, and prestimulation. See cueing; See prestimulation; See prompts

deblocking 211, 385, 421

discrete trial training 313, 387, 393, 397

enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program 133, 389, 397

environmental cues, use of 294, 327–328, 389

eye contact, establishment and maintenance of 176, 180, 184, 319, 321–322

Fast ForWord 225

general exposure 221, 313, 387, 393, 397

incidental teaching program 126, 163, 387, 389, 393, 397

initial sign vocabulary or lexicon, suggestions for xvii, 331, 397

joint engagement 249

multimodal communication 82, 407

operant (speech) training 149–150, 376, 409

pivotal response treatment 149, 413

play therapy 150, 414

pointing, use of 13–15, 71, 74, 115, 117, 123, 175, 190, 212, 216, 220, 276, 328, 381, 394, 397

preactivation of motor cortex 211, 415

pre-kindergarten programs 246

preschool programs 84, 243, 246, 286, 308

psychodynamic therapy 150, 418

reinforcement 131, 149, 327, 387

sign-communication deblocking therapy 211, 385, 421

sign-communication training or intervention programs xiv, 3–4, 7, 10–11, 29–30, 93, 95, 97, 110–112, 124, 141, 152, 154, 159–160, 185, 197, 200, 207–208, 212–213, 215, 341–342, 398, 421

specific training sessions 94, 313

speech therapy 8, 22, 190, 199, 218, 424–425, 431

verbal (speech) imitation program 150, 162, 388, 431

temporal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: temporal

temporal relations. See sign production: temporal relations

Terman, Lewis 426

text-to-speech alternative communication device. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): text-to-speech alternative communication device

thalamus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: thalamus

topicalization. See sign production: topicalization

Total Physical Response (TPR) 260, 429

tourists or international travelers. See signs, contemporary use by or with: tourists or international travelers

Tower of Babel 39

toxic chemicals 144, 369, 429

translucency/translucent signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: translucency/translucent signs

transparency/transparent signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: transparency/transparent signs

traumatic brain injury (TBI) 189, 430

trunk 80, 291, 388, 417, 430

tuberculous meningitis 215, 430

tumor 185, 188–189, 215, 369, 371–372, 394, 420, 430

two-handed signs 64–65, 199, 326, 339–340, 359–360, 373, 426–427, 430

unaided communication 173, 370, 430. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): unaided communication

universal design 3, 128, 430

unmarked (basic) handshapes). See sign formational parameters: handshape (designator): unmarked

upper respiratory tract. See oral-motor/ oromotor structures and speech apparatus: upper respiratory tract

velum. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: velum

verbal apraxia/dyspraxia 231, 372, 379. See apraxia: apraxia of speech

verbal auditory agnosia. See Landau-Kleffner syndrome

verbal expression 212

verbal imitation program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: verbal (speech) imitation program

verbal memory. See memory, types of: verbal

verbal processing 374, 413, 431

verbal sequencing 374, 413, 431

Verrazzano, Giovanni da 50

vestibule. See ear/aural structures: vestibule

visual cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: visual cortex

visual field 191, 431

visual-gestural languages. See language, modalities of: visual-gestural

visual-gestural modality. See language, modalities of: visual-gestural

visual image 266–267, 386, 398, 409, 432

visual-motor languages. See language, modalities of: visual-motor

visual-motor modality. See language, modalities of: visual-motor

visual-motor/visuomotor integration 226

Visual Patterns Test. See psychological testing: Visual Patterns Test

visual perspective-taking. See sign language psycholinguistics: visual perspective-taking

visual-processing skills 173, 432

visual sequencing 432

visual-spatial/visuospatial cognition 270

visual-spatial/visuospatial immediate memory skills 226, 433

visual-spatial/visuospatial memory. See memory, types of: visuospatial

vocal cords. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: vocal cords

vocal inflection 67, 73, 433

vocal stimuli 155, 433

voice output communication aid (VOCA) 178, 424, 429, 433. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): voice output communication aid (VOCA)

von Humboldt, Wilhelm 279

Washoe 93–94, 433

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R). See psychological testing: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children— Revised (WISC-R)

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III). See psychological testing: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children— Third Edition (WISC-III)

Wernicke’s aphasia. See aphasia: types: Wernicke’s aphasia

Wernicke’s area. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: Wernicke’s area

white matter (tract). See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: white matter/white matter tract

Williams syndrome 98, 109, 434

word retrieval 211–213, 434

word-sign pairs. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: word-sign pairs

working memory. See memory, types of: working

Yebra, Melchor de 57

Acheter

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