Simplified Signs: A Manual Sign-Communication System for Special. Volume 1
| , , ,Subject Index
Texte intégral
AAC. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC)
abstract concepts. See iconicity/iconic signs: abstract concepts
Abul Fazl 36
Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM) 260, 369
acquired epileptic aphasia. See Landau-Kleffner syndrome
acquired language impairment 189
acquired neurological disorder 103, 369, 389
active hand. See sign production: active hand
adaptive behaviors 97, 154, 370, 393, 397
ADHD. See attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
adult-acquired apraxia of speech. See apraxia: adult-acquired apraxia of speech
agent. See grammar: agent
agglutination of signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: agglutination of signs
aided communication 173, 370, 430
Akbar 36–37, 370
alphabetic language 57, 370, 391
alternative communication system xiv, 4, 21, 117, 123, 141, 148, 150, 172, 182, 282, 340, 370, 413
Alzheimer’s disease 261
American Indian Hand Talk. See sign (ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)
American School for the Deaf 371, 380, 392
American Sign Language (ASL). See sign (ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)
Amer-Ind 105–106, 119, 136, 199–202, 204, 208, 210–212, 287, 302–303, 349, 371, 421, 423
constraining factors 202
ease of production 201–202
glossectomy patients, use with 200, 371
iconicity 105, 201, 371
laryngectomy patients, use with 200
origins of signs 105, 200–201, 371
Skelly, Madge 201, 371
amodal symbol processing 371, 389
Angelman syndrome 98, 113–116, 371–373, 403, 412
arcuate fasciculus, role of 114, 372
intellectual disability 116, 371
intellectual disposition 113
lack of speech 113–114
loss of speech 371
natural gestures approach 115
personal signs 114–115, 412
poor movement coordination (ataxia) 113–114, 371
sign-communication training or teaching outcomes 114–115
speech-generating devices, use of 116
aphasia 2, 8, 9, 10, 16, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 94, 128, 139, 185, 187–195, 197–215, 217, 218, 221, 232, 233, 235, 277, 284, 308, 311, 325, 337, 369, 371, 373, 378, 380, 385, 390–392, 394, 399, 403, 408, 416, 418, 421, 422, 433, 434. See also Landau-Kleffner syndrome
apraxia/dyspraxia, co-occurrence with 195
auditory training 218
childhood aphasia and language disorders in children 187, 214–215, 233, 369
cueing methods 211–212, 385
dysgraphia 189, 388
dyslexia 189, 388
dysphasia 188, 220–221, 371, 387, 424
etiology 188–189, 215, 371
gestures, use of 190–195, 199, 206–208, 211–213
incidence 189
intensive language therapy 190
language recovery 190–191, 193, 199, 210, 212–214, 217, 219
motor impairments 191, 208
pantomime skills 192, 195, 199, 202–207
preactivation of motor cortex 211, 415
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 187, 192, 197– 201, 204, 207–210, 212, 214–215, 219, 233, 308, 325, 337
simultaneous communication 192– 193, 206, 211–214, 233
sounds, atypical processing of 9, 205
speech comprehension 189–190, 193, 197, 211–213, 215–216
speech production 10, 189–190, 193, 198, 211, 213, 215–216
types
Broca’s aphasia 206, 211, 378, 390, 408
chronic aphasia 190–191, 380
congenital aphasia 221, 383
expressive (speech) aphasia 185, 198, 308, 390, 416
fluent aphasia 392, 433
global aphasia 199, 214, 394
nonfluent aphasia 211, 378, 408
primary progressive aphasia 209, 416
productive (speech) aphasia 390, 416
receptive aphasia 185, 418
Wernicke’s aphasia 198, 206, 392, 433
visual-processing difficulties 191, 205, 208
Appendix A (sign language dictionaries and other sources) 30, 288, 347
Appendix B (handshapes) xx, 30, 334, 336, 351
Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations) xx, 30, 357
applied behavior analysis 149, 371
apraxia 108, 167–168, 188, 195–197, 205, 207, 209, 220, 231–233, 370, 372, 379, 387, 400, 402, 410, 431
adult-acquired apraxia of speech 231, 370
apraxia of speech 188, 196, 207, 209, 231–233, 370, 372, 379, 431.
See apraxia: dyspraxia
childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech 188, 220, 231–232, 379
autism spectrum disorder 231
childhood verbal apraxia/ dyspraxia 231
developmental apraxia of speech 231
developmental articulatory apraxia 231, 379
impaired reading skills 232
inheritability 231
intellectual disability 231
limb apraxia 232
Melodic Intonation Therapy 232, 403
sign-communication training 232–233
dyspraxia 167–168, 195, 231, 372, 379, 387, 431
developmental dyspraxia 167, 387
etiology 195–196, 372
limb apraxia 196–197, 205, 207, 400
manual apraxia 196, 402. See apraxia: dyspraxia
oral-motor/oromotor apraxia 196, 410
apraxia test battery 167, 372
arbitrary signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: arbitrary signs
arcuate fasciculus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: arcuate fasciculus
articulation 10, 25, 99, 108, 126, 161, 187, 196, 232, 373
articulatory disorders 10, 373
articulatory gestures. See gestures: articulatory gestures
ASD. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Asher, James 260, 429
ASL. See sign (ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)
Asperger, Hans 142–143, 373
Asperger syndrome 143, 373, 375
asymmetrical signs 64–65, 340, 373, 426, 430
two-handed 64–65, 340, 373, 426
ataxia 114, 373
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 147, 236, 250–254, 374, 419
attentional control problems 250–251, 253, 374
boys more often affected 250
disruptive behavior 250, 254, 374
incidence 250
intact imitation abilities 251
micro-signing 253
motor dysfunctions 251
poor executive functioning skills 251
Ritalin, use of 251, 419
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 251–254
attention span 10, 154, 321, 370, 374
attrition rate 241, 374
auditory memory. See memory, types of: auditory
auditory processing 215–216, 374, 413, 431
auditory sequencing 224, 374, 413, 431
auditory-temporal processing deficit 224, 374
auditory training 218, 374
auditory-vocal languages 373, 374, 376, 425. See also spoken languages
auditory-vocal modality. See language, modalities of: auditory-vocal
auditory-vocal processing skills 173
augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) xiv, 4, 10, 21, 94, 99, 112, 117, 122–123, 129, 134–135, 137, 141, 148, 150, 158, 172, 182, 184, 190–191, 232, 282, 312, 316–317, 369, 375, 381, 398, 408, 416–417, 429
advantages and disadvantages 173
aided communication 173, 370, 430
alternative communication system 141, 282, 340, 370, 413
augmentative communication system 23, 375
Blissymbols 123–124, 377, 413
communication boards, books 117, 123–124, 174, 178, 196, 232, 381, 413
communication devices 210, 429
comparison studies 179–182, 299
line drawings 123–124, 177, 378, 413
non-oral communication systems 94, 142, 152, 183, 408
photographs/pictures xxi, 10, 23, 117, 162, 173–176, 178, 183, 203–205, 211–212, 259, 264–265, 268, 271, 273, 294, 305, 315, 370, 375, 381–382, 385, 389, 398, 407–408, 412, 417–418, 430
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) 99, 123, 175–176, 179–181, 412–413
communication partner 175
physical prompter 175, 413, 417
portable prompt system 131, 414
printed words or letters 124, 177, 381
Proloquo2Go 178–179, 181, 417
real objects 10, 162, 173–174, 183, 204, 294, 315, 370, 407, 430
rebus 104, 418
sign-communication systems xii, xiv, xix, 2, 7, 23–24, 27, 32, 40–42, 44–46, 48–49, 54, 58, 69, 75, 105, 119, 134, 138, 153, 166, 191, 200, 220, 235–236, 277, 281, 284, 304, 338, 345, 369, 371, 378, 383, 399, 410, 414, 421, 423
speech-generating devices 10, 23, 116, 137, 173, 178, 181–182, 197, 232, 370, 424, 429–430, 433
symbols, wooden or plastic 177
text-to-speech alternative communication device 209, 429
touchscreen devices 178
unaided communication 173, 370, 430
voice output communication aid (VOCA) 178, 424, 429, 433
voice output system 179
writing 10
autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD) xi–xiv, xvi, xviii, xxiii, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 29, 54, 65, 76, 91, 94, 103, 109, 121, 128, 130, 132, 139, 141–173, 175–185, 188, 220–222, 231, 235, 238, 277, 281, 284, 287, 290–292, 297, 308, 311, 321, 324, 325, 329, 331, 337, 346, 371, 373, 375, 377, 380, 386–388, 391, 393, 396, 398, 413, 415, 423, 426. See also Grafton School; See also Grandin, Temple
arcuate fasciculus 144, 373
Asperger, Hans 142–143, 373
Asperger syndrome 143, 373, 375
Benhaven 153, 377
characteristics 142, 146, 375
childhood autism 94, 141–147, 184, 375, 380, 386, 398
comorbidity, issues of 147
ADHD 147
apraxia/dyspraxia 167
depression 147
hearing impairment 147
intellectual disability 146
otitis media 147
diagnosis, age of 157
diagnosis, stability of 151, 157
dianostic substitution, issues of 146
echolalia/verbal imitation 171, 431
etiology 144–145, 147
generalization skills, teaching of 162–164, 393
incidence 145
intensive early intervention 150, 152, 158
Kanner, Leo 142–143, 375, 398
maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors 148, 325
maternal chromosomal deletion, form of 116
motor and imitation abilities xi, xii, xiii, 141, 156, 158, 164–172
motor cortex 161
mutism 150, 159
non-oral communication approaches, use of 142, 152, 183
parental concerns 158, 160, 162
peripheral vision, use of 321, 412
prevalence 145–147
proprioceptive feedback 171
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 169, 183, 185
social touch aversion 157, 423
speech development and signing, myths 158–162
speech therapy and outcomes 8
spontaneous communication skills, teaching of 162–164
synesthesia 161
twin studies 144
autonomous speech 34, 375
aversives 148, 376
axon 376
babbling 87, 120, 376, 399
baby signs/baby-signing 237–243, 269, 376
basal ganglia. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: basal ganglia
base 64–65, 340, 376, 426
Bébian, R.-A. 39–40
behavior modification (speech) training 8, 148–149, 162, 376, 409
Benhaven 153, 377
bilateral 120, 122, 191, 340, 377, 379
bimodal bilinguals. See sign language psycholinguistics: bimodal bilinguals
bimodal input. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: bimodal input
Binet, Alfred 426
birth language 25, 377
Blissymbols 123–124, 377, 413
Bonet, Juan Pablo 57
brain, diseases or conditions of. See also acquired neurological disorder; See also Alzheimer’s disease; See also aphasia; See also ataxia; See also cerebral hemorrhage; See also cerebral palsy; See also cerebrovascular accident (CVA); See also encephalitis; See also epilepsy; See also herpes encephalitis; See also Landau-Kleffner syndrome; See also seizure; See also stroke; See also synesthesia; See also traumatic brain injury (TBI); See also tuberculous meningitis; See also tumor
infection 185, 189, 371–372, 394, 420 lesion 193–194, 208–209, 378
neuromotor disorder or impairment 12, 97, 120, 167, 372, 387, 408
neuropathology 109, 408
brain, neuro-imaging and tests of 209, 408
computed tomography (CT) scan 382, 408
electroencephalogram (EEG) 152, 217, 388
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 401, 408
positron emission tomography (PET) scan 408, 415
brain stem. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: brain stem
brain, structures and neurophysiology of arcuate fasciculus 114, 144, 372–373
basal ganglia 266, 376
brain stem 378, 403, 414, 429
Broca’s area 372
cerebellum 109, 172, 196, 266, 378, 395, 404
cerebral cortex 376, 379, 384, 406, 429, 433
cerebral hemispheres (left and right) 194–195, 217, 223, 376, 379, 383–384, 392, 400, 409, 411, 419, 424, 428, 431
cerebrum 209, 378–379, 392, 400, 419, 424
cortex 143–144, 161, 172, 209, 211, 217, 266, 376, 379, 384, 406, 409, 429, 431, 433
forebrain 379, 392, 404
hindbrain 172, 378, 395, 403–404, 414
hippocampus 109, 395
lobes
frontal 378, 392
occipital 409, 431
parietal 209, 411
temporal 209, 395, 428
medulla oblongata 378, 395, 403, 414
midbrain 378, 404, 414, 429
motor centers of the brain 376, 395
motor cortex 161, 211, 406
neural circuitry 9, 408
neural plasticity 158, 408
pons 378, 395, 404, 414
primary auditory cortex 217
speech-language center of the brain 424
temporal cortices 209
thalamus 378, 429
visual cortex 409, 431
Wernicke’s area 372, 433
white matter/white matter tract 114,
119, 144, 372, 428, 433
Broca’s aphasia. See aphasia: types: Broca’s aphasia
Broca’s area. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: Broca’s area
Bulwer, John 38–39
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez 32, 47–49, 378
caregiver xvii, 4–5, 7, 16, 19–22, 24, 30, 76, 103–104, 115, 118–119, 127, 129, 132–135, 138, 141, 146, 148, 153–156, 173–175, 179, 183, 193, 214, 238, 243, 286, 288, 290, 293, 298–299, 303, 308–309, 311, 314–316, 318–334, 339, 341–343, 346, 397, 413
Cartier, Jacques 50
case study 98, 110, 112, 200, 218, 221, 228, 252, 378
Castañeda, Pedro de 51
CATALISE 220
central nervous system 369, 378, 425
central symbolic deficit 203, 205, 378
Centre for Excellence in Universal Design 3
cerebellum. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebellum
cerebral cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral cortex
cerebral hemispheres. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
cerebral hemorrhage 119, 379, 426
cerebral palsy xvi, 2, 8–9, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 93–94, 100, 119–126, 128, 137–139, 147, 185, 235, 277, 281, 284, 311, 337, 373, 377, 379
ataxia 114, 373
communication strategies, use of Blissymbols 123
Makaton Vocabulary 125
PECS 123
etiology 119
fine motor skills, deficits in 120, 122–124, 379
hearing loss 121, 124–125, 379
intellectual disability 120–123, 379
motor planning disturbances 120
posture and movement disorders 120
seizures 121
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 94, 124–125, 128, 137–138, 337
spoken language production 120–121 types and subtypes
ataxic 120, 122, 125, 379
athetoid 125, 379
choreoathetoid 379
diplegia 120, 379
dyskinetic 120, 122, 125, 379
dystonic 379
mixed 120, 379
quadriplegia 120, 122, 379
spastic 120, 122, 379
vision problems 121
cerebrovascular accident (CVA) 189, 194, 379, 426
cerebrum. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebrum
challenging behaviors. See maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors
cheremes. See sign language psycholinguistics: cheremes
child development
adaptive behaviors/skills 154, 393
attention span 10, 154, 370, 374
behavioral regulation 248, 374
cognitive development 98, 107, 121, 234, 242, 268
expressive language development 99, 107, 111–112, 126, 183, 189, 211, 223, 228, 249, 328, 378, 416, 434
eye-hand coordination 278, 390
fine motor skills 120, 165–166, 372
gross motor skills 165, 226
imitation skills 170–171, 226, 396
impulse control 374
language milestones 87, 90, 220, 237, 399–400
motor milestones 166, 406
oral language skills 210–211, 255–256
oromotor coordination 410
prereading skills 246
productive speech skills 221, 224, 416
reading acquisition skills 244
self-help skills 154, 370, 417, 421
social development 215, 242, 419
symbolic gesturing 237, 427
symbol-processing skills 208, 427
childhood apraxia of speech. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech
childhood autism. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD): childhood autism
chromosomes 380, 388, 393, 403
chronic aphasia. See aphasia: types: chronic aphasia
Clark, William P. 43
classifiers. See sign production: classifiers
cleft lip or palate 373, 380
Clerc, Laurent 58, 371, 380
cochlea. See ear/aural structures: cochlea codes
motor (action) codes 28
verbal (word) codes 28, 271
visual (pictorial) codes 28
cognitive impairment 11, 94–95, 98–101, 104, 107, 119, 121, 124, 185, 228, 293, 337, 380
cognitive processing 29, 77, 156, 279
collateral effects. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: collateral effects
Columbus, Christopher 42, 49–51, 381
communication assessment. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: communication assessment
communication disorder xvii, 25, 94, 200, 230, 381, 424
communication intervention system 129, 381
communication (or picture) board/ book. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books
communication plan. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: communication plan
communicative competence 132, 382
communicative spontaneity 163, 382
comorbidity 147, 382
complex communication needs 2, 19, 29, 100, 382
compound signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: compound signs
computed tomography (CT) scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: computed tomography (CT) scan
Concentration (game) 271, 382
concepts xiv, xv, xvii, xxi, 3, 13–15, 17–20, 28, 38, 44, 53, 58, 65, 69, 76, 79–81, 94, 100, 103–105, 110, 128, 138, 141, 163–164, 170, 177, 182–183, 198, 201–202, 211–212, 235, 257, 259, 266–268, 276, 278, 282–283, 285, 287–290, 296–299, 302, 305, 314–315, 318, 324–325, 328, 330–331, 333, 341, 369–372, 382–383, 390, 393, 403–404, 409, 413, 415, 419–420, 423, 426–427
conceptual integration skills 78
concordance rate 144, 383
concrete nouns 263
Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de 35–36, 259, 383
congenital 106, 221, 383, 388
congruent gestures 262, 264, 383
consecutive movements. See sign production: consecutive movements
contralateral 194, 383
convention 1, 81, 362, 384
Cook, James 51
copula verb 75, 384
core sign vocabulary 124, 384
Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de 51
Corsi block-tapping test 270–271, 384, 387, 424
Cortés, Hernán 47
cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cortex
Cratylus 38
Cri du chat syndrome 126, 384
criterion/selection criteria. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: criterion/selection criteria
cross-modal activation 213, 385
cross-modal transfer 161, 385
CT scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: computed tomography (CT) scan
cued-recall memory task. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: cued-recall memory task
cueing 211–212, 224, 239, 294, 327–328, 385, 389, 415, 417, 423, 433
CVA. See cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Dancing with Words: Signing for Hearing Children’s Literacy 246
Deaf associations and organizations
British Deaf Association 349
Edinburgh & East of Scotland Society for the Deaf 347
Japanese Federation of the Deaf, Institute for Sign Language Studies 348
National Association for the Deaf 348
Tanzania Association of the Deaf 349
World Federation of the Deaf,
Unification of Signs Commission 70, 349
Deaf community/culture xi, 1, 33, 60, 91, 103, 284, 298, 335–336, 371, 375, 377–378, 385, 392, 407, 427
Deaf/deaf xi, xii, xiii, xvi, xix, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 15–16, 19, 23, 26, 28–29, 32–33, 37–39, 43, 46, 54–60, 62–66, 68–72, 75, 77, 79, 81–85, 87–91, 93, 96–98, 100–104, 112, 125, 138, 147, 153, 156, 158, 160, 166, 171, 187–188, 194–195, 198, 201–202, 215–216, 218–219, 221, 224, 226–231, 235–237, 239, 242, 248, 257, 268–275, 284, 289–292, 298–299, 303, 306, 313, 320–321, 329, 335–338, 340, 371, 375–378, 380, 385–386, 391–393, 395, 402, 407, 410, 414–415, 420–422, 427
Deaf education/educators of deaf persons. See also American School for the Deaf; See also Bébian, R.-A.; See also Clerc, Laurent; See also de l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel; See also Gallaudet, Thomas H.; See also Gallaudet University; See also Haga, Cornelius; See also homesigns; See also personal signs; See also Ponce de León, Pedro
history of deaf education 56–62 manual alphabet, letters of 57, 64 Monastery of San Salvador de Oña 56 oral-only education programs 59–60, 84, 97, 160, 410
residential programs 21, 419
deafness/hearing loss or impairment xiv, 1, 8–9, 26, 45–46, 59, 84, 91, 101, 107–108, 121–122, 125, 130, 147, 156, 226–227, 281–282, 373, 385, 387, 393, 410
cochlear implants 59
congenital deafness 59, 102, 218
deafblind populations 102
etiology 101, 122
German measles (rubella), link with 101, 393, 419
postlingual deafness 59, 415
prelingual deafness xvi, 59, 272, 415
Deaf People Around the World: Educational and Social Perspectives 60
deblocking. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: deblocking
declarative memory. See memory, types of: declarative
deixis/deictic gestures. See sign language psycholinguistics: deixis/ deictic gestures
delayed recall. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: delayed recall
de l’Épée, Abbé Charles-Michel 58, 60, 386
de novo mutation 144–145, 386
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 380, 386, 393
depth of processing 267, 386
de Radonvilliers, Claude-François Lyzarde 259–260
descriptive name signs. See name signs: descriptive
designator 61, 386, 395, 422
developmental apraxia of speech. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/ dyspraxia of speech: developmental apraxia of speech
developmental articulatory apraxia. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/ dyspraxia of speech: developmental apraxia of speech
developmental delay 143, 226, 387
developmental dysphasia. See developmental language disorder (DLD): developmental dysphasia
developmental dyspraxia. See apraxia: dyspraxia: developmental dyspraxia
developmental language disorder (DLD) 29, 188, 220, 222–231, 233, 387, 424
attention span problems 226
auditory processing difficulties 224
auditory-temporal processing deficits 224–225
delayed and slower rate of language acquisition 220, 223
developmental dysphasia 220–221
grammar and morphosyntactic deficits 222
imitation skills 226
late talkers 222–223
motor control 221, 226
poor phonological memory 225–226
right-hemispheric dominance 223
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 221–222, 224– 226, 229–231
sign language DLD in deaf persons 226, 230–231
specific language impairment (SLI) 220, 424
spontaneous development of signs 220–221
vocabulary deficits 222, 225
diagnostic substitution 146, 387
Digit Span Task 384, 387
discrete trial training. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: discrete trial training
dizygotic twins 144, 388, 405
DNA. See deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) dominant hand 65, 326, 358, 369, 388, 395
Down syndrome xvi, 6, 8–9, 98–99, 106–113, 116, 126, 133–134, 136–137, 147, 238, 277, 281, 388, 410
articulation disorders 108
decreased cerebellar size 109
early intervention, importance of 106, 109
epicanthic eye folds 388
hearing impairment 107–108
hippocampus, role of 109
intellectual disability 106, 388
otitis media, occurrence of 108, 410
poor phonological/verbal memory 107–108
preservation of visual-spatial skills 107
recessed mandibles 10, 108, 388
short stature 388
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 109–113
speech intelligibility 108, 112
spoken language delays 98, 106–109
trisomy 21 388
verbal apraxia 108
dysgraphia. See aphasia: dysgraphia
dyslexia. See aphasia: dyslexia
dysphasia. See aphasia: dysphasia
dyspraxia. See apraxia: dyspraxia
ear/aural structures
cochlea 380, 397
eardrum 404
incus 404
inner ear 108, 380, 397, 404, 420, 431
malleus 404
middle ear 45, 108, 147, 404, 410
semicircular canals 397, 420
stapes 404
vestibule 397, 431
early intervention 106, 151–152, 158, 248, 388
early screening 109
echolalia 150, 159, 171, 388, 431
EEG. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: electroencephalogram (EEG)
elderly persons with hearing loss 16, 308
embodied actions 266, 388–389
embodied cognition 389
empirical 7, 36, 260–261, 284, 306, 389
EMT. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program
enactment effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: enactment effect
encephalitis 215, 217, 369, 389, 395
English translation/word equivalent 294, 302–303, 307, 389, 394, 434
enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program
environmental cues 164, 210, 294, 327–328, 389
epilepsy 114, 116, 120, 122, 147, 217, 388–389, 399, 420
Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge 35
essentially correct (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): essentially correct
etiology 98, 106, 136, 144, 147, 231, 390
European expeditions to North America. See also Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez; See also Cartier, Jacques; See also Columbus, Christopher; See also Cook, James; See also Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de; See also Cortés, Hernán; See also Frobisher, Martin; See also Verrazzano, Giovanni da
Baffin Island 44
communication through signs 47–51
Great Plains 44–46, 49, 51, 378, 414
Gulf Coast 48
executive functioning skills 251, 390
exemplars. See sign language psycholinguistics: exemplars
expressive aphasia. See aphasia: types: expressive (speech) aphasia
expressive language skills 99, 183, 189, 223, 249, 328, 390, 392, 399, 416
expressive vocabulary 104, 285, 390, 416
eye-hand coordination 278, 390
facial discrimination 268, 271, 273–274, 391
facial (non-manual) expression 62, 72–73, 229, 297, 306, 319, 321–322, 327, 338, 391, 402, 407, 409
Facial Recognition test 273, 391
field testing. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: field testing
fine motor skills 120, 165–166, 372, 391
finger orientation 362, 391
fingerspelling 57, 58, 97, 102, 172, 209, 219, 247, 248, 253, 322, 335, 391, 402, 410, 422. See also manual alphabet
fluent aphasia. See aphasia: types: fluent aphasia
forebrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: forebrain
foreign language vocabulary acquisition xx, 16, 20, 28, 236, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 277, 278, 308, 309, 397. See also Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM); See also Asher, James; See also congruent gestures; See also embodied actions; See also incongruent gestures; See also Maxwell, Wendy
enactment effect 261, 389, 427
greater depth of processing 267, 386
increased proficiency 257, 262, 264, 266–267, 308
memory processes 261–264, 266–267
migrants/refugees 259
neural activation 266
rate of vocabulary learning 265
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 262–263, 265–267
subject performed task effect 261, 427
synchronous gestures 259–262, 264, 267
Total Physical Response (TPR) 260, 429
vocabulary retention over time 262, 264, 266
fragile X syndrome 98–99, 147, 392
expressive language deficits 99
intellectual disability 98
males more often affected 98
PECS, use of 99
phonological processing impairments 99
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 99
Frobisher, Martin 44
frontal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: frontal
Gallaudet Encyclopedia of Deaf People and Deafness 69
Gallaudet, Thomas H. 58, 248, 371, 380, 392
Gallaudet University xiii, xv, xxii, 58, 392
general exposure. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: general exposure
generalization skills, teaching of 162–164
genetic 116, 122, 126, 144, 231, 369, 371, 375, 383–384, 386–387, 392, 403
genitive case (possessive). See grammar: genitive case (possession)
German measles (rubella) 101, 393, 419
gestation 393, 416
Gestuno. See sign (ed) languages: Gestuno
Gestuno: International Sign Language of the Deaf 70
gestures
articulatory gestures 35, 373
gestural communication 6, 31, 33–34, 37, 41, 46, 50–51, 96, 169, 192, 200, 214, 220, 222, 249, 383, 394–395
gestural imitation xiii, 169–170, 393
gestural modality 400, 402, 428, 432
gestural processing 394
gestural sequencing 166, 169, 394
manual gestures 33–34, 37, 82, 192, 196, 208, 211, 224, 330, 427
representative gestures 40, 107, 224, 236, 240, 251, 263–265, 267, 276, 383, 389, 419
symbolic gestures 237, 239, 427
global aphasia. See aphasia: types: global aphasia
glossectomy 200, 394, 423
gloss (sign) 14, 18, 66, 283, 303, 389, 394, 434
Grafton School xi, xxiii
grammar 38, 66, 72, 75, 113, 223, 228–229, 255, 371, 384, 394, 408, 419
agent 35, 74, 370, 397
consonants 376
genitive case (possession) 88, 393
instrument 35, 397
locative case (location) 88, 401
negation 72, 87, 228
nouns 68, 113, 125, 198, 228, 263, 383–384, 433
syllables 63, 216, 325, 376, 418 vowels 376
Grandin, Temple 155
gross motor skills 165, 394
Hadley, Lewis (Ingonompashi) 43, 348
Haga, Cornelius 39
hand-internal movements 87, 394
hand preference xix, 369, 388, 394
haptic 272, 395, 428
Head Start. See Project Head Start
hearing loss or impairment 1, 8–9, 16, 26, 45, 59, 84, 107–108, 121–122, 125, 130, 147, 226, 281–282, 308, 373, 385, 387, 410
conductive hearing loss 122
sensineural hearing loss 122
hemiparesis 120, 191, 395
hemiplegia 120, 191, 199, 395, 426
herpes encephalitis 215, 395
hindbrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: hindbrain
hippocampus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: hippocampus
homesigns 57, 395, 412
human rights 127
iconicity/iconic signs xiv, xvi, xvii, xxi, 13–16, 24, 27–28, 35, 44, 57, 67, 70–71, 76–82, 88–89, 97, 100, 104–105, 118– 119, 126, 136, 138, 141, 155, 173, 182, 185, 190–191, 193, 198, 201, 203–206, 208, 210, 212–213, 224–226, 228, 233, 235–236, 239–240, 252, 257–258, 262– 263, 265–268, 277–278, 280, 282, 284, 286–290, 297–298, 300, 303, 306–307, 318, 334, 338, 341–343, 369, 371, 383, 385–386, 389, 396, 409, 411, 419
abstract concepts 14, 40, 79–80, 369
advantages of xiv, 14, 27–28, 76, 81, 88–89, 104–105, 138, 225, 233, 236, 257, 262, 265–268, 277, 286, 342
concrete objects 40, 79–80, 221
exemplars 14–15, 76
metonymic signs 77
pantomimic signs 14, 35, 76, 78–79, 81, 88, 155, 182, 201, 204, 286, 288–289, 300, 303, 306, 343, 411
translucency/translucent signs 13, 15, 79, 105, 138, 198, 287, 289–290, 318, 429
transparency/transparent signs xiv, 4, 13–15, 26, 38, 41, 51, 54, 72, 77, 79, 105, 141, 177, 212–213, 225, 284–285, 289, 318, 327, 429
variations across sign languages 15, 80
identifiable (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): identifiable
ideophones 76
idioms/idiomatic expressions. See semantics: idioms/idiomatic expressions
imitation skills 170–171, 226, 396
immediate recall 307, 396. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: immediate recall
incidence/incidence rate 45, 98–99, 108, 119, 147, 156, 168, 222, 231, 246, 250, 387, 396
incidental teaching program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: incidental teaching program
incongruent gestures 262–264, 397
indexical signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: indexical signs
Indian Sign Language, The 43
Indian Sign Talk 43
Indigenous peoples 12, 31–32, 38, 42–51, 54, 71, 105, 138, 198, 200, 302, 378, 381, 414, 421
Ingonompashi (Lewis Hadley). See Hadley, Lewis (Ingonompashi)
initial sign lexicon 331, 397
inner ear. See ear/aural structures: inner ear
instrument. See grammar: instrument
intellectual disability xiv, xix, 2, 8, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 29, 54, 76, 91, 93–106, 108, 113, 116–118, 120–123, 126, 128, 130, 131, 133, 135–139, 143, 146, 185, 197, 200, 214, 220, 228, 231, 235, 261, 284, 289, 304, 308, 311, 337, 371, 379, 384, 387, 388, 392, 393, 397, 402, 404, 405, 416, 417, 420, 421, 434. See also Angelman syndrome; See also Cri du chat syndrome; See also Down syndrome; See also fragile X syndrome; See also Williams syndrome
classification of 97
deafness and intellectual disability 100–102
linguistic deficits 98
neuromotor impairments 97
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 99–102, 104–106, 117–118, 128, 130, 135
speech therapy, use of 8
W. R. Scott study 95–97
intelligibility of signs 65, 398
intelligibility of speech 8, 107, 118, 187, 212, 398
internal models or representations 171, 398, 409, 432
International Sign. See sign (ed) languages: International Sign
International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (ISAAC) xvi, 398
intervention program 29, 91, 94–95, 99–100, 106, 111, 116, 124, 127–129, 131–132, 134–137, 141, 147, 151, 158, 162, 172, 182–183, 196, 204, 225, 243, 248, 251, 276–277, 301, 311, 316–317, 320, 342, 344, 398, 417, 428
IQ tests 99, 121, 151, 247, 268–269, 279, 398, 426
joint attention 157, 249, 398
Kanner, Leo. See autism/autism spectrum disorder (ASD): Kanner, Leo
key word signing 103, 111–112, 125, 130, 134, 136, 154, 214, 218, 280, 320, 322–323, 342, 399, 423
content (or key) words 103, 111, 130, 154, 198, 238, 322–323, 398–399, 433
simultaneous communication 322– 323, 423
simultaneous speech and sign 322–323
kinesthetic system 399
knuckle orientation xx, 30, 357, 360, 399
Lámh (Irish key word signing) 134, 136
Landau-Kleffner syndrome 188, 214– 219, 233, 369, 399, 420, 431
age of onset 216
attention span problems 216
expressive language skills 216–218, 399
hyperactivity 216
receptive language skills, impairment of 215–218, 399
seizure activity 217, 399
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 188, 218–219
spoken language recovery 219
language acquisition xii, xiv, xviii, 8, 9, 25, 87, 90, 108, 109, 160, 220, 226, 227, 228, 237, 245, 269, 278, 287, 369, 389, 420, 422. See also second-first language acquisition
language milestones 87, 90, 220, 237, 399–400
babbling 87, 120, 376, 399
individual words 87, 399
word combinations 87, 399
language, modalities of 64, 73, 87, 89, 90, 212, 222, 322, 399. See also gestures: gestural modality
auditory-vocal 240, 252, 258, 375, 399–400, 424
manual 155, 195, 222, 385, 393, 400, 402, 428, 432
speech 104, 113, 375, 377, 385, 400, 424
tactile 102, 393, 400, 402, 428
visual-gestural 2, 33, 63, 72, 235, 240, 252, 393, 399–400, 402, 422, 432
visual-motor 2, 63, 166, 283, 311, 373, 377, 422, 432
language, origins of 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 405.
See also Akbar; See also Condillac,
Etienne Bonnot de
gestural communication 33, 35
gestural theory of language origins 33–34
mirror neurons 33–34, 405, 409
observation matching system 34
prehominid ancestors 33
primates 34
vocal mechanisms, control of 34
language, writing, and literacy disorders. See also acquired language impairment; See also aphasia; See also aphasia: dysgraphia; See also aphasia: dyslexia; See also aphasia: dysphasia; See also apraxia; See also apraxia: dyspraxia; See also articulatory disorders; See also developmental language disorder (DLD); See also developmental language disorder (DLD): specific language impairment (SLI); See also late talkers; See also motor speech disorders; See also reading comprehension impairment; See also reading comprehension impairment: poor comprehenders; See also speech disorders
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 152, 197
laryngectomy 200, 400, 423
larynx. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: larynx
late talkers 222–223, 400
left hemisphere of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
limb apraxia. See apraxia: limb apraxia
lingua franca 43, 400
linguistics, terminology. See also alphabetic language; See also autonomous speech; See also birth language; See also concepts; See also grammar; See also language acquisition; See also lingua franca; See also native user; See also natural language; See also onomatopoeia/ onomatopoeic words; See also phonology; See also proprioception; See also referents; See also Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; See also semantics; See also sensorimotor actions; See also spoken languages; See also syntax; See also vocal inflection
articulatory gestures 35, 373
fluency 2, 7, 168, 218, 230, 258, 341, 377
intonation (speech) 216, 322, 433
linguistic deprivation 227–228
linguistic families 400–401
mental representations 80, 266, 369
monosyllabic 64
morphology 229, 254
register 69, 419
speech stream 238
symbolic coding system 238, 427
vocabulary skills 29, 246
lip reading 401, 410, 425
list intrusion 295, 401
literacy 177, 245–247, 277–278, 401
lobes. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes
location (sign). See sign formational parameters: location (tabula)
locative case. See grammar: locative case (location)
longer-term recall. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies: longer-term recall
longitudinal studies. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: longitudinal studies
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
mainstream schools or settings 127, 132, 136, 152, 219
Makaton Vocabulary 103–104, 114, 124, 348, 402
graphic symbols 103
key word signing 103
origins 103
maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors 112, 148, 176, 181, 317, 325, 345, 379, 402, 416
Mallery, Garrick 43–45
mandible. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: mandible
manual alphabet 57, 64, 160, 232, 335, 336, 337, 349, 391, 402, 407. See also fingerspelling
manual apraxia. See apraxia: manual apraxia
manual dexterity 278, 402
manual modality. See language, modalities of: manual
manual numeration system 402
manual skills 168, 403
maternal chromosomal deletion 116, 403
Maxwell, Wendy 260
Mayfield, Gail xi, xxiii, xxiv
mean (mathematical). See research methods, procedures, and terminology: mean
medulla oblongata. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: medulla oblongata
Melodic Intonation Therapy. See apraxia: childhood apraxia/dyspraxia of speech: Melodic Intonation Therapy
memory aids or cues 15, 131, 287, 305–307, 403, 405, 414
memory, types of. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies
auditory 108, 374, 412, 431
declarative 267, 386
lexical retrieval 213, 266, 385
nondeclarative 408, 416
phonological 108, 374, 412, 431
procedural 267, 408, 416
spatial 30, 236, 268, 270–272, 275–276, 279, 424
verbal 10, 255, 374, 412, 431
visual 383, 432
visuospatial 270, 384, 433
word span 271
working 166, 255, 258, 434
Mendelian inheritance pattern 144, 403
mental rotation skills 30, 236, 268, 270, 272–273, 275–276, 279, 404
metaphors. See semantics: metaphors
metonymic signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: metonymic signs
midbrain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: midbrain
middle ear. See ear/aural structures: middle ear
midface 291, 404
military personnel and veterans.
See signs, contemporary use by or with: military personnel and veterans
mime 35, 78, 100, 220, 347, 411. See also pantomime/pantomimic signs
mime artists 78
mirror image signs 405, 427. See also symmetrical signs
mirror neurons 33–34, 405, 409
mnemonic explanations 307, 403, 405
monastic orders 12, 52–54
Benedictines 52–53, 56–57, 414
Cistercians 53, 347
Vatican II 53
monozygotic twins 144, 388, 405
motor abilities 180, 338
motor actions/activity xxi, 33–34, 78, 167, 172, 191, 251, 267, 378, 383, 394, 406, 408, 415, 421
motor and imitation abilities xi, 20, 106, 109, 123–124, 164–165, 170, 173, 187, 191, 248, 318, 326, 339, 406
motor complexity of signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: motor complexity of signs
motor coordination 202, 338–339, 390, 405
motor cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: motor cortex
motor embodiment 275, 406
motor imagery 191, 406
motor milestones 166, 406
crawling 394, 406
sitting 166, 406
standing 166
walking 166, 394, 406
motor planning 166, 196, 406
motor processing skills 406
motor programming process 213, 406
motor sequencing 406
motor speech disorders 120, 406
movement (sign). See sign formational parameters: movement (signation)
MRI. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
multi-channel system. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-channel system
multimodal 82, 94, 110, 135, 160, 211, 327–328, 407
multimodal communication system 82, 407
multi-movement signs. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-movement signs
multi-term sign utterance. See sign language psycholinguistics: multi-term sign utterance
mute 38–39, 56–57, 150, 154, 159, 407
name signs
arbitrary 335, 372, 386, 407
descriptive 336, 372, 386, 407
Native American tribes or nations
Cheyenne 44
Comanche 44
Cree 44
hearing loss, incidence of 45–46
Inuit 44
Iroquois 44
Kiowa 44–45
manual signs, use of 42–47
otitis media, incidence of 45
Paiutes 44
Plains Apache 50–51
Plains Indians 44, 349, 414
spoken language diversity 32, 42–43, 45
Utes 44
native user 85, 407, 416
natural language 38–40, 82, 84–85, 408
neural circuitry. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: neural circuitry
neural plasticity. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: neural plasticity
neuro-imaging techniques. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of
neuromotor impairment. See brain, diseasesorconditionsof: neuromotor disorder or impairment
neuropathology. See brain, diseases or conditions of: neuropathology
neurophysiology 34, 143, 147, 408
neutral place/space. See sign production: neutral place/space
nondeclarative memory. See memory, types of: nondeclarative
nonfluent aphasia. See aphasia: types: nonfluent aphasia
non-oral communication system. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): non-oral communication systems
non-speaking or minimally verbal persons xi, xiv, xv, xvi, xix, 4–8, 10–13, 16, 19–23, 30, 78, 91, 93–97, 100, 103–104, 106, 112, 114, 117, 128–133, 137, 149–150, 152–154, 156, 159–160, 162, 167, 170, 173–174, 176–179, 182–184, 187, 197–198, 200, 214, 220, 248, 277, 281–282, 284–286, 289–290, 299, 303, 305, 308–309, 312–314, 316–317, 319–321, 323–324, 327, 333, 336–338, 341, 346, 371, 377, 381, 395, 398, 402, 412, 417, 423, 433
nonverbal behavior 40–41
nonverbal communication 6, 143, 168, 316, 391, 409
nonverbal intelligence 274, 409
non-vocal sounds 155, 409
nucleus 380
object visualization 212, 398, 409, 432
observation matching system 171, 405, 409
occipital lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: occipital
onomatopoeia/onomatopoeic words 76, 81, 338, 396, 409
operant (speech) training. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: operant (speech) training
oral educational programs. See Deaf education/educators of deaf persons: oral-only education programs
oral-motor/oromotor apraxia. See apraxia: oral-motor/oromotor apraxia
oral-motor/oromotor coordination 108, 410
oral-motor/oromotor planning 108, 410
oral-motor/oromotor sequencing 108, 410
oral-motor/oromotor skills 9, 168, 410
oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus
esophagus 412
jaw 5, 10, 63, 108, 373, 384, 388, 402, 410
larynx 5, 200, 384, 400, 410, 433
lips 5, 9, 63, 108, 168, 196, 332, 339, 373, 380, 401, 410, 425
mandible 10, 108, 388, 402
mouth 14, 63, 72, 161, 181, 212, 339, 373, 380, 401, 407, 410, 412, 431
oral cavity 410
palate (hard and soft) 373, 380, 410, 431
pharynx 410, 412, 431
tongue 2, 5, 9, 36–39, 49, 63, 108, 161, 168, 196, 200, 338–339, 371, 373, 394, 410
upper respiratory tract 108, 431
velum 410, 431
vocal cords 200, 338, 400, 433
voice box 400, 433
otitis media 45, 108, 147, 410
Paget-Gorman sign system 125, 198, 410, 421
palate. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: palate (hard and soft)
panacea 11, 411
pantomime/pantomimic signs 14, 35, 39, 46, 49, 51–52, 56, 60, 76–79, 81–82, 88, 100, 155, 182, 192, 195–196, 199, 201–207, 212, 235, 260, 278, 286, 288–289, 300, 303, 306, 343, 369, 394, 409, 411
parietal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: occipital
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R). See psychological testing: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R)
pedagogy 246, 277, 279, 412
perfect (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): perfect
personal signs 395, 412
PET scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: positron emission tomography (PET) scan
pharynx. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: pharynx
phonology 63, 190, 229, 371, 413
phonemes xii, 61–63, 78, 85–86, 291, 379, 395, 401, 407, 411–412, 422, 426–427
phonemic awareness 244
phonemic sequencing errors 232, 412
phonological memory 108, 374, 412, 431
phonological processing 8, 99, 374, 413, 431
phonological sequencing 374, 413, 431
physical prompter. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS): physical prompter
pictographic line drawings 123–124, 378, 413
picture board/book. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS). See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
pincer grip 13, 292, 376, 413
pivotal response treatment. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: pivotal response treatment
Plains Indians. See Native American tribes or nations: Plains Indians
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL). See sign (ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)
Plato 38
play therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: play therapy
Ponce de León, Pedro 56–57, 414
pons. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: pons
poor (reading) comprehenders. See reading comprehension impairment: poor comprehenders
portable prompt system. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): portable prompt system
positron emission tomography (PET) scan. See brain, neuro-imaging and tests of: positron emission tomography (PET) scan
postlingual deafness. See deafness/ hearing loss or impairment: postlingual deafness
praxis 195–196, 415
preactivation 211, 415
prehominid 33, 415
prelingual deafness. See deafness/ hearing loss or impairment: prelingual deafness
prelinguistic gestures 87, 415
prestimulation 212, 385, 415, 417
preterm infant 119, 416
prevalence 99, 145–147, 396, 416
primary progressive aphasia. See aphasia: types: primary progressive aphasia
primates 34, 94, 415–416
apes 34, 416
chimpanzees 93, 177, 240, 416, 433
gorillas 416
humans 1–2, 28, 33–37, 39, 44, 49, 52, 56, 82, 90–91, 127, 158, 160, 240, 261, 271, 282, 308, 339, 379, 392, 399–400, 409, 412, 415–416
lemurs 416
monkeys 405, 416
principal language xi, 1, 27, 54, 60, 82, 103, 266, 298, 372, 407, 416
problem behaviors. See maladaptive, challenging, or problem behaviors
procedural memory. See memory, types of: procedural
productive aphasia. See aphasia: types: productive (speech) aphasia
productive language skills 390, 416
productive vocabulary 390, 416
professional societies and organizations
AAIDD Ad Hoc Committee on Terminology and Classification 97
AGRE Consortium 146
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 93
American Association on Mental Retardation 93
American Psychiatric Association 143, 146
Autism Genome Project Consortium 144
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 145–147
European Sign Language Centre 69, 80, 284
International Society for Augmentative and Alternative Communication xvi, 398
March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation xiii
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) 189
Sign Language Tutors Association of Ireland 348
prognosis 151, 199, 216, 417
progressive disorder 215, 369, 417
Project Head Start 243–246, 417
Proloquo2Go. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Proloquo2Go
prompts 131, 163, 212, 385, 414–415, 417, 433
proprioception 102, 417
proximalization error 86, 417
pseudo-words 262, 417
psychodynamic therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: psychodynamic therapy
psychological testing. See also apraxia test battery; See also Corsi block-tapping test; See also Digit Span Task; See also Facial Recognition test Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) 247, 411
Raven Progressive Matrices 147, 270, 409, 418
Responsive Augmentative and Alternative Communication Style (RAACS) scale 134
Stanford-Binet IQ test 247, 426
Visual Patterns Test 271, 432
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R) 269, 433
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III) 269, 433
Random House Webster’s American Sign Language Medical Dictionary 283
Raven Progressive Matrices. See psychological testing: Raven Progressive Matrices
reading comprehension impairment 236, 255–258, 414, 418
adequate phonological skills 255
grammar processing difficulties 255
listening comprehension problems 255, 418
oral vocabulary training outcomes 256
poor comprehenders 255, 414
problems understanding figurative language 255
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes 257–258
verbal memory deficits 255
weak vocabulary knowledge 255
rebus. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): rebus
recall accuracy (sign) 295, 297, 300, 384. See also research methods, procedures, and terminology: recall studies
essentially correct 295, 300, 390, 419
identifiable 295, 396
perfect 294–298, 300, 412
recognizable 300, 418
receptive aphasia. See aphasia: types: receptive aphasia
receptive language skills 99, 189, 197, 213, 215, 221, 225, 392, 399, 418
receptive vocabulary 104, 229, 247, 418
recognizable (sign) recall. See recall accuracy (sign): recognizable
referential words 415
referents 14–16, 35, 53, 68, 72–73, 76–82, 88–89, 97, 100, 177, 198, 230, 240, 258, 266, 284, 286–287, 289, 294, 297, 305–308, 320, 338, 404, 411, 419
register. See linguistics, terminology: register
rehabilitation program 27, 419
representative gestures. See gestures: representative gestures
research methods, procedures, and terminology. See also attrition rate; See also case study; See also English translation/word equivalent; See also field testing; See also foreign language vocabulary acquisition: enactment effect; See also foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect; See also incidence/incidence rate; See also intelligibility of signs; See also list intrusion; See also mnemonic explanations; See also object visualization; See also prevalence; See also pseudo-words; See also recall accuracy (sign)
collateral effects 345, 381
contrasting sign pairs 302
criterion/selection criteria xxii, 150, 181, 288–290, 294–298, 384
cross-system comparisons 302
cued-recall memory task 293, 295, 385
empirical evidence 36
experimenter 294, 297, 300–301, 385, 390, 396, 412, 419
field testing xvi, 391
longitudinal studies 104, 111, 116, 152, 223, 237, 401
mean 101, 116, 121, 247, 269–270, 300, 403, 425
memory aids, provision of 131, 287, 305–307, 403, 405, 414
non-sign repetition task 227–228
non-word repetition task 227–228
object naming task 206
pilot study 304–305
recall studies
delayed recall 301, 307, 386
immediate recall 300–301, 307, 396
longer-term recall 307, 401
receptive vocabulary test 104, 229, 247
rehearsal 261, 267, 278, 307
sentence repetition task 229
standard deviation 247, 425
stimulus, provision of 150, 206, 272, 415
story retelling task 206
word cues 295
word-sign pairs 307, 434
residential programs. See Deaf education/educators of deaf persons: residential programs
right hemisphere of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: cerebral hemispheres (left and right)
Ritalin (methylphenidate) 251, 419
rubella (German measles). See German measles (rubella)
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 279, 420
Scott, W.R. 95–97
second-first language acquisition 25, 420
seizure 120–121, 214–215, 217, 369, 388–389, 395, 399, 420, 430
self-performed task effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect
semantics 13, 18, 35, 77–78, 88, 150, 190, 196, 205, 221, 230, 256, 294, 308, 420
idioms/idiomatic expressions 256, 396, 418
metaphors 15, 256, 404, 418
semantic categories 77–78, 420
semantic encoding 308, 420
semantic hierarchy 18
semantic relations 88, 221, 420
semicircular canals. See ear/aural structures: semicircular canals
sensorimotor actions xxi, 421
sensory blending 161, 428
sequential movements. See sign production: sequential movements
sign apraxia. See apraxia: limb apraxia; See apraxia: manual apraxia
signation. See sign formational parameters: movement (signation)
sign-communication deblocking therapy 385. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: sign-communication deblocking therapy
sign-communication systems. See Amer-Ind; See Lámh (Irish key word signing); See Makaton Vocabulary; See Paget-Gorman sign system; See Signed English; See Signed Norwegian; See Signing Exact English; See Simplified Sign System (SSS)
sign-communication training and teaching outcomes xiv, 3–4, 7, 10–11, 30, 93, 95, 97, 110, 112, 124, 141, 152, 154, 159–160, 185, 197, 200, 207–208, 212–213, 215, 341, 421
sign-communication training concerns 4–8
availability of programs 7–8
effects of signing on speech skills 4–5
stigmas about sign/gestural use 6
time investment 7
sign dialects. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign dialects
sign echolalia. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign echolalia
Signed English 75, 232, 422
sign (ed) languages
American Sign Language (ASL) xi, xviii, xx, xxi, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 29, 38, 46, 58, 60–67, 69–72, 74–76, 78, 81, 85, 87–89, 91, 93, 105–106, 141, 169, 181, 199–202, 209–210, 228, 230, 243, 247, 253–254, 257, 273, 283, 287, 291, 298–302, 306–307, 322, 334, 336–337, 347, 349, 371, 373, 377, 380, 385, 390– 393, 408, 412, 419, 421–422, 426, 433
Argentine Sign Language (LSA, Lengua de Señas Argentina) 66
Australian/Australasian Sign Language (AUSLAN) 66, 199, 375
Belgian Sign Language xvi, 377, 392
British Sign Language (BSL) 74, 89, 103, 112–113, 228–229, 257, 271, 378, 402
Czech Sign Language (CSE) 66
Flemish Sign Language (VGT, Vlaamse Gebarentaal) xvi, 377, 392
French Belgian Sign Language (LSFB, Langue des Signes Belge Francophone) xvi, 377, 392
French Sign Language (LSF, Langue des Signes Française) 58, 69, 392
Gestuno 70–71, 349, 393
Indigenous sign languages 43, 46. See also sign (ed) languages: Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL)
International Sign 70–71, 349, 393, 398
Italian Sign Language 15, 269–270, 279
Japanese Sign Language (JSL) 66
Kenyan Sign Language (KSL) 66
linguistic recognition of 56–62
Mexican Sign Language (LSM, Lenguaje de Señas Mexicanas) 66
natural sign languages 71, 75, 347
Persian Sign Language (PSC) 66
Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL) 42–43, 105, 138, 200–201, 371, 378, 409, 414, 423
American Indian Hand Talk 42, 200, 349, 371, 414
lingua franca, use as a 43
North American Indian Sign Language 42, 200, 371, 409, 414
origins of 42–43
research into and documentation of 43–45
Portuguese Sign Language (LGP, Língua Gestual Portuguesa) 66
Quebec Sign Language (LSQ, Langue des Signes Québécoise) 66
sign language interpreters xix, 39, 42, 71, 272
Sign Language of the Netherlands 272
Swiss-French Sign Language (SSR) 218, 427
Taiwanese Sign Language (TSS) 66
Turkish Sign Language 89
Warlpiri Sign Language 66
Signed Norwegian 221
sign formational parameters xii, 16, 55, 61, 66, 85–86, 138, 230, 288, 290–291, 308, 332, 338, 386, 395, 401, 407, 421, 423, 426, 428
finger/knuckle orientations 360, 362–367, 391, 399
handshape (designator) xx, 11–13, 16, 30, 41, 55, 57, 61–62, 64–65, 67–68, 75, 78, 86–87, 119, 168, 170, 195, 276, 284, 292, 296, 325, 334–336, 338–339, 341, 351, 373, 380, 391, 395, 402–403, 422, 427, 430
unmarked 12, 292, 430
location (tabula) xii, 3, 14, 16, 28, 34–35, 55, 61–68, 73–74, 78, 80, 85–86, 88, 113, 164, 167, 173–174, 187–188, 193–195, 202, 209, 271–272, 274–276, 291–292, 295, 306, 325, 332, 339, 373, 380, 390, 401–402, 404–405, 408, 411, 422–424, 426–428, 430
movement (signation) xii, 11, 14, 16–17, 34–35, 55, 61–65, 67–68, 73–74, 76–78, 85–86, 100, 105, 118–119, 137, 161, 167, 169–170, 195, 202, 205, 226, 228, 237, 291–293, 295–296, 298–300, 306, 315, 325–326, 328–329, 332–334, 338–339, 341, 373, 388, 390, 394, 402, 407, 411, 421–423, 426–427
non-manual (facial) expression 62, 72–73, 229, 297, 306, 319, 321–322, 327, 338, 391, 402, 407, 409
palm orientation 62, 171, 195, 357–360, 362, 411
relationship to meaning 66
sign formation errors xii, 167, 292, 296
handshape errors 167, 228
location errors 167
movement errors 86, 167, 228
palm orientation errors 171, 329
sign glosses 14, 66, 283
sign handshape. See sign formational parameters
Signing Exact English 254, 422
sign language acquisition xii, xiv, xviii, 82–90, 227, 287, 422
age of introduction to signs 84–85
handshape phonemes 86–87
location phonemes 66–67, 85, 291–292
movement phonemes 63, 65, 67, 85, 167, 292, 388, 394
role of sign iconicity 88–89
sign versus spoken language
acquisition
babbling 87
combination of lexical items 87
copula verb 75
formation of short sentences 87
gestural advantage 90
hand-internal movements 87
negation 87
prelinguistic gestures 87
recognizable utterances 87
semantic relations 88
verb agreement 87
vocabulary, content 87
vocabulary, growth 87
vocabulary, rate of acquisition 87, 89
Sign Language among North American Indians 43
sign language interpreters/interpreting. See sign (ed) languages: sign language interpreters
sign language psycholinguistics. See also fingerspelling; See also language, modalities of: visual-gestural; See also sign formational parameters; See also sign formation errors; See also sign production; See also sign phonemes; See also sign (ed) languages: American Sign Language (ASL)
agglutination of signs 202, 370, 382
arbitrary signs 77, 138, 240, 287, 289, 307, 338, 372
bimodal bilinguals 341
cheremes 61, 379, 422
compound signs 370, 382
deixis/deictic gestures 13, 169, 206, 252, 386, 397
embodied actions/cognition 266, 389
exemplars 78, 164, 390, 393
hand preference/dominance xix, 65, 326, 358, 369, 388, 394–395
indexical signs 13, 386, 397
motor complexity of signs 202, 405
motor production skills 41, 107, 169, 213, 245, 263
multi-channel system 72, 407
multi-movement signs 167, 169, 205, 292–293, 407
multi-term sign utterance 407
sign apparatus 63
sign dialects 69, 421
sign echolalia 171
sign notational system 63, 167, 378, 425–426
Stokoe notation 422, 426
visual perspective-taking 171, 329, 432
sign-learning and signing environment, recommendations for enhancement 127–128, 130–136, 319–320
caretaker and family involvement 129, 133–134
communicative competence 129, 132
consistency of sign use 319
early intervention 135
factors affecting signing success 129–135, 320
incidental teaching 132–133, 393, 397
molding of signs 154–155, 170, 208, 279, 314–315, 320–321, 326, 339
sign use throughout day 128–129, 131
spontaneous sign communication 129, 132–133
staff signing 130–131
use of environmental cues 327–328
sign location. See sign formational parameters
sign movement. See sign formational parameters
sign notational system. See sign language psycholinguistics: sign notational system
sign palm orientation. See sign formational parameters
sign phonemes xii, 61, 62, 63, 78, 291, 379, 395, 401, 407, 411, 422, 426. See also sign formational parameters
sign production xii, 60, 63, 64, 155, 161, 162, 167, 187, 194, 212, 254, 267, 274, 285, 287, 290, 292, 294, 305, 319, 320, 322, 339. See also asymmetrical signs; See also manual alphabet; See also manual numeration system; See also sign formational parameters; See also symmetrical signs
active hand 64–65, 369, 388, 395
classifiers 67–68, 113, 228–229, 380
consecutive movements 63, 383, 421
neutral place/space 64, 291, 408
one-handed sign 65, 292, 326, 334
sequential movements 383, 421
simultaneous movements 63, 72, 74, 423
sociolinguistic variations 69
spatial relations 68, 73, 113, 275, 424, 432
stationary hand/base 64–65, 77, 291, 340, 376, 426
syllable-like structure 63
temporal relations 74, 428
topicalization 74
unique aspects of 72–75
with injured limb (s) 65–66
signs, contemporary use by or with all persons for cognitive enhancement 268–276, 279–280
caregivers and family members 24–25
elderly persons with hearing loss or impairment 23, 26
elementary school teachers 28, 236, 246–248, 257, 278
foreign language teachers and students 24, 27–28, 236, 257–268, 277
healthcare providers 24, 27, 235, 238
hearing children of hearing parents 24–26, 236–240
immigrants, migrants, refugees 24, 27
military personnel and veterans 23, 27
non-speaking or minimally verbal persons 23, 94–95, 133, 150, 154, 170, 176, 187, 277, 282, 309, 312–313, 316, 324, 346, 371, 398, 433
primates (Washoe) 93–94, 433
tourists or international travelers 23–24
workers in the travel and hospitality industries 23–24
signs, historical use by
actors in theatrical performances 52
court jesters and mimes 52
deaf persons 32, 39, 46
Europeans in the New World 31, 47–51, 54
European travelers 32, 38, 46–47, 51, 54
monastic orders 32, 52–54
Native Americans of the Great Plains 31–32, 38, 42, 44–47, 49–51
signs, philosophy of. See also Bébian, R.-A.; See also Bulwer, John; See also Plato; See also Socrates
gestural origins of language 33–38
signs as a natural language 37, 39–40
signs as a universal language 37–40
signs, potential benefits of
attention span 154, 236
collateral behavioral effects 10, 154, 181, 215, 219, 232, 254, 316–317, 345
enhanced vocabulary learning/ retention in one’s principal language 240, 248, 256
foreign language vocabulary acquisition. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition
improved cognition 268–276
increased vocalization/speech skills 5, 22, 111, 159–160, 162, 188, 200, 218, 221, 224, 340–341, 346
motor control, gains in 226, 278, 346
reading comprehension/literacy skills 255–258
Simplified Sign System (SSS) xi, xiii, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xix, xx, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 2–4, 7, 12–24, 26, 28–30, 54–56, 62, 76, 91, 105, 119, 127, 136, 138–139, 141–142, 164, 170–172, 182, 185, 201–202, 204, 207–208, 210, 212, 233, 262, 265, 277–278, 280–290, 293–294, 297–306, 308–309, 311–314, 316–319, 321–327, 330, 333–335, 338– 339, 341–347, 351, 376–377, 379–380, 384–385, 390–391, 394–396, 398, 400, 402–403, 409, 412, 414, 419, 421, 423, 425–426, 428, 431
approaches to teaching 312–318
factors affecting sign acquisition 11–12
finger/knuckle orientations. See Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations)
frequently asked questions (FAQs) 330–345
guidelines for using 318–329
handshapes 16. See also Appendix B (handshapes)
locations 16
main user 312–316
memory aids, provision of 287, 305–308
movements 16–17
palm orientations. See Appendix C (palm, finger, and knuckle orientations)
potential users. See signs, contemporary use by or with
principles 12–20, 318
selection of iconic signs 286, 288–290
sign formation modification 287, 290–293
sign testing 287, 293–298
sign testing, comparison studies 287, 298–303
special populations, use by 8–12
user feedback 287, 303–305
vocabulary selection 19–20
simultaneous communication 5, 214, 322, 377, 399
simultaneous movements 63, 72, 74, 423
Skelly, Madge 200
SLI. See developmental language disorder (DLD): specific language impairment (SLI)
SLP. See speech-language pathologist (SLP)
social interaction skills 10, 251, 286, 309, 370, 423
social touch aversion 157, 423
socioeconomic status (SES) 25, 245, 249, 423
Socrates 38
sound symbolism 82, 424
spatial memory. See memory, types of: spatial
spatial orientation 202, 405, 424
spatial relations. See sign production: spatial relations
spatial skills/spatial cognition skills 273–274, 276, 424
speech disorders 126, 209, 231, 370, 372, 406
speech-generating devices. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): speech-generating devices
speech-language center of the brain. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: speech-language center of the brain
speech-language pathologist (SLP) 22, 30, 424–425
speech modality. See language, modalities of: speech
speech reading 401, 425
speech signals 155, 424–425
speech-sound processing 215, 255
speech therapy. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: speech therapy
spinal cord 378, 403, 425, 430
spoken languages xix, 1–6, 8–13, 16, 17, 18, 21–27, 29, 31–33, 35–39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 49, 52–55, 59–64, 67–69, 71–76, 81–85, 87, 90, 91, 94–96, 98, 99, 106– 112, 114, 116, 120–141, 143, 147–149, 151, 153–155, 157–162, 169, 175–178, 184, 185, 187–194, 196, 197, 199, 207, 208, 210–216, 218–220, 222–224, 227, 229, 231–233, 237–242, 245–249, 252, 253, 257, 258, 260, 268, 276, 277–279, 283, 285, 286, 304, 308, 317, 322, 323, 325, 338, 339–343, 371, 372, 374, 375, 377, 383, 385, 394, 399, 400, 402, 413, 415, 421–423, 425–427, 429, 434. See also auditory-vocal languages
spontaneous communication 114, 185, 425
Spread Signs (app) 69
Spread the Sign (website) 69, 80, 284
SSS. See Simplified Sign System (SSS)
standard deviation. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: standard deviation
standardization 19, 324, 426
Stanford-Binet IQ test. See psychological testing: Stanford-Binet IQ test
stationary hand. See sign production: stationary hand/base
stereotypies/stereotyped motor movements 148, 156, 402, 426
Stokoe notation. See sign language psycholinguistics: Stokoe notation
Stokoe, William C., Jr. 60, 167, 291, 395, 401, 407, 422, 426
stroke xv, 2, 185, 187–191, 193–194, 215, 231, 281–282, 369–372, 379, 394, 406, 420
and hemiparesis 191
and hemiplegia 191
hemorrhagic stroke 189
incidence 189
ischemic stroke 189
subject performed task effect. See foreign language vocabulary acquisition: subject performed task effect
sublexical 61, 427
symbols 12, 21, 60, 81, 103–104, 124, 137, 173, 177, 289, 294, 311, 318, 325, 341, 348, 370–371, 381–382, 399, 408, 417–418, 422, 426–428
graphic symbols 103–104, 124, 348, 377, 417
symbolic coding system 238, 427
symbolic gestures 237, 239, 243, 427
symbolic skills 173, 341
symbol-processing skills 208, 427
symbol system 21, 427
tangible symbols 173, 428
symmetrical signs 17, 64–65, 86, 105, 339, 405, 427, 430, 432
two-handed 64–65, 326, 427, 430
synesthesia 161, 428. See also cross-modal activation; See also sensory blending
syntax 98, 107, 125, 150, 190, 394, 428
tabula. See sign formational parameters: location (tabula)
tactile modality. See language, modalities of: tactile
tangible symbols. See symbols: tangible symbols
target population or user 13, 103, 285, 312, 318, 324, 333, 402, 428. See also signs, contemporary use by or with; See also Simplified Sign System (SSS): main user
TBI. See traumatic brain injury (TBI)
teaching strategies, methods, and techniques. See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): communication boards, books; See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS); See also augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): Proloquo2Go; See also early intervention; See also enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program; See also key word signing; See also joint attention; See also lip reading; See also Melodic Intonation Therapy; See also pictographic line drawings; See also Project Head Start; See also speech reading; See also Total Physical Response (TPR)
Accelerative Integrated Methodology (AIM) 260, 369
applied behavior analysis 371
behavior modification (speech) training 8, 148–149, 162, 376
bimodal input 109, 377
communication assessment 22, 381
communication plan 309, 343–345, 382
contextual information, use of 327–328
cueing, prompts, and prestimulation. See cueing; See prestimulation; See prompts
deblocking 211, 385, 421
discrete trial training 313, 387, 393, 397
enhanced milieu teaching (EMT) program 133, 389, 397
environmental cues, use of 294, 327–328, 389
eye contact, establishment and maintenance of 176, 180, 184, 319, 321–322
Fast ForWord 225
general exposure 221, 313, 387, 393, 397
incidental teaching program 126, 163, 387, 389, 393, 397
initial sign vocabulary or lexicon, suggestions for xvii, 331, 397
joint engagement 249
multimodal communication 82, 407
operant (speech) training 149–150, 376, 409
pivotal response treatment 149, 413
play therapy 150, 414
pointing, use of 13–15, 71, 74, 115, 117, 123, 175, 190, 212, 216, 220, 276, 328, 381, 394, 397
preactivation of motor cortex 211, 415
pre-kindergarten programs 246
preschool programs 84, 243, 246, 286, 308
psychodynamic therapy 150, 418
reinforcement 131, 149, 327, 387
sign-communication deblocking therapy 211, 385, 421
sign-communication training or intervention programs xiv, 3–4, 7, 10–11, 29–30, 93, 95, 97, 110–112, 124, 141, 152, 154, 159–160, 185, 197, 200, 207–208, 212–213, 215, 341–342, 398, 421
specific training sessions 94, 313
speech therapy 8, 22, 190, 199, 218, 424–425, 431
verbal (speech) imitation program 150, 162, 388, 431
temporal lobe. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: lobes: temporal
temporal relations. See sign production: temporal relations
Terman, Lewis 426
text-to-speech alternative communication device. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): text-to-speech alternative communication device
thalamus. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: thalamus
topicalization. See sign production: topicalization
Total Physical Response (TPR) 260, 429
tourists or international travelers. See signs, contemporary use by or with: tourists or international travelers
Tower of Babel 39
toxic chemicals 144, 369, 429
translucency/translucent signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: translucency/translucent signs
transparency/transparent signs. See iconicity/iconic signs: transparency/transparent signs
traumatic brain injury (TBI) 189, 430
trunk 80, 291, 388, 417, 430
tuberculous meningitis 215, 430
tumor 185, 188–189, 215, 369, 371–372, 394, 420, 430
two-handed signs 64–65, 199, 326, 339–340, 359–360, 373, 426–427, 430
unaided communication 173, 370, 430. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): unaided communication
universal design 3, 128, 430
unmarked (basic) handshapes). See sign formational parameters: handshape (designator): unmarked
upper respiratory tract. See oral-motor/ oromotor structures and speech apparatus: upper respiratory tract
velum. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: velum
verbal apraxia/dyspraxia 231, 372, 379. See apraxia: apraxia of speech
verbal auditory agnosia. See Landau-Kleffner syndrome
verbal expression 212
verbal imitation program. See teaching strategies, methods, and techniques: verbal (speech) imitation program
verbal memory. See memory, types of: verbal
verbal processing 374, 413, 431
verbal sequencing 374, 413, 431
Verrazzano, Giovanni da 50
vestibule. See ear/aural structures: vestibule
visual cortex. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: visual cortex
visual field 191, 431
visual-gestural languages. See language, modalities of: visual-gestural
visual-gestural modality. See language, modalities of: visual-gestural
visual image 266–267, 386, 398, 409, 432
visual-motor languages. See language, modalities of: visual-motor
visual-motor modality. See language, modalities of: visual-motor
visual-motor/visuomotor integration 226
Visual Patterns Test. See psychological testing: Visual Patterns Test
visual perspective-taking. See sign language psycholinguistics: visual perspective-taking
visual-processing skills 173, 432
visual sequencing 432
visual-spatial/visuospatial cognition 270
visual-spatial/visuospatial immediate memory skills 226, 433
visual-spatial/visuospatial memory. See memory, types of: visuospatial
vocal cords. See oral-motor/oromotor structures and speech apparatus: vocal cords
vocal inflection 67, 73, 433
vocal stimuli 155, 433
voice output communication aid (VOCA) 178, 424, 429, 433. See augmentative and alternative communication (AAC): voice output communication aid (VOCA)
von Humboldt, Wilhelm 279
Washoe 93–94, 433
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC-R). See psychological testing: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children— Revised (WISC-R)
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition (WISC-III). See psychological testing: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children— Third Edition (WISC-III)
Wernicke’s aphasia. See aphasia: types: Wernicke’s aphasia
Wernicke’s area. See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: Wernicke’s area
white matter (tract). See brain, structures and neurophysiology of: white matter/white matter tract
Williams syndrome 98, 109, 434
word retrieval 211–213, 434
word-sign pairs. See research methods, procedures, and terminology: word-sign pairs
working memory. See memory, types of: working
Yebra, Melchor de 57
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