Creative Multilingualism
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Texte intégral
Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA) 155–156, 165, 172
Académie Française 243
adaptation 27, 82, 89, 99–100, 107, 109, 119, 121–122, 228, 238
Æthelweard 56
Africa 4, 10, 40, 77, 111, 124, 137, 160, 210, 230
Afrikaans 13, 73
AI. See artificial intelligence (AI)
Akbar, Emperor 120
Aladdin 120, 122
Aldrin, Buzz 38
A Level (UK) 185
Alf layla wa-layla. See Arabian Nights, The
Ali Baba 120, 122
alienation 70
Al-Māwardī 116
alphabets 19, 81, 139, 140, 142, 196. See also script
Altshuler, Michael 26
Alzheimer’s disease. See dementia
Anglophone 3, 8, 137, 207, 211, 243
animal communication 226–228, 250
anime 122–123
anthropology 18, 45, 47–63, 231
Appalachia 61
Arabian Nights: Sinbad’s Adventures (film) 122
Arabian Nights, The 114, 117, 119–122, 130
Arabic 7, 12, 19, 29, 77–79, 81, 109–110, 116–117, 119–121, 123–126, 130, 139, 145, 182, 250
Arab-Israeli conflicts 90
Aristotle 37
Armstrong, Neil 38
artificial intelligence (AI) 5, 37
ATTA (Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults). See Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults (ATTA)
Atwood, Margaret 57
Australia 29
authentic text 165
Aymara 29
Azerbaijani 139, 141
Aztecs 55
Babalolá, Lékan 39
Balinese 117
Barnes, Julian 112, 114–115, 118 England, England 112, 114, 118
Barpaga, Rinkoo 232–234
Barth, John 122 Last Voyage of Somebody the Sailor, The 122
Bassa 226
Baudelaire, Charles 39 ‘Élévation’ 39
Beckett, Samuel 97 Ghost Trio 97
Beethoven, Ludwig van 97 Ghost Trio 97
behaviourism 224
Bell, Currer 136
Bengali 70, 73, 77, 82, 145, 182, 208–210
Benhamou, Jessica 214
bilingualism 2, 4–5, 21, 29, 110, 133, 153, 156, 170, 178, 205, 208, 210, 213
biocultural diversity 47–63, 67
biodiversity ix, 47–63, 125, 231, 249
biology 18, 49, 53, 58, 69
BirdLife International 61
birds 27, 47, 50, 53, 54, 56, 156, 172, 173, 190, 191, 227. See also naming: of birds
yellowhammers 228
Birds, The (project) 190–191
Birksted-Breen, Noah 88
Birmingham 19, 87–88, 102–104, 188, 190, 193–194, 231, 233–234
Birmingham Repertory Theatre 188, 190, 193–194
body language 191, 204, 250 in the workplace 204
body parts 74, 186, 192, 197
Borges, Jorge Luis 236
Boroditsky, Lera 28 ‘How Languages Construct Time’ 28
borrowing. See linguistic borrowing
brain hemisphere 36, 139
Brave New Voices (project) 182
Brazil 40, 59
British Academy 217 Born Global: Implications for Higher Education 217
British Council 158, 210
Brontë, Charlotte 19, 131, 135–136 Jane Eyre 19, 131, 134–137, 148
Brown, Theodore L. 27
Buddhism 115–117
Bulgarian 73, 77–79, 81
Bulletproof Monk (film) 117–118
C4 102
Calderón, Pedro 188
calque, calquing. See loan translation
Cambridge Handbook of Creativity, The 13
Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought, The 31
Cameron, David 10
Cangjie 55
career 20, 203–222, 231, 234
cartoons 26, 32, 122, 240
Casasanto, Daniel 30
Catalan 74–75, 81
CEFR. See Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)
Chaucer 56
Chekhov, Anton 96–97 Cherry Orchard, The 97 Uncle Vanya 96
Ch’eng-en Wu 115 Journey to the West 115, 117
China 10, 55, 111, 113, 115–116, 120, 230
Chinese 10, 19, 52, 55, 79, 109–110, 112–121, 131, 136, 142, 207, 227, 230, 250
Chomsky, Noam 224–225 I-language and E-language 224
Christianity 115
Classic of Mountains and Seas 121
classroom language learning. See language learning: classroom language learning
cognition 26–29, 37, 47, 140, 157, 208, 223, 225–226
cognitive flexibility 160, 170
cognitive science 37, 226–227
colonialism 9–10, 17, 59, 111, 230, 235, 242
colour 226–227
comedy 19, 145, 195
comics 115–118, 122–123
Commedia. See Dante: Divine Comedy
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) 165
community languages 105, 207
conlangs. See constructed languages
conservation 47–58, 60–63, 67
constructed languages 223, 236, 238 High Valyrian 238 Quenya 238 Sindarin 238
convergence. See language convergence
corpus 37, 43, 207
Côte d’Ivoire 160
creative arts 3, 87–105
Creative Commons licence 4
creative economy 87–105
creative personality 157
creativity. Passim
general creativity 152–161, 165–166 linguistic creativity. Passim
Crystal, David 22, 177, 225, 230, 238–241
Language Play 238
culture. Passim
cultural change 58
cultural diversity 8, 48–49, 68, 181, 226, 264 and passim
cultural identity 11, 55, 226, 237 and passim
curiosity 151, 157–158, 164–165, 174, 209
curriculum 163, 182
Czech 77
Daily Mail 103
dance 40, 91, 134, 231, 251
dancehall. See music: dancehall
Dani 226
Danish 73, 75
Dante 132, 134–135
Divine Comedy 132–133, 135
Daoism 115–117
Darwin, Charles 48–49, 62
Descent of Man, The 48
Dastān of Amīr Ḥamza. See Ḥamzanāma
Declaration of Belém 59
Defiance (series) 238
dementia 178, 209, 253
Devanagari 139
Devilman 102
Devine, George 98
Dewaele, Jean-Marc 159
dialect 5–6, 79, 81, 103, 133, 141, 178, 207, 227–230, 246
dictionary 33, 56, 132–133, 190, 205–207, 213, 218, 242–243
Digital Arts and Humanities Commons (DAHC) 143
digraphic languages 139
discourse analysis 58
diversity. See biocultural diversity;
See biodiversity; See culture: cultural diversity; See language: diversity
Dizzee Rascal 102
Dollinger, Stephen 157
Dothraki 20, 235, 238, 246
drama 17, 19, 87–105, 108, 144, 158, 181, 188–190, 192–197, 200, 213
Dudrah, Rajinder 88
Dugdale, Sasha 92, 100
Dungeons & Dragons 5
Duolingo 212, 236, 238
Dutch 14, 73, 75, 80–81, 186
Dutch East India Company 111
East India Company 111
ecolinguistics 58
Edmondson, Willis 161
education 2, 3, 7, 8, 36, 71, 219, 234. See also language learning
emojis 6, 190
emotions 1, 11, 29, 157–159, 164–166, 173–174, 180, 191, 239
empathy 160, 166, 175, 219
England 5, 54, 69–70, 111–114, 118, 144, 151, 153, 158–159, 163, 188, 208
English 2–3, 7–12, 14–15, 17, 26, 28–29, 31–33, 35, 39–40, 42–43, 52–54, 56, 69–71, 73, 75–77, 79, 81–82, 92–93, 100, 109–114, 116–120, 122–123, 126, 132–134, 136–137, 139–140, 143–146, 151, 162, 177–178, 180, 182, 186–187, 189, 206–209, 211, 213, 216, 227, 229–230, 240, 242–243, 245, 250
as lingua franca 8, 10
‘plain English’ 206–207
Queen’s English 12
Scouse 5
Englishness 112
environment 5–6, 8, 16, 29, 36, 42, 47–63, 92, 120, 123, 157–158, 178, 217, 226–227, 231, 250
eponyms 53
Esperanto 20, 236–237
Ethiopia 111
ethnobiology 59
Ethno-ornithology World Atlas (EWA) 18, 63, 67
etymology 34, 71–75, 206, 238, 250
Evans, Nicholas 58
evolution 48, 52, 56, 67, 246
Fairbanks Jr., Douglas 123
false friends 32, 250
Faroese 73
Farsi 119, 145
Fauconnier, Gilles 31
Featherstone, Vicky 98
Feld, Steven 50
feng shui 112–113
film 9, 17, 90, 92, 96, 99, 107, 116, 118, 122–123, 136, 200, 213–215, 222, 251
First International Congress of Ethnobiology 59
flexible thinking 158, 164, 166, 174
folklore 121
folk song. See music: folk song
food 8, 14–15, 57, 111, 116, 166–167, 185, 198, 213, 222, 242
foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) 159
foreign language enjoyment (FLE) 159
foreignness 69–83, 101, 112
French 9–10, 12, 14, 17, 33, 52, 69, 73–77, 80–82, 110, 120–121, 124, 126, 132–133, 152–153, 160, 162, 165–166, 171, 174–175, 180–182, 185, 192, 195, 206–210, 214, 243, 250
Frisian 73
Friulian 69, 74
funk. See music: funk
Game of Thrones 235, 238, 246
games 5, 115, 117, 190, 192–196, 200, 238, 241
Gandhi, Mohandas K. 7, 92
An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth 7
garage. See music: garage
Garbay, Bruno 175
GCSE (UK) 163, 181, 208–209
Georgian 117
German 9–10, 14, 26, 32–33, 69, 71, 73, 75–81, 110, 126, 133, 136, 138, 144, 152–153, 165–167, 178, 186–187, 192, 206–209, 229, 240, 243, 250
Bavarian 5
Germany 5, 118
gesture 16, 40, 97, 188, 189, 204, 233, 234. See also body language; See also sign language
Getty Research Institute 143
Ghetts 102
Gill, Sam 55
globalization 15, 129–130, 204, 208, 235
Google 224
Google Translate 145, 215
grammar 58, 133, 153, 163–164, 211–213, 218, 236, 239, 241
universal grammar 224
graphic novel 122
Greaves, Kyle. See Ky’Orion
Greek 42, 77, 81, 120, 132, 137–138, 152, 227, 250
Green, Debbie Tucker 92
Grenfell Tower 100, 103
grime. See music: grime
Gujarati 7, 73
Guo, Xiaoting 116
Ji Gong Quan Zhuan 115
Hale, Susan 55
Ḥamzanāma 116, 119–120
Harry Potter. See Rowling, J. K.: Harry Potter
Haugen, Einar 55
‘Healthy Linguistic Diet’ 178, 208
Hebrew 29, 77, 121, 152
heritage 6, 11, 29, 38, 40, 61, 69, 125, 160, 204, 209, 252
High Valyrian. See constructed languages: High Valyrian
Hildegard of Bingen 235
‘Lingua Ignota’ 235
Hindi 7, 9, 70, 73, 77, 117, 141, 144, 208, 250
Hinduism 115
Hinglish 17, 208
hip-hop. See music: hip-hop
Ho, Chi Minh 140
Declaration of Independence 140
Hodgson, George 210
Holness, Joshua. See RTKal
Hugo, Victor 174–175
‘Demain, dès l’aube’ 174
humanities 1, 38, 42–43
humour 134, 156, 173, 223–224, 238, 241
Huntington, Julie A. 160–161
Hurricane Irma 174
Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ 116
Kalīla wa-Dimna 116, 119–120
Ibn al-Nadīm 120
al-Fihrist 120
Icelandic 70, 73, 75
iconicity 53
idiolect 230
idioms 133, 135, 206, 211
imagination 29, 158–160, 164, 166, 174–175, 215, 219, 225, 237, 242
immigration 134, 218, 231
imperialism 98, 111–113, 121
India 4, 9, 70, 111, 115, 120, 208, 230
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (film) 118
Indigenous languages 47–63
Indigenous peoples 49, 60–62, 231, 240
Industrial Revolution 230
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) 61
International Concrete Poetry movement 142
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 82
Internet 10, 27, 67, 92, 133, 204, 213, 224, 230, 238
interpretation 56, 58, 89, 92–93, 96–98, 133–134, 141, 207, 218, 222, 226, 243, 251
Ishiguro, Kazuo 141
Never Let Me Go 141
Italian 15, 69–70, 73–77, 80–81, 120, 136, 182, 186, 250
Italy 69
Japanese 15, 77–79, 120, 122–123, 140, 144, 152, 182, 186, 195, 207–208, 227, 240, 250
Ji Gong (character) 115, 116. See also Guo, Xiaoting: Ji Gong Quan
Zhuan
Jme 102
Johnson, Mark 31, 37, 42. See also Metaphors We Live By
jungle. See music: jungle
Kalīla wa-Dimna. See Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ:
Kalīla wa-Dimna
Kannada 9, 139
Kano 102
Kim, Myonghee 163
King, Stephen 99
Body, The 99
kinship 33–34
Kislorod (film) 90, 96
Kitāb Naṣīḥat al-mulūk 116
Korean 120, 139–140, 144, 208
Krauss, Michael 60
Kuuk Thaayorre 29
Ky’Orion 87–88, 103
Ladin 74
Lady Leshurr 102
Lady Sanity 87–88, 98, 100–101
Lakoff, George 31, 37, 42. See also Metaphors We Live By
language
barrier 19, 70, 144
contact 56, 85, 180
convergence 77, 85 difference. Passim diversity ix, 1–4, 8, 18–19, 25, 30–31, 33, 46–50, 62, 67–68, 84, 87, 107, 124, 151, 177, 180–182, 203, 223, 225–227, 231, 235–236, 243, 249–250, and passim
ecology 54–56
extinction 59–60, 67, 228, 231
play 20, 177, 223, 239–240, 245
predictability across languages 75 revitalization 62
language borrowing 250
language families 77, 212
Germanic languages 73, 75, 83
hidden resemblances between unrelated languages 76–77
Indo-Aryan languages 73
Indo-European languages 73–74, 77, 179–180, 236
Romance languages 73–76, 83, 186, 237
Slavonic languages 73
visualized through tree-diagrams 73, 179
language learning ix, 2, 8, 17, 19, 36, 83, 87, 151–188, 203–224, 246, 249 benefits of 151, 181, 205, 209
classroom language learning 151, 156 ‘immersion’ 180
in the workplace 205
Language Lives 6–9, 12, 14, 109, 119, 137, 144, 151, 208–209, 214
language loss. See language: extinction
languages. See Afrikaans; Arabic; Balinese; Bassa; Bengali; Bulgarian; Catalan; Chinese; constructed languages; Czech; Dani; Danish; Dutch; English; Esperanto; Faroese; Farsi; French; Frisian; Friulian; Georgian; German; Greek; Gujarati; Hebrew; Hindi; Icelandic; Italian; Japanese; Korean; Latin; Malayalam; Maltese; Mandarin; Norwegian; Persian; Polish; Portuguese; Punjabi; Romanian; Russian; Sanskrit; Sardinian; Scots Gaelic; sign language; Spanish; Swahili; Swedish; Taiwanese; Tamil; Turkish; Urdu; Vietnamese; Welsh; Yoruba; Welsh
language teaching 22, 46, 151–176, 181, 185, 189, 192, 196, 205, 218
creative approach 151–167
functional approach 164–167
Latin 10, 26, 28–29, 32, 74, 81, 152, 206, 208–209, 227, 235, 242, 250
Lazare-Parris, Liam. See Stanza Divan
Leikin, Mark 153
Lethal Bizzle 102
Levant Company 111
Lewis, Brett 117
lexical diversity 124, 157
Limbu, Mukahang 144
lingua franca 3, 8, 10–11, 110, 210, 230, 235
Linguee 207
linguistic borrowing 16, 77, 80, 186, 227, 236, 250
linguistic creativity. Passim
linguistic diversity. See language: diversity
linguistic ecology. See language: ecology
linguistics 18, 30–31, 37–38, 42, 45, 47, 49, 52, 58, 60, 68, 225, and passim
linguistic sign 51–53
arbitrary nature of 51, 53
literature
Arabic 110, 116, 125
Caribbean 124
European 139
Francophone 124
in language learning 160–164 national 129
non-European 140
postcolonial 124
post-Soviet 97
world 19, 109–126, 129, 143
loan translation 80, 126
loanword. See linguistic borrowing
London 12, 102, 181
Lost Words, The 56, 67
Luxmoore, Kate 39
Macfarlane, Robert 56
Magi: Adventure of Sinbad (film) 122
Mahfouz, Naguib 122
Layālī alf layla 122
Malayalam 9, 139
Maltese 81
mammals 49, 227–228
Mandarin 10, 28, 109–110, 144, 208
Martin, Chris 152
Martin, George R.R. 238
Song of Ice and Fire, A 238
May, Theresa 81, 103
Memrise 213
Mendelssohn, Felix 96
mentalese 228
metaphor 18–19, 25–43, 45–47, 56, 145, 162, 170, 191
Metaphors We Live By 31, 42
Mexico 55
migration 17, 103, 125, 165, 229
Mill, John Stuart 159
‘What is Poetry?’ 159
mime 40, 188
Mississippi 61
Monkey King. See Sun Wukong
Monkey King, The (film) 117
monolingualism 4–5, 8, 70–71, 100, 128, 146, 153, 177–178, 205, 207–208, 230
Morris, Jackie 56
Moscow 19, 87, 89–90, 92
multilingualism. Passim
Multilingual Performance Project (MPP) 19, 181, 188–198, 200
music 41, 91–93, 96–98, 101–103, 105, 122, 134, 151, 175, 190, 214, 250–251 dancehall 102
folk song 40 funk 40
garage 102
grime 19, 87, 89, 102–103, 105
hip-hop 19, 87, 89, 93, 98, 100, 102–103, 105, 108
jungle 102
rap 19, 87, 89, 92–93, 96, 102–103
myth 16, 18, 55, 61, 116, 141, 191, 235, 252
Nakba 125–126
naming 18, 47–63, 67–68, 226 of birds 53–54, 56
nation 60, 113, 124, 141, 143, 230, 236
nationalism 8, 11, 59, 60, 69, 133, 139, 141, 143. See also literature: national
National Trust 57
natural sciences 1–2
nature 47–48, 50, 55–63
Navajo 55
neologism 17, 27, 35, 53, 132, 147, 162, 205, 242–243
Nepal 144, 208
Nettle, Daniel 60
neural networks 208
neuroscience 37, 42, 141–143, 178, 226
New York Times 14
Nonuya 62
Norwegian 73, 75
Occitan 74
Oeming, Michael Avon 117
onomatopoeia 53
openness 157–158, 160, 164, 166, 174, 209
opera 252
ornithology 18, 47
Ouyang, Wen-chin 110
Oxford 87
Oxford English Dictionary 206, 242–243
Oxford Junior Dictionary 56–57, 67
Oxford Spires Academy 132, 143–144, 147
Panchatantra. See Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ: Kalīla wa-Dimna
paralinguistics 204
Paran, Amos 161
performance 13–14, 19, 39–41, 87–105, 107, 188–192, 195, 216, 250
Persian 7, 81, 110, 116–117, 119–120, 135, 206
Peterson, David J. 235, 238
Art of Language Invention, The 238
Philippou, Eleni 138
Philombé, René 162
‘L’homme qui te ressemble’ 162
‘Philosophical Language’ 236. See also constructed languages
philosophy 29–30, 42, 45, 60, 101, 142, 159, 225, 236, 246
phonetics 16, 139–140, 142
phonocentrism 142
Pilpay. See Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ: Kalīla wa-Dimna
Pinker, Steven 228, 246
Language Instinct, The 228, 246
Pinter, Harold 99
Plato 29, 51
Cratylus 51
play. See language: play
plurilingualism 4–5
Poe, Edgar Allen 122
‘Thousand-and-Second Tale of
Scheherazade, The’ 122
poetry 26, 36–37, 39, 41, 45, 50, 91, 109, 131–134, 137, 139, 143, 145–146, 148, 158–162, 171, 174–176, 178, 180–185, 238–239, 241, 252
Polish 12, 70, 73, 138, 141, 145, 182, 210, 236
politeness 119
politics 15, 92, 204, 213
Pollack, John 241
Pun Also Rises, The 241
Portman, Natalie 152
portmanteau 53
Portuguese 70, 73–75, 77, 81–82, 136, 145, 152, 182, 250
predictability. See language: predictability across languages
Presnyakov Brothers 99
proto-Germanic 73
proto-Indo-European’ 73
psycholinguistics 31, 42, 226
psychology 28, 37, 42, 45, 93
Punch Records 88, 104, 233–234
Punjabi 70, 73, 210
punning 20, 240–241
Quenya. See constructed languages: Quenya
Racine, Jean 188
rap. See music: rap
Redgrave, Simon 88
register 5–6, 109, 112, 133, 178, 234
Robbins, Sherelle. See Lady Sanity
Rodríguez, Abel 62
Romaine, Suzanne 60
Roman Empire 10, 74, 235
Romanian 70, 73–75, 77–81, 182
Romansh 74
Rowling, J.K. 111, 152
Harry Potter 111, 114, 121, 152
Royal Court Theatre 90, 92, 98
Royal Society of Literature 145
Royalty 87, 103
RTKal 87–88, 103–104
Runco, Mark 157
Russia 73, 89–93, 100–101, 105–106, 146
Russian 19, 73, 77–81, 87, 89–93, 96, 98–101, 106–107, 222, 250
Russianness 100
Russian Revolution (1917) 90
Sanskrit 7, 9, 120
Sardinian 74
Saussure, Ferdinand de 51–52, 68
Cours de linguistique générale 51
Scots Gaelic 70
Scott, Virginia M. 160–161
script 19, 29, 81–82, 131, 139–143, 147, 194, 212, 238
Arabic 19, 29
Chinese 19, 139, 142
Chữ Nôm 139–140
cuneiform 54
Cyrillic 139
Hebrew 29
Latin 29, 139
Runic 139
self-transcendence 157
semiotics 68
September 11 attacks 90
Seven Sieves 83
Shakespeare, William 40, 56, 90, 96, 112, 188, 240
Hamlet 96
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A 96
Tempest, The 96
Sigarev, Vasilii 99
Plasticine 99
sign language 16, 189–191, 234, 246, 250
British Sign Language 204, 233–234
Chinese Sign Language 204
Urban Sign Language 233–234
Silk Road 113, 115, 120
Sinbad (film trilogy) 122
Sinbad the Sailor 122, 130
Sinbad the Sailor (film) 122–123
Sinbad: Legends of the Seven Seas (film) 122
Sindarin. See constructed languages:
Sindarin
Skepta 102
slang 207, 234, 242
Slanguages 231, 233–234
Slash 102
Slovenian 69
social sciences 1–2, 42
Socrates 51
South Africa 7, 13, 137
Soviet Union 91
space-time 25, 42
Spanish 73–81, 126, 152, 181–182, 185–186, 192, 195, 207, 240, 250
speech community 4, 11, 16–17, 58, 229, 241–242
sport 213
Sputnik Theatre 100
standardization 11, 16, 133, 139, 141, 207, 229, 231, 234
Stanza Divan 87–88, 98, 100–101
Star Wars 242
Stormzy 102–103
Gangs, Signs & Prayer 102
storytelling 50, 116–117, 120, 122–123
Streets, The 102
Sudan 111
Sufism 115, 117
Sullivan, Irene 55
Sun Wukong 115, 117, 121
sustainability 1, 3, 58, 60, 62
Swahili 120, 145, 250
Swain, Merrill 163
swear words 209
Swedish 73, 75, 77–80, 182
Swift, Jonathan 237
Gulliver’s Travels 237
symbolism 53, 174–175
synchronic 33
Tadjo, Véronique 160 ‘Raconte-moi’ 160
Taiwanese 110
Taiwo, Olu 39–41
Tale of Genji, The 140
Tamil 9
Tang dynasty 115
Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria 62
Teatr.doc 90
technology 2, 5, 27–28, 37, 122, 142–143, 156, 172–173, 223, 230–231
Telegu 9
Terralingua 48
theatre. See drama
Thériault, Gilles-Claude 175
Thieberger, Nicholas 58
Thierry, Guillaume 30
Tolkien, J. R. R. 237–238
Lord of the Rings, The 238
toponyms 53
Touch of Zen, A (film) 118
Tower of Babel 235
Trainspotting 99
transferable skills 203, 212, 214, 216–217, 240
translanguaging 124
translation ix, 3–4, 8, 15, 19, 32, 58, 80, 89, 92–93, 96, 99–102, 104, 109, 113, 120, 122–123, 129, 131–148, 180, 182, 200, 206–207, 213, 215, 217–218, 234, 246, 251
machine translation 217
prismatic translation 92, 131–148
translingualism 182
transmogrification 121
trauma 125–126
Trilla 102
Trinidad 40
Turkish 12, 117, 120, 140, 250
Turner, Mark 31
Ulster Scots 70
United Nations 61, 134, 218
universal grammar. See grammar: universal grammar
unpredictability 158–159, 165–166
Urdu 117, 144–145, 182, 206, 208, 250
Vas’kovskaya, Irina 99
Vietnamese 139–141
Virgil 26
Georgics 26
vocabulary 5, 16, 36, 46, 53, 58–59, 83, 152–153, 157, 161–166, 171, 196–197, 211, 213, 218, 226, 229, 236–237, 239–240
vocabulary development 162
Vyrypaev, Ivan 19, 87, 89–94, 96–98, 100
Oxygen 19, 87–98, 100–101, 104–105, 107–108
Warlpiri language 226
Welsh 10, 70, 77, 210, 227
Weygandt, Susanna 96
Wiley 102
Wilkins, John 236
Wilson-Haughton, Reece. See Royalty
world literature. See literature: world
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) 61
writing system. See script
Wuxia 118
Xuanzang 115
Yamlīkha 114
Yavapai 55
Yoruba 39–41
Yòrùbá Sonnets 39–40
Yosemite 61
young learners 71, 151–167, 187
Zamenhof, Ludwik Lejzer 236
Zuckerberg, Mark 152
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