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The DARPA Model for Transformative Technologies

 | 
William Boone Bonvillian
, 
Patrick Windham
, 
Richard Van Atta

Index

Texte intégral

Adobe 152, 170, 174

Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) 253, 255, 351–352, 377

Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) 24, 45, 56, 180, 229, 291, 304, 334, 361, 363–365, 367, 369–370, 372, 383–411, 419–423, 425–427, 435–436, 438, 441–445, 447, 449

commercialization team 386, 401–402, 422, 427

fellows program 386, 394, 426

Afghanistan 7, 102, 111, 196, 249, 252–253, 279–281, 290, 352

AGILE 3–5, 12, 32, 463

Air Force, the 11, 22, 41, 101, 146, 164, 169, 175, 234, 237–244, 246–248, 250–251, 260–262, 265, 339, 345–350, 353, 387

Akgün, Ali 123

Altair 8800 148

Amber 249, 251, 253–254, 351–352. See also: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

Ansell, Chris 184–185

Apple Inc. 92–93, 146, 151–156, 158–160, 166, 168–172, 273, 275, 374, 416

Lisa 153–155

LisaDraw 153

LisaWrite 153, 155

Macintosh 141, 147, 150–153, 155–156, 158

MacDraw 153

MacWrite 153

PowerBook 154

Newton 154

Siri 273, 275

Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) 349. See also: precision strike

Army, the 2, 5, 7, 36, 107, 146, 164, 166, 192, 234, 246–248, 250, 265, 280, 343, 345, 349–350, 369, 414

ARPANET 4, 6, 12, 19, 32, 40, 125, 146, 162, 165, 175, 256, 304, 377

artificial intelligence (AI) 6–8, 19, 40, 103, 109–110, 171, 272–274, 276, 283, 466–468

autonomous vehicle 8, 229, 313–314

machine learning 273–274, 315–317, 443

Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL) 272–273, 275–276, 281

CALO 272–275

RADAR 273–274

Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 152, 166

Aspray, William 174

Assault Breaker. See precision strike: standoff: Assault Breaker

Atari 154, 158, 170

AT & T 91–92, 172, 257, 259, 273

Auerswald, Phillip 437

Bandy, William 265

Bardeen, John 91–92

Bates, Charles C. 135

Bayh-Dole Act 23

Bechtolsheim, Anders 374

behavioral science 4, 147

Bell Laboratories 91, 135, 172, 259, 315, 441

Bennis, Warren 88, 333, 336

Berger, Suzanne 447

Berkeley 373–374, 377, 386, 389–390

Berners-Lee, Tim 160

Betts, Austin 192

Biederman, Patricia 88, 333, 336

Bingaman, Jeff 258

Biological Technologies Office (BTO) 8–9, 235, 279, 281–282, 284

biomedical research 161, 455

Blackett, Patrick 340

Boeing 255, 411–412

Bonvillian, William B. 13, 22, 24–25, 290

Bosnia 252–253, 352

Brachman, Ron 273–275

Branscomb, Lewis 437

Brattain, Walter 91–92

breakthrough innovation. See radical innovation

Breznitz, Dan 187

Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) 53, 121, 134, 210, 215, 235, 262, 264–265, 267, 274–275, 283, 286, 311–312, 316

Brown, Harold 6, 38, 97, 173, 343–344, 347–348, 378

Browning, Valerie 270

Burt, Ronald 184

Bush, George W. 56, 196, 263, 267

Bush, Vannevar 82–84, 90–91, 93, 158–160, 324, 327, 333, 341, 437

Science: The Endless Frontier 83

CALO. See artificial intelligence (AI): Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL): CALO

Campbell-Kelly, Martin 174

Card, Stuart 174

Carleton, Tamara 24, 131, 334

Carlsson, Gunnar 276–278

Carnegie Mellon University 161, 166, 174, 200, 273–274

Carter, Ash 8

Carter, Jimmy 6, 97, 240, 343

Catmull, Edwin 152, 170

Cebrowski, Art 97

Cerf, Vint 95

challenge-based model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “challenge-based”

Chambers, John 78

Cheney, David W. 24

Cheney, Dick 194, 266

Churchill, Winston 453

Clark, Wesley 170

Clinton, Bill 6, 267, 269, 351

Cockayne, William 131

Cockcroft, John 338

cognitive computing 6–8, 106, 111, 273, 468

Colatat, Phech 24, 69

Cold War 3, 6, 77, 79, 97, 107, 109, 190, 194, 269, 343, 348, 350, 374, 409, 412, 414, 436, 439. See also: Cuban Missile Crisis; See also: Sputnik

Compton, Karl 82

computer chip 23, 92, 175, 307, 371, 375–376. See also: Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)

computer science 6, 20, 102, 104–106, 147, 161, 165–166, 370, 441, 455, 466

Conant, James 82

Congress 3, 7, 20, 31, 33, 42, 55, 107, 112, 193, 232, 235, 243, 251, 258, 260–261, 263, 267–268, 275–276, 285, 291–293, 351, 363, 370, 380, 383–384, 395–396, 398, 408, 413, 467

“connected science and technology” 331, 333, 342, 355

connected science model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “connected”

Conway, Lynn 170

Cook-Deegan, Robert 24

Cooper, Leon 456

Cuban Missile Crisis 6, 94

Currie, Malcolm 112, 238, 240, 242–243, 346–347, 354, 378

Curry, Jim 167

cybersecurity 9, 102, 105, 297, 445

Daniels, Bruce 152

Darby, Michael 204, 207

DARPA

DARPA Challenge 8. See also: robotics: DARPA Robotics Challenge

“DARPA Hard” 12, 105, 119, 124, 126–128, 136, 306, 309–310

DARPA model 12, 17–18, 21, 24, 30, 46, 49, 53, 56, 77, 94–95, 98, 113, 181, 189, 197, 229, 282, 286, 289, 324, 333, 363–365, 367, 372, 382–383, 391–392, 395, 405, 435–436, 446, 448–449

DARPA’s characteristics 33, 35, 56, 99, 189, 335

DARPA’s founding 3, 9, 31, 48, 55, 93, 436, 463

DARPA’s future 101, 103, 467

DARPA’s organization and management 9, 16 office director 11, 14, 17, 107, 275, 289, 293–295, 306, 316, 338, 381, 393, 454

program manager (PM) 7, 9–11, 13–15, 17–20, 24, 30, 35, 38, 46, 48, 55, 59, 67–68, 72–73, 100, 107, 120–121, 123–126, 128– 136, 181–182, 192, 198–201, 203–204, 207–209, 212–216, 218, 220–222, 230, 232, 234, 237, 248, 258, 261–262, 277, 284, 289, 291, 293–296, 304, 310–311, 314, 316–318, 334– 335, 338, 342, 355, 364–366, 371–373, 382–383, 386, 388, 441–443, 445, 454, 464–466, 468

recruitment of 54, 56, 100, 129–130, 133, 235, 284, 294, 296, 445

role of 35–36, 46, 54, 72, 128, 242, 247, 253, 260, 264, 271, 275, 277, 280, 284

DARPA’s success 16, 37–39, 56, 129, 135, 337–338, 363, 372

Davis, Jason P. 185

Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) 244, 247–248, 285, 457

Defense Science Board (DSB) 103– 105, 203, 212, 233, 294

Defense Sciences Office (DSO) 9, 14, 198, 235, 256, 268, 271–272, 278–279, 281–282, 284, 286

defense technology 7, 79, 97, 194, 341, 352

Denman, Gary 196

Department of Energy (DOE) 45, 56, 87, 233, 291, 365, 383, 386, 389–390, 392, 394, 396–397, 399–402, 404, 407, 410, 420, 422–423, 425, 427

Department of Homeland Security 180, 364, 436

Dertouzos, Michael 170

Deutch, John 251, 351–352

Deutsch, Peter 166

digital mirror technology 262, 265, 267, 285

Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR & E) 2–3, 5, 36, 107, 112, 238, 240, 242–243, 255, 346–348

disruptive innovation. See radical innovation

Doerr, John 398

Douglas Cochran 277

Draper, Tim 173

Drexler, Eric 339

Drucker, Peter F. 126

“dual-use” technology 1, 3, 7, 194, 196, 232, 235, 265, 269, 285–286, 373–374, 421–422

Edison, Thomas 88–89, 91 “Edison Effect” 89

Eisenhower, Dwight 3, 31, 78, 93, 105, 189–190, 304, 333, 343, 354, 455

Engelbart, Doug 95, 168–170

entrepreneur/VC model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “entrepreneur/VC”

Ethernet 149, 151, 374

Evans, David 166–167, 169

extended pipeline model 325–330, 332, 342, 356, 438–441, 445, 448–449. See also: innovation model; See also: pipeline model

F-117A. See stealth: F-117A

Facebook 374

Feigenbaum, Edward 170

Fernandez, Frank 196

Feynman, Richard 339

Fiala, Ed 166

Fields, Craig 8, 263–265, 267

Fitzgerald, Eugene 205, 207–208

Flegal, Bob 167

Fleming, Lee 184

Fong, Glenn R. 24

Ford, Gerald 5

Fossum, Robert 245–247, 249, 254

Foster, John S. 2, 5, 36, 112, 250, 255, 369, 378

Fransman, Martin 187

Fuchs, Erica R. H. 24, 52, 54, 69

Gabriel, Ken 365

Gassmann, Oliver 135

Gates, Bill 111, 118, 145, 151, 155–157, 173, 398

Genentech 92

General Atomics 249, 251–252, 255

Geschke, Charles 152, 174

Global Hawk 209, 252, 254, 352, 377, 379, 387. See also: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

Global Positioning System (GPS) 1, 10, 252, 307, 354

GPS receiver 1, 10

Godel, William 3–4

Goldblatt, Michael 281

Google 374, 386 graphical user interface (GUI) 146–147, 150, 152–155, 158–159

Gulf War 97, 241, 252, 259, 351

Gunning, David 275

Hagel, Chuck 8

Have Blue. See stealth: Have Blue

Heber, Charles 251, 253

Heilmeier, George 14, 96, 193, 197–198, 234, 239, 242, 286, 310, 347, 402, 442

“Heilmeier Catechism” 14, 96, 234, 310, 402, 442

Hendrickson, Brian 261

Hennessy, John 170

Herzfeld, Charles 4, 95

High Definition Systems (HDS) 262–263, 265

High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCCI) 257

“high-risk/high-payoff” 14, 30, 35, 230, 305, 366, 370, 403, 441

Hill, A. V. 340

Hillis, Daniel 170

Hitler, Adolf 339

Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA) 180, 229, 436

Hood, Leroy 457

Hopkins, Harry 83, 390

Hounshell, David 200

human-computer interface (HCI) 147–149, 151–152, 154, 158–159, 163–165, 167–168, 170–172, 174

Husain, Anis 261

hybrid model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “hybrid”

hypersonic system 9, 468

Iansati, Marco 101–102, 111

IBM 104, 132, 147, 152, 172, 175, 199, 205, 207–210, 257, 259, 269, 275, 337, 374–375, 377, 379, 391, 406, 416, 419

Deep Blue 175

Immelt, Jeff 398

Information Innovation Office (I2O) 9, 161, 235, 259, 284, 316

Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) 4, 6, 39–40, 95, 161–167, 169–170, 174, 272–273, 275, 316, 367, 369, 455

Information Sciences and Technology Study Groups (ISAT) 203

information technology (IT) 2, 4, 6–7, 30, 38, 78, 95, 97, 146, 175, 203, 256, 258, 263, 324, 326, 329, 333, 344, 349, 367–368, 371–373, 375, 410, 443, 467–468

IT revolution 94, 97–98, 108–109, 146, 356, 367, 391, 418, 435

Ingalls, Dan 155

innovation factor 80–82, 87, 112–113, 437

innovation model 101, 112, 324, 331, 336. See also: extended pipeline model; See also: pipeline model

“induced innovation” 325, 328, 331, 438

“innovation organization” 81–82, 87–88, 93, 95, 99, 112, 323–324, 327–330, 332, 335, 342–343, 348, 356, 382, 391, 415, 435, 437–438, 440–441, 449

“manufacturing-led” 326–328, 331, 438–440, 447–448

innovation system 21, 77–79, 81–82, 86, 102, 109, 112–113, 180, 326–332, 336, 343–345, 353, 356, 362, 377–378, 401, 406, 408–410, 414, 426–427, 436–440, 447–450

Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) 38, 41, 233, 264, 284, 294, 347, 349, 352

integrated circuit. See computer chip

Intel 92, 171–172, 175, 187, 199, 208, 375

Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA) 24, 180, 229, 304, 435–436, 438, 441–447, 449, 451

Intergovernmental Personnel Agreement (IPA) 19–20, 99, 388

Internet 1, 4, 19, 35, 37, 40, 94–96, 105, 109, 146, 148, 160, 162, 173–175, 180, 209, 256, 262, 297, 326, 329, 339, 341, 354, 362, 371, 373–374, 377, 391, 406, 409, 418, 435, 439, 455

Iraq 7, 102, 111, 196, 249, 252–253, 279–281, 290, 352

Isakowitz, Steven 383, 390

island/bridge model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “island/bridge”

Jackel, Larry 24

Jobs, Steve 147, 152, 154–156

Johnson, Lyndon B. 29

Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) 246–247, 349

Kahn, Robert 95

Karem, Abraham 249–251, 253–255, 351

Kash, Don 337

Kash, Don E. 88

Kay, Alan 153–155, 158, 160, 167–168 Dynabook 154

Kelly, Mervin 91–92

Kelly, Michael 266

Kennedy, John F. 6, 94, 192, 343, 369

Keynesian economics 183

Khosla, Vinod 417

Killian, James 3, 304

Kissinger, Henry 5, 247

Kistiakowsky, George 3

Kleiner Perkins 398, 417

Knight, Frank H. “Knightian uncertainty” 68

Korean War 84

Kresa, Kent 378

Kuhn, Thomas 61, 69

Lampson, Butler 157, 162, 166, 169

Launius, Roger D. 29 “Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age” 29

Lawrence, Ernest 82, 90, 338

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 3

legacy sector 24, 324, 328–334, 343–346, 348, 350, 353–356, 406–407, 420, 438, 441, 449

complex, established “legacy” sector (CELS) 363, 391, 399, 406, 409

Leheny, Robert 261

Leighton, Thomas 105

Lemnios, Zach 275

Lester, Richard K. 185, 204

Levien, Roy 101–102, 111

Levina, Natalia 184

Licklider, J. C. R. 4, 6, 32, 39–40, 94–97, 100–101, 108, 110, 115, 158–159, 161–166, 168, 171, 338, 354, 367–369, 373–374

Libraries of the Future 162

“Man-Computer Symbiosis” 6, 39–40, 110, 158, 162, 165, 168

“The Computer as a Communications Device” 39

Limited Test Ban Treaty 32

Ling, Geoffrey 280–281

Lockheed 92, 101, 239–240, 242, 337, 346–348, 416, 419. See also: Skunk Works

Loomis, Alfred 82–83, 89–91, 93, 323, 333, 341, 378, 390

Los Alamos National Laboratory 78, 82, 90–93, 323, 333, 341

Lucasfilm 152, 157, 170

Lukasik, Steven 5

Lynn, Gary S. 123

Lynn, Larry 196, 254, 352, 377

Mac. See Apple Inc.: Macintosh

MacGregor, Scott 157

machine learning. See artificial intelligence (AI): machine learning

Majumdar, Arun 386, 393

Malloy, Tom 155

Manhattan Project 3, 161

Mann, Benjamin 277–278

Marshall, Andy 97

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 47–48, 51–52, 60, 62, 64–66, 69, 72, 78–79, 81–82, 85, 89–90, 110, 114, 118, 161–163, 166, 210–212, 226, 245, 259–260, 264, 303–304, 323, 341, 359, 373–374. See also: MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab)

materials science 4, 20, 455, 466

McCarthy, John 170

McElroy, Neil 3, 304

McNamara, Robert 6, 94, 369

McNeely, Scott 417

Mead, Carver 170

memex 159–162, 165, 168

Menlo Park 88–89, 91, 96

Metcalfe, Bob 151, 170

Meyerson, Bernard 205, 207–208

microelectronics 9, 193, 200, 264, 268, 371, 375, 455, 467

Microsoft 146–147, 150–152, 155–159, 166, 170–172, 180, 398

Microsoft Windows 147, 150, 155, 180

Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) 10, 181, 198–199, 211–213, 235, 256, 259, 266, 282, 284

Minsky, Marvin 170

missile defense 2–4, 31, 36–38, 161, 190, 282, 297, 369, 411, 463

DEFENDER 2, 4–5, 31, 36, 38, 369

Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 37

Mitchell, Jim 166

MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) 78, 82, 89–91, 93, 96, 113, 323, 333, 341

Moore, Robert 238–239, 242–243, 245–247

Moore’s Law 104, 181, 198–199, 221, 307

multigenerational technology 367, 405, 426, 445

Myers, Brad 174

Myers, Chuck 238, 240, 242

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 2–4, 29, 31, 34, 36, 146, 165, 169, 175, 190, 235, 369

National Defense Research Council (NDRC) 82–83, 90

National Institutes of Health (NIH) 8, 24, 46–48, 51, 53, 62–63, 66–67, 71, 135, 278, 292, 364, 453–459

National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 8, 454, 457

National Science Foundation (NSF) 13, 19–20, 24, 45–49, 51–53, 57–63, 66–69, 71–74, 84, 86, 106, 135, 146, 161, 171, 208, 217, 268, 277–278, 285, 292, 317, 364, 441, 455–459

Naval Research Laboratory (NVL) 268–272

Navy, the 83, 146, 164, 234, 238, 250–251, 265, 345, 348–351, 353

Neff, John 256, 260

Nelson, Richard 437

Newell, Alan 170

Newell, Martin 167

new growth theory 437

Nixon, Richard 5, 193, 247

nuclear war 6, 238

nuclear weapon 3, 5, 97, 343–344, 348 nuclear test detection 3–4, 31–32, 190, 235, 369, 463 VELA 5, 32, 369

Obama, Barack 8, 436

Office of Naval Research (ONR) 253, 456

Office of Science Research and Development (OSRD) 82

“offset strategy” 6, 8, 38, 97

Okimoto, Daniel 187

Oppenheimer, J. Robert 93, 333

optoelectronics 200, 235, 256–257, 259–262, 283, 286

other transactions authority (OTA) 20, 99, 194, 388

Overholser, Denys 346

Owens, Bill 97

Patten, Frank 268

Patterson, David 170

peer review 49, 59–62, 67, 72, 135, 292, 317, 364, 386–387, 393, 442, 444, 453, 455–459

Penman, Sheldon 135

Perez, Carlotta 77–78

Perko, Ken 239, 242–243

Perry, William 6–7, 38, 97, 112, 241, 246–247, 254, 343–344, 347–348, 351–352, 354, 378, 411

personal computer (PC) 40, 92,

145–147, 150, 160, 168, 174, 180, 209

PC revolution 146, 171

personal computing 4, 6, 94–95, 109, 147, 150, 153, 160, 171, 329, 339,

341, 354, 377, 379, 406, 415, 435

Personalized Assistant that Learns

(PAL). See artificial intelligence (AI): Personalized Assistant that

Learns (PAL)

Piore, Michael 24, 185, 204, 365

pipeline model 84, 325–326,

328–329, 332, 437–440, 448–449.

See also: innovation model; See also: extended pipeline model

Pixar 152, 157, 170

Porter, Lisa 441

Powell, Colin 266

Pratt, Gill 318–319

precision strike 1, 5, 7, 19, 21, 37–38, 97–98, 235, 244–247, 333, 344,

348–349, 352, 354, 367, 377–378, 405, 411, 413

standoff 5, 37–38, 235, 244–247, 367, 411

Assault Breaker 244–248, 282,

349–350

Predator 209, 249, 251–254, 352, 377, 379. See also: unmanned aerial

vehicle (UAV)

President’s Information Technology Advisory Council (PITAC) 102, 105

private sector 8, 23, 54, 69, 70, 79, 80, 87, 105, 109, 145, 146, 337, 372, 398, 402, 408, 410, 414, 422, 426, 427, 438, 440, 441, 444, 449

prize authority 20, 389, 427

program manager (PM). See DARPA: DARPA’s organization and management: program manager (PM)

proof-of-concept 10–11, 36, 39, 41–42, 120, 130–132, 136, 190, 240–242, 244, 248, 376–377, 400, 467

prototype 11, 19–22, 39, 88, 93, 98–99, 124, 129, 132, 155, 184, 235, 237, 242–243, 251, 285, 290, 305, 309, 313, 316, 323, 325, 351, 365, 379, 383, 388, 396, 400, 408–409, 422, 439, 449, 455, 457, 464

public sector 46, 145, 337, 436, 440, 449

quantum computing 9, 19, 109, 268, 444–445, 468

radical innovation 37, 45, 101, 107, 110, 113, 119–121, 124, 126–127, 130, 132–133, 135–136, 286, 328–329, 333, 336, 356, 362–363, 382, 389, 437

RAND Corporation 126

Ranka, Jinendra 24, 315

Raskin, Jeff 152

Reagan, Ronald 257

Rechtin, Eberhardt 5, 32

Reddy, Raj 170

remotely piloted vehicle (RPV). See unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): remotely piloted vehicle (RPV)

Request for Information (RFI) 235, 283, 286

Research and Development (R & D) 10–11, 13–19, 21, 24, 30–32, 35, 37, 41–42, 45, 62, 79–82, 85–88, 91, 93, 95–96, 99, 101–103, 107, 112–113, 121, 123, 125–126, 132, 134–135, 147, 158, 161, 175, 181, 185, 189, 194, 215, 217, 221–222, 229–231, 240, 245, 257–259, 263, 289–293, 295–296, 306, 309, 312, 317–318, 324, 326, 329–330, 332–335, 337, 342, 347, 349, 351–353, 355, 364, 366, 373, 379–380, 382–383, 385–386, 389, 394, 396, 399–400, 402, 409–410, 415–416, 420, 422–425, 436–437, 439–441, 443, 445, 447, 449, 453, 455, 464–467 model

“challenge-based” 13, 334, 366, 384, 387

“connected” 13, 78, 84, 87, 89, 93, 101, 113

“entrepreneur/VC” 410–411, 417–420

“hybrid” 101, 104, 336, 389

“island/bridge” 22, 324, 336–338, 340–342, 348, 355, 389

“right-left” 334, 342, 355, 366, 387

Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) 41, 344

Revolutionizing Prosthetics. See robotics: Revolutionizing Prosthetics

Reynolds, Elisabeth Beck 24

Rickover, Hyman 355

Roberts, Larry 95

robotics 6–7, 20, 111, 229, 279, 296, 314–318, 468. See also: artificial intelligence (AI)

DARPA Robotics Challenge 314, 318–319

Future Combat System 7

Revolutionizing Prosthetics 279–281

Romer, Paul 80, 86, 437

Roosevelt, Franklin D. 82–84, 90–91, 160, 323, 327, 378, 390

Rooslid, Sven 260

Rowe, A. P. 340

Ruina, Jack 4, 6, 94–95, 192–193, 196, 198, 354

Ruttan, Vernon 325–326, 416, 438

Ryan Aeronautical 255

Rycroft, Robert W. 88, 337

Schlesinger, James R. 5, 238, 243

Schön, Donald 69, 125

Schriever, Bernard 355

Secretary of Defense, Office of (OSD) 3, 5–7, 16, 20–21, 32–34, 38, 41–42, 107, 112, 194, 196, 233–234, 238, 240–244, 246–249, 251–252, 254–255, 264, 266, 275, 283, 304, 337, 345, 349–351, 356, 376–378, 411, 413, 423, 464, 467

self-driving car. See artificial intelligence (AI): autonomous vehicle

SEMATECH 175, 194, 198, 258, 263

Sen, Avery 331

September 11 7, 196

Shapira, Philip 440

Shockley, William 91–92

Shoup, Dick 166

Silicon Graphics 170, 172, 371, 374–375, 377

Silicon Valley 92, 114, 145, 158, 173–174

Simonyi, Charles 156–157, 166

Skunk Works 92, 101, 240, 337, 347–348, 416, 419

Slusarczuk, Marko 262, 264–266

Smith, Alvy Ray 152, 157

social network 182, 185, 201, 204, 222–223

Solow, Robert 79–80, 85–86

Soviet Union 3, 5–6, 9, 29–31, 97, 102, 190, 238, 243, 343–344, 348

air defense 41, 242, 346, 348, 378

space program 2–3, 31, 35–36, 93, 190, 333. See also: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Spintronics 268–271

MRAM 268–269

Sputnik 3, 9, 29–31, 48, 55, 60, 93, 105, 110, 115, 190, 304, 333, 343, 355, 361, 455

SRI International (SRI) 166, 168, 170, 273–275, 284

Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. See artificial intelligence (AI): Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory

Stanford University 212, 371, 373–374, 377, 386

Starkweather, Gary 157

stealth 1, 5, 19, 21–22, 38, 41, 92, 97–98, 108, 229, 235, 237, 240–242, 344, 346–348, 352, 367, 373, 377–378, 390, 405, 411, 413, 435, 455

F-117A 41, 209, 237, 241, 243, 411

Have Blue 41, 237, 239–244

Stimson, Henry 83, 90–91, 378, 390

Stokes, Donald 437

Strategic Computing Initiative 256–257, 268

Strategic Defense Initiative 368

Strom, Leland 20, 245–247

Sun Microsystems 170, 199, 210, 219, 371, 374–375, 377, 415, 417

Sutherland, Ivan 95, 159, 163–169, 171

Sketchpad 159, 163–164, 167–169

synthetic biology 8, 20, 297, 466, 468

Szilard, Leo 456

Tactical Technology Office (TTO) 5, 10, 235, 237–239, 242–247, 253, 282, 284, 286, 316, 342

Taylor, Robert 39, 95, 164–167, 169–171

“The Computer as a

Communications Device” 39

“technological surprise” 4, 8–9, 32, 105, 110, 179, 190, 333, 343, 361, 381

technological vision 119, 122–124, 128–130, 134, 136

technology development 8, 34, 42, 80, 84, 98–99, 182–183, 185–186, 188, 198, 200–201, 208–210, 215, 217–218, 223, 241, 251, 305, 308, 310, 326, 351–352, 363, 369, 371, 376, 402, 445, 448, 455, 467. See also: multigenerational technology

technology implementation 112, 365, 403, 407, 409, 411, 414, 421–423, 425, 427, 441–442, 444, 446

implementation challenge 407, 410, 420–421, 425, 444, 449

Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) 7, 269

technology sector 324, 331, 334, 342, 355, 383, 392, 395, 400, 405, 406, 449

“technology transition” 11, 21, 107–108, 111, 274, 352, 362, 389, 391, 409, 418, 444

terrorism. See War on Terror

Tesler, Larry 153–156, 166

Tether, Anthony 7, 56, 66, 73, 130, 180–181, 189, 196–199, 201, 209–210, 212, 215–219, 222, 232, 235, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–281, 284, 316, 370

Texas Instruments (TI) 265

Thacker, Chuck 157, 166

Tizard, Henry 323, 339–341, 353

Tizard Mission 341

Topological Data Analysis (TDA) 276–278

Total Information Awareness (TIA) 7

Truman, Harry 84, 160

Tuxedo Park 89–90

Ultraperformance Nanophotonic Intrachip Communications (UNIC) 210–211

unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 5, 10, 19, 22, 34, 108, 249–255, 285, 333, 344, 346, 350–352, 354, 377–379, 382, 387, 390, 413–414.

See also: Amber; See also: Global Hawk; See also: Predator

High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) 249, 253–255, 387, 414

remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) 250, 255, 350

U.S.S.R.. See Soviet Union

“valley of death” 34, 87, 410, 425, 438–439

Van Atta, Richard 2, 22, 24–25, 50, 189, 290, 295

Transformation and Transition: DARPA’s Role in Fostering an Emerging Revolution in Military Affairs 38, 41

Vance, Cyrus 5

Varmus, Harold 453

Venter, J. Craig 8, 92, 457

Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) 210, 221, 375, 391. See also: computer chip

Vietnam 2–4, 12, 36, 111, 193, 235, 241, 250, 343, 346, 348, 350, 463

Vietnam War 32, 111, 193, 235, 343, 346

von Zedtwitz, Maximilian 135

Waguespack, David 184

Walton, Ernest 338

Warnock, John 152, 167, 170

War on Terror 7–8, 102, 278

Watson-Watt, Robert 339

wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 256–261

Weber, Max Weberian bureaucracy 46, 72, 183

Weiss, Linda 448

White House, the 7, 31, 102, 243, 247, 263, 265, 267, 281–282, 285, 407

Wiener, Norbert 109

Willis, Nicholas 247

Windham, Patrick 24–25

Wolf, Stuart 268–272

Woolsey, James 351

World War I 249, 340

World War II 24, 77–78, 82, 84–85, 87, 91, 109, 126, 249–250, 323, 325–326, 328, 333, 339–340, 346, 378, 390, 414

World Wide Web 50, 94, 158, 160

Wulf, William 106–107

Xerox 92–93, 146–160, 162, 164–167, 169–171, 174, 337, 374

Xerox Alto 147, 149–158, 165, 167, 169–170

Bravo 156–157

Gypsy 154, 156

Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) 92–93, 146–149, 151–159, 164–170, 174, 337, 374

Xerox Star 149–151, 153, 156–157, 170

Yang, Andrew 260–261

York, Herbert 3, 31, 34, 354 Making Weapons, Talking Peace: A Physicist’s Odyssey from Hiroshima to Geneva 31

Youtie, Jan 440

Zucker, Lynne 204, 207

Zue, Victor 110–111

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