The DARPA Model for Transformative Technologies
| , ,Index
Texte intégral
Adobe 152, 170, 174
Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) 253, 255, 351–352, 377
Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) 24, 45, 56, 180, 229, 291, 304, 334, 361, 363–365, 367, 369–370, 372, 383–411, 419–423, 425–427, 435–436, 438, 441–445, 447, 449
commercialization team 386, 401–402, 422, 427
fellows program 386, 394, 426
Afghanistan 7, 102, 111, 196, 249, 252–253, 279–281, 290, 352
AGILE 3–5, 12, 32, 463
Air Force, the 11, 22, 41, 101, 146, 164, 169, 175, 234, 237–244, 246–248, 250–251, 260–262, 265, 339, 345–350, 353, 387
Akgün, Ali 123
Altair 8800 148
Amber 249, 251, 253–254, 351–352. See also: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
Ansell, Chris 184–185
Apple Inc. 92–93, 146, 151–156, 158–160, 166, 168–172, 273, 275, 374, 416
Lisa 153–155
LisaDraw 153
LisaWrite 153, 155
Macintosh 141, 147, 150–153, 155–156, 158
MacDraw 153
MacWrite 153
PowerBook 154
Newton 154
Siri 273, 275
Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS) 349. See also: precision strike
Army, the 2, 5, 7, 36, 107, 146, 164, 166, 192, 234, 246–248, 250, 265, 280, 343, 345, 349–350, 369, 414
ARPANET 4, 6, 12, 19, 32, 40, 125, 146, 162, 165, 175, 256, 304, 377
artificial intelligence (AI) 6–8, 19, 40, 103, 109–110, 171, 272–274, 276, 283, 466–468
autonomous vehicle 8, 229, 313–314
machine learning 273–274, 315–317, 443
Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL) 272–273, 275–276, 281
CALO 272–275
RADAR 273–274
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory 152, 166
Aspray, William 174
Assault Breaker. See precision strike: standoff: Assault Breaker
Atari 154, 158, 170
AT & T 91–92, 172, 257, 259, 273
Auerswald, Phillip 437
Bandy, William 265
Bardeen, John 91–92
Bates, Charles C. 135
Bayh-Dole Act 23
Bechtolsheim, Anders 374
behavioral science 4, 147
Bell Laboratories 91, 135, 172, 259, 315, 441
Bennis, Warren 88, 333, 336
Berger, Suzanne 447
Berkeley 373–374, 377, 386, 389–390
Berners-Lee, Tim 160
Betts, Austin 192
Biederman, Patricia 88, 333, 336
Bingaman, Jeff 258
Biological Technologies Office (BTO) 8–9, 235, 279, 281–282, 284
biomedical research 161, 455
Blackett, Patrick 340
Boeing 255, 411–412
Bonvillian, William B. 13, 22, 24–25, 290
Bosnia 252–253, 352
Brachman, Ron 273–275
Branscomb, Lewis 437
Brattain, Walter 91–92
breakthrough innovation. See radical innovation
Breznitz, Dan 187
Broad Agency Announcement (BAA) 53, 121, 134, 210, 215, 235, 262, 264–265, 267, 274–275, 283, 286, 311–312, 316
Brown, Harold 6, 38, 97, 173, 343–344, 347–348, 378
Browning, Valerie 270
Burt, Ronald 184
Bush, George W. 56, 196, 263, 267
Bush, Vannevar 82–84, 90–91, 93, 158–160, 324, 327, 333, 341, 437
Science: The Endless Frontier 83
CALO. See artificial intelligence (AI): Personalized Assistant that Learns (PAL): CALO
Campbell-Kelly, Martin 174
Card, Stuart 174
Carleton, Tamara 24, 131, 334
Carlsson, Gunnar 276–278
Carnegie Mellon University 161, 166, 174, 200, 273–274
Carter, Ash 8
Carter, Jimmy 6, 97, 240, 343
Catmull, Edwin 152, 170
Cebrowski, Art 97
Cerf, Vint 95
challenge-based model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “challenge-based”
Chambers, John 78
Cheney, David W. 24
Cheney, Dick 194, 266
Churchill, Winston 453
Clark, Wesley 170
Clinton, Bill 6, 267, 269, 351
Cockayne, William 131
Cockcroft, John 338
cognitive computing 6–8, 106, 111, 273, 468
Colatat, Phech 24, 69
Cold War 3, 6, 77, 79, 97, 107, 109, 190, 194, 269, 343, 348, 350, 374, 409, 412, 414, 436, 439. See also: Cuban Missile Crisis; See also: Sputnik
Compton, Karl 82
computer chip 23, 92, 175, 307, 371, 375–376. See also: Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
computer science 6, 20, 102, 104–106, 147, 161, 165–166, 370, 441, 455, 466
Conant, James 82
Congress 3, 7, 20, 31, 33, 42, 55, 107, 112, 193, 232, 235, 243, 251, 258, 260–261, 263, 267–268, 275–276, 285, 291–293, 351, 363, 370, 380, 383–384, 395–396, 398, 408, 413, 467
“connected science and technology” 331, 333, 342, 355
connected science model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “connected”
Conway, Lynn 170
Cook-Deegan, Robert 24
Cooper, Leon 456
Cuban Missile Crisis 6, 94
Currie, Malcolm 112, 238, 240, 242–243, 346–347, 354, 378
Curry, Jim 167
cybersecurity 9, 102, 105, 297, 445
Daniels, Bruce 152
Darby, Michael 204, 207
DARPA
DARPA Challenge 8. See also: robotics: DARPA Robotics Challenge
“DARPA Hard” 12, 105, 119, 124, 126–128, 136, 306, 309–310
DARPA model 12, 17–18, 21, 24, 30, 46, 49, 53, 56, 77, 94–95, 98, 113, 181, 189, 197, 229, 282, 286, 289, 324, 333, 363–365, 367, 372, 382–383, 391–392, 395, 405, 435–436, 446, 448–449
DARPA’s characteristics 33, 35, 56, 99, 189, 335
DARPA’s founding 3, 9, 31, 48, 55, 93, 436, 463
DARPA’s future 101, 103, 467
DARPA’s organization and management 9, 16 office director 11, 14, 17, 107, 275, 289, 293–295, 306, 316, 338, 381, 393, 454
program manager (PM) 7, 9–11, 13–15, 17–20, 24, 30, 35, 38, 46, 48, 55, 59, 67–68, 72–73, 100, 107, 120–121, 123–126, 128– 136, 181–182, 192, 198–201, 203–204, 207–209, 212–216, 218, 220–222, 230, 232, 234, 237, 248, 258, 261–262, 277, 284, 289, 291, 293–296, 304, 310–311, 314, 316–318, 334– 335, 338, 342, 355, 364–366, 371–373, 382–383, 386, 388, 441–443, 445, 454, 464–466, 468
recruitment of 54, 56, 100, 129–130, 133, 235, 284, 294, 296, 445
role of 35–36, 46, 54, 72, 128, 242, 247, 253, 260, 264, 271, 275, 277, 280, 284
DARPA’s success 16, 37–39, 56, 129, 135, 337–338, 363, 372
Davis, Jason P. 185
Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) 244, 247–248, 285, 457
Defense Science Board (DSB) 103– 105, 203, 212, 233, 294
Defense Sciences Office (DSO) 9, 14, 198, 235, 256, 268, 271–272, 278–279, 281–282, 284, 286
defense technology 7, 79, 97, 194, 341, 352
Denman, Gary 196
Department of Energy (DOE) 45, 56, 87, 233, 291, 365, 383, 386, 389–390, 392, 394, 396–397, 399–402, 404, 407, 410, 420, 422–423, 425, 427
Department of Homeland Security 180, 364, 436
Dertouzos, Michael 170
Deutch, John 251, 351–352
Deutsch, Peter 166
digital mirror technology 262, 265, 267, 285
Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDR & E) 2–3, 5, 36, 107, 112, 238, 240, 242–243, 255, 346–348
disruptive innovation. See radical innovation
Doerr, John 398
Douglas Cochran 277
Draper, Tim 173
Drexler, Eric 339
Drucker, Peter F. 126
“dual-use” technology 1, 3, 7, 194, 196, 232, 235, 265, 269, 285–286, 373–374, 421–422
Edison, Thomas 88–89, 91 “Edison Effect” 89
Eisenhower, Dwight 3, 31, 78, 93, 105, 189–190, 304, 333, 343, 354, 455
Engelbart, Doug 95, 168–170
entrepreneur/VC model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “entrepreneur/VC”
Ethernet 149, 151, 374
Evans, David 166–167, 169
extended pipeline model 325–330, 332, 342, 356, 438–441, 445, 448–449. See also: innovation model; See also: pipeline model
F-117A. See stealth: F-117A
Facebook 374
Feigenbaum, Edward 170
Fernandez, Frank 196
Feynman, Richard 339
Fiala, Ed 166
Fields, Craig 8, 263–265, 267
Fitzgerald, Eugene 205, 207–208
Flegal, Bob 167
Fleming, Lee 184
Fong, Glenn R. 24
Ford, Gerald 5
Fossum, Robert 245–247, 249, 254
Foster, John S. 2, 5, 36, 112, 250, 255, 369, 378
Fransman, Martin 187
Fuchs, Erica R. H. 24, 52, 54, 69
Gabriel, Ken 365
Gassmann, Oliver 135
Gates, Bill 111, 118, 145, 151, 155–157, 173, 398
Genentech 92
General Atomics 249, 251–252, 255
Geschke, Charles 152, 174
Global Hawk 209, 252, 254, 352, 377, 379, 387. See also: unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)
Global Positioning System (GPS) 1, 10, 252, 307, 354
GPS receiver 1, 10
Godel, William 3–4
Goldblatt, Michael 281
Google 374, 386 graphical user interface (GUI) 146–147, 150, 152–155, 158–159
Gulf War 97, 241, 252, 259, 351
Gunning, David 275
Hagel, Chuck 8
Have Blue. See stealth: Have Blue
Heber, Charles 251, 253
Heilmeier, George 14, 96, 193, 197–198, 234, 239, 242, 286, 310, 347, 402, 442
“Heilmeier Catechism” 14, 96, 234, 310, 402, 442
Hendrickson, Brian 261
Hennessy, John 170
Herzfeld, Charles 4, 95
High Definition Systems (HDS) 262–263, 265
High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative (HPCCI) 257
“high-risk/high-payoff” 14, 30, 35, 230, 305, 366, 370, 403, 441
Hill, A. V. 340
Hillis, Daniel 170
Hitler, Adolf 339
Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency (HSARPA) 180, 229, 436
Hood, Leroy 457
Hopkins, Harry 83, 390
Hounshell, David 200
human-computer interface (HCI) 147–149, 151–152, 154, 158–159, 163–165, 167–168, 170–172, 174
Husain, Anis 261
hybrid model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “hybrid”
hypersonic system 9, 468
Iansati, Marco 101–102, 111
IBM 104, 132, 147, 152, 172, 175, 199, 205, 207–210, 257, 259, 269, 275, 337, 374–375, 377, 379, 391, 406, 416, 419
Deep Blue 175
Immelt, Jeff 398
Information Innovation Office (I2O) 9, 161, 235, 259, 284, 316
Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) 4, 6, 39–40, 95, 161–167, 169–170, 174, 272–273, 275, 316, 367, 369, 455
Information Sciences and Technology Study Groups (ISAT) 203
information technology (IT) 2, 4, 6–7, 30, 38, 78, 95, 97, 146, 175, 203, 256, 258, 263, 324, 326, 329, 333, 344, 349, 367–368, 371–373, 375, 410, 443, 467–468
IT revolution 94, 97–98, 108–109, 146, 356, 367, 391, 418, 435
Ingalls, Dan 155
innovation factor 80–82, 87, 112–113, 437
innovation model 101, 112, 324, 331, 336. See also: extended pipeline model; See also: pipeline model
“induced innovation” 325, 328, 331, 438
“innovation organization” 81–82, 87–88, 93, 95, 99, 112, 323–324, 327–330, 332, 335, 342–343, 348, 356, 382, 391, 415, 435, 437–438, 440–441, 449
“manufacturing-led” 326–328, 331, 438–440, 447–448
innovation system 21, 77–79, 81–82, 86, 102, 109, 112–113, 180, 326–332, 336, 343–345, 353, 356, 362, 377–378, 401, 406, 408–410, 414, 426–427, 436–440, 447–450
Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA) 38, 41, 233, 264, 284, 294, 347, 349, 352
integrated circuit. See computer chip
Intel 92, 171–172, 175, 187, 199, 208, 375
Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Agency (IARPA) 24, 180, 229, 304, 435–436, 438, 441–447, 449, 451
Intergovernmental Personnel Agreement (IPA) 19–20, 99, 388
Internet 1, 4, 19, 35, 37, 40, 94–96, 105, 109, 146, 148, 160, 162, 173–175, 180, 209, 256, 262, 297, 326, 329, 339, 341, 354, 362, 371, 373–374, 377, 391, 406, 409, 418, 435, 439, 455
Iraq 7, 102, 111, 196, 249, 252–253, 279–281, 290, 352
Isakowitz, Steven 383, 390
island/bridge model. See Research and Development (R & D): model: “island/bridge”
Jackel, Larry 24
Jobs, Steve 147, 152, 154–156
Johnson, Lyndon B. 29
Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System (JSTARS) 246–247, 349
Kahn, Robert 95
Karem, Abraham 249–251, 253–255, 351
Kash, Don 337
Kash, Don E. 88
Kay, Alan 153–155, 158, 160, 167–168 Dynabook 154
Kelly, Mervin 91–92
Kelly, Michael 266
Kennedy, John F. 6, 94, 192, 343, 369
Keynesian economics 183
Khosla, Vinod 417
Killian, James 3, 304
Kissinger, Henry 5, 247
Kistiakowsky, George 3
Kleiner Perkins 398, 417
Knight, Frank H. “Knightian uncertainty” 68
Korean War 84
Kresa, Kent 378
Kuhn, Thomas 61, 69
Lampson, Butler 157, 162, 166, 169
Launius, Roger D. 29 “Sputnik and the Origins of the Space Age” 29
Lawrence, Ernest 82, 90, 338
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory 3
legacy sector 24, 324, 328–334, 343–346, 348, 350, 353–356, 406–407, 420, 438, 441, 449
complex, established “legacy” sector (CELS) 363, 391, 399, 406, 409
Leheny, Robert 261
Leighton, Thomas 105
Lemnios, Zach 275
Lester, Richard K. 185, 204
Levien, Roy 101–102, 111
Levina, Natalia 184
Licklider, J. C. R. 4, 6, 32, 39–40, 94–97, 100–101, 108, 110, 115, 158–159, 161–166, 168, 171, 338, 354, 367–369, 373–374
Libraries of the Future 162
“Man-Computer Symbiosis” 6, 39–40, 110, 158, 162, 165, 168
“The Computer as a Communications Device” 39
Limited Test Ban Treaty 32
Ling, Geoffrey 280–281
Lockheed 92, 101, 239–240, 242, 337, 346–348, 416, 419. See also: Skunk Works
Loomis, Alfred 82–83, 89–91, 93, 323, 333, 341, 378, 390
Los Alamos National Laboratory 78, 82, 90–93, 323, 333, 341
Lucasfilm 152, 157, 170
Lukasik, Steven 5
Lynn, Gary S. 123
Lynn, Larry 196, 254, 352, 377
Mac. See Apple Inc.: Macintosh
MacGregor, Scott 157
machine learning. See artificial intelligence (AI): machine learning
Majumdar, Arun 386, 393
Malloy, Tom 155
Manhattan Project 3, 161
Mann, Benjamin 277–278
Marshall, Andy 97
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 47–48, 51–52, 60, 62, 64–66, 69, 72, 78–79, 81–82, 85, 89–90, 110, 114, 118, 161–163, 166, 210–212, 226, 245, 259–260, 264, 303–304, 323, 341, 359, 373–374. See also: MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab)
materials science 4, 20, 455, 466
McCarthy, John 170
McElroy, Neil 3, 304
McNamara, Robert 6, 94, 369
McNeely, Scott 417
Mead, Carver 170
memex 159–162, 165, 168
Menlo Park 88–89, 91, 96
Metcalfe, Bob 151, 170
Meyerson, Bernard 205, 207–208
microelectronics 9, 193, 200, 264, 268, 371, 375, 455, 467
Microsoft 146–147, 150–152, 155–159, 166, 170–172, 180, 398
Microsoft Windows 147, 150, 155, 180
Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) 10, 181, 198–199, 211–213, 235, 256, 259, 266, 282, 284
Minsky, Marvin 170
missile defense 2–4, 31, 36–38, 161, 190, 282, 297, 369, 411, 463
DEFENDER 2, 4–5, 31, 36, 38, 369
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 37
Mitchell, Jim 166
MIT Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab) 78, 82, 89–91, 93, 96, 113, 323, 333, 341
Moore, Robert 238–239, 242–243, 245–247
Moore’s Law 104, 181, 198–199, 221, 307
multigenerational technology 367, 405, 426, 445
Myers, Brad 174
Myers, Chuck 238, 240, 242
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 2–4, 29, 31, 34, 36, 146, 165, 169, 175, 190, 235, 369
National Defense Research Council (NDRC) 82–83, 90
National Institutes of Health (NIH) 8, 24, 46–48, 51, 53, 62–63, 66–67, 71, 135, 278, 292, 364, 453–459
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) 8, 454, 457
National Science Foundation (NSF) 13, 19–20, 24, 45–49, 51–53, 57–63, 66–69, 71–74, 84, 86, 106, 135, 146, 161, 171, 208, 217, 268, 277–278, 285, 292, 317, 364, 441, 455–459
Naval Research Laboratory (NVL) 268–272
Navy, the 83, 146, 164, 234, 238, 250–251, 265, 345, 348–351, 353
Neff, John 256, 260
Nelson, Richard 437
Newell, Alan 170
Newell, Martin 167
new growth theory 437
Nixon, Richard 5, 193, 247
nuclear war 6, 238
nuclear weapon 3, 5, 97, 343–344, 348 nuclear test detection 3–4, 31–32, 190, 235, 369, 463 VELA 5, 32, 369
Obama, Barack 8, 436
Office of Naval Research (ONR) 253, 456
Office of Science Research and Development (OSRD) 82
“offset strategy” 6, 8, 38, 97
Okimoto, Daniel 187
Oppenheimer, J. Robert 93, 333
optoelectronics 200, 235, 256–257, 259–262, 283, 286
other transactions authority (OTA) 20, 99, 194, 388
Overholser, Denys 346
Owens, Bill 97
Patten, Frank 268
Patterson, David 170
peer review 49, 59–62, 67, 72, 135, 292, 317, 364, 386–387, 393, 442, 444, 453, 455–459
Penman, Sheldon 135
Perez, Carlotta 77–78
Perko, Ken 239, 242–243
Perry, William 6–7, 38, 97, 112, 241, 246–247, 254, 343–344, 347–348, 351–352, 354, 378, 411
personal computer (PC) 40, 92,
145–147, 150, 160, 168, 174, 180, 209
PC revolution 146, 171
personal computing 4, 6, 94–95, 109, 147, 150, 153, 160, 171, 329, 339,
341, 354, 377, 379, 406, 415, 435
Personalized Assistant that Learns
(PAL). See artificial intelligence (AI): Personalized Assistant that
Learns (PAL)
Piore, Michael 24, 185, 204, 365
pipeline model 84, 325–326,
328–329, 332, 437–440, 448–449.
See also: innovation model; See also: extended pipeline model
Pixar 152, 157, 170
Porter, Lisa 441
Powell, Colin 266
Pratt, Gill 318–319
precision strike 1, 5, 7, 19, 21, 37–38, 97–98, 235, 244–247, 333, 344,
348–349, 352, 354, 367, 377–378, 405, 411, 413
standoff 5, 37–38, 235, 244–247, 367, 411
Assault Breaker 244–248, 282,
349–350
Predator 209, 249, 251–254, 352, 377, 379. See also: unmanned aerial
vehicle (UAV)
President’s Information Technology Advisory Council (PITAC) 102, 105
private sector 8, 23, 54, 69, 70, 79, 80, 87, 105, 109, 145, 146, 337, 372, 398, 402, 408, 410, 414, 422, 426, 427, 438, 440, 441, 444, 449
prize authority 20, 389, 427
program manager (PM). See DARPA: DARPA’s organization and management: program manager (PM)
proof-of-concept 10–11, 36, 39, 41–42, 120, 130–132, 136, 190, 240–242, 244, 248, 376–377, 400, 467
prototype 11, 19–22, 39, 88, 93, 98–99, 124, 129, 132, 155, 184, 235, 237, 242–243, 251, 285, 290, 305, 309, 313, 316, 323, 325, 351, 365, 379, 383, 388, 396, 400, 408–409, 422, 439, 449, 455, 457, 464
public sector 46, 145, 337, 436, 440, 449
quantum computing 9, 19, 109, 268, 444–445, 468
radical innovation 37, 45, 101, 107, 110, 113, 119–121, 124, 126–127, 130, 132–133, 135–136, 286, 328–329, 333, 336, 356, 362–363, 382, 389, 437
RAND Corporation 126
Ranka, Jinendra 24, 315
Raskin, Jeff 152
Reagan, Ronald 257
Rechtin, Eberhardt 5, 32
Reddy, Raj 170
remotely piloted vehicle (RPV). See unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV): remotely piloted vehicle (RPV)
Request for Information (RFI) 235, 283, 286
Research and Development (R & D) 10–11, 13–19, 21, 24, 30–32, 35, 37, 41–42, 45, 62, 79–82, 85–88, 91, 93, 95–96, 99, 101–103, 107, 112–113, 121, 123, 125–126, 132, 134–135, 147, 158, 161, 175, 181, 185, 189, 194, 215, 217, 221–222, 229–231, 240, 245, 257–259, 263, 289–293, 295–296, 306, 309, 312, 317–318, 324, 326, 329–330, 332–335, 337, 342, 347, 349, 351–353, 355, 364, 366, 373, 379–380, 382–383, 385–386, 389, 394, 396, 399–400, 402, 409–410, 415–416, 420, 422–425, 436–437, 439–441, 443, 445, 447, 449, 453, 455, 464–467 model
“challenge-based” 13, 334, 366, 384, 387
“connected” 13, 78, 84, 87, 89, 93, 101, 113
“entrepreneur/VC” 410–411, 417–420
“hybrid” 101, 104, 336, 389
“island/bridge” 22, 324, 336–338, 340–342, 348, 355, 389
“right-left” 334, 342, 355, 366, 387
Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) 41, 344
Revolutionizing Prosthetics. See robotics: Revolutionizing Prosthetics
Reynolds, Elisabeth Beck 24
Rickover, Hyman 355
Roberts, Larry 95
robotics 6–7, 20, 111, 229, 279, 296, 314–318, 468. See also: artificial intelligence (AI)
DARPA Robotics Challenge 314, 318–319
Future Combat System 7
Revolutionizing Prosthetics 279–281
Romer, Paul 80, 86, 437
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 82–84, 90–91, 160, 323, 327, 378, 390
Rooslid, Sven 260
Rowe, A. P. 340
Ruina, Jack 4, 6, 94–95, 192–193, 196, 198, 354
Ruttan, Vernon 325–326, 416, 438
Ryan Aeronautical 255
Rycroft, Robert W. 88, 337
Schlesinger, James R. 5, 238, 243
Schön, Donald 69, 125
Schriever, Bernard 355
Secretary of Defense, Office of (OSD) 3, 5–7, 16, 20–21, 32–34, 38, 41–42, 107, 112, 194, 196, 233–234, 238, 240–244, 246–249, 251–252, 254–255, 264, 266, 275, 283, 304, 337, 345, 349–351, 356, 376–378, 411, 413, 423, 464, 467
self-driving car. See artificial intelligence (AI): autonomous vehicle
SEMATECH 175, 194, 198, 258, 263
Sen, Avery 331
September 11 7, 196
Shapira, Philip 440
Shockley, William 91–92
Shoup, Dick 166
Silicon Graphics 170, 172, 371, 374–375, 377
Silicon Valley 92, 114, 145, 158, 173–174
Simonyi, Charles 156–157, 166
Skunk Works 92, 101, 240, 337, 347–348, 416, 419
Slusarczuk, Marko 262, 264–266
Smith, Alvy Ray 152, 157
social network 182, 185, 201, 204, 222–223
Solow, Robert 79–80, 85–86
Soviet Union 3, 5–6, 9, 29–31, 97, 102, 190, 238, 243, 343–344, 348
air defense 41, 242, 346, 348, 378
space program 2–3, 31, 35–36, 93, 190, 333. See also: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
Spintronics 268–271
MRAM 268–269
Sputnik 3, 9, 29–31, 48, 55, 60, 93, 105, 110, 115, 190, 304, 333, 343, 355, 361, 455
SRI International (SRI) 166, 168, 170, 273–275, 284
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. See artificial intelligence (AI): Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Stanford University 212, 371, 373–374, 377, 386
Starkweather, Gary 157
stealth 1, 5, 19, 21–22, 38, 41, 92, 97–98, 108, 229, 235, 237, 240–242, 344, 346–348, 352, 367, 373, 377–378, 390, 405, 411, 413, 435, 455
F-117A 41, 209, 237, 241, 243, 411
Have Blue 41, 237, 239–244
Stimson, Henry 83, 90–91, 378, 390
Stokes, Donald 437
Strategic Computing Initiative 256–257, 268
Strategic Defense Initiative 368
Strom, Leland 20, 245–247
Sun Microsystems 170, 199, 210, 219, 371, 374–375, 377, 415, 417
Sutherland, Ivan 95, 159, 163–169, 171
Sketchpad 159, 163–164, 167–169
synthetic biology 8, 20, 297, 466, 468
Szilard, Leo 456
Tactical Technology Office (TTO) 5, 10, 235, 237–239, 242–247, 253, 282, 284, 286, 316, 342
Taylor, Robert 39, 95, 164–167, 169–171
“The Computer as a
Communications Device” 39
“technological surprise” 4, 8–9, 32, 105, 110, 179, 190, 333, 343, 361, 381
technological vision 119, 122–124, 128–130, 134, 136
technology development 8, 34, 42, 80, 84, 98–99, 182–183, 185–186, 188, 198, 200–201, 208–210, 215, 217–218, 223, 241, 251, 305, 308, 310, 326, 351–352, 363, 369, 371, 376, 402, 445, 448, 455, 467. See also: multigenerational technology
technology implementation 112, 365, 403, 407, 409, 411, 414, 421–423, 425, 427, 441–442, 444, 446
implementation challenge 407, 410, 420–421, 425, 444, 449
Technology Reinvestment Project (TRP) 7, 269
technology sector 324, 331, 334, 342, 355, 383, 392, 395, 400, 405, 406, 449
“technology transition” 11, 21, 107–108, 111, 274, 352, 362, 389, 391, 409, 418, 444
terrorism. See War on Terror
Tesler, Larry 153–156, 166
Tether, Anthony 7, 56, 66, 73, 130, 180–181, 189, 196–199, 201, 209–210, 212, 215–219, 222, 232, 235, 271, 273–275, 277, 280–281, 284, 316, 370
Texas Instruments (TI) 265
Thacker, Chuck 157, 166
Tizard, Henry 323, 339–341, 353
Tizard Mission 341
Topological Data Analysis (TDA) 276–278
Total Information Awareness (TIA) 7
Truman, Harry 84, 160
Tuxedo Park 89–90
Ultraperformance Nanophotonic Intrachip Communications (UNIC) 210–211
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 5, 10, 19, 22, 34, 108, 249–255, 285, 333, 344, 346, 350–352, 354, 377–379, 382, 387, 390, 413–414.
See also: Amber; See also: Global Hawk; See also: Predator
High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) 249, 253–255, 387, 414
remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) 250, 255, 350
U.S.S.R.. See Soviet Union
“valley of death” 34, 87, 410, 425, 438–439
Van Atta, Richard 2, 22, 24–25, 50, 189, 290, 295
Transformation and Transition: DARPA’s Role in Fostering an Emerging Revolution in Military Affairs 38, 41
Vance, Cyrus 5
Varmus, Harold 453
Venter, J. Craig 8, 92, 457
Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) 210, 221, 375, 391. See also: computer chip
Vietnam 2–4, 12, 36, 111, 193, 235, 241, 250, 343, 346, 348, 350, 463
Vietnam War 32, 111, 193, 235, 343, 346
von Zedtwitz, Maximilian 135
Waguespack, David 184
Walton, Ernest 338
Warnock, John 152, 167, 170
War on Terror 7–8, 102, 278
Watson-Watt, Robert 339
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) 256–261
Weber, Max Weberian bureaucracy 46, 72, 183
Weiss, Linda 448
White House, the 7, 31, 102, 243, 247, 263, 265, 267, 281–282, 285, 407
Wiener, Norbert 109
Willis, Nicholas 247
Windham, Patrick 24–25
Wolf, Stuart 268–272
Woolsey, James 351
World War I 249, 340
World War II 24, 77–78, 82, 84–85, 87, 91, 109, 126, 249–250, 323, 325–326, 328, 333, 339–340, 346, 378, 390, 414
World Wide Web 50, 94, 158, 160
Wulf, William 106–107
Xerox 92–93, 146–160, 162, 164–167, 169–171, 174, 337, 374
Xerox Alto 147, 149–158, 165, 167, 169–170
Bravo 156–157
Gypsy 154, 156
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) 92–93, 146–149, 151–159, 164–170, 174, 337, 374
Xerox Star 149–151, 153, 156–157, 170
Yang, Andrew 260–261
York, Herbert 3, 31, 34, 354 Making Weapons, Talking Peace: A Physicist’s Odyssey from Hiroshima to Geneva 31
Youtie, Jan 440
Zucker, Lynne 204, 207
Zue, Victor 110–111
© Open Book Publishers, 2019