Index
p. 547-568
Texte intégral
Abimbola, W., 188, 191, 192, 194-195
Abraham, R. C., 277
Abrahams, R. D., xxx
Abrahamsson, H., 41, 308, 329, 312
Acciuabo. See Chuabo
accompaniment
in lyrics, 255, 257, 258
in panegyric, 116
in stories, 368, 375
Achebe, 431, 432
Acholi, Acioli, 148, 272, 302
action songs, 253, 300, 301, 419
Adali-Mortti, G., 43, 46, 295
Adam, G., 297, 299, 426
Adamawa-Eastern language sub-family, 58
Adande, A., 256
Adangme, 202, 253, 254
Adelabu, 285
AdetoyeseLaoye I, Oba, 477
Adewa, E. A., 366
Aetiological tale, 318
African Music Society, 44, 49, 210, 231, 265, 273, 289
African oral literature, study of history of, 378
in nineteenth century, 30, 31, 33
in twentieth century: evolutionist, 36, 38-40, 309, 310, 311, 485
functionalist, 38, 40, 366
diffusionist, 41-42, 45, 311, 312, 313
interest in classification, 318
recent work, 29-30, 43-44
musicologists, 36, 44, 234
American anthropologists, 44-45
African scholars, 43, 45-46
South African school, 37, 42-43, 45, 46
history of with special reference to prose narratives, 42, 307, 310
relevance for comparative literature, 30, 32, 503
African society, misconceptions about, 16-17, 22-23, 24, 29, 30, 51, 52, 54-55, 56, 60, 311, 504
Afrikaans, Afrikaaner, 59, 126
Afro-Asiatic language group, 58, 60
Agni, 203
Akamba. See Kaba
Akan, 93, 102, 149, 173, 214, 216, 217, 238, 255, 274, 368, 285, 391, 393, 402,
471, 472, 473-474, 477-479, 482, 483
Akan dirges, 5, 24, 146-148, 150-151. See also elegiac poetry
Albert, E. M., 435, 436, 437, 438
allegory, 365, 433. See also parable
Allen, J. W. T., 53, 168
alliteration, 63, 73, 75
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 129
Alnaes, 201, 288
Alur, 358
Amazulu. See Zulu
Amandebele. See Ndebele
Ambede. See Mbeti
Ambo hunting songs, 220-223
Ambo, 220
Kuanyama Ambo, 248, 401
America, American, 41, 379
American scholars, 42, 45
Uncle Remus tales in, 343
American Folklore Society, 45
American-Indian, 320, 352
Amhara, Amharic, 74, 453
Anang Ibibio, 381, 396, 397, 401, 402, 418, 426, 431, 432-433
Andrzejewski, B. W., xxxi, 75, 80, 105, 205, 238, 242, 247, 248, 267, 277, 289
Angola, 345
animal stories, 117, 122, 180, 328-329, 335-338, 342, 343, 244, 353, 354, 364
proportion of exaggerated, 23, 245,
307, 344
animals as metaphors in panegyric, 117, 122, 125, 127, 131, 133, 245
names for, 122, 217, 456
praises of, 243, 244, 245, 382
proverbs about, 337, 381-382, 385, 392, 393, 395
songs associated with, 242, 243, 244
See also animal stories; cattle; praise poetry
Ankole, 10, 68, 75, 111, 114, 115, 119, 121, 207, 455, 463
anthropology, 318, 324
American anthropologists, xxxvi, 44, 45,
development of in relation to study of oral literature, 37, 41
antiphony, 252, 253, 254, 255, 260, 262, 446
Anya-Noa, L., 242
Anyumba. See Owuor, H.
Appiah, K. A., xxx
Armstrong, R. G., 472, 473, 475-476, 482
Arabian Nights, 312, 329
Arabic, 59, 248, 344, 360
influence in prosody, 73, 74
influence on vernacular literature, 359
literature, 30, 54, 172
scholarship, 52
script, 53, 106, 172
Arabs, Arabia, 95, 169, 312, 489
Arewa, E. O., 383
Aranzadi, I. X., 429
Aristotle, 414
Arnett, E. J., 361
Arnott, D. W., 391, 414, 416, 417, 420, 452, 454
Arnott, K., 358
asafo, 182, 211, 212, 214
Ashanti, 84, 86, 88, 116, 207, 211, 212, 214, 277, 336, 355, 381, 382, 385, 394,
431, 434, 470, 479
Asia, 17, 485
Asu, 271
atabele. See Ndebele
audience
as chorus, 7, 13, 182, 238, 374, 375, 488
in drama, 488, 489, 491, 493, 498, 499, 500
participation of, 12, 263, 364, 442
for poetry, Ch. 4, 13
in praise poetry, 135, 403
for proverbs, 402
significance of in oral literature, 12, 13
in story-telling, 12-13, 308, 364, 368- 369, 374, 375
See also chorus
authorship. See Individual originality;
Poet
Awona, A., 110
Azande. See Zande
azmaris, 92, 98
Ba, A. Hampaté, 201
Baamilembwe. See Milembwe babalawo, 97
Babalola, S. A., xxxv, 72, 78, 217, 218
Babemba. See Bemba
background, 9, 106, 225, 230, 231, 302
Bagaudu, Song of, 168
Bahima. See Hima
Bahunde. See Hunde
Bakoko, 522
Bakongo. See Kongo
Balandier, G., 274
Baluba. See Luba
balwo, 237, 247, 506
Bambala. See Mbala
Bambara, 402, 423, 424, 428, 492
Bambuti, 358
Bamesemola, 184
Bang, D. N., 136
Bansisa, Y., 292
Bantu, 138-139, 379, 385, 390-391, 393, 402, 422, 424, 425, 426, 431, 488
Languages, 58, 77, 394
panegyric, 117
Baoule. See Baule
Baraguyu, 201
Barber, Karin, xxvii, xxx, 275
Bari, 301
Barra, G., 393, 403
Bascom, W. R., xxxv, 121, 190, 191, 198, 318, 219, 327, 350, 379, 423, 427, 467
Bashi. See Shi
Basotho. See Sotho
Basset, R., 31, 308
Baule, 272
Bauman, R., xxvii
Baumgardt, U., xxxi, xxxix
Béart, C., 291, 294, 295
Beaton, A. C., 151, 236, 237
Beattie, J. H., 455, 457, 458
Beidelman, T. O., 201, 323-324
Beier, H. U., 112-114, 148, 173-174, 195, 196, 197, 201, 219, 220, 267, 268, 299, 300, 387, 392, 393, 427, 457, 482
Belcher, S., xxx, xxxii
Belinga, M. S. E., xxxii, 44, 97, 111, 238, 294, 375
Belmont, xxx
Bemba, 61, 205, 287, 329
Bena Kanioka, 462
Ben-Amos, Dan, xxvii, xxx, xxxii
Bender, C. J., 35
Benedict, R., 320
Benzies, W. R., 390
Berber, 54, 75
Bérenger-Féraud, L. J. B., 31
Berlin, 35, 167
Berry, J., xxxv, 226
Beti, 242
Biebuyck, B., 530
Biebuyck, D., xxxii, 109
Büttner, C. G., 31, 35, 168,
Bini, 455, 457, 458
birds, 330-333
bird riddles, 418
songs associated with, 242, 243
Bisset, C. J., 390
Bivar, A. D. H., 52
Blacking, J., 44, 291, 297, 428
Blair, D. S., 97
Bleek, D. F., 178, 374
Bleek, W. H. I., 32, 33-34, 415, 148
Bmbala. See Mbala Bambara
Bmbuti, 358
Boas, F., 42
Boccassino, R., 451
Boelaert, E., 75, 360
Bohannan, P., 307
Bondei, 35
Bornu, 85, 489, 490
Boston, J. S., 496
Bouillon, A., 223
Bounfour, A., xxx
Bowers, C., 116
Bowra, C., xxxv
Brakeley, T. C., 234
Brandel, R., 256, 434
Brazil, 112
Breitinger, E., xxx, xxxii
Brown, D., xxx
Bufe, E., 35
Bull, A. F., 271
Bulu, 363
Bura, 368
Burbridge, A., 68
Burton, R. F., 29, 31, 33
Burton, W. F. P., 79, 369
Burundi. See Rundi
Bushmen, Bushman, 52, 59, 149, 177- 178, 215, 255, 337, 356, 373, 379, 488
Bushong, 522
Bynon, J., 429
Cagnolo, C., xi, 329, 330-331
Calame-Griaule, G., xxxi, 269
Callaway, H., 422
Cameroons, Cameroun, 109, 242, 470
Carrington, J. F., 118, 462, 468, 469, 471, 472, 473, 482
Carter, H., 367
Casalis, E., 31
cattle
names for, 463
poetry connected with, 89, 90-91, 112, 122, 125, 127, 131, 132, 133, 139, 184,
296-201, 203-204, 245
in proverbs, 394, 408
in riddles, 422
Cendrars, B., 308
Central Africa, 178, 329, 335, 344, 363, 423, 425
Central African Republic(s), 73, 77, 78
Central Bantu, 418
Central language sub-family, 58, 59
Central Saharan language group, 59
Cerulli, E., 454
Chad
Lake, 59
language sub-group, 59
Chadwick, N. K., 99, 114, 147, 202, 205,
216, 270, 362
Chadwick, H., 99, 114, 147, 202, 205, 216, 270, 362
Chaga, Chagga, 400, 419, 426
chain rhymes, 297, 299, 453
characterization, 341-342, 371, 373, 493
characters
in stories, 334, 350
animals, 328-329, 334, 335-337, 341, 342, 373
people, 334, 344, 345, 351
overlap of, 334-335
See also myths; historical narratives
Chatelain, H., 32, 353, 369, 381, 383, 391
Chaytor, H. J., 21
Cherbonneau, A., 52-53
Chewa, 273
chiasmus. See parallelism
Chikaranga. See Karanga
Chikunda, 228
children’s poetry
games and verses, 253, 291, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300-304
lullabies, 104, 105, 291, 292, 293
nursery rhymes, 22, 294, 295
See also riddles
Chinamwanga. See Nyamwanga
Chinyanja. See Nyanja
Chiwale, J. C, 122
Chopi, 76, 246, 260, 263, 266, 267, 270
chorus
in drama, 488, 492
in elegies, 147, 151, 161
in lyrics, 235, 238, 244, 252, 253, 255, 258, 260
in political songs, 271
in religious poetry, 178, 179, 182, 192
in stories, 374
in work songs, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234
Christaller, J. G., 31
Christensen, J. B., 382, 403
Christian, Christianity, 31, 54, 172, 181, 227, 366, 451
lyrics, 78, 165, 168, 172, 181, 182-183
effect on religious poetry, 54, 92, 200
effect on political poetry, 172, 275, 278, 281, 289
Church of Nazareth, 181
Clark, J. P., xxxii, 108, 237, 500
Clarke, J. D., 196, 198
Clarke, K. W., 41
Clarke, R. T., 472
class system (in languages), 59, 63-65
use of in Southern Bantu panegyric, 65
in stories, 64-66
Classical world, 20, 235
classification
interest in, 312, 318
difficulty of constructing for African oral literature, 1, 318, 319, 320, 334- 335, 357
native classification of literature: neglect by collectors 320, 354-355
of ‘myths’, 41, 319, 322, 324, 351, 352- 355, 357
of proverbs, 383, 390, 392
of riddles, 420
Click language family, 59
composers and reciters
on drums, 118, 148, 483
in hunting poetry, 218, 220, 221
in ‘modern’ situations, 49, 505
and military poetry, 205, 207, 210, 211-212
nature and distribution of, 16, 91-92, 139-140
occasions for, 118-119, 135
performance of, 11, 16, 135-136, 138
religious, 166, 200
self-praises, 111, 114, 115, 119, 123, 137, 142, 460
similarity to epic, 109, 110
in Southern Bantu languages, 65
in Southern Bantu praise poetry, 6, 116-117, 121, 128, 135-138, 137, 141
style of in general, 136
verbal element in, 7, 26, 76, 86, 374.
See also court poets; oriki
compound nouns. See noun formation
Cole-Beuchat, P. D., 415, 428
Colin, R., 366
Collier, F. S., 220
Collins, J., 514
Comhaire-Sylvain, S., 418, 423
communal creation, as supposed characteristic of oral literature, 107
competition, 103-104
in children’s games, 299
in proverb telling, 342, 399, 402
in riddle asking, 402-403, 318, 425, 427
composition
connection with performance, 11, 100- 101, 106, 107, 137
among Chopi, 10
in Luonyatiti songs, 100-101
in lyric, 252, 258, 260, 262, 263
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 129-130, 136
in special purpose poetry, 202, 214, 218, 227, 228, 231
in stories, 11
in Zambia, 261, 262. See also individual originality
Congo, 46, 78, 79, 85, 109, 118, 229, 246, 268, 274, 345, 354, 259, 379, 415, 423, 433, 448, 462, 463, 468, 470
content, 471
nature and types of, 14
occasions and functions, 14, 102
praise names in, 111, 457
style, 7, 160-161
Conti Rossini, C., 54
Cook, P. A. W., 126
Cope, T., 140, 255
Coptic, 92, 165
Cornevin, R., 108
Cornford, F., 485
Coulon, V., xxx
Coupez, A., 207
court musicians, 79, 86-87
court poets, 7, 52, 84-86, 88, 89, 90-91, 94, 98, 105, 111
Cronise, F. and Ward, H. W., 33, 308, 363
Crowder, 517
Crowley, D. J., 308
Cummins, S. L., 245
cumulative story, 157
curses, 443-446
Curtin, P. D., 31, 34
Curtis, N., 179, 224, 272
da Cruz, C, 87, 457
dabteras,165
Dadié, B., 366
Dahle, P. B., 215
Dahomey, 86, 93, 112, 116, 117, 271, 352, 381, 484
Dale, A. M., 337, 338, 351, 369, 370, 385, 387, 418, 420, 423, 428
Dammann, E., 36, 41, 53, 168
dance
songs, 106, 259, 260. See also action songs
in drama, 486, 487, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496-497, 498, 499, 500
associated with elegiac poetry, 146
in hunting poetry, 217, 222
associated with praise poetry, 140
in war songs, 204, 205, 209, 210, 214
in work songs, 226, 227, 228, 231, 232
dance songs, 231, 254, 259, 260. See also
action songs
Danquah, J. B., 434
Dauphin-Tinturier A., xxx
de Aranzadi, I. X., 429
de Clercq, A., 358
de Dampierre, E., 47, 94, 107, 263
de Foucauld, C., 54, 74
de Ganay, S., 461
de Pélichy, A. G., 451
de Rop, A., 109
de Vries, J., 108
death, 146, 149, 150, 152-153, 155, 162, 113, 440
in proverbs, 393
in stories, 329
deities, 52, 65, 93, 102, 112, 173, 188, 191, 319, 352, 359, 478
in stories, 165, 178, 181, 182. See also
myths
Delafosse, M., 203, 487, 490, 492, 493
Deng, F., 105
Denisoff, R. S., 265
Dennett, R. E., 368
Denny, S. R., 228
derivative verbal forms, 62-63, 65
Derive, J., xxxi, xxxii, xxxiii, xxxix
Dewar, E. H., 414
Dahle, P. G., 215
Dhlomo, H. I. E., 134, 140, 141, 208, 216, 249
dialogue
in bird songs, 243
in children’s games, etc., 297-298, 299
in hunting song, 218
in lyrics, 252, 253, 254
in riddles, 414, 415, 417, 418, 426
in stories, 317, 368, 369. See also antiphony; leader
Didinga, 201
Dieng, B., xxx, xxxii
Dieterlen, G., 199, 200
diffusionism, 41, 311, 312, 313
Dijkmans, J. J., 363
dilemma story, 318, 320, 413, 420
Dingane, 127
Dinka, 105, 176, 204, 245, 301, 463
Diop, A. B., xxxii
Diop, B., 97, 99
Dipumba, 523
dirge. See Akan dirges
domestic songs. See work songs
Dogon, 77, 269, 276, 293, 295, 296, 299, 300, 353, 355, 364, 457
Doke, C. M., 60, 62, 69, 334, 337, 371,
374, 379, 414, 424, 425, 426, 431, 488
on style of proverbs, 380, 381, 383, 386,
388, 389, 390, 394, 395, 397
Doke collection, xxvii, xxxix, 383
Donohugh, A. C. L., 363
Dorson, R. M., 30
drama, xxxii, 485-487, 490, 491, 493-494, 497-498, 499-501
Drewal, T., xxvii
Driberg, J. H., 201
drinking songs, 237
drum literature, 78, 467-470, 482, 483-484
names, 457, 463, 472-473
in announcements, 470-472
as history, 470, 473, 479-481, 482
limitations of, 483
as panegyric, 470, 473, 475-477, 482
principles of drum language, 468, 469- 470, 484-484
in rituals, 482
Drum proverbs, 381, 382, 391, 402, 468, 473-474, 484
Dschagganeger. See Chaga
du Toit, B. M., 429
Duala, 36, 252, 484
Dufays, F., 236
Dundes, A., 421
Dunning, R. G., 242, 243, 244, 387, 408
Dupire, M. and Tressan, L., 428
dyalo, 97
dynastic poetry, 89, 90, 106, 116, 122
Dzalamo. See Zaramo
Earthy, D., 252
East Africa, 52, 94, 100, 103, 168, 265, 330, 344, 259, 363, 463
East African rhyming area, 74
as factor in prosody, 74
in proverbs, 390
tone as substitute for, 390
in Swahili tenzi, 172
East Central Africa, 121, 427
East, R., 361
Ebding, F., 35, 36
Echegaray, C. G., 110
Economic position
of poets, Ch. 4, 83, 89, 91, 101, 105, 108, 120
of story-tellers, 308, 363, 364
Edo, 15
education,
as possible function, 47, 321, 365, 366
in proverbs, 400, 401
in riddles, 427-428
in stories, 365. See also moralizing
Effimbra, G., 272, 391
Efik, 72, 415, 418, 427
Egudu, R. N., 201, 459
Eiselen, W. M., 184
Ekine society, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500
Ela. See Ifa
Elegy, Elegiac poetry, 145, Ch. 6
distribution and nature of, 145-147
Akan dirges: content and themes, 5-6, 148, 152-154, 155, 162, 163
structure and style, 147
delivery, 146, 159, 161, 162
occasions and functions, 146, 149, 161
Luo nyatiti laments, 100-101, 103, 107, 381
Ellenberger, V., 131, 132
Ellis, A. B., 146, 148, 368, 387, 396, 397, 452
Ellison, R. E., 489
Emsheimer, E., 237
Endemann, C., 415
Englebrecht, J. A., 298
enigma, 413, 419
Ennis, E. L., 381, 390, 457
entertainment
in proverbs, 402-403
in riddles 413, 426, 427
in stories, 341, 353, 354, 355, 361, 365
epic
in Africa, xxxi, xxxii, 108, 109, 110
‘epic laws’, 3
Swahili tenzi, 108, 170, 172
epigram, 391, 402, 413, 420, 428, 454
Equilbecq, F. V., 42, 73, 308, 363
Eshu-Elegba, 173
Ethiopia, 54, 59, 74, 94, 98-99, 147, 165, 216
European languages in Africa, 57, 59, 92
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., xxxv, 104, 105, 234, 337, 354, 379, 409-410, 463
Evheer. See Ewe
evolutionism, 40, 57, 309-311
Ewe, 71, 72, 232, 254, 259, 368, 387
Ezeigbo, T. A., xxx
Fali, 520
Fang, 88, 109, 335, 364, 402, 423, 425
Fante, Fanti, 182, 183, 211, 382, 395, 401, 402
Fardon, R., xxx
Farias, P. F., xxvii, xxx
Fell, J. R., 414
Fernandez, J. W., 365
fiction, fictional, 207
tales distinct from historical narratives, 357-358
distinct from ‘myths’, 319, 321-322, 352, 353. See also stories
figurative expression, 112-114, 117, 133
in names, 350, 355, 458, 460, 463
in oratory, 438, 441, 455
in prayers, 446, 447, 448, 449
in proverbs, 380, 384, 385, 388
in religious poetry, 112-114
in riddles, 421
in Somali balwo, 247
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 117, 122, 127, 131, 132, 200. See also praise names
Finland, Finnish, 311
Finnegan, A., xxxv
Finnegan, R. H., 238, 271, 443
Fisher, J. L., 365
Fivaz, D., 67
Fjort, 368
Fletcher, R. S., 112, 201, 247, 420, 429, 451, 453, 455
Foley, J. Miles, xxvii
folk songs, 259
folklore, xxviii, 29, 32, 39, 41-42, 49, 309
folktales, 307, 310, 312
European, 32, 235
contrasted to myths, 353, 354, 355. See also fiction
Fon, 93, 173, 352, 353, 355, 403, 457,459
formulae, in stories, 368, 369
Fortune, G., xxvii, 66, 414, 415, 417, 423, 424, 427
Frazer, J. G., 309, 485
Freeman, R. A., 431, 434
French Soudan, 490
French
concept of ‘griot’, 97
language in Africa, 59
scholars, 37, 43, 47. See also Négritude
Freud, 46
Frobenius, L., 36, 308, 335
Fuchs, H., 35
Fula. See Fulani
Fulani, 53, 73, 77, 84, 87, 97, 98, 107, 172, 201, 380, 387, 391, 393, 394, 414, 415, 416, 417, 420, 422, 452, 454
Functional approach, 40-41, 47, 92, 321, 322, 323-324
Fulbe. See Fulani
functions of oral literature
of Akan dirges, 24
of ‘myths’, 321, 322, 323
of political songs, 267, 268, 271, 276
of praise poetry, 118
of proverbs, 395-398, 399, 400-401, 402, 406, 407, 408, 410
in religious poetry, 165, 166, 199
of stories, 321-322, 338, 364-365, 366
of work songs, 230, 231, 233
political functions, 47, 214, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 274, 275, 276-277, 289, 361, 365, 434, 439. See also education; functional approach; utility
Furniss, G., xxxi
Games. See children’s poetry
Ga, 253
gabay,106
Gabon, 57, 109, 365
Gaden, H., 380, 394
Galaal, M. H. I., 73, 104,
Galla, 74, 111, 202, 205, 270, 364, 453, 454
Ganda, 63, 72, 114, 236, 246, 299, 380, 389, 390, 458
Gaskin, L. J. P., 256
Gates, H. L., xxx
Gbadamosi, B., 112-114, 148, 173-174, 195, 196, 197, 201, 219, 220, 299, 300, 387, 392, 393, 427, 457, 482
Gbeho, P., 269
Gbeya, 72, 73
Ge’ez, 74
genre
literary, 9, 443
types of in African oral literature, 26, 70, 79, 80
Georges, R. A., 421
German East Africa, 35
Germany, Germans, 19, 31, 36-37
contribution of early German scholars, 34-36
gewel, 97, 98
Gérard, A. S., xxx
Ghana, Ghanaian, 79, 105, 117, 151, 182, 255, 257, 269, 335, 336, 379, 381, 472, 484
gheraera, geeraar, 205
Ghilardi, V., 419
Gibbs, J. L., 177
Gibbs, J. M., 500
Gidley, C. G. B., 96
Gikandi, S., xxx
gold weights, 382, 385
Golden Bough, The, 485, 500
Goldstein, K. S., xxvii
Goody, J., 4
Görög-Karady, V., xxx
Gowlett, D. F., 421, 452
Grant, E. W., 86, 111, 124, 128, 135, 136, 138
Gray, E., 381, 387, 390, 393, 396, 398, 404, 414, 424, 426
Great Lakes, 52, 59
Greek, Greeks, 60
Green, M. M., 259, 270-271, 401
Greenberg, J. H., 59, 73
Greenway, J., 45
greetings. See salutations
Grimm brothers, 31
Griaule, M., 293, 294, 295, 296-297, 299, 463
Griots, 96, 97, 100
Guinea, 99, 281
Gulliver, P. H., 463
Gunner, E., xxxi
Gur, 58
Gutmann, B., 35, 151
Gyima, 24, 151, 152
Hadendiwa, 529
Hahn, T., 268, 270
Hale, T. A., xxx, xxxii, xxxiii
Hama, B., 167
Hamba, xxvii, xxx
Hamburg, 35
Hamitic, 379
Hamito-Semitic language group, 58
Hanks, W. F., xxxvii
Harari, 236
Harding, F., xxvii, xxx
hare, as central figure in stories, 323, 329, 334, 335, 336
Haring, L., xxx, xxxii
Harries, L., 74, 169, 414, 416,417, 419, 422, 424
Hartland, E. S., 38
Hartter, G., 35
Hattingh, S. C, 41
Hauenstein, A., 459, 463
Hausa, Haussa, xxxi, 53, 59, 73, 77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 94, 95-96, 103, 104, 107, 111, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 120, 145, 167, 168, 172, 201, 207, 246-247, 268, 310, 335, 346-347, 351, 363, 364, 366- 367, 368, 369, 373, 379, 385, 386, 387, 393, 394, 418, 420, 422, 429, 451, 452, 455, 460, 472
Haya, 110,
Hayford, C, 434
Heath, F., 115
Hebrew, 222
Hecklinger, P., 35
Helser, A. D., 259, 368
Heraclios, 169
Heroic age, 83
poetry. See epic
recitations, 121. See also epic
Herskovits, M. J., 276, 352-353, 356, 403- 404, 467
Herskovits, M. J. and F. S., 271, 272
Herzog, G., 381, 404, 405, 406, 407
Hichens, W., 74
Hillelson, S., 295
Hima, 114, 119, 120, 121, 207
Hinaway, M. A., 266
Hiskett, M., 52, 53, 168, 168
historical
background. See social background
evidence, oral literature as, 47
narratives, 140-141, 353, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361
Arabic influence on, 110, 358, 359, 360
on drums, 479-481
‘myth-legends’, 353, 355
poetry, 117, 141. See also epic
Historical-geographical school. See diffusionism
Homer, 20
Homeric epithet, 68, 222, 460
Hodgkin, T., 289
Hoernlé, A. W., 184
Holas, B., 463
Hollis, A. C., 425
Honko, L., xxvii
Hopkins, N. S., 494
hortatory poetry, 54
Horton, R., xxxv, 78, 343, 362, 496, 497, 498, 499
Hottentot, 59, 244,268, 270, 271, 300, 336
Houdas, O., 361
Houis, 463
Huffman, R., 424
Hughes-Freeland, F., xxvii
Hulstaert, G., 63, 380, 383, 390, 394, 402, 404, 455
Humbi, 521
humour, 453. See also wordplay
Hunde, 354
Hungarian, 60
Hunt, A., 399, 415, 417, 456
hunting poetry, 79, 102, 201, 215, 219-220
Ambo songs, 78, 102, 220-223
Ijala, 9, 13, 72, 101, 102, 202, 218, 219, 220
occasions for, 216, 217, 218, 221, 223
Huntingford, G. W. B., 54
Hunwick, J. O.,
Hunwick, O., 52
Hurel, E., 363
Hurutsche, 244
Hutu, 435, 436. See also Rwanda
Hymes, D., xxvii, 484
Hymns. See prayers; religious poetry
Improvisation
significance of in oral literature, 10
in lyrics, 100, 182, 235, 252, 254, 259, 260, 263
in work songs, 232
in written literature, 12
Ibadan, University of, Institute of African studies, xxvii, xxxv, 200
Library, xxxv, xxxix
Ibibio, 415, 416, 424, 494, 496. See also
Anang Ibibio
Ibo, 25, 71, 78, 105, 115, 147, 201, 236, 259, 270, 271, 297, 364, 399, 401, 431, 459, 494, 495, 496
ideophone, 66-67, 72-73, 373
in Bantu languages, 66, 72, 73
in other African languages, 72
in panegyric, 131
in riddles, 416, 417, 419, 423
Idoma, 473
Ifa,
literature, 106, 165, 187-193, 196, 197, 198-199, 200
priests of, 93, 191
Igala,
Igbo. See Ibo
Ijala poetry, 72, 218
tone in, 72, 218
Ijaw, 494, 496
Ijebu Yoruba, 500
Ila, 65, 79, 104, 147, 296, 329, 335, 338, 351, 370, 386, 387, 395, 397, 398, 418, 419-420, 428
Imbongi, 85-86, 138. See also court poets,
imigubo
Imigubo, 204, 210
improvisation, significance of in oral literature
in lyrics 182, 235, 259, 260
in work songs, 232
See also composition; individual originality
incantations, 179, 180, 181, 199
India, 312
individual originality
in Akan dirges, 161, 162, 163
in curses, prayers, 443
in drum literature, 483
existence of denied in oral literature 23, 375-376
lack of in Ambo hunting songs, 221
by leader in lyrics, 182, 252, 253, 263
in lyrics, 235, 260, 262
in mantic poetry, 184
in proverbs, 404
in stories, 311, 317, 319-320, 371, 373, 374, 375, 376
Indo-European, 83
initiation, literature connected with, 102, 104, 122, 137, 201, 296, 400, 419, 426, 437, 439
Inkishafi, 170
Innes, G., xxxv, 346, 362
innovation. See composition; improvisation
intoned literature. See recitative
invocation. See religious poetry
Irele, A. F., xxx
Islam, Islamic, 52, 119, 145, 345
magic, 179
as patron of poetry, 91
religious poetry, 167, 168, 451
war poetry, 207. See also tenzi
‘myths’ in, 165, 167-168
poetic forms in, xxxiii
political songs in, 281
Ittmann, J., 35, 36, 429
Ivory Coast, 335, 489, 494
James, W., 341
Jabo, 381, 394, 405
Jacobs, J., 30, 47, 108, 429, 484
Jacobs, M., 42
Jacottet, E., 31, 34, 308, 334, 336, 344, 356
Jahn, J., 470
James, W., 336
Jans, P., 341
Jaques, A. A., 385, 386, 392, 393, 398, 415, 416, 422
Jelleman, 36, 97
Jie, 455
Job, 169
Johnson, F., xxx, xxxii, 64, 85, 359, 369
Johnston, J. W., 310
Jones, A. M., 44, 79, 104, 143, 146, 147, 215, 234, 254, 255, 256, 257, 261, 262, 296, 304, 367, 386, 390, 432
Jones, E. D., xxx, 523
Jones, G. I., 494, 495, 496
Jones, R., 168, 252
Jordan, A. C, 418, 419
Joseph, 169
Jousse, M., 3
Joyce, James, 311
Jung, 46
Junod, H. A., 11, 31, 42, 216, 236, 308, 320, 376
Junod, H. P., 33, 67, 371, 385, 386, 392, 393, 398, 415, 416, 422, 424, 456, 457
Kaffir. See Xhosa
Kagame, A., 45, 79, 201, 207
Kaguru, 323
Kagwa, 359
Kalabari, 362, 496, 497, 498, 499
Kalahari, 52, 78, 343
Kalanda, A., 79
Kalanga, 295
Kalela dance, 269, 274, 276
Kamanzi, Th., 207
Kamba, 68, 205, 231, 259, 293, 351, 362, 368, 369, 380, 398, 416, 422, 427, 428
Kamerun, 35
Kanuri, 53, 73. See also Bornu
Karanga, 390, 399, 415, 417, 456
Kaschula, R, H. xxxi, xxxix
Kassena-Nankani, 255
Kauffman, R., 181
Kawada, Junzo, xxx
Kele 118, 468-469, 470-472, 482, 484
Kensdale, W. E. N., 52
Kenya, 205, 249, 277, 425
Kenyatta, Jomo, 278, 280
Kesteloot, L., xxx, xxxii, 108
Kgatla, 424, 425, 428
Khoi-Khoi. See Hottentot
Khoisan, 59
Kidney, E., 204, 205, 228
Kikuyu, 278, 279, 280, 289, 330, 334, 336, 338-341, 348-350, 393, 397, 419
Kilson, M. D. de B., 364
Kimbundu, 353, 355, 368, 369, 381, 395
King, A., 257
King, A. V., 183
Kingslake, B., 181
Kingsley, M., 33
Kiniramba. See Nilyamba
kirari,112, 460
Kirkby, P. R., 215
Klama, 253, 254
Klingenheben, A., 54, 75, 252
Klipple, M., 312
Knappert, J., 172, 237
Koelle, S. W., 32
Konate, M., 108
Kongo, 60, 61,180, 504
Koranic. See Arabic; Islamic
Koranko, Kooranko, 36
Koritschoner, H., 104
Kosi, 275
Krappe, A. H., 30,485
Krieger, K., 304
Krige, E. J., 208, 209-210, 370
Krio, 432
Kronenberg, A., 334
Kru, 394, 405
Krug, A., 363, 375
Kuanyama Ambo, 248, 401
Kuba, 252
Kunene, D. P., 68, 121
Kunene, R., 56
Kuper, H., 488
Kwa, 77
kwadwumfo,86
Kxatla. See Kgatla
Labouret, H., 489, 490, 491, 493
Lacroix, P. F., 47, 53, 97, 107, 167
Laing, A. G., 36, 97
Lamba, 9, 62, 63, 65, 337, 371, 374, 386, 389, 397, 401, 414, 422, 424, 426, 428
Lambert, H. E., 269
lampoons, 266, 270, 271. See also political songs
Lane, M. G. M. 272
Lango, 46, 201, 342
languages, African, 6, 34-35, 45, 46, 53, 59, 70
Larson, T. J., 345
Lasebikan, E. L., 71-72, 195, 482
Laurence, 247, 248
Laydevant, F., 105, 137, 185, 186, 187
leader, song, 214, 252, 375
in lyrics, 182, 254, 254, 259
in stories, 375
in work songs, 227
See also soloist
Leakey, L. S. B., 277-280, 289
Leaver, K. D., 385
Lega, 382
legend. See historical narrative
Leith-Ross, S., 363
Lekgothoane, S. K., 123, 134
Lele, 432
Leslau, W., 236
Lestrade, G. P., 70, 75, 122, 124, 128, 129, 402, 403, 456
Lévi-Strauss, C., 503
Lewis, I., 75, 80, 205, 248, 289
Lhote, H., 54
Limba, xxvi, xxxxliii, 10, 79, 102, 103, 105, 146, 216, 225, 231, 232, 238, 239, 253, 255, 296, 313-317, 323, 329, 331- 333, 336, 337, 354, 363, 374, 369, 370, 371, 374, 380, 391, 397, 416, 423, 435, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442
Lianja, 109, 359, 360
Liberia, 119, 381, 394,405
Lienhardt, G., xxxv, 104, 105, 176, 177, 203-204
Lienhardt, P., 169
Lifchitz, Lifszyc, D., 354, 457, 461, 462
Ligers, Z., 345
Lindblom, G., 205, 231, 259, 294, 368, 369, 370, 380, 398, 416, 422, 427, 428
Lindfors, B., xxx
Lingala. See Ngala
linguist (Akan), 434
linguistic basis of African literature, 58, 70. See also tone
linguistic studies of African oral literature, 31, 36, 47
literacy
amount of in contemporary Africa, 56-57, 107, 285
in Arabic or Arabic script, 52-53, 360
literature, oral literature as one form of, 1
difficulty of defining, 1, 26
difficulty of differentiating from nonliterary forms in oral cultures, 17, 26, 27
African forms in nineteenth-century, 27, 30-32
lithoko, 143, 184
Littmann, E., 151, 237
Liturgical verse, 54, 181
Lloyd, L. C., 149, 178
Lloyd, P. C., 359
Lomax, A., 255
Lomongo. See Mongo
Loeb, E., 248
Lokele. See Kele
Longmore, L., 252
Lonkundo. See Nkundo
Lord, A. B., 3
Lotuko, 301, 302
love poems, 246-249, 277
love songs, 229, 246, 248, 249-250
music in, 249, 250
occasions for, 247, 249
religious, 248,
themes of, 246, 247. See also Christian lyrics
Lovedu, 121
Lozi, 228
Luba, 58, 72, 79, 336, 337, 369, 370, 379, 380, 415, 447
Luganda. See Ganda
Lugbara, 361
Lukas, J., 35, 426
Lullabies, 104, 105, 255, 291-293
Lulua, 65
Lunda, 354, 355
Luo, 107, 149, 249, 335
Luthuli, Chief, 274
Luvale, 415, 416
Lyele, 423, 462, 472
lyrics, 44, 235, 237-239, 254, 256, Ch. 9
composition in, 252, 258, 259, 262
connection with hunting songs, 221, 222, 223
with military poetry, 202, 203, 205
form and style of, 239, 239, 252, 253, 255, 258
love songs, 256
music in, 256, 260
occasions for, 235, 236, 237, 259
religious, 183
themes of, 241-242, 244, 245, 246, 247
See also Christian lyrics
Mabale, 105, 229, 374
Mabogunje, A., 270
MacCulloch, J. A., 38
Macdonald, D., 241, 354
Mackenzie, A. S., 38
McLaren J., 384, 386, 387, 393, 394, 403
McLuhan, 21
Macrosudanic language group, 59
Madan, A. C., 63
Madumere, A., 270
Maes, J., 358
Maes, V., 335
magic, magical, 39, 179-180, 181, 187, 199, 202, 217
Makua, 416, 419, 422, 424, 426
Malawi, 79, 121, 141, 204, 272, 277, 285, 292, 345, 354
Mali, 490, 494
Malinke. See Mandingo
Mande, 96, 97, 489, 492, 494
Malcolm, D., 385, 386, 402
Mandingo, 53, 116, 172, 490
Mandinka. See Mandingo
Mandishona, G., 122
Mangoaela, Z. D., 141
Mantic poetry. See Religious poetry, maroka
Mapanje, J., xxx
maroka, 87, 103, 116
marriage
songs connected with, 150, 243, 245, 246, 393, 440. See also wedding songs
Marshall L., 215-216
Masai, 205, 294
Mashona. See Shona
masquerades, 201, 485, 494, 496. See also
drama
Matswa, 274
Mau Mau, 280, 281
hymns, 181, 275, 277-278, 280-281
Maupoil, B., 187, 199
Mavuso, 126
Mayr, F., 386
Mayssal, H., 247
Mba, 473
Mbala, 433
Mbete, 297, 299, 426
Mbiti, 351, 368
Mbole (Bambuli), 522
Mboro, 317
Mbundu, 413
McLaren, J., 384, 386, 387, 393, 394, 403
McLuhan, M., 21
Meeussen, A. E., 382, 397
Meillassoux, C., 118
Meinhof, C., 35, 308
Melanesia, 179
memorization, 10, 12, 53, 85, 90, 187, 197, 352, 451
Mende, 362
Mensah, A. A., 182
Merriam, A. P., 246, 268
Merrick, G., 111, 418
Merwe, D. F. v. d., 142, 143, 244, 245
Messenger, J. C, 396, 397, 402, 418, 426, 427, 431, 433, 495
Messing, S. D., 453
metaphor. See figurative expression
Methodist, 182, 183, 275
metre, 73, 128, 258, 407
absence of, 75
as prosodic factor, 73. See also prosody
Middleton, J., 361, 455, 457
Migeod, F. W. H., 167
Milembwe, 446, 447
military poetry, 201, 202, 203, 207, 209, 212, 213, 214, 215, 274
Akan, 102, 207, 211, 274
as drum poems, 211, 277
Nguni, 207, 208, 210-211
occasions of, 202, 204, 206, 207, 209, 214
recent uses of, 207, 210, 214-215
Miqdad, 169
Mischlich, A., 167
Mitchell, J. C., 269
mmoki, 138
Mofokeng, S. M., xxvii, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 140
Mohamadou, E., 92, 167, 359
Mohammed, 169
Mongo, 63, 109, 380, 394, 402, 404
Monod, Th., 167
Monteil, C., 526
Monteil, V., 52
Moore, G., 151
moralizing
in proverbs, 380, 381, 405
in speeches, 440, 441
in stories, 366-367
Morgan, L. H., 309
morphology, language, 59
in Bantu languages, 61
Morris, H. F., 115, 119, 121, 125, 207, 463
Morton-Williams, P., 187
Moru, 297
Moses, 169
Moshesh, 124, 130
motif, 130, 155, 173, 312, 313, 317, 333, 369. See also themes
motif indexing, 312
Moyo, S. P. C., 526
Mpama-Bakutu, 304
Mpongwe, 329
Mqhayi, ii
Mulford, D. C, 287
Muller, Max, 37
Mulokozi, M., xxx, xxxii
Munonga, A., 215
Murray, D. J., xxxv, 20, 55, 139, 505
Murray, K. C., 489, 494
music
in African literature, 6, 7, 76
in Akan dirges, 5-6, 160-161
different words to same tune, 239
in ijala, 6, 72, 218
in lyric poetry, 7, 76, 256, Ch. 9
in panegyric, 136
in relgious songs, 169, 178, 182, 183
in stories, 375
in Swahili tenzi, 169
in work songs, 228, 232
musical setting as prosodic factor, 75
‘Music of Africa’ series. See African
Music Society
musicologists, 75, 234, 256
Muslim. See Islam
Mutesa, 114
Muyaka, 381
mvet, 109, 110, 506
MwanaKupona, utendiwa, 171
Mwera, 417
Mynors, T. H. B., 297-298
mythopoeic, 47, 503
myths, xxxii, 167, 173, 187, 319, 321, 322, 323, 351-355, 356-357, 373
Nadel, S. F., 120
Nakene, G., 418, 422, 425
Namaqa Hottentot, 33-34
names, 350, 463
in Akan dirges, 152-153, 156, 157, 159, 160, 457
drum names, 472-473
functions of, 455-457, 459, 460-461, 463
proverb names, 399 387, 458, 462 See also praise names
narrative
absence of music in, 76
ideophones in, 367
in military poetry, 66
in praise poetry, 121, 133
in religious poetry, 192
syntax in, 65. See also prose narrative
narrator. See poet, story-teller
Nassau, R. H., 375
nature, 185
as theme: in lyrics, 241, 248
in panegyric, 117, 132, 135
in riddles, 424
Ndau, 178, 272, 386
Ndebele, 132, 208, 289, 362, 385, 386, 390
Négritude, 43, 366
Nettl, B., 10, 36, 263, 304
Newell, S., xxx
Ngala, 422, 423
Ngandu Nkashama, P., xxx
Ngoni, 79, 121, 125,141, 149, 150, 204, 208, 210, 292
Ngubane, J. K., 137
Nguni, 69, 121, 207, 381
Ngwana, 141
Niane, D. T., 108
Nicolas, F., 54
Nicolas, F. J., 418, 429, 460, 462
Niger, 117, 473, 489
Niger-Congo language group, 58
Nigeria, 79, 93, 114, 119, 224, 285, 289, 336, 365, 415, 418, 423, 426, 431, 461, 472, 473, 475, 484, 485, 489, 494
Nile, 59, 73
Nilo-Hemitic, 59, 379
Nilyamba, 64
Njururi, N., 350, xxxvii
Nketia, J. H. K., xxxv, 79, 104, 105, 212, 213, 216, 217, 218, 274, 336, 379, 391, 458, 471, 474, 475, 478, 479, 482, 483
on Akan dirges, 24, 79, 103, 145, 146, 151-155, 157, 158-159, 161-162
on form and style in lyrics, 159, 160, 211, 238, 240, 241, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257-258
Nkrumah, 275
Nkumbula, 286
Nkundo, 75, 359, 379, 455
North Africa, 54, 59
North-East Africa, 79, 252
North-West Africa, 205
Northern Rhodesia. See Zambia
Norton, W. A., 125
noun classes. See class system
noun formation in Bantu languages, 59, 61, 63, 65
in praise names, 68
Nsimbi, B., 458
Ntumu, 531
Nubians, 74
Nuer, 105, 301, 400, 424
Nupe, 119, 120
Nurse, G., 288
nursery rhymes, 294, 295. See also children’s poetry
Nyanja, 244, 380, 381, 387, 393, 395, 398, 401, 404, 414, 423, 424, 425, 426
Nyasaland. See Malawi
nyatiti, 100
Nyembezi, C. L. S. 141, 383, 385, 387, 388, 394, 402, 404, 407
Nyerere, 172
Nyika, 119, 372
Nyoro, 292, 456, 458
Nzakara, 94
oaths, 443, 451, 86
Obatala, 195, 220
occasions
significance of in oral literature, 14, 362
for Akan dirges, 161-162
for Dogon praise names, 457, 461, 462
for elegies, 146, 149, 161
as factor in classical ‘myths’, 355
for hunting songs, 216, 217, 218
of oratory, 432, 437, 439, 440, 441
for praise poetry, 118, 119, 135, 136, 137, 138
for proverbs, 384, 395-397, 400-401, 402, 403, 404
for riddles, 384, 425, 426, 427, 428
in special purpose poetry, 205
of story-telling, 362, 363, 364, 365
for war songs, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209
of work songs, 224, 225, 226, 234
Odu Ifa. See Ifa literature
Oduduwa, 359
ogres in stories, 345
Ogumefu, 358
Ogun, 13, 112-114, 206
Ogunba, O., 276, 500
oigo, 249-252
Ojea, 147-148
Okot, J. 149, 272
Okpewho, I., xxxii
Omijeh, E. A., xxix, 457, 458
onomatopoeia, 294, 373-374, 416, 417
Opie, I. and P., 295, 304
oracular poetry.See Religious poetry,
oral literature
concept and nature of, xxx, xxxiv, xxxix, 3-4, 504-505, 506
difficulty of distinguishing from nonliterary speech forms, 17, 26-27
interplay between written and oral forms, 18, 20, 21-22, 60
not rigidly distinguishable from written literature, 24-26, 202, 464
should it be classified as literature?, 17-18, 25, 27, 33, 49
oral tradition, 30, 58
oral transmission of written forms, 12,20-21, 53, 55, 370-371
oratory
proverbs in, 381, 395, 432, 433, 438, 441
relative neglect of in study of oral literature, 432. See also Speeches
originality. See Individual originality
oriki, 112, 460, 482
Orwin, M., xxx, xxxi
Osadebay, D. C, 148, 236, 482
Ovimbundu, 381, 390, 457, 459, 463
Owuor, H. (alias Anyumba), 98, 100- 101, 107, 250, 251
Paden, J., 53, 167
Pageard, R., 489
Pahouin-Bantu, 110
Palmer, E., 523
panegyric. See Praise poetry
Papadopoullos, T., 108
Pâques, V., 116
parable, 320, 380, 405
parallelism
in Ambo hunting songs, 222
in Bantu languages, 69, 72, 75
in Bushman hymns, 178
in children’s songs, 298
cross-parallelism (chiasmus), 69, 130, 389, 408
in curses, 444
in prayers, 447
in proverbs, 391
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 75, 128, 130
tonal parallelism, 72
Paredes, A., xxvii
parody, 238, 496
Parrinder, E. G., 197
pastoral poetry, 122. See also Cattle
Patterson, J. R., 120
Paulay, G., 223
Paulme, D., 382, 457, 461, 462
Pedi, 524
Peek, P., xxx
Pemba, 95
performance
in Akan dirges, 103, 151, 160,162
connection with composition, 100, 106, 107, 311
in curses, 444
in drama, Ch. 18, 486, 489, 490-491, 499
implications for study of oral literature, xxxiii, 362, 370, 454
in praise poetry, 6, 136-138
in prayers, 446
in proverbs, 382, 383, 388, 391, 392
significance of in oral literature, 4, 5, 7,
355, 362
in speeches, 431-432, 434, 441-442
in story-telling, 7, 311, 313, 319, 333, 346, 363, 370, 371, 373, 487
in Swahili tenzi, 169, 170, 172
personification, 64
Peul. See Fulani
Pfeffer, G., 167
Phillips, H. R., 272
Pilaszewicz, S., xxxi
Plass, W., 382
Plato, 14
Poet Awona, S., 110
poet
of elegiac poetry, 145, 146, 147, 149, 152, 155, 161, 162, 163
fear of, 95-96, 97, 98, 118
ignorance of or misconceptions about position of poet, 48, 83-84
of ijala, 218
of mantic poetry,183
non-specialist poets, 99
and patronage, Ch. 4, 84, 88, 95,101, 102, 103, 118
position of poet, 83, 89, 91, 101, 105, 108, 120
of praise poetry, 90-91
religious poets, 91, 105, 187
wandering poets, 84, 93-95, 96-97, 98-99
effect of on cultural uniformity, 98-99
See also composition; court poets; professional poets
Poetry, Part II
difficulty of distinguishing from prose, xxxii, 76-77, 78
more highly valued than prose, 79, 307
music in, 5-7, 12, 13, 20-21, 24, 26, 44, 71, 72, 75, 76-77, Part II
poetic forms among Akan, Yoruba, 9, 71
and patronage, Ch. 4, 84, 88, 95,101, 102, 103, 118
relative neglect of in study of oral literature, 77
as specialist art, 23, 84
tone in, 6, 46, 70-73, 75, 77. See also Tone, children’s songs, elegiac poetry, hunting poetry, lyric, military poetry, political poetry, praise poetry, religious poetry, topical literature, work songs
poets, wandering, 84, 93-95, 96-97, 98- 99
political poetry
in elections, 57, 281-282, 285, 287
in Guinea, 281
Mau Mau hymns, 181, 275, 277-278, 280-281
associated with political parties, 274, 275, 276, 281, 285, 286, 287, 289
in Zambia, 285-286
political songs, 49, 266, 270, 274, 276- 277, 281-283, 284, 288
Polynesia, Polynesian, 364, 379
Posselt, F., 345
possession songs. See Religious poetry, Mantic
praise names, 111, 118, 459-460, 461, 462
in Akan dirges, 148, 152-153, 457
in Bantu languages, 68, 70, 118, 130
in hunting poetry, 111, 217, 218
inmilitary poetry, 114, 207, 213
in riddles, 418
praise poetry, 6,9, 49, 57, 68, 84, 85, 91, 108-109, Ch. 5, 111, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 125, 134, 139, 140, 141, 142
prayers, 446-450, 460
Présenceafricaine, 43
Prietze, R., 35, 115
Prince, R., 198
printing, 20, 21
professional jesters, 453
professional orators, 434
professional poets, 52, 84, 93-94, 95, 96, 352. See also court poets
professional story-tellers, 363, 425
Propp, V., 3, 376
Prose, Part II
absence of music in, 76
contrasted with poetry, xxxii, 76-77, 78
difficulty of distinguishing from verse, 75. See also Prose narratives
prose narratives, Chs. 12, 13, 49, 312
in Ifa literature, 193
over-emphasis on, 41, 42, 48, 307-308
study of, Ch. 12, 308, 309, 310, 321, 322, 323-323, 324, 325, 369, 378
evolutionist approach to, 309, 310, 311, 321
diffusionist approach to, 311, 313, 317, 318, 320, 321
attempts to classify, 312, 318, 319, 320, 324, 352, 353-354, 356
See also stories; historical narratives; myths
prosody, in African verse, 73
in Akan dirges, 160
Arabic influences in, 73, 74
in Bantu languages, 75
in Hausa Song of Bagaudu, 168
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 75, 128
Prouteaux, M., 493
proverb names, 381, 387, 457-459
proverb-poems 25, 381
proverb-riddles, 380, 381, 413, 417-418, 427
proverbs, Ch. 14
absence of music in, 76
among Azande, 381, 398, 399, 409
collections of, 392
concept of, 379, 380, 381, 382, 383
drum proverbs, 25, 381, 382, 391, 402, 462, 468, 473-474, 482
among Jabo, 78, 381, 394, 405-406, 407
occasions and functions, 384, 385, 395- 397, 398-399, 400-401, 402, 404-405, 407, 408, 410
in oratory, 381, 395, 432, 438, 441
praise names in, 381, 405
significance, 379, 380, 383, 408, 410-411
similarity to riddles, 381, 402, 413. See also Proverb-riddles
in stories, 366
structure and style, 383, 387, 388-392, 395, 398-399, 406-407
subject-matter, 392, 393-394, 395, 408-409
tone in, 390, 407
among Zulu, 69, 381, 386, 387, 389, 394, 399, 401, 402, 404, 407-408, 409.See also proverb names; proverb-poems
psychological functions of literature, 43, 455. See also functions of oral literature
puns, 452, 453
Puplampu, D. A., 202
Pygmies, 356, 363, 364
qasidah,74, 168
quantity, as factor in prosody, 73
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., 40, 321
Radin, P., 352, 364
radio, 184, 238, 506
Ras-al-ghul, 169
Rattray, R. S., 244, 382, 385, 393, 394, 402, 479
Raum, O. F., 400, 419, 427
Rautenbach, S. C. H., 313
recitative, 218, 238, 374
recording of oral literature, 15, 328
Reichard, G., 45
religion
significance in Kalabari masquerades, 497, 498, 499
as subject in stories, 256
types of in Africa, 52. See also myths; religious poetry
religious poetry, Ch. 7, 92, 177, 184-185, 455
types of, 165, 166, 199, 392-393
Christian influence on, 165, 200
didactic and narrative, 167, 168, 200
Fante Methodist lyrics, 78, 182-183
generalisations about, 199, 200
hymns, 49, 92, 166, 173, 176, 181, 200, 275
incantations, 451
mantic poetry, 183, 184, 187
Sotho divining verse, 184, 185
Swahili tenzi, 168, 169, 171-172
Yoruba Ifa poetry, 187-190, 198, 478
repetition
in Akan dirges, 160
in Bushman hymns, 178
in curses, 444
indrum literature, 469, 474
in lyrics, 236, 238, 239, 244, 253, 255
in prayers, 447, 448
in proverbs, 389
in religious poetry, 177, 180, 183
in Southern Bantu panegyric, 128, 130
in speeches, 439
in work songs, 230, 232. See also parallelism
rhetoric. See oratory
rhythm
in children’s poetry, 292, 294
in curses, 444
as factor in prosody, 75, 77
in lyrics, 256, 257
in masquerades, 497-498
in prayers, 446,
in proverbs, 384, 391, 408
Rhodes, W., x, 265, 274-275, 277, 286,
287
Rhodesia. See Southern Rhodesia
Rhodesia and Nyasaland, University College, library of, xxvii, xxxv rhyme
East African rhyming area, 74
as factor in prosody, 73, 74
in proverbs 390, 409
tone as substitute for, 6, 72
in Swahili tenzi, 172
Ricard, A., xxx
riddles
content, 423-424
nature and types of, 414, 415, 417, 419, 421
occasions and functions, 425, 426, 427, 428
praise names in, 418, 423
style, 414, 415-416, 421, 423, 428
Riesz. J., xxx
Ripp, O., 387, 393, 394, 404
Roberts, J., 276
Robinson, C. H., 145
Rodegem, F., 432
Roger, J. F., 30, 308, 371
Ronga, 236
Roscoe, J., 87, 233
Rossini, C. Conti, 54
Rouch, J., 179, 180
Rouget, G., 44, 97, 256
Rozi, 122
Rwanda, Ruanda, 8, 45, 79, 88, 89-90, 106, 116, 117, 122, 201, 207, 363
Rundi, 294, 379, 435, 436, 437, 438, 439
Russian, 19, 60
Rycroft, D., xxxv, 128, 129, 136, 142
Sachs, J., 288
Sacleux, C., 452
salutations, 451, 455, 460
by drums, 116, 118, 461, 462, 482
Samarin, W. J., 456, 73
Sandawe, 530
Sanger, C, 272
sanza, 409, 410
satire, satirical, 272, 276, 337, 341, 373, 386, 398, 458, 490, 493, 496. See also drama; Mande comedies, 490-493, 494, 500
Savard, G. C., 215
Sayers, E. F., 167
Scandinavian, 41, 318, 321
Schachter, R., 281, 282, 283, 284, 285
Schapera, I., 125, 130, 132, 137, 138, 423, 424, 425, 428, 488
Schechner, R., xxvii
Scheub, H., xxxix
Schipper, xxx
Schlenker, C. F., 31
Schneider, 484, 257
Schön, J. F., 31
School of Oriental (and African) Studies, xxix, 37, 47
Schtirle, G., 252
Schulien, 201
Scott, C. T., 421
Sechuana. See Tswana
secret societies, 201, 494, 495
Seidel, A., 33, 35
Sékou Touré, 281, 282-283, 284, 285
Sempebwa, E. K. K., 236, 246, 299
Senegambia, 97, 98, 99
Senegal, 30, 165, 285
Senghor, L. S., 43
sermons, 451, 464
Seydou, C., xxx, xxxii, 74
Shaka, 111, 123, 125, 127, 133, 141, 208, 408
Shakespeare, 311
Shangana-Tsonga, ShangaanSee Thonga
Shango, 174
Sherzer, J., xxvii
Shi, 246, 268
Shilluk, 203-204, 301, 303
Shona, 105, 203, 300, 329, 414, 417, 423, 424
Shore, H. L., 499
Sierra Leone, 99, 116, 119, 216, 285, 313, 331-333, 335, 346, 435, 438
Silla, O., 99
Simmons, D. C., 397, 415, 416, 418, 424, 427
singer. See poet
Sklar, R. L., 285
Smith, E. W., 9, 33, 42, 308, 337, 338, 341-342, 351, 365, 366, 369, 370, 371, 385, 386, 387, 397, 398, 418, 420, 423, 428
Smith, M. G., 87, 95, 96, 103, 112, 115, 116, 117
Snoxall, R. A., 390
social anthropology. See anthropology
social background, in Africa generally, 50, 55-56, 58, 200, 312, 320-321
sociology,
relevance of African oral literature for, 504
Sölken, H., 361
solo, soloist, Ch. 4, 104, 118
in Akan dirges, 151, 161
in lyrics, 252, 255, 260
in religious songs, 178
solo songs, 106
in work songs, 202, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232
See also court poets; leader; poet, wandering
Somali, xxxi, 74, 75, 79, 100, 105, 172, 205, 237, 242, 277, 289, 506
Somaliland, 106
Songhai, 53, 180
songs, 236
as lyric poems, Ch. 9
connected with proverbs, 381, 382
in speeches, 433-434
song-riddles, 419, 426
in stories, 374, 375. See also poetry
Soninke, 118
Soolima, 36
Sotho, 60, 61, 84, 104, 115, 121, 122, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 133, 135, 138, 143, 185, 231, 273, 336, 337, 386, 415
Soudan, 494
sound system in Bantu languages, 68-69
source for, 506
South Africa, xxxi, 121,125,143, 224, 274, 344, 384
South West Africa, 77, 117
Southern Rhodesia, 165, 211, 224, 225, 232, 260, 423
Sow, A. I., 47, 53, 74
Spanish Guinea, 109
speeches, 285, 373, 426, 432, 438, 439, 440, 443, 451
Spider, as central figure in stories, 329, 334, 335, 336, 337, 369, 374
Spiess, C, 35, 465
St. John-Parsons, D., 358
Stappers, L., 72, 337, 365, 370, 447
Stead, W. G., 225
Steere, E., 237, 374
Stefaniszyn, B., 220, 221, 222, 223
Stern, T., 484
Stilz, E. B., 397
Stopa, R., 244, 271, 300
stories
absence of music in, 76
composition, 375
functions of, 321, 364-365, 366
‘modern’ themes in, 49, 57, 142, 265- 266, 289, 393
occasions for, 362, 363, 364, 365
in oratory, 438, 479
over-emphasis on study of, 308
about people, 344-345, 351
performance of, 333, 346, 270-371, 373
story-teller, 9, 238, 308, 313-317, 346, 363, 364, 368-369, 370-371, 373
study of, Ch. 12, 308, 309, 310
style of, 375
See also Animal stories; Myths; Prose narratives.
story-teller, 11, 308, 313-317, 346, 363, 364, 368, 369, 370-371, 373, 375-376, 487-488
as song leader, 375
stress, as factor in prosody, 73, 75
in Southern Bantu pangyric, 75, 128, 129
structural analysis, 321, 421, 503. See also functional approach
structural-functional. See functional approach
Stuart, J., 385, 386, 402
Stuhardt, J. G., 387
style
of Akan dirges, 5, 156-157, 160
in Ambo hunting songs, 221-222
of Busman hymns, 177-178
in Limba curses, 443, 444, 445
in Luo oigo, 249-252
of lyrics generally, 238, 252
‘miniature’ forms of Somali balwo, 247
in oratory, 434, 435, 437-438, 439, 441, 442
of praise poetry, 121, 127-128, 131
in proverbs, 383, 387, 388-392, 395, 398-399, 407
of qene 92,
in religious poetry, 165-166, 167, 168, 169, 172, 182, 183-184, 188-191, 200
in riddles, 414, 415-416, 421, 422, 423, 428
of Southern Bantu praise poetry, 116, 117, 120-122, 126-127, 132, 141
in story-telling, 238
in work songs, 230, 232
Suaheli. See Swahili
Sudan region, 52
Sudan, 52, 94, 105, 297, 300, 360
Sudanese action songs, 300-303
Sudanic languages, 59
Sundkler, B. G., 275
Susu, 281
Swahili tenzi, 168-172, 173, 207, 224, 292, 368, 374, 381, 385, 389, 395, 452
Swahili, 46, 53, 58, 69, 73, 92, 107, 166, 168, 172, 231
Swanepoel, C. F., 528
Swazi, 121, 125, 208, 298
syntax, Bantu, 65
takhmis,74
Tanganyika, Tanzania, 103, 248, 269, 271, 289
Tanghe, J., 229
Tardy, L., 402, 425
Tarsitani, B. A., xxx
tasmit, 74
Taylor, G. A., 203, 300
Taylor, W. E., 31, 381, 385, 390
Tedlock, D., xxvii
tegble, 202
Tegnaeus, H., 308, 41
television, 22
Temne, 329, 363
Ten Raa, E., 427
tenzi, 168, 169, 172
Terrisse, A., 358
Tescaroli, L., 148, 203-204
Tetela, 397
Tew, M., 432
texts, collections of in Congo, 46, 447
emphasis on in nineteenth century, 30-36
over-emphasis on, 49
See also recording
Theal, G., 385
themes
of Akan dirges, 152-154, 155
in animal stories, 186, 329, 335, 337- 338, 341, 342, 343
in hunting poetry, 216, 218, 220, 222
in Islamic religious poetry, 169, 206
of lyrics, 241-242, 244, 245, 246, 247
in mantic poetry, 185-187
of praise poetry, 207
of proverbs, 382, 398, 399, 403, 409
in riddles, 424
in stories about people, 344-345, 351
in work songs, 228, 229
Theuws, F., 447, 449-451
Thiam, 366
Thomas, N. W., 15, 297
Thompson, Stith, 312, 318, 319
Thonga, 11, 67, 384, 385, 386, 389, 392, 393, 398, 415, 416, 422, 424, 456
tifinagh script, 54
Tigre, 74
Timannee. See Temne
Tiv, 272
Tlokwa, 418, 422, 423, 425, 426
Togo, 35
tone riddles, 72, 416, 427
tone, 59, 70-71, 256
in drum language, 6, 71, 467-468, 469, 473
as prosodic factor, 73, 160
in proverbs, 6, 390, 407
relationship of sung and spoken tone, 71, 256-257, 258
in riddles, 416, 417
tonal structure in poetry, 71, 72
Tonga, 104, 147, 296, 414
tongue twisters, 297, 451
Topan, F., xxx, 183
topical literature
elegies, 147
neglect of, 18, 40, 41, 44, 49, 265, 266, 289, 505, 506
topical poems, topical songs, 49, 202, 265, 268-270, 273-274. See also political songs
Torrend, J., 374
tortoise, 329, 334, 335, 336, 343, 373, 374
Touareg. See Tuareg
Toucouleur, 99
Towo-Atangana, 110
Tracey, Hugh, 137, 210, 232, 237, 246, 248, 249, 259, 260, 261, 265-267, 270, 273-274, 277
traditional, over-emphasis of, xxviii, 3, 12, 16, 18, 19, 26, 40-42, 43, 46, 44, 49, 51, 265, 266, 504, 505
tragedy, 500
training of orators, 435, 436, 439
training of poets, 91-92, 197
in Ethiopia, 92
in mantic poetry, 184, 197-198
among Rwanda, 88-91
Transvaal, 132, 362, 415
Traoré, B., xxxii, 43, 237, 485, 500
Travélé, M., 402, 424, 428, 489, 490, 491, 493
Tremearne, A. J., 112, 346-347, 373, 385
Tressan, L., 428
trickster, 188, 334-338, 343, 350, 353
Trifles, H., 363
Tsala, T., 252
Tshi. See Twi
Tsonga, 121. See also Thonga
Tswana, 64, 121, 127, 137, 388, 395
Tuareg, 54, 74, 111
Tucker, A. N., 300, 301, 302, 303, 304
tug of war, in stories, 312, 328, 335
Tumba, 471
Tumbuka-Kamanga, 390
Turnbull, C., 358
Turner, H. W., 451
Tutsi, 435, 436. See also Rwanda
Twi, 31
Tyloch, W., xxxi
Tylor, E., 309
Tyo (Teka), 426
Uganda, 292, 361
Ullendorf, E., 54
Upper Volta, 423, 462, 484
Uppsala, 41
Utenzi. See tenzi
utility, assumed as main function of oral literature, 40, 321. See also functional approach
Vai, 54
Vail, L., xxx
Vajda, G., 52
Van Avermaet, E., 46, 72, 390, 415
Van Caethem, R., 451
Van Goethem, E., 397
Van Spanndonck, 168
Van Warmelo, J., 532
Van Wing, J., 504
Van Zyl, H. J., 143
Vanneste, M., 358
Vansina, J., 455
variability, of oral literature generally, 10-11, 12
Velten, C., 31, 168
Venda, 64, 121, 127, 455
verb system in Bantu languages, 61-62
derivative verbal forms, 59
Verger, P., 174-176
verse, difficulty of distinguishing from prose, 75
Verwilghen, L. A., 434
Viaene, L., 354
Vilakazi, B. W., 132, 133, 134, 138, 141, 294
Vili. See Fjort
vocabulary, in African languages, 60-61
in Ambo hunting songs, 222
special in poetry, 407
Von Funke, E., 252
Von Hornbostel, E., 35
Von Sicard, H., 201, 308, 312
Von Sydow, C. W., 30, 42
Von Tiling, M., 292
Wa-Bondei. See Bondei
Wabvuwi, 181
Wade, A., 361
Wakweli. See Kweli
Walker, S. H., 257
Wängler, H. H., 257
Wanyamwezi, 248
War song. See Military poetry
Warren, A., 19
Watt, I., 4
Wedding poems, songs, 103, 119, 123, 138, 255
Wellek, R. and Warren, A., 19
Wellerism, 389
Werner, A., 345
Werner, J., 37, 53, 168, 172, 224, 231, 308, 328, 329, 334, 345, 351, 358, 387, 411, 425, 451
Wescott, R. W., 257
West Africa, 58, 94, 96, 116, 217, 277, 329, 335, 345, 256, 363, 368, 375, 379, 380, 422, 458, 470, 475, 482, 485, 488- 489, 490, 500-501
associations in, 102, 103, 104
hymns in, 167, 173
Ifa literature in, 106, 187
West Atlantic, 58
West Central Africa, 297
West Equatorial Africa, 329, 335, 363, 368, 375, 423, 426
West Indies, 335
Westcott, J., 173
Westermann, D., 215
Westphal, E., 257
White, C., 415, 416
White, L., xxx
Whiteley, W. H., xxxv, 95, 269, 432
Whitting, C. E. J., 379, 386, 387, 393
Wieschhoff, H. H., 456
Williamson, S. G., 182, 183
Wilson, C. B., 234
Windels, A., 304
Witte, P. A., 35, 484
Witwatersrand, University of, xxxvii, 313
Wolfson, F., 431
Wolof, 30, 97, 98
women, 99, 262
as poets, relatively rare, 54, 99
in Christian lyrics, 182-183, 185, 186
as elegiac poets, 145, 146, 147, 151, 157-158, 162, 163, Ch. 6
among Ila and Tonga, 104, 261-263
in lampoons, 268, 270, 272, 284
in love songs, 246, 247-48, 249, 250-251
as praise poets, 87, 116
in political songs, 268, 270, 272, 284
as story-tellers, 364
in work songs, 99, 224, 225, 230, 231
wordplay, 452-453
work songs, 201, 224, 231
canoe songs, 228, 229
dance songs, 228
domestic songs, 224, 230, 231
farming songs, 226, 230, 231
style of, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 234
Wright, M. J., 328
written literature, 328
contrasted with oral forms: in approach to its study, 5, 6, 10
in audience involvement, 13, 240
in mode of transmission, 12, 21, 22, 370-371
written literature in Africa, 1, 311. See also Arabic
Wyndham, J., 359
Xhosa, xxxiii, 61, 65, 121, 336, 384, 385, 389, 394
Yankah, K., xxx
Yao, 354, 363
Yoruba, 71, 72, 78, 79, 88, 93, 102, 112, 118, 119, 146, 148, 165, 173, 174, 187, 198, 200, 201, 218, 267, 270, 299, 335, 359, 363, 381, 387, 391, 392, 393, 396, 397, 423, 427, 452, 455, 457, 460, 470, 476-477, 482, 483
Young, T. Cullen, 390
Zambia, 79, 104, 105, 146, 147, 225, 261, 285, 335, 338, 397, 415, 419
Zande, 73, 179, 250, 334, 335, 336, 354, 381, 398, 411
Zaramo, 252
Zemp, H., 44, 97, 99, 100
Zezuru, 225, 415
zitengulo, 147
ziyabilo, 296
Zulu, xxxiii, 58, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 84, 85, 86, 116, 120, 121, 122, 127, 128, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 181, 207, 208, 237, 242, 243, 249, 255, 273, 293, 294, 295, 334, 336, 362, 370, 381, 385, 389, 422, 460
Zuni, 320
Zuure, B., 294
Zwide, 124
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