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Digital Technology and the Practices of Humanities Research

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Jennifer Edmond

Index

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academia 13, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 38, 42, 84, 85, 91, 107, 147, 148, 179, 185, 191, 238, 253, 255, 258. See also alternative-academic (alt-ac) career

Academia.edu 32, 36, 186, 202, 252

Academic Book of the Future, The 50

accessibility. See FAIR (‘findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable’)

Adventure Rock 92

Agile Software Development 141

Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO) 178

alt-ac. See alternative-academic (alt-ac) career

alternative-academic (alt-ac) career 72, 88, 147, 227

altmetric. See metric: alternative

metric (altmetric)

American Council of Learned Societies (ACLS) 165, 216 ACLS Commission on Cyberinfrastructure in the Humanities and Social Sciences 165

Our Cultural Commonwealth 216

American Historical Association (AHA) 59, 60, 63, 114 ‘Guidelines for the Professional Evaluation of Digital Scholarship by Historians’ 114

Ancient Lives 94

Anderson, Ben 238, 257

Anderson, Sheila 229

Andrews, Tara L. 132

Ansax-l (mailing list) 192

Ansaxnet (concept of mailing list for Anglo-Saxonists) 192, 195, 196, 199

AnthroProject 238

Antonijević, Smiljana 5, 132 Amongst Digital Humanists 5

archiving 12, 26, 27, 37, 40, 41, 42, 66, 71, 74, 92, 240, 243, 244, 246, 250, 256, 257, 260 self-archiving 12, 253

Aristotle 154

Arksey, Marieka 249, 252, 253

Arts and Humanities Data Service (AHDS) 217, 218

Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) 84, 98

audience 3, 16, 26, 30, 33, 34, 43, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 74, 83, 139, 149, 165, 211, 252

authority 4, 6, 9, 11, 22, 39, 41, 42, 51, 64, 66, 68, 73, 105, 111, 115, 116, 117, 145

authorship 13, 27, 35, 36, 110, 116, 137. See also registration

redefinition of, 35

autoethnography. See ethnography: autoethnography

Bakhshi, Hasan 84

Bell, Joshua 105, 107

Berners-Lee, Tim 183

Berry, David 123, 128

Bietz, Matthew J. 253

Birnholtz, Jeremy P. 253

BITNET 170, 187

‘black box’ 15, 40, 123, 124, 127, 128, 131, 143, 150, 153, 215

Blackwell’s 178, 184

Blake Archive 87

blog, blogging 2, 4, 9, 10, 15, 31, 32, 34, 59, 61, 65, 187, 198

Bobley, Brett 106

Böll, Heinrich 92

Cologne Edition 92

Borgman, Christine 73

Brennan, Sheila 118

Brill 74

British Broadcasting Company (BBC) 92, 93

BBC 2 93

BBC 4 93

BBC Radio 4 93

Brunel University 92

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 190

Burgess, Helen 148

Burns, Robert 93

Auld Lang Syne 93

Burrows, John 168

Cambridge University Press 184

Campanario, Miguel 107, 108

Carlson, Samuelle 238, 257

CARMEN Virtual Laboratory (VL) 69

CASA festival 93

Cavanagh, Sheila 115

Ceci, Stephen J. 108

CENDARI. See Collaborative

European Digital Archive

Infrastructure (CENDARI)

Centre for Robert Burns Studies 92

Centre Virtuel de la Connaissance sur l’Europe (CVCE) 72

Cerquiglini, Bernard 126

certification 26, 27, 38, 39, 40, 42, 58, 70, 71, 173, 199. See also metric; See also peer review

Church of England 96

CIBER 56, 72

Cicero 133

De Inventione 133

citation. See metric: citation

citizen science 4, 227

Clergy of the Church of England database (CCEd) 96

Clio Infra 256

codework 19, 124, 125, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 137, 138, 140, 143,

146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152,

153, 154, 155, 156. See also ‘black box’

as epistemic practice 125, 126, 130, 132, 133, 150, 153, 154, 156

as memory system 143, 150

poetics of, 142, 152

coding 8, 14, 15, 124, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151, 154, 155, 156. See also ‘black box’

collaboration 12, 13, 14, 24, 69, 72, 92, 95, 99, 151, 156, 167, 168, 195

co-authorship 13 co-creation 13

impact of, 13

Collaborative European Digital

Archive Infrastructure

(CENDARI) 72, 242, 243, 244

Collaborative for Historical

Information and Analysis (CHIA) 249

collective intelligence 213, 222

CommentPress 68, 71

Common Languages Resources

and Technology Infrastructure (CLARIN) 218

Companion to Digital Humanities, A 178

Computers and the Humanities 166, 169, 174

Conner, Patrick W. 192, 193, 195, 196

copyright 17, 18, 240, 241, 252. See also legal liability

Coyne, Richard 128

Craig, Hugh 168

Crossick, Geoffrey 53, 54

Monographs and Open Access 53

cultural heritage 74, 81, 82, 83, 96, 98, 99, 215, 221, 223, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262. See also GLAM sector digitisation of, 87, 238, 239, 246, 248 remediation of, 243

curation. See data: curation of,

CurationProject 238

DARIAH. See Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities (DARIAH) data. See also FAIR (‘findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable’) big data 7, 135, 145, 241, 243, 244 collection of, 33, 210, 243, 247, 248, 256, 260

creation of, 262

curation of, 57, 141, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 255, 256, 257, 258, 262 management of, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 242, 243, 244, 245, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262

ownership of, 35, 239, 240, 242, 243, 257, 261, 262

production of, 145, 236, 237, 247, 248

research data 6, 35, 41, 71, 74, 210, 223, 235, 236, 237, 243, 248, 249, 250, 254, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262

reuse of, 16, 210, 223, 224, 235, 237, 239, 241, 242, 245, 252, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262

sharing of, 118, 210, 223, 239, 241, 249, 250, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263

Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) 74

Dataverse 256

Dávidházi, Péter 7

Day in the Life of the Digital

Humanities (Day of DH) 187

Declaration on Research Assessment (DORA) 109

Department for Culture, Media, and

Sport (DCMS) 83

DHCommons 34, 36

Digital Americanist 198

Digital Classicist 198, 199

digital edition. See medium: digital

digital humanities (DH) 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 30, 35, 41, 59, 60, 70, 87, 89, 90, 98, 106, 111, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 133, 137, 140, 141, 147, 153, 163, 164, 166, 168, 177, 178, 179, 185, 186, 187, 208, 209, 215, 224, 227, 250, 254, 259. See also digital resource; See also digital scholarship DH community 22, 23, 39, 42, 43, 117, 163

institutionalisation of, 177, 178, 179

Digital Humanities Quarterly 117

Digital Medievalist 191, 198, 199, 200

digital object. See object: digital

digital publishing. See publishing:

e-publishing

Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities (DARIAH) 74, 207, 209, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 259, 260

European Research Infrastructure

Consortium (ERIC) 74, 209, 218, 219, 220, 221, 225, 228, 229

digital resource 63, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 224, 253, 254, 256

impact of, 81, 84, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 98

digital scholarship 3, 4, 18, 19, 58, 61, 115, 150, 155, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 175, 177, 178, 179, 217

evaluation of, 3, 4, 61, 106, 107, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 178, 179. See also metric; See also peer review

Digital Scholarship in the Humanities 117

Diogenes (software) 90, 91, 100

dissemination 2, 16, 26, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 41, 42, 60, 65, 70, 71, 75, 85, 90, 92, 94, 112, 113, 183, 185, 193, 195, 200, 201, 202, 208, 254. See also knowledge sharing; See also medium

doc2vec 144

Dryad 256

Duff, Wendy M. 245

Durham University 91

eBook 53, 55, 59. See also publishing: e-publishing

Edmond, Jennifer 246

Electronic Archiving System (EASY) 256

Elsevier 38, 67

email 186, 187, 188, 189, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 212, 231, 250

junk mail 190

spam 187

employment. See hiring

Engels, Tim C. E. 54

Episciences.org 71, 74

ethnography 125, 132, 150, 227

autoethnography 131, 132, 133,

152, 154

Europeana Collections 243

European Holocaust Research

Infrastructure (EHRI) 243

European Open Science Cloud

(EOSC) 5, 7, 223, 224, 226

EOSC Governance Development

Forum (EGDF) 226

EOSC-hub 226

Social Sciences and Humanities

Open Cloud (SSHOC) 226

European Research Observatory for the Humanities (EROHS) 218

European Strategic Forum for Research Infrastructure (ESFRI) 218, 229

evaluation. See digital scholarship: evaluation of,; See peer review; See certification; See metric Excellence in Research for Australia (ERA) 184

Facebook 68, 191, 198

FAIR (‘findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable’) 19, 41, 223, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 241, 242, 246, 247, 249, 250, 252, 255, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262. See also data ‘FAIRification’ 236, 242, 244, 247

Figshare 41, 256

findability. See FAIR (‘findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable’)

Fischer, Frank 224

Fitzpatrick, Kathleen 43, 106, 110, 199

Flinn, Andrew 168

‘forking’ 65

Fortier, Paul 169

FOSTER+ 226

French Book Trade in Enlightenment

Europe, The 65

Freshwater Information Management 96

Galey, Alan 125

Gans, Joshua S. 107

Garrow’s Law 93

GÉANT 211

general architecture for text

engineering (GATE) 91

geographic information system (GIS) 74, 96, 116

GitHub 130

GLAM sector 81, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 93, 95, 96, 237. See also cultural

heritage

Global Outlook:: Digital Humanities 191

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. See Open Library of the Humanities: Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics

Goldfield, Joel D. 169, 175, 179

Google ‘Google generation’ 57 Google Inbox 187 Google Scholar 32 Google Search 224 Google Translate 11 Google Ancient Places (GAP) 96 Greenblatt, Stephen 49, 50, 59 Guillory, John 55

Halliday, Leah 51

Hamming, Jeanne 148

Hanlon, Ann M. 118

Harley, Diane 64, 73

Harris, Mary Dee 168

Harrison, Teresa M. 188, 199

Harris, Verne 245

HathiTrust Digital Library 96

Henderson, Margaret E. 237

Higher Education Institution (HEI) 85

High Integration of Research Monographs in the European Open Science Infrastructure (HIRMEOS) 226

hiring 50, 107, 109, 110, 113, 114, 115, 117, 168, 175. See also tenure; See

also promotion

HIRMEOS. See High Integration of Research Monographs in the European Open Science Infrastructure (HIRMEOS)

Hockey, Susan 168

Hoekstra, Rinke 256

Horsley, Nicola 241

Hughes, Lorna M. 85, 88

Human Computer Interaction (HCI) 52

Humanist (electronic seminar/mailing list) 166, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 176, 190, 192, 196, 199

Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Alliance and Collaboratory (HASTAC) 34

Humanities Commons (HCommons) 32, 186, 202

Hyper Articles en Ligne (HAL) 71, 74

Hypotheses.org 65

impact factor (IF) 109

informational behaviour 56, 57, 252 horizontal information seeking 56, 57 ‘squirrelling’ 56

infrastructure. See research infrastructure (RI)

In Our Time 93

Instagram 191

Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation (INRIA) 74

intellectual property rights (IPR) 240. See also legal liability

International Society for the Study of Early Medieval England (ISSEME) 199

Internet. See World Wide Web

interoperability. See FAIR (‘findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable’)

IPERION CH 243

Isaac Newton: The Last Magician 93

Java 138

Jisc 56, 84

Jones, Steven 123

Journal of Digital Humanities 117

Journal of Scholarly Publishing 50 ‘Special Issue on Digital Publishing for the Humanities and Social Sciences’ 50

JoVE 69

JSTOR 32

Jupyter Notebook 154

Kafka’s Wound 92

King’s College London 93, 94, 96, 116

Kirschenbaum, Matthew G. 112, 177

Kittler, Friedrich 153

Knowledge Complexity (KPLEX) 240, 241, 244, 246

knowledge iceberg 237, 246, 262, 263

knowledge production 2, 4, 11, 13, 37, 50, 52, 63, 128, 130, 131, 133, 140, 150, 153, 155, 226, 227, 236, 243, 244, 247, 248, 249, 260, 262

knowledge representation 245, 248, 260

knowledgescape. See knowledge space

knowledge sharing 2, 50, 58, 59, 64. See also dissemination

knowledge space 212, 213, 219

Knuth, Donald 151, 154

Lachmann’s method 136

LAIRAH. See Log Analysis of Internet Resources in the Arts and Humanities (LAIRAH)

Latour, Bruno 126, 127, 131

legal liability 18, 35, 96, 112, 239, 240, 241, 242, 253

Leiden University Centre for Digital Humanities (LUCDH) 255

Let Newton Be! 93

Library of Alexandria 214

LINGUIST List 190, 197

Linked Open Data 243

listserv (concept) 4, 168, 171, 183, 185, 186, 189, 190, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203. See also online community

LISTSERV (software) 185, 186, 187, 188, 190

Log Analysis of Internet Resources in the Arts and Humanities (LAIRAH) 4, 84, 90, 254, 255

London Review of Books 92

Macmillan, James 92

Mallet 1

Mandell, Laura 4

Manovich, Lev 123

Marino, Mark 151

Maron, Nancy 87, 99

McCarty, Willard 170, 171, 172, 190, 196

McGann, Jerome J. 119

MediaCommons Press 40

media ecology 112, 114, 115

Medieval Academy of America 199 medium. See also object digital 23, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 54, 70, 106, 112, 113, 165, 177. See also eBook; See also publishing: e-publishing print simulation 115, 117 print 2, 9, 15, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 44, 53, 54, 56, 59, 106, 112, 113, 115, 117, 126, 165, 192, 193

Medtext-l 196

Mendeley 32, 33

metric 10, 16, 38, 39, 40, 62, 66, 67, 68, 83, 85, 88, 167. See also peer review alternative metric (altmetric) 66, 68 bookmarks 38, 39 download counts 3, 38, 39, 90 likes 38, 68 link shares 38 page views 38 retweets 38 Wikipedia mentions 38 citation 3, 9, 11, 14, 18, 32, 38, 39, 67, 88, 109, 131, 184, 193, 199, 210, 254, 262

Modern Language Association (MLA) 11, 49, 61, 114, 164, 165, 175, 184

Committee on Scholarly Editions 165

‘Guidelines for Evaluating Work in Digital Humanities and Digital Media’ 114, 164

MLA Committee on Information Technology 164

MLA Commons 33

MLA style 11

Profession 61

monograph 3, 11, 17, 28, 49, 51, 52, 53, 55, 59, 63, 69, 73, 142

Morton, A.Q. 169

Mostern, Ruth 249, 252, 253

National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) 106, 178 Office of Digital Humanities 178

National Science Foundation (NSF) 187

Nature 53, 73, 114

Naughton, John 51

Networked Infrastructure for Nineteenth-Century Electronic Scholarship (NINES) 39, 164

Network for Digital Methods in the Arts and Humanities (NeDiMAH) 2, 4, 18

new media. See medium: digital

Newton, Sir Isaac 93

Nitti, John 168

Norfolk Medieval Stained Glass Project 95

North-Atlantic Population Project (NAPP) 256

Northumbria University 95

Notes and Queries 201

Nyhan, Julianne 168

object. See also medium digital 15, 17, 35, 37, 39, 52, 106, 126, 128, 155, 166, 248 epistemic 126, 130 physical 12, 16, 52, 55, 106, 213

Old Bailey Online 88, 90, 93

Old English Newsletter 195

Olsen, Mark 174, 175

Olsen, Stephen 4

online community 183, 191, 198, 199, 200

open access (OA). See publishing: open access (OA)

Open Access Publishing in European Networks (OAPEN) 53, 54, 56

OpenAIRE 226

Open Book Publishers 69

Open Journal Systems 197

Open Library of the Humanities 67

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 67

OpenMethods Metablog 65

‘Open Notebook History’ 65

Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) 73

Open Scholarly Communication in the European Research Area for Social Sciences and Humanities (OPERAS) 226

Open Science MOOC 226

Open Science Policy Platform (OSPP) 226

Open University 96

OPERAS. See Open Scholarly Communication in the European Research Area for Social Sciences and Humanities (OPERAS)

optical character recognition (OCR) 248

ORCID. See Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID)

Out of the Wings: The Research and Practice of Spanish American Theatre in Translation 93

ownership. See data: ownership of,

Oxford Multi Spectral 91

Oxford University Press 38, 184

Oxyrhynchus Online 94

Palgrave 69 Pivot 69

PARTHENOS Hub 65

Peek, Robin 187, 188, 191, 196, 201

peer review 3, 4, 34, 39, 58, 64, 66, 68, 71, 75, 108, 110, 113, 114, 118, 128, 130, 155, 156, 164, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 254, 255. See also publishing flaws of, 66, 108, 130 implementation of, 172, 173 implicit peer review 174, 175 open peer review 40, 66, 71, 179 organisation of, 173

Perl 138

Peters, Douglas P. 108

Pickle, Sarah 99

Planck, Max 116

PLOS ONE 113, 114

Posner, Miriam 6

Postmodern Culture 190

Priddy, Mike 240

print edition. See medium: print

Profession. See Modern Language

Association (MLA): Profession

programming 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 143, 145, 146, 149, 150,

152, 153, 154, 156, 169, 173, 229

pair programming 142

promotion 3, 10, 50, 51, 64, 109, 110, 168, 176, 199. See also hiring; See also tenure

Public Access Computer Systems Review 190

publishing. See also medium; See also monograph; See also peer review democratisation of, 16, 67 e-publishing 49, 53, 67, 164, 177, 202. See also eBook open access (OA) 16, 17, 29, 49, 63, 69, 70, 74, 93, 184, 186, 202 gold 17, 70 green 17, 70 publishers as gatekeepers 12, 16, 17, 19 self-publishing 16, 32, 37, 174 traditional publishing 12, 16, 19, 33, 39, 43, 58, 69, 106, 202

Publons 68

QRator 94

Raben, Joseph 169

Ramsay, Stephen 152

Ramsey, Stephen 152

readership. See audience

registration 26, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 68

Re-imagining the Literary Essay for the Digital Age (RILEDA) 92

Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) 85

Research Excellence Framework (REF) 30, 85, 88, 89, 91, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 184

ResearchGate 32, 186, 202, 252

Research Information Network (RIN) 60

research infrastructure (RI) 19, 74, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 215, 216, 218, 221, 227, 228, 229, 230, 243, 259, 260. See also Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities (DARIAH); See also Collaborative European Digital Archive Infrastructure (CENDARI); See also European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI) cyberinfrastructure 209, 216, 217, 231 conceptual 209 critical 209 definition of, 207, 209, 210, 230 development of, 19, 74, 214, 216, 243 function of, 212, 213, 216, 227 necessity of, 214, 235 symbolic value of, 208 tactical infrastructure 209

reusability. See FAIR (‘findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable’)

Review Journal for Digital Editions and Resources (RIDE) 39, 67

rhetoric 34, 128, 133, 146, 151, 152, 194, 229

Rockwell, Geoffrey 137, 152, 164

Romer, Paul 222

Rossetti Archive 87

Routledge 123, 184

Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) 93

Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) 93

Ruecker, Stan 125

Russell, Bertrand 154

Sample, Mark 106

Samuels, Lisa 119

SaneBox 187

scarcity correlation 105, 112, 113, 114, 115, 118

School of Advanced Study, University of London 116

Schreibman, Susan 4, 118

Science 73, 114

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) 36, 237

Scopus 62

Scriptura 91

Selwood, Sara 86

Shakespeare Quarterly 40

Shakespeare’s Globe 93

Shepherd, George B. 107

Shirky, Clay 58

Shoemaker, Robert Brink 59 London Lives 54, 59

Sianel Pedwar Cymru (S4C) 92

Silver Lining Theatre Company 93

Social Interpretation (SI) 94

software 1, 11, 13, 15, 16, 22, 32, 35, 36, 37, 59, 69, 90, 92, 113, 118, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 146, 148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 169, 170, 171, 175, 185, 196, 210, 214, 224, 231. See also codework; See also coding

SourceForge 130

Standard Evaluation Protocol (SEP) 30

stemma 136, 146

Stephen, Timothy 188, 199

Sterne, Laurence 95

Strandlines 94

Tales from the Old Bailey 93

Tanner, Simon 84, 86, 88, 91, 98

Taylor & Francis 38

technology 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 14, 15, 19, 21, 29, 34, 38, 39, 70, 72, 96, 124, 127, 134, 135, 171, 176, 185, 190, 192, 195, 197, 199, 202, 211, 215, 216, 221, 227, 231, 237, 255. See also ‘black box’

tenure 22, 50, 61, 64, 106, 107, 109, 110, 128, 148, 149, 166, 168, 169, 171, 173, 175, 176, 199, 250. See also hiring; See also promotion

Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) 39, 40, 172, 211, 214

text-mining 89, 90

The Beauty of Diagrams 93

Thesaurus Linguae Graecae 91 thick description 235, 243, 245, 246, 247, 255, 257, 258, 261, 262

Thoegersen, Jennifer L. 251 ‘ “Yeah, I Guess that’s Data”: Data Practices and Conceptions among Humanities Faculty’ 251

Thomson ISI 62

THOR 69

Throsby, David 84

TIDSR. See Toolkit for the Impact of Digital Scholarly Resources (TIDSR)

Toolkit for the Impact of Digital Scholarly Resources (TIDSR) 84, 85

transactive memory system (TMS) 213, 222

Transcribe Bentham 94

Truschke, A. 60

tweet. See Twitter

Twitter 2, 4, 6, 23, 34, 59, 65, 191, 198

Ulster Poetry Project 95

Understanding Infrastructure: Dynamics, Tensions and Design 212

University of Aberdeen 96

University of Birmingham 93

University of California, Berkeley 77, 176

University of Cambridge 93

University of East Anglia 95

University of Kent 96

University of Leeds 92

University of Oxford 91, 94, 95

University of Reading 95

University of Sheffield 91, 93

University of Strathclyde 93

University of Sussex 93

University of Virginia Press 176

University of Westminster 92, 94

Unsworth, John 216, 217

Usenet 187, 188

Vectors 164

Vernon Manuscript 95

Voltaire 95

Washington Post, The 105

‘water-cooler’ metaphor 191, 192, 195, 196, 197, 198, 200

Web 2.0 29

WebCrawler 191

Wellcome Open Research 69

Welsch, Erwin K. 188

Whitman Archive 87

Wikipedia 10, 38

word2vec 144

World Wide Web 166, 183, 188, 197, 202. See also online community

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 211

YouTube 41

Zotero 11

Zundert, Joris J. van 132, 151, 153

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