Conservation Biology in Sub-Saharan Africa
| ,Index
Testo integrale
|Ai-|Ais/Richtersveld TFCA (Southern Africa) 465–466
abalone (Haliotis spp.) 273
abiotic environment 69–71
acidification, of oceans 186
acid rain 213
Addo Elephant National Park (South Africa) 278, 389
Adeso (Horn of Africa) 361
aesthetic values 114–115
African Parks 43, 444, 446–447, 498
agriculture. See also crops; See also crops biological control 107, 109
climate change 190
habitat loss 142–143, 525–526
marginal lands 533
perverse subsidies 40
pollinators 103–104
sustainable practices 526–528, 530
traditional systems 142, 526
Aichi Biodiversity Targets 431, 478–480
air pollution 212–213
air quality, monitoring 106
albedo effect 99, 173
Albertine Rift (Central Africa) 79, 475–476
algae
blooms 210
relationship with coral 187
Allee effect 282–283, 388
alleles
genetic variation 65, 68
loss 277–279
Alliance for Zero Extinction 471
alpha diversity 79–80
amenity values 114–115
amphibians
diseases 240–241
ex situ conservation 411
translocation 407
Animal Demography Unit (ADU, South Africa) 572
animal welfare 408, 413
Anthropocene 258
APLORI (A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, Nigeria) 576–579
aquaria. See ex situ conservation
aquatic ecosystems. See also freshwater ecosystems, marine ecosystems; See also freshwater ecosystems, marine ecosystems
biomagnification 204–205
biomes 26
eutrophication 210
monitoring 66–67, 105, 330, 332
overharvesting 220, 223
pollution 207–211, 216
archaea, antibiotics 117
Arusha Manifesto 36
assisted colonisations/migrations 384, 405–407
assisted reproductive technologies 414–417
authoritarianism 35–36, 46
avoidance costs 119
bacteria
plastic-degrading 237
species diversity 82
balance of nature 494
Bandiagara Escarpment (Mali) 327
baobab (Adansonia digitata) 91
bats
as biological control 106
overharvesting 315–317
pollinators 101
behavioural ecology 378–379
benefit sharing 498
bequest values 116
beta diversity 80
Big Five animals 26–27
bilharzia/schistosomiasis 149, 242
binomial terms 63–64
bioaccumulation. See biomagnification
bioassays 330
bioblitzes 299
biochemical indicators 332
biocontrol. See biological control
biodegradation 207
biodiversity
commercial rights 122–123
definition 62
distribution 82–85
indexes 64
informatics 64
inventories 299–300, 302
laws 29, 32–37, 428–441, 448–454
offsets 362, 558
Sub-Saharan Africa 24–28
value 92–94, 96–123
Biodiversity Hotspots 472–473
bioenergy 170–172, 560–561
biogeographic transition zones 85, 471
biologging devices. See wildlife tracking
biological control 106–107, 109, 346–347
biological interactions
climate change 182–183
co-extinction 275
coextinction 183
ecosystem engineers 97
extinction cascades 98
keystone species 97–98
maintenance 341
pollination 101, 105
seed dispersal 102
biomagnification 204–205, 207
biomes 24–26, 70
biomimicry 113
biomonitoring 330–332
biopiracy 123
bioprospecting 118, 122–123
bioregional management 493
biosorption 106
biosphere reserves 486, 491
biotic attrition 182
biotic environment 70–71
BirdLife South Africa 221–222, 406
birds
climate change 179–181
ecotourism 114, 568
migrations 150–152
primary threats 328
black markets 567
botanical gardens. See ex situ conservation
breeding back (de-extinction) 285, 288
buffer zones. See zoning
bushmeat crisis 94–95, 218–220
Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (Uganda) 23, 463
bycatch 220–223
calendar, environmental 613–614
camera traps 309
CAMPFIRE (Communal Areas Management
Programme for Indigenous Resources,
Zimbabwe) 537, 539
canine distemper virus 241
captive breeding. See also ex situ conservation
databases 408
pre-release training 392
risk of inbreeding 281
translocations 391–393
carbon cycle 99
carbon dioxide
Africa’s emissions 170
greenhouse gas 168, 170, 172–173
photosynthesis 99–100
sequestration 99–100, 363–364
carbon trading 363
carrying capacity 388, 391
censuses, population 302–306
certification
of origin 432, 438
sustainability 452, 530, 532
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 434
chronosequence studies 382
cichlid fishes 29, 73, 268
circadian rhythms 215
CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) 432, 451
citizen science 569, 571–573
climate. See also temperature, precipitation
corridors 405
refuges 405
regulation (ecosystem service) 99–100
climate change
agriculture 190
assisted colonisations 405–407
beneficiaries 189–190, 192
bioenergy 170–172
biological interactions 182–183
biotic attrition 182
deserts 179–181
drivers 168, 170, 172–173
ecosystem restoration 363–364
forecasting 173–175
freshwater ecosystems 184–185
historical 175–176
human-wildlife conflict 189
impact on people 176–177, 192–193
interaction with habitat loss 188–192
islands 182–183
malaria 190–192
marine ecosystems 185–188
mitigation 404–407, 564
Paris Agreement 434–435
protected areas 502
range-shift gaps 188–189
refugees 176
reptiles 184
sea-level rise 176, 187
terrestrial ecosystems 178–179, 181–184
cloning 287, 415
cocoa, shade-grown 527–528, 530
coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) 81
coextinction 183, 275
coffee
African origin 28
climate change 190
shade-grown 527
collaborators, working with 573–574
COMACO (Community Markets for Conservation, Zambia) 534–535
co-managed protected areas 465–466
co-management 37
communities, biological 69–71
community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) 535–536
community conserved areas 464
compensation payments 540
competing interests 52
conflict, environmental degradation 47, 92
conflicting priorities 449
confounding factors 332
connectivity. See also dispersal; See also dispersal
climate change 405
definition 395
drawbacks 403–404
loss 139–140, 148–149, 188–189
maintenance 396–397, 401–403, 533
protected areas 492–493
conservation
advocacy 9
agriculture 526–527
categories. See IUCN Red Lists
corridors. See connectivity fortress 4, 35
history 29, 32–37, 42–43
partnerships 573–574
refugees 36
conservation biologists, roles 7, 9
conservation biology
aims 3–5, 7
crisis discipline 9, 556
ethical principles 16
interdisciplinary approach 9–10
normative discipline 3
science 3, 9–11
societies 4
conservation categories, IUCN Red Lists 272–273, 312
Conservation International (CI) 472
Conservation Through Public Health (CTPH) 5–7
consumers (trophic levels) 99
consumption. See also human population growth
globalisation 158
population growth 156–159
wealth 2, 157–159
consumptive use values 94
contingent valuation 119
contractual parks 465–466
Convention
Concerning the Protection of the World’s
Cultural and Natural Heritage 432
on Biological Diversity (CBD) 431
on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) 432, 451
on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 432
on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (African) 36, 433
on the marine environment 433
Ramsar Wetlands 433
cooperative breeding 282–283, 388 coral reefs
bleaching 187–188
climate change 186
restoration 362
species diversity 84
corridors. See connectivity
cost-benefit analysis 122, 385
course-filter assessments 274
crops. See also agriculture; See also agriculture
genetic diversity in wild 28, 68
human-wildlife conflict 541
originated in Africa 28
cross-fostering 392
crowding
diseases 241
private protected areas 41
cryopreservation 413
cryptic species 72–74, 81
cultural services 112–117
customary laws 29, 435
cycads 267, 441
cycads (Encephalartos spp.) 28, 259
dams
climate change 560
environmental impacts 148–149, 216, 269–270
removal 402
data reliability 319
DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) 204–205, 207
debt-for-nature swaps 563
decision support tools 476, 478
decomposers (trophic levels) 99
deep ecology 117
de-extinction 285, 287–288
deforestation. See forests
Demographic Species Knowledge Index 318, 407
demographic stochasticity 281–282
demographic studies 306–308. See also population viability analysis (PVA)
deoxygenation, of oceans 188
desertification 153, 156, 360–361
deserts, climate change 179–181
development corridors 532
direct use values 93–94
diseases
use in biocontrol 347
diseases (and pathogens)
anthroponotic 241
gorillas 5, 7
keystone species 98
threat to biodiversity 238, 240–242
zoonotic 230, 241
dispersal. See also connectivity; See also connectivity
barriers 139–140, 149
climate change 182–183
seed 102, 140
distance sampling 302
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
barcoding 441
environmental (eDNA) 66–67
genetic diversity 65, 68
dogs
law enforcement 448
use in human-wildlife conflict 540–541
drones. See unmanned aerial vehicles
Dzanga-Sangha Project (Central African Republic) 487, 489
early warning systems 106
Earth observation satellites 333–338, 381
Earth Summit 431
Ebola virus 241
eco-colonialism 35, 465
ecological
footprint 158–159
restoration. See restoration
succession. See succession
traps 386
ecologically
extinct 259
naïve 276
relevant 388
economic development 557
economic growth 556
ecosystem
complexity 339, 405
connectivity 395–397, 401–404
definition 70
diversity 62, 69–71
engineers 97–98
healthy 328
management 337–350
monitoring 328–338
processes 338–343
productivity 99
resistance/resilience 328
restoration 354–357, 359–364
stability 83, 96–98, 185
transient 395
ecosystem services
definition 92
mangroves 152, 360–361
material contributions 93–95
nonmaterial contributions 112–117
option values 117–118
payments for 563
regulating services 96–102, 104–106, 109
valuation 118–123
wetlands 149
ecotones. See biogeographic transition zone ecotourism
ethics 115
risks 498–499
value 114–115
edge effects
habitat fragmentation 140–142
protected areas 484
Edith Stephens Nature Reserve (South Africa) 523–525
educational values 112–113
effective population size (Ne) 313–314
electronic waste/e-waste 214
elephants
combatting trade 48–51
conservation 444, 446–447
ecosystem engineers 97
genetic drift 278
globalisation 429
ivory burning 427
mitigating conflict 379, 541
population declines 34, 227–229
taxonomic status 73
Embryo Plus (South Africa) 414–417
emergence of conservation 565–567
empty forest syndrome 220
Endangered Widlife Trust (EWT, South Africa) 286–287
energy cycle 99, 340–341
energy pathways 340–341
entomology, forensic 442–443
environmental
awareness 112
crimes. See laws DNA (eDNA) 66–67
economics 118–123
education 44, 574–580
governance 351–353
impact assessments (EIAs) 437
justice 13
monitors 105, 330–331
stochasticity 282–283
environmentalism 3 erosion
desertification 153
prevention 101
estuaries. See wetlands ethics
conservation biology 16, 18
de-extinction 288
ecotourism 115
environmental 12–13
Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS) 153–155
ethnobotany 146–147
eutrophication 210, 332
evolution 16
evolutionary significant units (ESU) 269–270, 380
exclusive economic zones (EEZ) 433
existence values 116–117
exotic species. See invasive species
experiments 382
ex situ conservation
challenges 411, 413
diseases 242
importance 406–408
types of facilities 409–410
externalities 121–122
extinction
area effects 134–135
cascades 98
committed to 261
debt 261
declaring 260–261
definition 259
estimating risk 309–314, 317–319
history of African 263, 266–268, 271
locations 268
mass 258, 268
multiple drivers 257
rates 259
rates in African 260
risk in small populations 277–285
species threatened with 271–276
time lag to 261–262
vortex 284
extirpation, definition 259
extractive industries, working with 530–532
extractive reserves 466
facial recognition technologies 309
factor income 119
family planning 5, 7, 158–159
Fauna & Flora International (FFI) 136, 138
fences
beehives 379, 541
conservation tool 397
crop raiding 541
dispersal barriers 139–140
pastoralism 521
predator-proof 540
removal 397
strategic gaps 533
fertilisers
eutrophication 236
microdosing 526
overuse 525
field stations 466–468
fieldwork
challenges 64–66, 73, 77, 381–382
importance 337, 381, 574
filter feeders, pollution monitoring 105
fire
edge effects 142
habitat loss 142–143
management 341–343
fish
biomagnification 207
diversity 28–29
ecotourism 114–115
primary threats 328
translocation 269–270
fisheries
climate change 188
declining 220
ghost fishing 220, 223
perverse subsidies 121
seabirds 221–222
sea turtles 303, 305
sustainable. See Marine Stewardship Council
threatened species 219
unregulated 449
zoning 490
flagship species 471
flooding
climate change 176–177, 186
dams 148–149
prevention 100–101
flufftail, white-winged (Sarothrura ayresi) 155
focal species 471
food chains/webs
biomagnification 204–205, 207
energy pathways 340–341
importance of plants 413
microplastics 210
forensics, environmental 441–443
forestry. See logging
forests
edge effects 140–142
loss 145, 148
mapping 338
market value 120
regulating water/soil quality 101–102
restoration 357, 359–360
speed of regeneration 105
value 145
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) 452, 530
fortress conservation 4, 35
fossil fuels
air pollution 212–213
alternatives 560–561
climate change 170, 172–173
hydrological fracturing 211
perverse subsidies 121, 564
founder effects 281, 285
four Rs 482
fracking. See hydrological fracturing
Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS) 52, 297
free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) 520
freshwater ecosystems
climate change 184–185
connectivity 148, 402
invasive species 236
laws 433
loss 148–149
Freshwater Research Centre (South Africa) 269–270
frog, Hewitt’s ghost (Heleophryne hewetti) 257
funding
carbon trading 363–364, 564
debt-for-nature swaps 563
effectiveness 564–565, 567–568
ex situ facilities 411, 413
multilateral organisations 562
NGOs 562
payments for ecosystem services (PES) 563
protected areas 501
tips 607–610
trophy hunting 46
fungi
chytrid (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) 240–241
lists 64
malaria-killing 237
plastic-eating 106
Gaia hypothesis 96
Gambella National Park (Ethiopia) 144
gamma diversity 79–80
gap analysis 334, 474
Garamba National Park (DRC) 440, 498
gazelle, Speke’s (Gazella spekei) 281
general circulation models (GCM) 173, 175
genetic
drift 277–279
pollution 236
recombination 68
genetically modified organisms (GMO) 237–238
genetic diversity
definition 62, 65, 68
loss 277–281
maintenance 410, 413
wild crops 28
genome resource bank 413
genotype 65
geospatial analysis 332–338, 381–383, 404
ghost fishing 220, 223
giraffes, taxonomic status 72
Global 200 ecoregions 471
Global Environment Facility (GEF) 562
globalisation
consumption 158
environmental crime 428–429
global warming. See climate change
golden moles (Chrysochloridae) 74–75, 77
gorillas
diseases 5, 7
Ebola virus 241
ecotourism 114
hunting of 47
inbreeding 280
reintroduction 388
threat status 61
Gorongosa National Park (Mozambique) 300, 302
Green Belt Movement (Kenya) 355
greenhouse effect 168
greenhouse gases. See also carbon dioxide; See also carbon dioxide
definition 168
methane 172
nitrous oxide 173
regulation 434–435
green infrastructure 521–522
greenwashing 558
gross domestic product (GDP) 556
groundwater pollution 211
habitat
carrying capacity 388, 391
corridors. See connectivity definition 134
degradation 135, 139–142
islands 135
matrix 135, 401
stepping stone 401
habitat fragmentation
definition 138
dispersal 139
edge effects 140–142
fences 139–140
patch size 138
roads 472
seed dispersal 140
habitat loss
agriculture 142–143, 525–526
area effects 134–135
bird migrations 150–152
definition 134–135
edge effects 140–142
ground-nesting birds 153–155
interaction with climate change 188–192
land grabbing 143–144, 171–172
parasites and diseases 240
protected areas 497
roads 138, 144–145, 472
threatened species 328
habituated animals 392
hand-held devices 74, 558, 569
hard releases 393
hazard detection 105–106
head-starting 393
heavy metals
biomagnification 207
pollution 207
removal 106
hedonic pricing 119
HeroRATs 106
heterosis 278
hidden costs 121–122
hippopotamus, pygmy (Choeropsis liberiensis) 136, 138
hirola (Beatragus hunteri) 521
honeybees
conservation 238–240
elephant deterrent 379, 541
hotspots of biodiversity 472–473
human population growth. See also consumption
consumption 156–159
extinctions 258
Sub-Saharan Africa 2
human-wildlife conflict
climate change 189
crop-raiding 541
IUCN Task Force 542
predators 397, 540–541
hunting
bans 226, 451
overharvesting 218–220
quotas 314–317
regulation 33–34, 436
research 94–95
roads 144
threatened species 219
trophy 46, 567
hyacinth, water (Eichhornia crassipes) 236, 349
hybridisation
ex situ conservation 411
genetically modified organisms (GMO) 237
in small populations 280
invasive species 236
outbreeding depression 280
threat to biodiversity 73
hybrid vigour 73, 280
hydrocarbons 212
hydrological fracturing 211, 560
hydrology 152, 359
hydropower. See dams
illegal wildlife trade. See also laws; See also laws
elephants. See elephants magnitude 448
overharvesting 226, 230 stimulation 567
Image Based Ecological Information System (IBEIS) 468
Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) 472
iNaturalist 569
inbreeding (and inbreeding depression) 278, 280–281
indicator species 105, 330–331
indirect use values 96–102, 104–106, 109, 112–117
industrialisation 158–159
Industrial Revolution 258
informal economies, law enforcement 450–451
infrastructure
green 521–522
habitat loss 144–145
unsustainable development 532
wildlife-friendly 533–534
in situ conservation 406
integrated conservation and development projects (ICDP) 10, 534–536
integrated pest management (IPM) 348
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 174
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) 92, 123
intermediate disturbance hypothesis 298
international agreements. See laws, international
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) 107
international waters 433
introductions. See translocations
invasive species
benefits 348–349
characteristics 231
control 107, 109, 344–348
definition 231
edge effects 141–142
global register 344–345
impact 235–236, 268
islands 233–235
laws regulating 438
monitoring 67
spread 231–232
threatened species 328
inventories 299–300, 302
IPAT equation 158
islands
climate change 176, 182–183
extinctions 134–135
habitats as 135
invasive species 233–235
IUCN
Conservation Planning Specialist Group (CPSG) 408
Green List of Protected Areas 499
Human-Wildlife Conflict Task Force 542
protected areas classification 466, 469
Red List of Ecosystems (RLE) 274, 471
Red List of Threatened Species 271–273, 312
ivory trade. See elephants
Kakum National Park (Ghana) 563
Kavango-Zambezi TFCA (Southern Africa) 398–400
Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA) 472
keystone species 97–98
Kirstenbosch Botanical Gardens (South Africa) 579
Kruger National Park (South Africa) 34, 148, 302
Kyoto Protocol 434
lake burping 282–283
Lake Chad, shrinking 212
Lake Victoria, extinctions 268
land degradation, economic losses 120
land grabbing 143–144, 171–172, 567
landmines, detection 106
landscape connectivity. See connectivity
landslides, deforestation 105, 283
land sparing/sharing 525–526
lark, Liben (Heteromirafra archeri) 154–155
laws
customary 29, 435
enforcement 439–444, 446–448
history 29, 32–37, 42–43
international 430–434
legislative prioritities 428–429
limits 226, 448–452
multi-level cooperation 452–454
national and local 435–438
Lazarus species 28, 260–261
legal title 520
lichens
air pollution 106
biosorption 106
light pollution 215
Lilongwe Wildlife Trust (Malawi) 48–51
limiting resources
definition 71
fluctuations 71
provisioning 380, 385, 494
literature reviews 380
livestock
guarding animals 540–541
human-wildlife conflict 540–541
wildlife 467
living fossils 81
Living Planet Index 556
local adaptations 380, 388, 404
locally extinct, definition 259
local people, working with 496–498, 569, 572
logging
habitat loss 145, 148
overharvesting 226
sustainable practices 530, 532
threatened species 219
long-term studies 382
lungs of the planet 100
Maasai Mara National Reserve (Kenya) 140
macroinvertebrates 330
malaria
climate change 190–192
control 204–205, 237
management. See also populations,
ecosystems, protected areas; See also populations, ecosystems, protected areas adaptive 349–350
bioregional 493
co- 37
fire 341–343
privately protected areas 41
threatened species 376, 378, 380–382, 384–386, 388, 391–396, 398–399, 401–411, 413, 415–417
water 101–102
mangroves. See also wetlands; See also wetlands
mangrove swamps. See also wetlands loss 152
restoration 360–361
value 152, 360
marine ecosystems
climate change 185–188
connectivity 402
laws 433
marine protected areas (MPAs) 480–482, 490
marine protected areas (MPAs) 479
Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) 221–222, 452
market failures 121–122
mark-recapture surveys 302, 307
Marxan (conservation software) 441, 476, 478
mass extinctions 258
material contributions (ecosystem services) 93–94
matrix habitat 135, 401
Mau Forest Complex (Kenya) 101–102, 120
maximum sustainable yield 314
Mediterranean-type ecosystems 84
megafauna 26–27
mesopredator release 540
metapopulations
definition 395
ex situ conservation 411
management 286–287
microclimate 140–142
microloans 52
microplastics 210
migrations
assisted 405–407
climate change 182–183
laws 432
loss 139–140, 150–152, 533
recovery 397
refueling sites 150–152, 401
wildebeest 140
Millennium Seed Bank (UK) 410
minimum dynamic area (MDA) 313
minimum viable population (MVP) 311–314, 318
mining
perverse subsidies 121, 564
protected areas 502
working with 531
minnow, Maloti (Pseudobarbus quathlambae) 269–270
miombo 24, 178
mite, varroa (Varroa destructor) 238–240
mixed-use zoning 486, 490–491
Miyawaki method (restoration) 359
model reliability 319
mollusks
pollution monitoring 105
primary threats 328
monitoring
aquatic ecosystems 66–67, 105, 330, 332
design principles 319
distributions 570–572
ecosystems 328–330, 332–338
invasive species 67
long-term 318, 394
populations 297–299, 302–309, 318–319
protected areas 485, 495–497
quadrat surveys 306
restoration projects 357
translocations 394
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 434
morphospecies 64–65
mountain-top extinctions 178
Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (West Africa) 133
movies, contribution to conservation 112
Mpala Conservancy (Kenya) 467–468
mussel, Mediterranean (Mytilus galloprovincialis) 235
mutations, genetic diversity 65, 68
mutualistic relationships. See biological interactions
Nagoya Protocol 123
Namaqua National Park (South Africa) 116
Namibia, natural resource management 536
National Aeronautical Space Administration (NASA) 333
national parks. See protected areas
natural
regeneration. See restoration
resources. See material contributions
selection 278
natural history
definition 376
importance 380
museums 62
study 380–383
naturalists 381
natural regeneration. See restoration
natural resources. See material contributions
nature deficit disorder 575
nature’s contributions to people (NCP). See ecosystem services
neglected taxa 413, 417
neocolonialism 143, 219
nested enterprises 566
Ngorongoro Conservation Area (Tanzania) 342, 450
niche models. See species distribution models (SDM)
non-consumptive use values 96–102, 104–106, 109, 112–117
non-governmental organisations (NGO) 43, 562
non-invasive techniques 308–309
nonmaterial contributions (ecosystem services) 112–117
normative discipline 3
no-take zones 486, 491
nuclear power 561
nutrients
cycling 339
loss in soil 340
pollution 210
obstructive mindsets 46
oceans
acidification 186
carbon absorption 186
deoxygenation 188
warming 185, 187–188
oil pollution 208–209
okapi (Okapia johnstoni) 14, 16
Ol Pejeta Conservancy (Kenya) 414–417
open-access resources 121–122
option values 117–118
outbreeding depression 280, 404
overharvesting 94–95, 218–220, 222–226, 230, 328
ozone
atmospheric 434
formation 212
palm oil 170–172, 396, 452
palustrine ecosystems 148
Pan-African Association for Zoos and Aquaria (PAAZA) 408
pangolins 112, 428, 575
smuggling 440
traditional medicine 223
paper parks 43, 463
parasites
as biological control 107, 109
honeybees 238–240
threat to biodiversity 238, 240–242
parasitic wasp (Anagyrus lopezi) 107, 109
Paris Agreement 434–435
parrots
Cape (Poicephalus robustus) 78–79
pet trade 224–225
passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags 448
pastoralism 520–521, 540
pathogens. See diseases
payment for ecosystem services (PES) 563
Peace Parks Foundation 493
penguin, African (Spheniscus demersus) 209, 309, 405–406
perch, Nile (Lates niloticus) 268
persecution 219, 230
persistent organic pollutants (POP) 207
perverse subsidies 121–122, 363–364, 564
pesticides
biomagnification 204–205, 207
drift 206
persisting in environment 207
pollution 204–207
pest species. See invasive species
petroleum products. See fossil fuels
phenological mismatch 182–183
phenotype 65
phenotypic plasticity 277
photochemical smog 212
photosynthesis 99–100
plants
blindness 413
climate regulation 99–100
ecosystem productivity 99
ecotourism 116
IUCN evaluations 273
lungs of the planet 99–100
nutrient cycle 339
overharvesting 146–147, 219, 226
regulating water/soil quality 101–102
water cycle 339
plastic
micro- 210
pollution 208
reduced use 556
Pleistocene extinctions 263
poaching 453, 454. See also illegal wildlife trade; See also illegal wildlife trade
poisoning. See also pesticides; See also pesticides
invasive species 235
retaliatory 230
secondary 206, 540
vultures 110–111
policies. See laws
pollinators
agriculture 103–104
market values 120
value 101, 105
pollution
air 212–213
biomagnification 204–205
genetic 236
groundwater 211
heavy metal 207
laws 438
light 214–215
microplastics 210
monitoring 105–106, 332
noise 216
nutrient 210
oil 208–209
persisting in environment 207
pesticide 204–207
plastic 208
removal 100, 106
soil 213–214
thermal 216–217
threatened species 328
threat to humans 205–206
water 207–211
population and habitat viability analysis (PHVA) 313
population, health, and environment (PHE) 5–7
populations
bottlenecks 281
decline 556
definition 65
effective size of (Ne) 313–314, 317
estimating extinction risk 309–314, 317–318
management of small 286–287
meta- 395, 411
minimum viable (MVP) 311–313, 318
monitoring 297–299, 302–309, 318–319
persistence of small 285
role of keystone species 97–98
source/sink 395
threats to small 277–284
translocations 384–388, 391–394
population viability analysis (PVA) 309–314, 317–319
poverty, consequences 44
poverty, threats 46
precipitation
biomes 70
climate change 175
Lake Chad 212
predators
as biological control 106
biomagnification 207
energy limitations 340–341
exclusion zones 397
human-wildlife conflict 540–541
invasive species as 268
keystone species 97–98
meso-predator release 540
metapopulation management 286–287
translocation 389–390
prescribed burns 342–343
primary producers (trophic levels) 99
primates
bushmeat 218
extinction debt 261
seed dispersal 102
threats 171–172
prioritisation
ecosystem approach 471
gap analysis approach 334, 474
hotspot approach 472
optimisation approach 476, 478
species approach 471
wilderness approach 472
privately protected areas 40–42, 464–465
problem animals. See human-wildlife conflict
productive use values 94
protected areas
accommodating visitors 498–499
achievements 42–43
African network 479
Aichi targets 478–480
classification 463–466, 469
climate change 502
definition 462–463
design 480, 482, 484
downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADD) 502
fragmentation 484
funding 501
habitat loss 497
history 29, 32–36
largest 492
management 494–495
marine (MPAs) 480–482, 490
monitoring 485, 495–497
networks 492–493
optimal size 483–485, 493
paper parks 43
selection 469, 471–472, 474–476, 478
urban 523–525
value of small 493
working with local people 496–498
zoning 486, 490–491
protests 51, 450
provisioning services 93–94
publication, importance of 11, 394
public outreach 11, 574–575, 578–579
pygmy Rwandan water lily (Nymphaea thermarum) 406
quadrat surveys 306
quagga (Equus quagga quagga) 32, 285, 288
racing stripe darkling beetle (Stenocara gracilipes) 113
Rainforest Alliance 452
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 433
range-shift gaps 188–189
rapid biodiversity assessments (RAP) 299
reconciliation ecology 522
Red Lists. See IUCN Red Lists
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) 564
reference sites 337, 357, 362
refugee
climate 176
conservation 36
species 386
regulating services (ecosystem services) 96–102, 104–106, 109
regulations. See laws
rehabilitation
ecosystem. See restoration
wildlife 209, 242, 385
reintroductions. See translocations
religion, conservation 12
remote sensing 333–338, 381–382, 497
renewable energy 560–561
replacement costs 101, 119–120
reptiles
climate change 184
sex determination 281
reserves. See protected areas
reservoirs. See dams
restocking. See translocations
restoration
adaptive 357
approaches 355–356
climate change 363–364
connectivity 396
coral reefs 362
definition 354–355
forests 359
mangrove swamps 360–361
monitoring 357
planning 356
rivers 402
seasonal drylands 360–361
urban areas 357, 359
wetlands 359
resurrection biology. See de-extinction
retaliatory killings 540. See persecution; See also persecution
rhinoceros
- botfly relationship 275
dehorning of 203
dispersal 379
extinct subspecies 223, 268
globalisation 428
northern white (Ceratotherium simum cottoni) 414–417
population declines 230
southern white (Ceratotherium simum
simum) 285, 379
rinderpest virus 98
Rio Summit 431
riparian zones, connectivity 396–397
rivers, restoration 402
rivet-popper hypothesis 96
roads
habitat fragmentation 138, 472
habitat loss 144–145
sustainable development 533
wildlife crossings 533–534
robust conservation 565–567
rock art 13
Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) 452
sacred spaces (and sacred species) 30–32, 146–147
Sahel ungulates, decline of 261
sandfish, Clanwilliam (Labeo seeberi) 386–387
Sapo National Park (Liberia) 136, 138
scavengers, value 109–112
schistosomiasis/bilharzia 149, 242
scientific values 112–113
scuba diving 114–115
seabirds
bycatch 221–222
invasive species 233–235
seahorse, Knysna (Hippocampus capensis) 186
sea level rise 176, 187
seascape connectivity. See connectivity
seasonal drylands
loss 153, 156
restoration 360–361
sea turtles
bycatch 317
conservation 303, 305
head-starting 393
seed banks
depletion of natural 153, 343
ex situ conservation 410
seed dispersal 102, 140
seed scarification 102
self-organised actions 565–567
sensitivity analysis 317
sentinel species 106
Serengeti Ecosystem (Tanzania) 351–353
sex ratios 184, 192, 281
shade-grown crops 527–528, 530
Shamwari Private Game Reserve (South Africa) 41
sharks, value 115
shifting baseline syndrome 337
shifting cultivation 142
shipping
invasive species 232
oil pollution 208–209
whale collisions 402, 533
sink populations 395
skills shortages 51–52
slash-and-burn agriculture 142–143
SLOSS (Single Large Or Several Small) debate 484
SMART (conservation software) 448
SMART goals 10–11
snail, Aldabra banded (Rhachistia aldabrae) 182–183
social
justice 5, 13, 524
media 573
organisation (in wildlife) 388
Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) 4, 573–574
Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) 362
soft releases 392
soil
conserving quality 100
organisms 101, 339
pollution 213–214
quality regulation 101
solar power 381, 555, 560–561
source populations 395
speciation 26, 64–65, 72–73
species
- area relationship 134–135
definition 64
distribution 82, 85
distribution models (SDM) 382–383, 404
diversity 62–65, 79–80, 83–84
identifications 72–74, 77, 81
lists 64
naming 62–63
number 81–82
redundancy 96–97
richness 80
spiritual ecology 12
stepping stone habitats 401
stochasticity
demographic 281–282
environmental 282–283
stop-over sites (migrations) 401
studbooks 411
sublethal impacts 181, 205, 340
Sub-Saharan Africa, definition xxvii
subsidies
conservation 438
perverse 121–122, 564
sustainable agriculture 526, 531
substitute species 383
succession 71
superorganism 96
supplemental feeding 380, 385
surveys. See monitoring
sustainable agricultural intensification 526–527
sustainable development 533–536, 556–558
symbiotic relationships. See biological interactions
systematic conservation planning 474–476, 478
Table Mountain National Park MPA (South Africa) 461
Tana River Delta (Kenya) 151
tax incentives 438
taxonomic databases 64
taxonomists 62
temperature. See also climate change; See also climate change
biomes 70
climate change 174–175
lapse rates 178
species distributions 69
termites
ecosystem engineers 97
traditional ecological knoweldge (TEK) 381
terrestrial ecosystems
biomes 24–25
climate change 178–179, 181–184
connectivity 396–397, 401, 403
The Nature Conservancy (TNC) 563
theory of island biogeography 134–135, 483
thermal shock 216
threat assessments. See IUCN Red Lists
threatened species
assessment gaps 273–274
characteristics 274–275
definition 271–272
management 376, 378, 380–388, 390–398, 400–413, 415–417
primary threats 328
trade. See CITES
toad, Kihansi spray (Nectophrynoides asperginis) 407
traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) 381, 436
traditional medicine impact 223
traditional peoples. See also customary laws; See also customary laws
rights 37, 436
working with 516–520
tragedy of the commons 121
transfrontier conservation areas (TFCA) 38–40, 398–400, 493
transient ecosystems 395
translocations
amphibians 407
approaches 384
considerations 384–388, 391–394
failed 388, 394
fish 269–270
need 384
predators 286–287, 389–390
treaties. See laws, international
tribal peoples. See traditional peoples
trophic
asyncrony 182–183
cascades 98
levels 99, 340–341
trophy hunting 46, 567
Tsitsikamma forest (South Africa) 33
turtle excluder devices (TED) 305
umbrella species 471
United Nations
Climate Change Conference 167
Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) 432–433
Environmental Programme (UNEP) 430, 432, 562
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) 558–559
unsustainable development 532–533, 556
urban areas
conservation 521–522
ecosystem restoration 357, 359
protected areas 523–525
urban heat island effect 217
Virunga National Park (DRC) 7, 28, 34
voluntary transactions 121
volunteer-based ecotourism 115
volunteers. See citizen science
vultures
poisoning 230
population declines 110–112
supplemental feeding 380, 385
value 109
W-Arly-Pendjari (WAP) Complex (West Africa) 486
water
conserving quality 100–101
cycling 338–339
management 101–102
pollution 207–211
weak governance/institutions 47
wealth, consumption 2, 157–159
weather forecasting 173
welwitschia (Welwitschia mirabilis) 34–35
wetlands
conserving water/soil quality 100
laws 433
loss 149
pollution 208
restoration 359, 402
value 149
whales
ecotourism 375
southern right (Eubalaena australis) 375
threats 402, 533
whistle-blowing 450
wilderness areas
conservation priority 472
traditional people 516
wildlife
corridors. See connectivity crossings 533–534
farming 451, 565
tracking 336–337, 381–382
Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) 303, 305, 475–476
Wildlife Direct (Kenya) 450
wildlife trade. See also illegal wildlife trade
elephants. See elephants
globalisation 428–429
illegal . See illegal wildlife trade live animals 224–225
sanctions 451
sustainable 452
threatened species. See CITES
traditional medicine 223
wildlife trade . See also illegal wildlife trade
wilful ignorance 574
wind power 560–561
W National Park (West Africa) 493
Working for Water (South Africa) 346
Working on Fire (South Africa) 342–343
World Bank 562
World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 432
World Heritage Sites 432–433
World Parks Congress 37, 40
World Wide Fund For Nature (WWF) 487, 489
Zakouma National Park (Chad) 444, 446, 447
zoning 486, 490, 491
Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) 408
Zoological Society of London (ZSL, UK) 575
zoos. See ex situ conservation
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