Table des matières

Liminaires

List of Boxes

Maxwell Gomera

Foreword

Preface

• Scope
• Taxonomy and the IUCN Red List categories
• Organisation of the book

Acknowledgements

List of Acronyms

1. What is Conservation Biology?

• 1.1. Conservation Biology is Still Evolving
• 1.2 The Role of Conservation Biologists
• 1.3 The Value of Scientific Methods
• 1.4 Environmental Ethics
• 1.4.1 Conservation biology’s ethical principles
• 1.5 Summary
• 1.6 Topics for Discussion
• 1.7 Suggested Readings

2. Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa

• 2.1 Sub-Saharan Africa’s Natural Environment
• 2.2 History of Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa
• 2.2.1 The 1800s and launching of formal conservation efforts
• 2.2.2 Conservation efforts after colonialism
• 2.3 Conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa Today
• 2.4 Ongoing Conservation Challenges
• 2.4.1 Persistent poverty
• 2.4.2 Obstructive mindsets
• 2.4.3 Weak governance/institutional structures
• 2.4.4 Skills shortages
• 2.4.5 Competing interests
• 2.5 Conclusion
• 2.6 Summary
• 2.7 Topics for Discussion
• 2.8 Suggested Readings

3. What is Biodiversity?

• 3.1 Species Diversity
• 3.1.1 What is a species?
• 3.2 Genetic Diversity
• 3.3 Ecosystem Diversity
• 3.4 Patterns of Biodiversity
• 3.4.1 Challenging species identifications
• 3.4.2 Implications of challenging species identifications
• 3.4.3 Measuring species diversity
• 3.4.4 How many species exist?
• 3.4.5 Where are most species found?
• 3.5 Summary
• 3.6 Topics for Discussion
• 3.7 Suggested Readings

4. Why Should We Protect Biodiversity?

• 4.1 Material Contributions
• 4.2 Regulating Services
• 4.2.1 Maintaining ecosystem stability
• 4.2.2 Maintaining ecosystem productivity
• 4.2.3 Climate regulation
• 4.2.4 Conserving soil and water quality
• 4.2.5 Pollination and seed dispersal
• 4.2.6 Hazard detection and mitigation
• 4.2.7 Pest and disease control
• 4.3 Nonmaterial Contributions
• 4.3.1 Inspiration and learning support
• 4.3.2 Supporting psychological and physical experiences
• 4.3.3 Supporting individual and group identities
• 4.4 The Long-Term View: Option Values
• 4.5 Environmental Economics
• 4.5.1 Placing a price on the natural world
• 4.5.2 Environmental economics’ biggest contributions
• 4.5.3 Environmental economics’ biggest challenges
• Accounting for negative externalities
• Determining ownership
• A more inclusive approach
• 4.6 Summary
• 4.7 Topics for Discussion
• 4.8 Suggested Readings

5. The Scramble for Space

• 5.1 What is Habitat Loss?
• 5.1.1 What is habitat fragmentation?
• 5.1.2 What are edge effects?
• 5.2 Drivers of Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
• 5.3 Habitat Loss’ Impact on Africa’s Ecosystems
• 5.3.1 Tropical forests
• 5.3.2 Rivers and deltas
• 5.3.3 Wetlands
• 5.3.4 Seasonal drylands
• 5.4 Population Growth and Consumption?
• 5.5 Concluding Remarks
• 5.6 Summary
• 5.7 Topics for Discussion
• 5.8 Suggested Readings

6. Our Warming World

• 6.1 Drivers of Climate Change
• 6.2 Predicting Earth’s Future Climate
• 6.3 The Impact of Climate Change
• 6.3.1 Climate change’s impact on people
• 6.3.2 Climate change’s impact on terrestrial ecosystems
• Climate change on mountains
• Climate change in the lowlands
• Climate change and dispersal limitations
• Climate change and biological interactions
• Climate change and reptiles
• 6.3.3 Climate change’s impact on freshwater ecosystems
• Warmer rivers and streams
• Changing flow regimes
• 6.3.4 Climate change’s impact on marine ecosystems
• Ocean acidification
• Sea level rise
• Coral bleaching
• Ocean deoxygenation
• 6.3.5 Climate change interacts with habitat loss
• 6.4 Beneficiaries of Climate Change
• 6.5 The Overall Impact of Climate Change
• 6.6 Summary
• 6.7 Topics for Discussion
• 6.8 Suggested Readings

7. Pollution, Overharvesting, Invasive Species, and Disease

• 7.1 Pollution in Its Many Forms
• 7.1.1 Water pollution
• 7.1.2 Air pollution
• 7.1.3 Soil pollution
• 7.1.4 Light pollution
• 7.1.5 Noise pollution
• 7.1.6 Thermal pollution
• 7.2 Overharvesting
• 7.2.1 The Bushmeat Crisis
• 7.2.2 Overfishing
• 7.2.3 The impact of traditional medicine
• 7.2.4 The impact of live animal trade
• 7.2.5 Overharvesting of plant products
• 7.2.6 Challenges in managing overharvesting
• 7.3 Persecution
• 7.4 Invasive Species
• 7.4.1 Spread of invasive species
• 7.4.2 Impact of invasive species
• 7.4.3 Genetically modified organisms
• 7.6 Parasites and Diseases
• 7.7 Summary
• 7.8 Topics for Discussion
• 7.9 Suggested Readings

8. Extinction Is Forever

• 8.1 What is Extinction?
• 8.2 Rates of Extinction
• 8.3 When is a Species Extinct?
• 8.4 History of Extinctions in Sub-Saharan Africa
• 8.5 Which Species are at Risk of Extinction?
• 8.5.1 Course-filter assessments
• 8.6 Characteristics of Threatened Species
• 8.7 Problems of Small Populations
• 8.7.1 Loss of genetic diversity
• Genetic drift
• Inbreeding depression
• Outbreeding depression
• Population bottlenecks
• 8.7.2 Demographic stochasticity
• 8.7.3 Environmental stochasticity and catastrophes
• 8.7.4 The extinction vortex
• 8.7.5 Is there any hope for small populations?
• 8.8 Is De-extinction a Solution?
• 8.9 Summary
• 8.10 Topics for Discussion
• 8.11 Suggested Readings

9. Applied Population Biology

• 9.1 Monitoring Population Size
• 9.1.1 Biodiversity inventories
• 9.1.2 Population censuses
• 9.1.3 Demographic studies
• 9.1.4 Recent progress in collecting survey data
• 9.2 Estimating Extinction Risk
• 9.2.1 A word of warning
• 9.2.2 Probability of extinction
• 9.2.3 Minimum viable population
• 9.2.4 Effective population size
• 9.2.5 Maximum sustainable yield
• 9.2.6 Sensitivity analysis
• 9.3 Challenges to PVA Implementation
• 9.3.1 Lack of adequate data
• 9.3.2 Data reliability
• 9.3.3 Model reliability
• 9.4 Summary
• 9.5 Topics for Discussion
• 9.6 Suggested Readings

10. Conserving Ecosystems

• 10.1 Ecosystem Monitoring
• 10.1.1 Monitoring ecosystems with geospatial analysis
• 10.2 Maintaining Complex and Adaptive Ecosystems
• 10.2.1 Maintaining critical ecosystem processes
• The water cycle
• The nutrient cycle
• The energy cycle
• Community dynamics
• Fire Dynamics
• 10.2.2 Minimising external threats
• Controlling invasive species
• 10.2.3 Adaptive management
• 10.2.4 Being minimally intrusive
• 10.3 Restoring Damaged Ecosystems
• 10.3.1 Ecological restoration approaches
• 10.3.2 Major restoration targets
• 10.3.3 The future of ecological restoration
• 10.4 Combatting Climate Change Through Ecosystem Conservation
• 10.5 Summary
• 10.6 Topics for Discussion
• 10.7 Suggested Readings

11. Preventing Extinctions

• 11.1 Studying Species and Populations
• 11.1.1 Obtaining natural history data
• 11.2 Saving Species Through Translocations
• 11.2.1 Important considerations for translocations
• Determining need and feasibility
• Support from local stakeholders
• Identifying suitable habitat
• Considering genetics and behaviour
• How many individuals to release
• Preparing individuals for release
• Post-release monitoring
• Helping other translocation projects
• 11.3 Managing and Facilitating Movement Dynamics
• 11.3.1 Connectivity in terrestrial ecosystems
• 11.3.2 Connectivity in freshwater ecosystems
• 11.3.3 Connectivity in marine ecosystems
• 11.3.4 Mimicking connectivity
• 11.3.5 Management considerations in connectivity conservation
• 11.4 Managing Species Sensitive to Climate Change
• 11.5 Ex Situ Conservation Strategies
• 11.5.1 Types of ex situ facilities
• 11.5.2 Challenges facing ex situ facilities
• 11.6 Thoughts on Neglected Taxa
• 11.7 Summary
• 11.8 Topics for Discussion
• 11.9 Suggested Readings

12. Biodiversity and the Law

• 12.1 Identifying Legislative Priorities
• 12.2 Environmental Laws and Policies
• 12.2.1 International agreements
• 12.2.2 National and local laws
• 12.3 Environmental Law Enforcement
• 12.3.1 New technologies in environmental law enforcement
• 12.4 The Limits of Environmental Laws and Regulations
• 12.4.1 Lack of capacity
• 12.4.2 Conflicting government priorities
• 12.4.3 Informal economies, traditional activities, and the law
• 12.4.4 Trade embargoes and sanctions
• 12.5 Conclusion
• 12.6 Summary
• 12.7 Topics for Discussion
• 12.8 Suggested Readings

13. The Importance of Protected Areas

• 13.1 Establishing Protected Areas
• 13.1.1 Government protected areas
• 13.1.2 Community conserved areas
• 13.1.3 Privately protected areas
• 13.1.4 Co-managed protected areas
• 13.1.5 Field stations and marine laboratories
• 13.2 Classification of Protected Areas
• 13.3 Prioritisation: What Should be Protected?
• 13.3.1 Species approach
• 13.3.2 Ecosystem approach
• 13.3.3 Wilderness approach
• 13.3.4 Hotspot approach
• 13.3.5 Gap analysis approach
• 13.3.6 Optimisation approach
• 13.4 How Much Land Should We Protect?
• 13.4.1 A neglected system: marine protected areas
• 13.5 Designing Protected Areas
• 13.5.1 What size should a protected area be?
• 13.5.2 Zoning as a solution to conflicting demands
• 13.5.3 Connectivity among protected areas
• 13.5.4 What about small isolated reserves?
• 13.6 Managing Protected Areas
• 13.6.1 The importance of monitoring
• 13.6.2 The importance of working with local people
• 13.6.3 The importance of accommodating visitors
• 13.6.4 The IUCN Green List of Protected Areas
• 13.7 Challenges for Protected Areas
• 13.7.1 Funding limitations
• 13.7.2 Planning for climate change
• 13.7.3 Facing degazettement
• 13.8 Summary
• 13.9 Topics for Discussion
• 13.10 Suggested Readings

14. Conservation on Unprotected Lands

• 14.1 Human-Dominated Landscapes
• 14.1.1 The impact of agriculture
• 14.1.2 The impact of logging, mining, and other extractive industries
• 14.2 Smart Development Outside Conservation Areas
• 14.3 Linking Conservation to Socio-Economic Development
• 14.4 Confronting Human-Wildlife Conflict
• 14.4.1 Dealing with predators
• 14.4.2 Dealing with crop raiders
• 14.4.3 Concluding thoughts on human-wildlife conflict
• 14.5 Summary
• 14.6 Topics for Discussion
• 14.7 Suggested Readings

15. An Agenda for the Future

• 15.1 Achieving Sustainable Development
• 15.2 Dealing with Technological Advances
• 15.3 Funding Conservation Activities
• 15.3.1 How effective is conservation funding?
• 15.4 Building Lasting Partnerships
• 15.4.1 Partnerships with local people
• 15.4.2 Partnerships among conservation professionals
• 15.5 Environmental Education and Leadership
• 15.6 Summary
• 15.7 Topics for Discussion
• 15.8 Suggested Readings

Appendix A

• Selected Sources of Information

Appendix B

• Selected Environmental Organisations

Appendix C

• Obtaining Conservation Funding

Appendix D

• Environmental Calendar

Glossary

• Annexe

Index