On salt, copper and gold
The origins of early mining and metallurgy in the Caucasus
An international conference focused on the beginnings of mining and metallurgy in the Caucasus was organised in Tbilisi in June 16th-19th 2016 under the auspices of the National Museum of Georgia. This conference, which was funded by the Agence nationale de la recherche (France) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany), aimed at discussing the intricate relationships between the emergence of mining and metallurgy, and the shaping of late prehistoric societies in south-western Asia.
T...
Un colloque international axé sur les origines de l’extraction minière et de la métallurgie dans le Caucase s’est déroulé à Tbilisi du 16 au 19 juin 2016, sous les auspices du Musée national de Géorgie. Ce colloque, financé par l’Agence nationale de la recherche (France) et la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Allemagne), avait pour objectif d’aborder les relations entre la naissance des mines et de la métallurgie, et l’évolution des sociétés protohistoriques en Asie du Sud-Ouest.
Le Caucase e...
Note de l’éditeur
Published with the support of the Agence nationale de la recherche (Programme “Mines” – ANR-12-FRAL-0002) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
The expression in English has been revised by Catherine Marro and Shirley Montgomery in all the texts written by non native-English speakers, except for the articles by T. Stöllner (p. 101), as well as by T. Stöllner et al. (p. 445), which have been corrected by Roselyn Campbell.
Éditeur : MOM Éditions
Lieu d’édition : Lyon
Publication sur OpenEdition Books : 19 novembre 2021
ISBN numérique : 978-2-35668-168-3
DOI : 10.4000/books.momeditions.12257
Collection : Archéologie(s) | 5
Année d’édition : 2021
ISBN (Édition imprimée) : 978-2-35668-074-7
Nombre de pages : 476
Introduction
Catherine Marro et Thomas Stöllner
On salt, copper and goldThe story behind shepherds, metallurgists and miners in the first mining enterprises of the Caucasus
Early mining in the Caucasus and beyond
Anthony Harding
Prehistoric rock‑salt productionThierry Gonon, Nicolas Gailhard, Baki Varol et al.
Early salt‑mining systems and strategies at Duzdağı, NakhchivanCaroline Hamon, Nicolas Gailhard et Gilles Fronteau
Salt‑exploitation techniques during the Early Bronze Age in the CaucasusTechnology and use-wear of the macro-lithic tools from Duzdağı and Kültepe I (Nakhchivan)
Thomas Stöllner, Irina Gambashidze, Nicole Boenke et al.
The Paravani calculationThe early gold‑mining complex in Sakdrisi and its societal impact
Ketevan Tamazashvili
The prehistoric mining implements from GeorgiaNino Otchvani, Felix Klein, Sebastian Senczek et al.
Kura-Araxes ceramics and the prehistoric gold mine of SakdrisiEarly metallurgy in the Caucasus and beyond
Nicolas Gailhard, Michael Bode, Veli Bakhshaliyev et al.
The invisible movements of metallurgy: the interactions between nomads and metalSome evidence from Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) during the Chalcolithic and the Early Bronze Age
Moritz Jansen, Andreas Hauptmann, Sabine Klein et al.
Geochemistry of gold from the prehistoric mine of Sakdrisi and Transcaucasian gold artefacts between the 4th and 2nd millennia BCBarbara Helwing
Patterns of early metallurgy on the Iranian Plateau, from the beginnings to the end of the Bronze AgeNima Nezafati, Ernst Pernicka, Barbara Helwing et al.
Reassessment of the prehistoric metallurgy at Arisman, Central IranEarly mining and metallurgy within their broader economic context
Rémi Berthon, Julia Giblin, Marie Balasse et al.
The role of herding strategies in the exploitation of natural resources by early mining communities in the CaucasusGiulio Palumbi, Irena Kalantaryan, Adrian Bălăşescu et al.
Early pastoralism and natural resource management: recent research at GodedzorEstelle Herrscher, Modwene Poulmarc’h, Liana Bitadze et al.
Is there homogeneity in Georgian Kura-Araxes human dietary practices?Catherine Longford et Antonio Sagona
The Kura-Araxes economy: mobile pastoralism or sedentary agriculture?Perspectives from Sos Höyük
Veli Bakhshaliyev
Archaeological investigations at Nakhchivan TepeJudith Thomalsky
Obsidian tool production in the South Caucasus of the 5th and 4th millennium BCETechnology, typology and sociocultural implications
The exploitation of natural resources in the Caucasus in Late Prehistory
Laurence Astruc, Antoine Courcier, Bernard Gratuze et al.
The use of natural resources at Mentesh Tepe during the Late Chalcolithic period and the Early Bronze AgeRuben Badalyan
The exploitation of mineral resources in Armenia in the Early Bronze AgeObsidian, metal, bitumen, and salt
Thomas Stöllner
From generalists to specialists?Transcaucasian communities and their approach to resources during the 5th and the 3rd millennium BCE
An international conference focused on the beginnings of mining and metallurgy in the Caucasus was organised in Tbilisi in June 16th-19th 2016 under the auspices of the National Museum of Georgia. This conference, which was funded by the Agence nationale de la recherche (France) and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Germany), aimed at discussing the intricate relationships between the emergence of mining and metallurgy, and the shaping of late prehistoric societies in south-western Asia.
The Caucasus is renowned in Near Eastern archaeology for its wealth in natural resources, in particular in metal ores: for decades, scholars have surmised a specific causal relationships between the rise of complex, hierarchical societies in the Near‑East and the development of extractive metallurgy. Metallurgy, however, is only the most visible part of the story that accounts for the dramatic changes perceptible in south‑western Asia in the course of the 5th millennium BCE. Early mining, which is not restricted to metal-ore mining, certainly also had an impact in terms of economic networks, social dynamics, settlement patterns and regional integration, not only across the Caucasus, but also in the ancient Near and Middle East.
Drawing on these fundamental questions, this book explores the socio-economic, technological and environmental background that favoured the rise of systematic mining and extractive metallurgy in the Caucasus at the end of the Chalcolithic. How far was early mining linked to the spread of specific subsistence strategies such as pastoral herding? Were mined resources mainly intended for local consumption or distributed throughout the Near East, towards Anatolia, Iran or Mesopotamia? Here are some of the issues that are discussed in the present volume, which contains 21 articles written by some of the most eminent specialists in Caucasian archaeology.
Un colloque international axé sur les origines de l’extraction minière et de la métallurgie dans le Caucase s’est déroulé à Tbilisi du 16 au 19 juin 2016, sous les auspices du Musée national de Géorgie. Ce colloque, financé par l’Agence nationale de la recherche (France) et la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Allemagne), avait pour objectif d’aborder les relations entre la naissance des mines et de la métallurgie, et l’évolution des sociétés protohistoriques en Asie du Sud-Ouest.
Le Caucase est connu en archéologie orientale pour sa richesse en matières premières, en particulier pour ses ressources métallifères ; pendant des décennies, les chercheurs ont présupposé l’existence d’un lien de causalité particulier entre l’émergence de sociétés complexes hiérarchisées au Proche et Moyen-Orient et le développement de la métallurgie extractive. Pourtant, la métallurgie n’est que la partie émergée d’une histoire marquée par des changements spectaculaires tout au long du V e millénaire avant notre ère. L’extraction minière, par exemple, qui ne se réduit d’ailleurs pas à l’exploitation des minerais métallifères, a certainement eu aussi un impact sur les dynamiques sociales, les structures de peuplement, l’organisation des réseaux économiques et les processus d’intégration régionale, en Orient comme dans le Caucase.
Partant de ces questions fondamentales, cet ouvrage explore le contexte socioéconomique, technologique et environnemental dans lequel se sont développées la métallurgie et l’extraction minière à la fin du Chalcolithique dans le Caucase. Ainsi, dans quelle mesure les premières exploitations minières sont-elles liées à des stratégies de subsistance spécifiques, tel le pastoralisme ? Les ressources exploitées étaient-elles destinées à la seule consommation locale ? Ou bien étaient-elles aussi distribuées à travers le Proche-Orient, l’Anatolie, l’Iran ou la Mésopotamie ? Tels sont les thèmes abordés dans ce volume, qui contient 21 articles rédigés par quelques-uns des plus éminents spécialistes de l’archéologie du Caucase.
Catherine Marro is an archaeologist and a ceramologist (Université de Lyon, CNRS, Archéorient, UMR 5133, France). She has been working for more than 25 years in the field of Anatolian, Caucasian and Near Eastern archaeology. She is the head of the Mission archéologique du bassin de l’Araxe, presently based in Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan), where, together with Veli Bakhshaliyev (Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences), she runs a multidisciplinary research programme focused on the exploitation of natural resources by Late Prehistoric societies.
Thomas Stöllner is a prehistorian and a mining archaeologist (University of Bochum, German Mining Museum, Germany). His main area of research is the social and economic development of societies in Prehistory and Protohistory with a focus on mining, the archaeometry of mining, the archaeology of technology and social practice through the study of settlements and graveyards. His research focuses on Old World archaeology, which comprises Central and Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Middle East (Iran) and Central Asia (Kazakhstan). His work also includes South America.
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