1 [François Boissier de Sauvages de Lacroix, see Volume 3, Lesson 11, note 14, above.]
2 [Robert Whytt, see Volume 3, Lesson 12, note 28.]
3 [Archeus or archaeus, a term used generally to refer to the lowest and densest aspect of the astral plane that presides over the growth and continuation of all living beings; often referred to by Paracelsus (see Lesson 4, note 73) and those after him, such as Jan Baptist van Helmont (see note 66, above).]
4 [Paul Joseph Barthez, see Volume 2, Lesson 14, note 101.]
5 [Charles-Jean-François Hénault, president of the Chambre des Enquêtes (“chamber of inquiries”), see Volume 3, Lesson 19, note 1.]
6 [Jean le Rond d’Alembert, see Volume 2, Lesson 11, notes 31, 79.]
7 [Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, see Volume 3, Lesson 4, note 53.]
8 [Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (“Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Crafts”), see Volume 2, Lesson 11, note 31.]
9 [Journal des sçavans (later renamed Journal des savans and then Journal des savants), the earliest academic journal published in Europe. Its content included obituaries of famous men, church history, and legal reports. The first issue appeared as a twelve-page quarto pamphlet on Monday, 5 January 1665. The journal ceased publication in 1792, during the French Revolution, and, although it very briefly reappeared in 1797 under the updated title Journal des savants, it did not re-commence regular publication until 1816. From then on, it was published under the patronage of the Institut de France. From 1908, it was published under the patronage of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. It continues today to be a leading academic journal in the humanities.]
10 [Oratio de principio vitali hominis, quam habuit in Ludoviceo medico monspeliensi… die trigesima prima octobris. Montpellier: Augustinum-Franciscum Rochard, 1773, 28 p.]
11 [Nova doctrina de functionibus corporis humani. Montpellier: Augustinum-Franciscum Rochard, 1774, [2] + 92 p., in-folio.]
12 [Nouveaux éléments de la science de l’homme. Montpellier: Jean Martel, 1778, xxx + 348 + [6] p., in-octavo.]
13 [Nouveaux éléments de la science de l’homme. Seconde édition, revue, et considérablement augmentée. Paris: Brunot, 1806, 2 vols, [4] + 304 + 238 p.; 339 + 244 p.]
14 [Louis, also called Louis D’or, a gold coin circulated in France before the Revolution. The franc and livre were silver coins that had shrunk in value to such an extent that by 1740 coins of a larger denomination were needed. The French kings therefore had gold coins struck, calling them after their name Louis, or Louis D’or (“gold Louis”). After the Revolution, Napoleon continued the practice, calling the coins “Napoleons.” They had a value of 20 francs.]
15 [Nouvelle méchanique des mouvements de l’homme et des animaux. Carcassonne: Pierre Polere, 1798, xv + 246 + [1] p., in-quarto.]
16 [Isaac Newton, see Volume 2, Lesson 11, note 37.]
17 [Friedrich Casimir Medicus (born 6 January 1736, Grumbach; died 15 July 1808, Mannheim), a German physician and botanist, educated in medicine at the universities of Tübingen, Strasbourg, and Heidelberg, and eventually, in 1759, becoming garrison doctor at Mannheim, director of the University of Mannheim (Theodoro Palatinae Mannheim) and curator of the botanical garden at Mannheim. A prolific and combative writer, he published a work on the “vital principle” in 1773, titled Von der Lebenskraft: Eine Vorlesung bei Gelegenheit des höchsten Namensfestes Sr. Kuhrfürstlichen Durchleucht von der Pfalz in der Kuhrpfälzisch-Theodorischen Akademie der Wissenschaften den 5. November 1774. Mannheim: Gedruckt in der Hofs und Akademischen Buchbruckerei, 1774, 33 p.]
18 [Archeus or archaeus, see note 3, above.]
19 [Théophile de Bordeu, see Volume 3, Lesson 13, note 9.]
20 [Paul Victor de Sèze (born 15 December 1754, Saint-Émilion; died 1 April 1830, Saint-Médard-d’Eyrans), a French physician and physiologist, educated in medicine at Montpellier. He was the author of Recherches physiologiques et philosophiques sur la sensibilité ou la vie animale. Paris: Théophile Barrois, 1786, viii + [2] + 334 + [6] p.]
21 [Erasmus Darwin (born 12 December 1731, Elston Hall, Elston, Nottinghamshire, near Newark-on-Trent; died 18 April 1802, Breadsall, Derby), an English physician, natural philosopher, physiologist, slave-trade abolitionist, inventor, and poet. He was a member of the Darwin-Wedgwood family, which includes his grandsons Charles Darwin and Francis Galton. His poems included much natural history, including a statement of evolution and the relatedness of all forms of life. His most important scientific work, titled Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life (London: J. Johnson, 1794‑1796, 2 vols, viii + 586 p.; xii + 722 p.), contains a system of pathology and a Chapter on “Generation” in which he anticipated some of the views of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (see Volume 3, Lesson 4, note 51), foreshadowing the modern theory of evolution.]
22 [The Botanic Garden, a set of two poems, The Economy of Vegetation and The Loves of the Plants, by Erasmus Darwin (London: J. Johnson, 1791, pt. 1, xii + 214 + 126 + [2] p.; pt. 2, [2] + ix + 197 + [1] p.). The Economy of Vegetation celebrates technological innovation and scientific discovery, and offers theories concerning contemporary scientific questions, such as the history of the cosmos. The more popular Loves of the Plants promotes, revises, and illustrates Linnaeus’s classification scheme for plants. One of the first popular science books, the intent of The Botanic Garden was to stimulate interest in science while educating people at the same time. By embracing Linnaeus’s sexualized language, which anthropomorphizes plants, Darwin intended to make botany interesting and relevant to the readers of his time.]
23 [Les Amours de Plantes, poème en quatre chants (Paris: De Digeon, 1800, iv + 412 p.), translated from the English by Joseph-Philippe-François Deleuze (born 12 April 1753, Sisteron; died 29 October 1835, Paris), a French naturalist who studied in Paris and became an assistant at the Museum national d’Histoire naturelle in Paris in 1795. He is best known for his support of the theory of animal magnetism, also known as mesmerism.]
24 [Zoonomia, see note 21, above.]
25 [Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening, With the Theory of Draining Morasses, and with an Improved Construction of the Drill Plough. London: J. Johnson, 1800, viii + 612 + [14] p., 12 pls.]
26 [Zoonomie oder Gesetze des organischen Lebens (Hanover: Gebrüdern Hahn, 1795‑1799, 3 vols: vol. 1, 1795, xxxii + 544 p.; vol. 2, 1797, xv + 762 p.; vol. 3, 1799, 211 p.), translated from the English by Joachim Dietrich Brandis (born 18 March 1762, Hildesheim; died 28 April 1845, Copenhagen), a German-Danish physician who studied medicine in Göttingen, and earned a doctorate in 1785 and a Habilitation in Brunswick in 1791. In the following years he practiced as a physician in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1803 he became Professor of Medicine at the University of Kiel, and in 1807 he founded a hospital in Kiel. In 1810, he moved permanently to Copenhagen where he lectured at the University of Copenhagen and became personal physician to Queen Marie of Denmark and Norway.]
27 [Zoonomie, ou Lois de la vie organique (Ghent: Goesin-Verhaeghe, 1810‑1811, 4 vols: vol. 1, 1810, [3] + 12 + 614 + [1] p.; vol. 2, 1810, [3] + 659 + [1] p.; vol. 3, 1811, xiv + 586 p.; vol. 4, 1811, 570 p.), translated from the English by Joseph-François Kluyskens (born 9 September 1771, Ghent; died 24 October 1843, Ghent), a Belgian physician, and professor and rector at the University of Ghent.]
28 [John Locke, see Volume 3, Lesson 1, note 85.]
29 [Suckers, vigorous vertical growth coming from the roots or lower main stem of a plant. Suckers are usually considered undesirable —you want the plant, but you don’t want its suckers because they sap the plant’s energy.]
30 [Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis (born 5 June 1757, Cosnac, Corrèze; died 5 May 1808, Seraincourt, Val-d’Oise), a French physiologist, freemason, and materialist philosopher, educated at the college of Brives, where he showed great aptitude for study, but his independence of spirit was so great that he was almost constantly in a state of rebellion against his teachers and was finally expelled. Turning toward the study of medicine, he eventually was given an appointment as administrator of hospitals in Paris, and in 1795 he became professor of hygiene at the medical school of Paris, a post which he exchanged for the chair of legal medicine and the history of medicine in 1799. Partly because of poor health, he tended not to practice as a physician, his interests lying in the deeper problems of medical and physiological science.]
31 [Jean-Baptiste-Léon Dubreuil (born 1748, died 1783), a French physician attached to the hospital of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Île-de-France, and founder of a clinical school in the Naval Hospital at Brest several years before his death.]
32 [Étienne Bonnot de Condillac, see Chapter 11, note 32, and Chapter 14, note 24, above.]
33 [Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Count of Mirabeau (born 9 March 1749, Le Bignon; died 2 April 1791, Paris), a French soldier, writer, journalist, and leader of the early stages of the French Revolution. Although he had been involved in numerous scandals before the start of the Revolution, which had left his reputation in ruins, he rose to the top of the French political hierarchy in the years 1789 to 1791 and acquired the reputation of a voice of the people.]
34 [Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, see Volume 3, Lesson 15, note 14. Condorcet’s sister-in-law was Charlotte de Grouchy (born 1768, died 1844).]
35 [18 Brumaire, a reference to the bloodless coup that brought General Napoleon Bonaparte to power as First Consul of France and which, in the view of most historians, ended the French Revolution. It occurred on 9 November 1799, which was 18 Brumaire, Year VIII, under the French Republican Calendar.]
36 [Rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme (Paris: Crapart, Caille & Ravier, 1802, 2 vols, xliv + 484 p.; [4] + 624 p.), a collection of memoirs intended to explain all of reality, including the psychic, mental, and moral aspects of man, in terms of a mechanistic materialism.]
37 [Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (born 11 May 1752, Gotha; died 22 January 1840, Göttingen), a German physician, naturalist, physiologist, and anthropologist, one of the first to explore the study of the human being as an aspect of natural history. His teachings in comparative anatomy were applied to his classification of human races, of which he claimed there were five, Caucasian, Mongolian, Malayan, Ethiopian, and American. Blumenbach’s peers considered him one of the great theorists of his day, and he was a mentor or influence on many of the next generation of German biologists.]
38 [Hippocrates, see Volume 1, Lessons 5, 16, and 21.]
39 [Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, see Volume 1, Lesson 7, note 39.]
40 [Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, see Volume 3, Lesson 14, note 77.]
41 [Lazzaro Spallanzani, see Volume 1, Lesson 8, note 7.]
42 [Cullen, Platner, and Prochaska, see Chapter 20, below.]
43 [Thales of Miletus, see Volume 1, Lesson 1, note 6.]
44 [Robert Boyle, see Volume 2, Lesson 12, note 32.]
45 [Otto von Guericke, see Volume 2, Lesson 12, note 31.]
46 [Benjamin Franklin, see Chapter 17, note 82, above.]
47 [Stephen Gray (born December 1666, Canterbury, Kent; died 7 February 1736, London), an English dyer and astronomer who was the first to systematically experiment with electrical conduction. Until his work in 1729, the emphasis had been on the simple generation of static charges and investigations of the static phenomena (electric shocks, plasma glows, etc.) He was also the first to make the distinction between conduction and insulation, and discovered the action-at-a-distance phenomenon of electrostatic induction.]
48 [Charles François de Cisternay du Fay (born 14 September 1698, Paris; died 16 July 1739, Paris), a French chemist and superintendent of the Jardin du Roi who discovered the existence of two types of electricity and named them “vitreous” and “resinous” (later known as positive and negative charge, respectively). He noted the difference between conductors and insulators, calling them “electrics” and “non-electrics” for their ability to produce contact electrification. He also discovered that like-charged objects would repel each other and that unlike-charged objects attract. He also disproved certain misconceptions regarding electrical charge, such as the belief that electric properties of a body depended on its color.]
49 [Leiden jar, see Chapter 17, note 64, above.]
50 [Pieter van Musschenbroek, see Chapter 17, note 64, above.]
51 [Frédéric-Louis Allamand, see Volume 3, Lesson 20, note 88.]
52 [On 15 June 1752, Benjamin Franklin (see Chapter 17, note 82, above) is said to have conducted his famous kite experiment in Philadelphia, successfully extracting sparks from a cloud. He described the experiment in the Pennsylvania Gazette on 19 October 1752, without mentioning that he himself had performed it. This account was read to the Royal Society on 21 December and printed as such in the Philosophical Transactions (“An account of Mr. Benjamin Franklin’s treatise, lately published, intituled, Experiments and observations on electricity, made at Philadelphia in America.” vol. 47, pp. 202‑211). Franklin was careful to stand on an insulator, keeping dry under a roof to avoid the danger of electric shock. Others were indeed electrocuted in performing lightning experiments during the months immediately following Franklin’s experiment.]
53 [Joseph Priestley (see Volume 2, Lesson 13, note 88), author of The History and Present State of Electricity (London: J. Johnson, B. Davenport & T. Cadell, 1767, xxxi + 736 + [9] p.), a survey of the study of electricity up until 1766 as well as a description of experiments by Priestley himself.]
54 [Cullen, Platner and Prochaska, see Chapter 20, below.]
