1 [Chaldee, the Semitic language of the ancient Chaldeans, inhabitants of a country that existed between the late tenth or early ninth and mid-sixth centuries B.C., after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into Babylonia. It was located in the marshy land of the far southeastern corner of Mesopotamia and briefly came to rule Babylon.]
2 [Joachim Camerarius the Younger, see Volume 2, Lesson 7, note 160.]
3 [Johann Georg Duvernoy, see Volume 3, Lesson 15, note 98.]
4 [Georg Daniel Coschwitz (born 18 February 1679, Konitz; died 8 May 1729, Halle), a German physician and pharmacist, educated at the Latin school in Stolp, Poland, and studied medicine in Halle (1695), where he joined the Stahl school and received his doctorate in 1699. In 1716 he was appointed associate professor of medicine at the University of Halle and promoted in 1718 to full professor of anatomy, assigned to lecture on botany, anatomy, surgery, and medicine. He was a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and became known nationally to experts through the publication of supposed anatomical “discoveries” that were scientifically refuted.]
5 [Herman Boerhaave, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 78.]
6 [Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 78.]
7 [Frederik Ruysch, see Volume 2, Lesson 6, note 123; and Lesson 15, notes 45 and 54.]
8 [Hans Sloane, see Volume 2, Lesson 6, note 68.]
9 [William Cheselden, see Volume 3, Lesson 14, note 1.]
10 [James Douglas, see Volume 3, Lesson 15, note 35.]
11 [Jacques-Bénigne Winslow, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 81.]
12 [Johann Bernoulli, see Volume 3, Lesson 2, note 40.]
13 [Histoire des Plantes suisses ou Matière médicale et de l’Usage économique des Plantes. Bern: Société typographique, 1791, 2 vols, vi + 368 p.; 360 p.]
14 [George II, see Volume 3, Lesson 18, note 17.]
15 [Gerlach Adolph von Münchhausen (born 5 October 1688, Berlin; died 26 November 1770, Hanover), founder, first curator, and major sponsor of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen in 1734. From 1753 he was responsible for the finance department as chamber president. In 1765, under George III, he became the Prime Minister of the Electorate of Hanover.]
16 [Carl Linnaeus, see Lesson 10, above.]
17 [Icones anatomicae, quibus praecipuae partes corporis humani delineatae, et arteriarum historia. Göttingen: Abrami Vandenhoeck, 1756, 8 parts in 1 vol., 47 copperplate engravings, in-folio.]
18 [The first volume of the Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen, published by Haller in 1739 under the title Göttingische Zeitungen von gelehrten Sachen (“Göttingen newspaper of learned things”), devoted initially to critical discussions of contemporary scientific works.]
19 [Novi Commentarii Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, published by the Akademie der Wissenschaften, Göttingen.]
20 [Aigle, a historic town, municipality, and capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.]
21 [George III, see Volume 3, Lesson 1, note 42.]
22 [Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, see Volume 3, Lesson 15, note 14.]
23 [Voltaire, see Volume 2, Lesson 9, note 36.]
24 [Bernard de Jussieu, see Volume 3, Lesson 10, note 30, above.]
25 [Jean-Jacques Rousseau, see Volume 1, Lesson 1, note 1.]
26 [Sophie Amalie Christina Teichmeyer (born in 1722, Göttingen; died 1795), third wife of Albrecht von Haller, married 5 December 1741.]
27 [Hermann Friedrich Teichmeyer (born 30 April 1685; died 5 February 1746), a German physician and botanist, Albrecht von Haller’s father-in-law, born in Hannoversch Münden. He was a professor of experimental physics, medicine, and botany at the University of Jena. He was also a pioneer of forensic medicine, remembered for his 1723 publication of Institutiones medicinae legalis vel forensic (Jena: Johann Felix Bielke, 1723, [4] + 260 + [4] p.), an important textbook on forensics that was later translated into German and published in 1731.]
28 [Commentary on Herman Boerhaave’s lectures on physiology: Praelectiones academicae in proprias institutiones rei medicae. Göttingen: Abram Vandenhoeck, 1739‑1744, 6 vols: vol. 1, 1739, [10] + 500 p.; vol. 2, 1740, [8] + 555 p.; vol. 3, 1741, [4] + 732 p.; vol. 4, 1743, [8] + 555 p.; vol. 5, 1744, [8] + 322 p.; vol. 6, 1744, [4] + 320 p.]
29 [Gerard van Swieten, Volume 3, Lesson 6, note 51.]
30 [Julien Offray de La Mettrie (born 23 November 1709, Saint-Malo; died 11 November 1751, Berlin), a French physician and philosopher, and one of the earliest of the French materialists of the Enlightenment. He is best known for his work L’homme machine (Leiden: Élie Luzac, 1748, xviii + 109 p.), a work that extends Descartes’s argument that animals are mere automatons, or machines, to human beings. He denies the existence of the soul as a substance separate from matter.]
31 [See note 17, above.]
32 [Andreas Vesalius, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, notes 45, 77.]
33 [Despite the criticism voiced here, Vesalius’s work is now famous for its detailed and beautifully drafted illustrations. De humani corporis fabrica (see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 83), first published in 1561, is a wonderful example of Renaissance art. Its illustrations show the complex formations of the muscles, nervous system, blood vessels, viscera and skeleton. During the Renaissance, scholars and artists throughout Europe were taking a renewed interest in the classical sculptures of Ancient Greece and Rome, and so Vesalius was tapping into the spirit of the times. He employed a range of skilled draftsmen to work on the illustrations, including Jan Stephan van Calcar (1499‑1546), a student of the painter Titian (Tiziano Vecelli or Vecellio, c. 1490‑1576.]
34 [Frederik Ruysch, see Volume 2, Lesson 6, note 123; and Lesson 15, notes 45 and 54.]
35 [Bernhard Siegfried Albinus, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 78.]
36 [Marcello Malpighi, see Volume 2, Lesson 14, note 121.]
37 [Jan Wandelaar (born 1690, Amsterdam; died 1759, Leiden), an 18th-century painter and engraver from the Northern Netherlands who illustrated and engraved the images for Bernhard Siegfried Albinus’s Tabulae sceleti et musculorum corporis humani (see Volume 3, Lesson 14, note 84).]
38 [Raymond Vieussens, see Volume 2, Lesson 15, note 5.]
39 [Anatomical trees, diagrams used to show the branching patterns of anatomical structures, such as nerves, arteries and veins.]
40 [Antonio Scarpa, see Volume 3, Lesson 15, note 66).]
41 [Paolo Mascagni, see Volume 2, Lesson 15, note 65.]
42 [Primae lineae physiologiae in usum praelectionum academicarum auctae et emendatae. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1747, [7] + 480 p.]
43 [Herman Boerhaave, see Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 78.]
44 [Georg Ernst Stahl, see Volume 2, Lesson 9, note 90.]
45 [Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, see Volume 2, Lesson 2, note 73.]
46 [Elementa physiologiae corporis humani. Lausannae (vols 1‑5); Bern (vols 6‑8): Marci-Michel Bousquet (vol. 1); Sigismundi d’Arnay (vols 2‑3); Francisci Grasset (vols 4‑5); Societatus Typographicae (vols 1, 7, 8), 1757‑1766, 8 vols (vols 7 and 8 in 2 pts), vol. 1, 1757, [5] + xii + 520 p., 2 pls; vol. 2, 1760, [13] + 497 p.; vol. 3, 1761, 492 p.; vol. 4, 1762, 596 p.; vol. 5, 1763, viii + 646 p.; vol. 6, 1764, xvi + 639 p.; vol. 7, 1765, xiv + 576 + 201 p.; vol. 8, 1766, xxiv + 467 + 348 p.]
47 [De partium corporis humani praecipuarum fabricâ et functionibus libri XXX; opus quinquaginta annorum. Bern; Lausannae: Ex Prelis Societatum Typographicarum, 1778, 8 vols, vol. 1, [42] + 488 p.; vol. 2, vi + 489 p.; vol. 3, xii + 284 p.; vol. 4, vi + 352 p.; vol. 5, iv + 212 p.; vol. 6, iv + 380 p.; vol. 7, iv + 403 p.; vol. 8, xx + 447 p.]
48 [Sur la formation du cœur dans le poulet. Lausanne: Marc-Michel Bousquet, 1758, 2 vols, [5] + 472 p.; [7] + 368 p.; a detailed preformationist theory based on the maternal egg, the theory he was to defend for the last twenty years of his life, so that the name of Haller and the doctrine of ovist preformationism became inseparably linked during the latter half of the eighteenth century.]
49 [Hieronymus Fabricius or by his Latin name Fabricus ab Aquapendente, also Girolamo Fabrizi d’Acquapendente, see Volume 1, Lesson 9, note 38, and Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 66.]
50 [William Harvey, see Volume 2, Lesson 2, note 72.]
51 [Opera anatomica minora. Lausannae: Francisci Grasset, 1763‑1768, 3 vols, vol. 1, xxii + [2] + 608 p., 12 folding pls; vol. 2, pt. 1, vii + pp. 1‑311, pt. 2, [6] + pp. 312‑607, 6 folding pls; vol. 3, [2] + 388 p., 17 folding pls.]
52 [Charles Bonnet, see Volume 3, Lesson 2, note 6.]
53 [Lazzaro Spallanzani, see Volume 1, Lesson 8, note 7.]
54 [Opuscula sua botanica. Göttingen: Io. Wilh. Schmid, Acad. Bibliop., 1749, viii + [1] + 396 p.]
55 [Enumeratio methodica stirpium Helvetiae indigenarum. Qua omnium brevis descriptio et synonymia compendium virium medicarum dubiarum declaratio novarum et rariorurn uberior historia et icones continentur. Göttingen: Ex Officina Academica Abrami Vandenhoek, 1742, 2 vols, vol. 1, [4] + 36 + [1] + 424 p.; vol. 2, [1] + pp. 425‑794, 24 pls. Second edition: Bern: Société typographique, 1768, 3 pts in 1 vol., [2] + 444 + lxiv + 323 + 204 p.]
56 [Bibliotheca botanica: qua scripta ad rem herbariam facienta a rerum. Zürich: Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., 1771‑1772, 2 vols, xvi + 654 p.; 785 p.]
57 [Bibliotheca chirurgica, qua scripta ad artem chirurgicam facientia a rerum initiis recensentur. Basel: Joh. Schweighauser, 1774‑1775, 2 vols, iv + 593 p.; viii + 695 p.]
58 [Bibliotheca anatomica, qua scripta ad anatomen et physiologiam facientia a rerum initiis recensentur. Zürich: Orell, Gessner, Fuessli, et Socc., 1774‑1777, 2 vols, viii + 816 p.; 870 p.]
59 [Bibliotheca medicinae practicae qua scripta ad partem medicinae practicam facientia. Basel: Joh. Schweighauser, 1776‑1788, 4 vols, vol. 1, 1776, viii + 539 p.; vol. 2, 1777, vi + 722 p.; vol. 3, 1779, [3] + 650 p.; vol. 4, 1788, viii + 598 p.]
60 [Hippocrates, see Volume 1, Lesson 5, note 36.]
61 [Aristotle, see Volume 1, Lessons 7 and 8.]
62 [Joseph II (born 13 March 1741, Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna; died 20 February 1790, Vienna), Holy Roman Emperor from August 1765 and sole ruler of the Habsburg lands from November 1780 until his death.]
63 [Disputationum anatomicarum selectarum. Göttingen: Abram Vandenhoeck, 1746‑1751, 8 vols, vol. 1, 1746, [7] + 830 p., 5 pls; vol. 2, 1747, [8] + 984 p., 9 pls; vol. 3, 1748, [6] + 718 p., 6 pls; vol. 4, 1749, [8] + 744 p., 12 pls; vol. 5, 1750, [6] + 835 p., 8 pls; vol. 6, 1751, [5] + 786 p., 8 pls; vol. 7, 1751, [8] + 559 p., 14 pls; vol. 8, 1751, 445 p.]
64 [See note 17, above.]
65 [See note 46, above.]
66 [Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, see Chapter 11, above.]
67 [Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, see Volume 3, Lesson 14, note 77.]
68 [Fabrizi d’Acquapendente, see Volume 1, Lesson 9, note 38, and Volume 2, Lesson 1, note 66.]
69 [Omentum, a fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach with other abdominal organs.]
70 [Johann Friedrich Meckel the Elder (born 31 July 1724, Wetzlar; died 18 September 1774, Berlin), a German anatomist, not to be confused with his famous grandson of the same name (1781‑1833). He earned his medical doctorate from the University of Göttingen in 1748. Subsequently, he moved to Berlin, where he worked as a prosector and taught classes on midwifery. In 1751 he became a professor of anatomy, botany, and obstetrics.]
71 [The fifth cranial nerve, or trigeminal, a nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing; it is the most complex of the cranial nerves.]
72 [Tractatus anatomico physiologicus de quinto pare nervorum cerebri. Göttingen: Abram Vandenhoeck, 1748, [6] + 136 + [2] p., 6 pls.]
73 [“Description anatomique des nerfs de la face,” Mémoires de l’Académie des Sciences et belles Lettres de Berlin, 1751, pp. 19‑130.]
74 [Johann Gottfried Zinn (born 6 December 1727, Schwabach; died 6 April 1759, Göttingen), a German anatomist and botanist, a member of the Berlin Academy, who, despite a short life, made great contributions to the study of anatomy. In 1753 he became director of the Botanic garden of the University of Göttingen, and in 1755, professor in the medical faculty.]
75 [Descriptio anatomica oculi humani iconibus illustrata. Göttingen: Abram Vandenhoeck, 1755, [14] + 274 p., 7 pls; the first detailed and comprehensive anatomy of the human eye.]
76 [Neurolemma, the thin sheath of tissue surrounding a nerve axon, including myelin where it is present, that serves as protection for peripheral nerve fibers.]
77 [Georg Thomas Asch (born 12 April 1729, St. Petersburg; died 23 June 1807, Göttingen), a Russian physician, anatomist, and court official, educated at the University of Tübingen (1744), member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, and author of Dissertatio inauguralis de primo pare nervorum medullae spinalis, quam auctoritate gratiosae facultatis medicae. Göttingen: Abram Vandenhoeck, 1750, 46 p., 2 pls.]
78 [Johann Georg Roederer (born 13 May 1726, Strasbourg, France; died 4 April 1763, Paris), a German physician and obstetrician who studied medicine at Leiden, Paris, and London, and later became a pupil at the midwifery school in Strasbourg. In 1751, following a recommendation from Albrecht von Haller, he was appointed first professor of obstetrics at the University of Göttingen.]
79 [Heinrich August Wrisberg (born 20 June 1739, Sankt Andreasberg, Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg; died 29 March 1808, Göttingen), a German physician and anatomist, professor of medicine and obstetrics, who obtained his medical degree in 1763 at the University of Göttingen with a thesis entitled De respiratione prima nervo phrenico et calore animali. Göttingen: Ex officina Schultziana curante F. A. Rosenbusch, xvi p.]
80 [Georg Balthasar Metzger, see Volume 2, Lesson 12, note 91.]
81 [Christian Gottlieb Ludwig (born 30 April 1709, Brzeg, Silesia, now Poland; died 7 May 1773, Leipzig), a German physician, anatomist, and botanist, author of De plexibus nervorum abdominalium atque nervo intercostali duplici observationes nonnullae. Leipzig: Ex Officina Landenhemia, 1772, 1 vol. in-quarto. Ludwig is perhaps best remembered for his correspondence with Carl Linnaeus, in particular, discussions involving the latter’s classification system. It was Linnaeus who named the plant genus Ludwigia in honor of Ludwig.]
82 [Nerve plexus, a branching network of intersecting nerves of which there are several in the human body, composed of afferent and efferent fibers that arise from the merging of the anterior rami of spinal nerves and blood vessels. There are five spinal nerve plexuses, as well as other forms of autonomic plexuses, many of which are part of the enteric nervous system. The nerves that arise from the plexuses have both sensory and motor functions. These functions include muscle contraction, the maintenance of body coordination and control, and the reaction to sensations such as heat, cold, pain, and pressure.]
83 [Johann Franz Wilhelm Boehmer (born 2 April 1754, Göttingen; died 4 February 1788, Göttingen), a German physician and anatomist, author of Commentatio anatomico-physiologica de nono pare nervorum cerebri, a description of the glossopharyngeal, the ninth cranial nerve, containing evidence that it serves as a motor impulse for the movement of the tongue and thus contributes to voice formation and swallowing.]
84 [Georg Ehrhard Hamberger (born 21 December 1697, Jena; died 22 July 1755, Jena), a German professor of medicine, surgery, and botany at the University of Jena, author of De respirationis mechanismo et usu genuino dissertation. Jena: Litteris Fickelscherrianis, 1727, [2] + 44 p.]
85 [In Haller’s criticism of Boerhaave’s lectures, entitled Praelectiones academicae in proprias institutiones rei medicae, published in seven volumes from 1739 to 1744, Boerhaave’s physiological theories were said to frequently lack anatomical foundation. No less than twenty-one anatomical errors were cited by Haller in the first third of Boerhaave’s Institutiones medicae alone (see Volume 3, Lesson 11, note 48).]
86 [Haller’s Primae lineae physiologiae published in 1747 (see note 42, above) was largely the fruit of Haller’s controversy with Georg Ehrhard Hamberger of Jena (see note 83, above). A celebrated iatrophysicist (an adherent to the medical application of physics), Hamberger believed that medicine not only could but should be derived logically from mathematical-physical principles. Thus, he advanced a faulty theory about the role of the superior and inferior intracostal muscles in respiration based on the angles of motion of the rib cage. Haller criticized this hypothesis in a comment in his criticism of Boerhaave (see note 84, above), setting off a decadelong controversy over the relative merits of mathematical derivation and empirical observation in physiology. Somewhat later, Haller, in order to confirm his position, was compelled to carry out new experiments and to repeat them often, triggering his substantial experimental program in the 1740s, especially involving animal vivisection. Eventually, based on massive experimental evidence, Haller won the argument with Hamberger, but even more, he redefined the field of physiology.
87 [Johann Georg Roederer (born 13 May 1726, Strasbourg; died 4 April 1763, Paris), a German physician and obstetrician, who studied medicine at Leiden, Paris, and London, and afterwards was a pupil at the midwifery school in Strasbourg under Johann Jakob Fried (1689‑1769). Through a recommendation from Albrecht von Haller (1708‑1777), he was appointed in 1751 as the first professor of obstetrics at the University of Göttingen by George II, the British monarch and elector of Hanover.]
88 [Francis Glisson, see Volume 2, Lesson 16, note 71.]
89 [Johannes de Gorter, see Volume 2, Lesson 16, note 76.]
90 [Primae lineae physiologiae, see note 42, above.]
91 [Georg Ernst Stahl, see Volume 2, Lesson 9, note 90.]
92 [“De partibus corporis humani sensibilibus et irritabilibus”. Commentarii Societas regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis, vol. 2, 1753, pp. 114‑158. A French translation was published in 1755: Dissertation sur les parties irritables et sensibles des animaux [tr. Georg Balthasar Metzger from Latin by M. Tissot]. Lausanne: Marc-Michel Bousquet, xlix + [1] + 100 p. A work in which Haller first demonstrated experimentally that sensibility (the ability to produce sensation) existed only in organs supplied with nerves, while irritability (a reaction to stimuli) was a property of the organ or tissue. His concept of irritability was particularly important in efforts to understand muscle physiology.]
93 [Frederik Christian Winter (born 7 May 1712, Uedem, district of Cleves; died 11 November 1760, Leiden), a German physician, anatomist, and physiologist, a professor of medicine and chemistry at the universities of Franeker and Leiden. In 1747, he became the personal physician of the governor Wilhelm IV (Orange) and was commissioned with his autopsy after his death on 22 October 1751. He also provided medical services to Wilhelm V of Orange. He earned great reputation in the field of physiology and anatomy. So he investigated the question of the structure and irritability of muscle tissue. To do this, he carried out medical experiments on himself and on his students. Among his more significant publications is De irritabilitate, printed in Leiden in 1746.]
94 [Giorgio Baglivi, see Volume 3, Lesson 11, note 37.]
95 [Antonio Scarpa, see Volume 3, Lesson 15, note 66.]
96 [Johann Christian Reil (born 20 February 1759, Rhaude (an urban district of Rhauderfehn); died 22 November 1813, Halle an der Saale), a German physician, physiologist, anatomist, and psychiatrist, professor at the universities of Halle and Berlin. In 1795, he founded the first German journal of physiology, Archiv für die Physiologie. Later, he would also be considered the founder of German psychiatry and coined the term “psychiatry.” In addition, he was a private confidante and physician to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749‑1832). Reil died in 1813 from typhus while treating soldiers wounded in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig during the Napoleonic Wars.]
97 [Johann Georg Ritter von Zimmermann (born 8 December 1728, Brugg, Aargau; died 7 October 1795, Hanover), a Swiss philosophical writer, naturalist, and physician, educated at Göttingen, where he earned the degree of doctor of medicine, and eventually established his reputation through publication of a number of books that made a great impression in Germany and which were translated into almost every European language. After traveling in the Netherlands and France, he practiced as a physician in Brugg. In 1768 he settled at Hanover as the private physician of George III. Catherine II invited him to the court of St Petersburg, an invitation he declined.]
98 [Johann Georg Zimmermann’s Dissertatio physiologica de irritabilitate. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1751, [7] + 75 p.]
99 [Georg Christian Edler von Oldenburg Oeder (born 3 February 1728, Ansbach; died 28 January 1791, Oldenburg), a German-Danish botanist, physician, economist, and social reformer. He studied medicine at the University of Göttingen under Albrecht von Haller. He then settled as a doctor of medicine in the city of Schleswig. The king called him to Copenhagen in 1751, on Haller’s recommendation. The conservative University of Copenhagen, reluctant as it was to employ foreign experts, resisted Oeder’s appointment in an ordinary chair. Thus, he was appointed Professor botanices regius (Royal Professor) and soon led the installation of a new botanic garden. His name is especially associated with the initiation of the plate work for Flora Danica, a comprehensive atlas of botany, containing folio-sized pictures of all the wild plants native to Denmark, produced from 1761‑1883. It was first proposed by Oeder, then professor of botany at the Botanic Garden in Copenhagen, in 1753, and was completed 123 years later, in 1883. The complete work comprises 51 parts and 3 supplements, containing 3,240 copper engraved plates.]
100 [Disputatio medica de irritabilitate. Copenhagen: Typis Berlingianis, 1752, 22 p.]
101 [Peter Castell (born 1725, Danzig; died?), author of Experimenta quibus varias humani corporis partes sentiendi facultate carere constitit, specimen inaugurale medicum. Göttingen: Litteris Joh. Christoph. Ludolph. Schulzii, 1752, 86 p.]
102 [Johann Dietrich Walstorff (born 1724; died?), a German physician, author of Dissertatio inauguralis medica sistens experimenta circa motum cerebri, cerebelli, durae matris et venarum in vivis animalibus instituta. Göttingen: Litteris Joh. Christoph. Ludolph. Schulzii, 1753, vi + 66 p.]
103 [Andreae, I cannot identify this person.]
104 [Piarist, a member of a Roman Catholic teaching congregation founded in Rome in 1597, devoted to the education of the poor.]
105 [Urbano Tosetti (born 1714; died 1768), an Italian Jesuit physician and philosopher, who taught philosophy and experimental physics at the Collegio Nazareno in Rome. He performed his first experiments in April 1755, and published the results and those of later trials in 1755 and 1756; see note 106, below.]
106 [Publications of Tosetti: Dissertazione intorno le parti irritabili, e sensibili, degle animali. Naples: Benedetto Gessari, 1755, 179 p.; Sull’insensibilità e irritabilità di alcune parti degli animali. Naples: Benedetto Gessari, 1756, viii + 332 p.]
107 [Cesare Giuseppe Pozzi (born 1718; died 1782), professor of mathematics, author of “Epistola Cl. Viro tomae laghi.” In Fabri Giacinto Bartolomeo (ed.), Sulla insensitività ed irritabilità Halleriana. Florence: Giovannelli, 1755, p. i + pp. 230‑236.]
108 [Sull’insensibilità e irritabilità di alcune parti degli animali. Dissertazioni de’ signori Haller, Zimmerman e Castell trasportate in lingua Italiana dal p. Gian Vincenzo Petrini colle Lettere del p. Urbano Tosetti sullo stesso argomento. Rome: Vincenzo Petrini, 1755, xxx + 220 + 28 p.]
109 [Friedrich Hoffmann, see Volume 3, Lesson 7, notes 15 and 18.]
110 [Claude-Nicolas Le Cat or Lecat, see Volume 3, Lesson 13, note 22.]
111 [Stahlianism, the vitalistic school of Georg Ernst Stahl, see Volume 2, Lesson 9.]
112 [Robert Whytt, see Volume 3, Lesson 12, note 28.]
113 [Panniculus, a dense layer of fatty tissue, consisting of excess subcutaneous fat within the lower abdominal region, often associated with obesity, following pregnancy, or after significant weight loss.]
114 [Physiological essays: containing, I. an inquiry into the causes which promote the circulation of the fluids in the very small vessels of animals; II. observations on the sensibility and irritability of the parts of men and other animals, occasioned by Dr. Haller’s late treatise on these subjects. Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour & Neill, 1755, vii + 223 p. Second edition, corrected and enlarged, with an appendix. Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour & Neill, 1761.]
115 [Anton de Haen (born 8 December 1704, The Hague; died 5 September 1776), an Austrian physician of Dutch ancestry who studied medicine in Leiden under Herman Boerhaave, and in 1754 went to the University of Vienna, where he became head of its medical clinic. He is remembered for teaching students at the bedside of patients. He was an advocate of post-mortem investigations, as well as maintaining detailed case histories of patients. He was one of the first physicians to make routine use of the thermometer in medicine, and perceived that temperature was a valuable indication of illness and health.]
116 [Vindiciae difficultatum circa modernorum systema de sensibilitate et irritabilitate humani corporis, cortra. Vienna: Hermann Joseph Krüchten, 1761, [16] + 155 p.]
117 [Johann Gottfried Zinn (6 December 1727, Schwabach; died 6 April 1759, Göttingen), a German anatomist and botanist, a prominent member of the Berlin Academy, who made significant to the study of anatomy. In his book Descriptio anatomica oculi humani iconibus illustrata (Göttingen: Abrami Vandenhoeck, 1755, [14] + 272 p., 7 foldout pls), he provided the first detailed and comprehensive anatomy of the human eye. In 1753, he became director of the Botanic garden of the University of Göttingen, and in 1755, professor in the medical faculty.]
118 [Julien Offray de La Mettrie (23 November 1709, Saint-Malo; died 11 November 1751, Berlin), a French physician and philosopher, and one of the earliest of the French materialists of the Enlightenment. As a physician, he made a study of his own hallucinations during a fever, concluding that psychical phenomena could be explained by organic changes in the body and brain. This provoked an outcry that forced him to leave France and go to Leiden, where he further developed his theories, applying mechanistic ideas of animals to human behavior. The feeling against him was so strong that he was compelled to leave the Netherlands in 1748. He was received in Berlin by Frederick the Great (see Volume 3, Lesson 1, note 30), who allowed him to practice medicine and made him a court reader. There La Mettrie wrote several books declaring that the purpose of life was found in the pleasures of the senses, and virtue was reduced to self-love. The only means of ensuring mankind’s happiness, he argued, was atheistic materialism.]
119 [L’homme-machine (Leiden: Élie Luzac, xxiv + 108 p.) a work of materialist philosophy by Julien Offray de La Mettrie (see note 118, above), first published in 1747, that further developed René Descartes’s (see Volume 1, Lesson 6, note 7) argument that animals are mere automatons, or machines, to human beings. He denies the existence of the soul as a substance separate from matter. He further cites how the body and soul are one in sleep, how humans must nourish their bodies, and the intense effects of drugs on both the body and the soul, or mind, noting that “diverse states of the soul are always correlated with those of the body.”]
120 [Georg Heuermann (born 1722 or 1723, Oldesloe; died 6 December 1768, Copenhagen), a German-Danish surgeon and physiologist, educated initially in his hometown, where he began training as a surgeon. His progress led him to Copenhagen in 1743 as a surgeon and where he was able to continue his studies at the local anatomical and surgical theater. In 1748, he enrolled at the University of Copenhagen and a little more than a year later, on October 21, 1749, he received his doctorate for a thesis De lingua humana, published in Copenhagen in 1749, apud Ernest. Henr. Berl., 35 p.]
121 [Felice Fontana (born 15 April 1730, Pomarolo near Rovento; died 9 March 1805, Florence), an Italian physiologist, anatomist, botanist, toxicologist, chemist, and experimental pathologist, educated in Rovereto, where he was a student of Girolamo Tartarotti (1706‑1761), and at Verona, Parma, and the University of Padua. In 1755 he went to Bologna, where he conducted research on the irritability and sensitivity of the parts of the animal body, an advanced subject proposed to scholars in 1752 by Albrecht von Haller. From Bologna, Fontana returned for a brief time to the Trentino and then moved to Rome; from there he went to Tuscany, which became his permanent residence until the time of his death. Beginning in 1757, Fontana defended Haller’s conclusions in several publications, including Ricerche filosofiche sopra la fisica animale (“Philosophical research on animal physics”). Florence: Gaetano Cambiagi Stampatore Granducale, 1775, xxxvi + 192 p.]
122 [In 1758, Haller published what he and others felt was proof that the chick existed within the egg prior to fertilization by the male, a hypothesis called ovist preformationism: Sur la formation du cœur dans le poulet; sur l’œil, sur la structure du jaune, &c. Lausanne: Marc-Michel Bousquet, 1758, 2 vols, [5] + 472 p.; [7] + 366 p., 2 pls.]
123 [Cicatricula, the germinating or formative point in the yolk of an egg from which the embryo is formed.]
124 [Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis, see Volume 3, Lesson 14, note 77.]
125 [Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, see Volume 2, Lesson 4, note 57; see also Volume 1, Lesson 7, note 39.]
126 [Walter Needham, see Volume 2, Lesson 15, note 67.]
127 [Charles Bonnet, see Volume 3, Lesson 2, note 6.]
128 [Lazzaro Spallanzani, see Volume 1, Lesson 8, note 7.]
