Table des matières

Book Foreword

Editors’ note and acknowledgements

Alain Thote et Jean-Denis Vigne

Foreword

Aline Averbouh, Nejma Goutas et Sophie Méry

Mathilde Bognon (trad.)

Introduction

Nomads, … and lives

• Nomadic lives
• Four key definitions
• Nomads and nomadisms
• Everyday life in camp: material productions and dwellings
• Everyday life outside the camp: territories and economic organisation
• Social life [or relationships with the living]: within and outside the group
• Divine life [and the relationship with the dead]: myths, rites and beliefs

Part 1. Nomads and nomadism

Alain Tarrius

Louise Byrne (trad.)

Birth of a nomadic European people

Territories of the migrants of globalization among the poor in Southern Europe

• Introduction: passing foreigners
• Stages of the construction of the Euro-Mediterranean ‘territory of circulations’ from the Black Sea to Morocco, through the Balkans, Italy, the South of France and the Spanish Levant
• Phases of the formation of the Euro-Mediterranean circulatory territory
• In the beginning, the Algerian initiatives
• Then Moroccans
• Genesis of a North Mediterranean or South European circulatory territory
• Criminal formations use the circulatory territory and co-fund poor to poor transmigrants
• Underground from below: new peoples without nations in gestation?
• Institutional blindness
• Other functions of transmigration: the ‘evaporated’ and the ‘naturalized’
• Empirical surveys: methodological pragmatism. A new ‘social /territorial temporalities’ paradigm that relativizes the ‘e-/ im-migration’ pair
• An ‘underground-and-official’ world
• ‘Poor to poor’, ‘peer to peer’: the fetishism of merchandise
• The institution of the ‘informal notary’: its diversification and densification during the course of the affirmation of the circulatory territory
• Transnational territories of mobility: living and circulating
• A ‘cross-border moral area’
• A worldwide migratory crossroads: the Black Sea, from ethnic group halts to cosmopolitan accompaniments along the South European circulation territory
• The common destiny of proximities between the poor during circulation
• Desire to travel. Cultural isolationism and cosmopolitan destinies: places of change
• New blending of languages: towards a universal pidgin, key to migratory cosmopolitism
• The ‘positive capital loss’ between official financing and financing from the underground from below

Delphine Mercier et Pierre Tripier

Nomadism

A forgotten paradigm

• Introduction: in sociology, forgotten or hidden paradigms exist
• Initial approach to the nomadic paradigm
• Family, clan, tribe
• Understanding nomads through the art of warfare
• Nomadism and the rational-legal order
• France and nomads
• Towards a socio-anthropology of movement, or nomadism as epistemology
• Conclusion: Is transmigration a type of “modern” nomadism as opposed to itinerancy?

Serge Bahuchet

Mathilde Bognon (trad.)

On the role of mobility

The lifestyle of the Aka, hunter-gatherers in the African rainforest

• Introduction
• The Aka
• Local groups
• Social and spatial mobility
• The use and sharing of space
• The interethnic relationships: space sharing and mobility
• The other “pygmies”: diversity of the situations
• The Baka of Cameroon
• The Bongo and Koya of Gabon
• Discussion
• Nomads or mobile?
• Fluidity of the social organisation
• Relationships with neighbours and sharing of space
• Modern disruptions and impediments
• Conclusion

Manuel Gutierrez et Maria Helena Benjamin

Mathilde Bognon (trad.)

From nomadic to semi-sedentary

Changing lifestyles of the Khoï-San of Angola, from the 15th to the beginning of the 21st century

• Introduction
• Brief history. From the 15th to the 19th century: explorers, travellers and first contacts with the nomadic peoples of southern Angola
• The twentieth century and the ethnological approach to the life of the Khoi-San
• Beginning of the 21st century: sedentarization and semi-sedentarization of the Khoï-San people
• About acculturation
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Carole Ferret

Wendy Leslie et Carole Ferret (trad.)

Keeping pace with the seasons

The pastoral lives of Yakuts and Kazakhs, whether nomadic or not

• Introduction
• Nomadic seasons
• Nomadizing to follow new grass
• Kazakhs: from quasi-nomadism to a sedentary lifestyle
• Semi-sedentary Yakuts in the alaas
• A flexible sedentary way of life
• Pastoral seasons
• Pastoral calendar
• Seasonal contrasts
• A dichotomous calendar
• Conclusion

Anie Montigny

Bedouins from the Eastern Arabia to the Gulf ports

From pastoral nomads to pearling mobility

• Introduction
• Ecological conditions and migrations of tribal groups in XVIIIth century
• Natural calamities or normality of a way of life?
• Pastoralism: relation to the environment
• The Âl Na^cîm from Oman, Ajman Emirate, Qatar, Bahrain
• The Bedouin and the sea
• Conclusion

Didier Gazagnadou

Louise Byrne (trad.)

From Bedouinity to sedentariness

A short lesson in nomadic politics or the history of Sheikh Zâyid bin Sultân Âl Nahyân (1918-2004).

• Introduction
• Childhood and education of Sheikh Zâyid among the Bani Yas tribe
• The time of reign and the modern construction of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi
• Conclusion
• Epilogue
• Acknowledgements

Part 2. Practical life in the camp: material production and housing

James G. Enloe et Francine David

A witness on the past

Stratigraphic correlations and spatial organization in the occupation of the bison cave (Arcy-sur-Cure, France) by the nomads of the Chatelperronian period

• Introduction
• Excavation at the grotte du Bison, Arcy-sur-Cure
• Witness Block
• Level C
• Level D
• Level D spatial patterning
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments

Sergey A. Vasil’ev

Late glacial nomadic settlement sites at the upper Yenisei basin (Siberia) and the Paris basin

A comparative study

• Introduction
• Habitations on lower riverside terraces: fireplaces and domestic units
• Irba 2, other pattern of the final Pleistocene habitat
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Françoise Audouze

At the same time or one after the other?

The two domestic units of the upper level at the Magdalenian open-air site of Verberie - Le Buisson Campin (Oise, France)

• Introduction: Magdalenian nomadism in the Paris Basin
• The problem
• The upper level camp (II1)
• The Buisson Campin site and its upper level
• Empty spaces at the rear of hearths D1 and M20
• Level II1 and its material remains
• Faunal remains
• Lithic and osseous materials
• The II1 level assemblage
• Chronology and micro-stratigraphy
• Relation between the two units
• Flint refits
• Hearths
• Bone refits
• Differences between the two domestic units
• The units
• Knapping
• Newcomers?
• Spatial Propinquity and kinship relations among Hunters-gatherers
• Acknowledgements

Michaël Thévenin

Louise Byrne (trad.)

The ornamental cane-screens (çîẍ) of Iraqi Kurdish nomadic breeders

An object of enchantment among Mantik families?

• Introduction
• The Mantik group
• Social and political organisation and way of life
• From the condition of men to the condition of women: an eminently patriarchal social organisation
• The composition of a çîẍ weaving loom
• Warp threads 
• Weft threads: reed stems
• The stones of the vertical loom
• The çîẍ as a receptacle object
• The diamond-shaped patterns on a çîẍ: a plurality of meanings
• Hanging gardens
• A garden for whom, for what?
• The gift of the çîẍ
• Conclusion
• Epilogue

Part 3. Practical life outside the camp: territories and economic organization

Vincent Delvigne et Jean-Paul Raynal

Spaces, areas, routes, sites…

Reading Palaeolithic territories

• Introduction
• What is a territory?
• The geographical vision
• Territory and ethnography
• The notion of territory in prehistory
• Brief critical review
• Towards an approach to networks of prehistoric places
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Jason E. Lewis, Sonia Harmand et Hélène Roche

Early hominins in East Africa

Territory, mobility, and technology

• Introduction
• Territory
• Mobility
• Technology
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Robert K. Hitchcock

Variability in mobility and land use strategies among the Ju/’hoansi of the North Western Kalahari and the G/ui and G//ana in the Central Kalahari Region, Botswana

• Introduction
• Ju/’hoan and Central Kalahari San Mobility and Land Use Patterns
• Conclusions
• Acknowledgments

Camille Bourdier

Thinking and living the landscape

Rock art and territories among southern Africa’s nomadic hunter-gatherers

• Introduction
• Rock art landscapes as multiple facets of past social landscapes
• Change or remain? Rock art landscapes, social dynamics, and the long-term in the Matobo Hills (Zimbabwe)
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Jimena Torres Elgueta, Philippe Béarez et Manuel San Román

Fishing among the marine nomads of the Strait of Magellan before and during the Occidental contact period

• Introduction
• Changing lifestyles in historical times
• Archipelagic environmental context
• Fishing activity before the first encounters with European sailors: The ichthyo-archaeological evidence
• Fish exploitation in kelp forests and estuarine environments in the last 1,500 years
• Fishing or making the most of natural stranding events?
• Fishing in historical times according to chronicles, ethnography and archaeological data
• Use of mass capture techniques: Fishing nets
• Fishing spears
• Did the canoeros use fishing line or hook?
• The use of stone sinkers for fishing lines
• Pre-contact archaeological evidence of the use of line sinkers
• Passive fishing gears: fishweirs
• Discussion and conclusion
• Funding
• Acknowledgements

Frédéric Laugrand

Inuit hunters, Saami herders, and lessons from the Amadjuak experiment (Baffin Island, Canada)

• Introduction
• Reindeer and Caribou in Amadjuak, Baffin Island
• Following “the lice of the earth” and the question of the owner of the caribou
• Caribou and ijirait
• Conclusion

Michaël Thévenin, Marjan Mashkour, Sarieh Amiri et al.

Over mountain and vale

Documenting pastoral practices in the Gədəbəy and Səmkir districts (South-western Azerbaijan)

• Introduction
• Transhumant pastoralism in Azerbaijan
• The country of Aran
• The Ceyrançöl Massif
• The alluvial zone and the foothills
• Pastoral practices of the breeders of the land of Aran
• The Lesser Caucasus
• Rural and pastoral life in montane and subalpine zones
• The organisation of pastoral life in alpine levels
• Pastoral practices of the breeders of Gədəbəy
• Seasonal pastoral movements
• Summer camps
• Discussion and conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Anne-Marie Brisebarre et Mohamed Mahdi

Evolution of nomadic and transhumant pastoralism in Morocco

• Introduction
• All forms of pastoralism
• Transhumance in the High Atlas
• From semi-nomadism to transhumance in the Middle Atlas Mountains
• Steppe and Saharan nomadism
• Threats to pastoralism and resilience
• Threats to agdal in the Middle Atlas
• Transhumance on the High Atlas’ mountain pastures
• The future of nomadism
• State development projects
• The ANOC’s zootechnical supervisory role
• Conclusion

Part 4. Social life and relationship with the living: within and outside the group

Catherine Baroin

Mathilde Bognon (trad.)

Marriage outside of kinship

Social ties among the Tubu

• Introduction: The singularity of the Tubu among the Saharan people
• The marriage rule and the matrimonial process
• The social repercussions of the matrimonial livestock transfers cycle
• The rights over livestock
• Men’s wealth, women’s wealth
• A network social logic
• Comparison with other Saharan societies and conclusion

Sylvie Beyries

The organization of tasks according to gender in Chuckchi and Koryak societies and possible application of these ethnographic observations to archaeological contexts

• Introduction
• Ethnographic context
• Amgouema
• Atchaivayam
• Technical activities
• Nomadic life
• Herding, hunting, killing, butchering and fishing
• Other Resources
• Symbolic activities, rituals
• The main rituals
• Specific rituals
• Discussion and conclusion
• Acknowledgements

Oscar Fuentes et Geneviève Pinçon

Paul G. Bahn (trad.)

Mobility and nomadic life in the Palaeolithic

Reflections on the relationship between humans during the Middle Magdalenian in the Eastern Vienne (France)

• Introduction
• Images at the heart of the social dimension of Palaeolithic populations? 
• The issues concerning human depiction in the iconography of two very distinct human groups of the Middle Magdalenian
• The expressive human figures of the Middle Magdalenian with Lussac-Angles spearpoints in the eastern Vienne in their archaeological context
• The anonymous human figures of the Middle Magdalenian with shuttles on the banks of the Creuse in their archaeological context
• The realistic figurative and geometric schematism: human depictions for two very distinct cultural groups?
• Identity and Otherness: ways of “perceiving oneself”, of “perceiving the other”
• Is there a rejection or non-diffusion of social norms or cultural practices?
• Conclusion
• Acknowledgments

Marc Bordigoni et Lise Foisneau

The elusive French nomadic Roma

• Introduction
• Nomadic Gypsies
• Saint-Menet: a shared field of study
• Conclusion: do “nomads” always escape?

Part 5. Divinized life and relationship to the dead: myths, rites and beliefs

Julio Bendezu Sarmiento

The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)

An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)

• Introduction
• Chronology: An atypical historical evolution
• Burials and burial space
• Burials of the Bronze Age: Towards the genesis of social hierarchy
• The Late Bronze Age and the “transitional” period: A time of transformations
• The burials of the Early Iron Age: Nomadism and the importance of the horse
• Territory, power and religion
• Conclusion

Virginie Vaté

Vera’s tain’ykvyt and other stories of ritual strings

Constructing and deconstructing religion among Chukchi reindeer herders (northeastern Siberia)

• Preamble
• What is a ritual string?
• A unique object, present in each tent
• Composition of a ritual string
• Human relations with living and dead people
• Human-reindeer relations
• Relation to non-domesticated animals
• Stones
• The social and ritual life of the tain’ykvyt
• Life and fate of three tain’ykvyt
• Vera’s ritual string
• Nadia’s tain’ykvyt
• Tamara’s tain’ykvyt
• Concluding remarks: Constructing and deconstructing religion through materiality
• Acknowledgments

Marie-Françoise Guédon

The daily and shamanic dimensions of the relationship with the subarctic land for the semi-nomadic Athapaskan speaking Nabesna people on the Alaska-Yukon border, as taught by the women, in 1970

• Introduction
• The land
• Moving though the land: a woman’s world
• Dream land: a shamanic world
• To become human
• Conclusions

Serge Bahuchet, Jean-Paul Demoule et Sylvie Mazzella

Conclusion

Nomads and nomadisms, comparative views of an archaeologist, a sociologist and an ethnologist

• The prehistorian’s point of view (J.-P.D.)
• Original nomadism
• Slow nomadism and herding nomadism
• Towards confinement
• The sociologist’s point of view (S.Ma)
• Nomadism: a nomadic notion
• The ethnologist’s point of view (S.B.)
• A few notes from the ethno(eco)logist
• In conclusion (J.-P.D.)

Philippe Soulier

A short biography

A few words about Claudine

Aline Averbouh

Claudine Karlin’s main publications

References