2 For the most solid and sober scholarly comparative account of treatment of German POWs on all fronts, see Rüdiger Overmans, “Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” in Der Zusammenbruch des deutschen Reiches 1945, ed. Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt and Rolf-Dieter Müller, vol. 10/2: Die Folgen des Zweiten Weltkrieges (Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg) (Munich: dva, 2008), 379-508; see also Günter Bischof, Stefan Karner, Barbara Stelzl Marx, with the help of Edith Petschnigg, eds., Kriegsgefangenschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Gefangennahme – Lagerleben – Rückkehr (Vienna: R. Oldenbourg, 2005); for popular German comparative account of POW treatment in East and West, based on personal stories and dwelling on the prisoners’ egregious suffering and victimization, see Paul Carell and Günter Bödekker, Die Gefangenen: Leben und Überleben deutscher Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht (Berlin: Ullstein, 1980), now substantially updated by Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriegs (Berlin: Propylaen, 2000).

3 The death rate among the POWs in Soviet captivity was high, about a third died, see Rüdiger Overmans, “‘In der Hand des Feindes’: Geschichtsschreibung zur Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg,” in In der Hand des Feindes: Kriegsgefangenschaft von der Antike bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg, ed. idem (Cologne: Böhlau, 1999), 1-40 (here 14).

4 These numbers are from contemporary statistics of the Austrian Interior Ministry, see Bundesministerium des Inneren, ed., Das Buch des österreichischen Heimkehrers (Vienna, 1949), and Tamara-Paula Ipavec, Heimkehrerstatistik (Graz, 1997), cited in Harald Knoll and Stefan Karner, “Österreichische Kriegsgefangene in westlichem Gewahrsam und ihre Repatriierung” (unpublished paper).

5 Stefan Karner, Im Archipel GUPVI: Kriegsgefangenschaft und Internierung in der Sowjetunion 1941-1956 (Vienna: R. Oldenbourg, 1995), 201.

6 The trauma of defeat and the return home is covered by Frank Biess, Homecomings: Returning POWs and the Legacies of Defeat in Postwar Germany (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2006).

7 Rüdiger Overmans, “‘Ein untergeordneter Eintrag im Leidensbuch der jüngeren Geschichte?’: Die Rheinwiesenlager 1945,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Eine vergleichende Perspektive, eds. Günter Bischof and Rüdiger Overmans (Ternitz-Potschach: Verlag Gerhard Höller, 1999), 233-65.

8 See the introduction by Bischof, Karner, Stelzl-Marx, in Kriegsgefangenschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg, 9-19; Rüdiger Overmans, “Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen,” 434.

9 See the extensive data bases of unpublished and published ego documents and the collection of copies of Soviet archival POW records in the Boltzmann Institute for the Study of the Consequences of War in Graz, Austria.

10 Lutz Niethammer, “Sind Generationen identisch?,” in Generationalität und Lebensgeschichte im 20. Jahrhundert, Jürgen Reulecke with the help of Elisabeth Müller-Luckner, eds. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2003), 1-16 (here 3).

11 Lucile Dreidemy, Katherina Prager, Elisabeth Röhrlich, Editorial, in Zeitgeschichte 37 (May/June 2010): 152.

12 See the introduction by Christian Klein, “Biographik zwischen Theorie und Praxis: Versuch einer Bestandsaufnahme,” in Grundlagen der Biographik: Theorie und Praxis des biographischen Schreibens, ed. idem (Stuttgart: Verlag J. B. Melzer, 2002), 1-22 (here 12).

13 Hermann Hagspiel, Die Ostmark: Österreich im Großdeutschen Reich (Vienna: Braumüller, 1995); Emmerich Tálos, Ernst Hanisch, Wolfgang Neugebauer, and Reinhard Sieder, eds., NS-Herrschaft in Österreich: Ein Handbuch (Vienna: Verlag für Gesellschaftskritik, 2000).

14 Based on exhaustive statistical research in the surviving personal files of the German armed forces of World War II, Rüdiger Overmans has established this figure, see the Research Note “German and Austrian Losses in World War II,” in Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity, Günter Bischof and Anton Pelinka, eds., (Contemporary Austrian Studies, vol. 5) (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 1997), 293-301.

15 For these number see Overmans, “Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen,” 392.

16 For a careful and sober analysis of the American treatment of German POWs in the Rhine Meadow Camps, see ibid., 415-25. The Canadian amateur historian James Bacque published a controversial book, claiming that as many as a million German POWs died in American captivity in Europe in the weeks after the end of the war. This came as a result of a willful American (and French) policy of not taking care of the German POWs and then covering the high mortality rate up; in other words, their death was planned – the Americans allowed a quasi-mini-holocaust to happen, see Other Losses: An investigation into the mass deaths of German prisoners of war at the hands of the French and Americans after World War II (Toronto: Stoddart, 1989). An international group of World War II historians has rejected Bacque’s charges. They maintain that the Americans were overwhelmed by the millions of German POWs at the end of the war and logistically unprepared to take care of them; moreover, Bacque’s mortality rate, based on faulty reading of documents, was vastly inflated, see Günter Bischof and Stephen E. Ambrose, eds., Eisenhower and the German POWs (Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 1992).

17 For the treatment of German (of course, including the Austrians) POWs in the United States, see Hermann Jung, Die deutschen Kriegsgefangenen in amerikanischer Hand: USA (Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges, vol. 10/1) (Bielefeld: Gieseking, 1972); Arnold Krammer, Nazi Prisoners of War in America (New York: Stein and Day, 1979; Scarborough House Pb 1991); the chapter on World War II in Paul J. Springer, America’s Captives: Treatment of POWs from the Revolutionary War to the War on Terror (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2010), 142-62; for the fine regional studies see Robert D. Billinger, Jr., Hitler’s Soldiers in the Sunshine State (Gainesvile: University Press of Florida, 2000); idem, Nazi POWs in the Tar Heel State (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008); Overmans, “Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen,” in Der Zusammenbruch des deutschen Reiches 1945, vol. 10/2, 413-15, 430-35; for an overview of American treatment of German POWs with a focus on Austrians, see Günter Bischof, “Einige Thesen zu einer Mentalitätgeschichte deutscher Kriegsgefangenschaft in amerikanischer Gewahrsam,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft im Zweiten Weltkrieg, eds. Bischof/Overmans, 175-212, and Robert D. Billinger, Jr., “‘Austrian’ POWs in America, 1942-1945,” in Zeitgeschichte 29, no. 3 (May/June 2002): 123-32.

18 See Bernhard Fetz’s introductory essay in this volume.

19 For a model approach of reconstructing the compelling stories of three parallel lives of ordinary African-Americans who were part of the great exodus of more than a million black people from the South to Northern cities, based on extensive oral histories, see Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage, 2011); the parallel lives of nine Hurricane Katrina survivors is recounted in a similar narrative style by Dan Baum in Nine Lives: Mystery, Magic, Death, and Life in New Orleans (New York: Spiegel & Grau, 2010). The classic biography of parallel lives is Allan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (New York: Vintage, 1993).

20 Karl. B.’s story is based on his personal file from the Moscow Archives as well as letters and photos from the family archives. On top of it his grandson wrote a thesis about his imprisonment with the advice of BIK scholars, see Clemens Matthias Beham, “Der Russlandfeldzug des Zweiten Weltkrieges unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der ‘Schlacht um Stalingrad’sowie die sowjetische Kriegsgefangenschaft meines Großvaters,” MA Thesis, Graz 2012. Here is a case study of a member of the “third” postwar generation researching the family’s wartime history, see Gerhard Botz, “Einleitung: Jenseits der Täter-Opfer-Dichotomie lebensgeschichtlich erforschen und essayistisch beschreiben,” in Schweigen und Reden einer Generation: Erinnerungsgeschichte mit Opfern, Tätern, und Mitläufern des Nationalsozialismus, ed. idem (Vienna: Mandelbaum Verlag, 2005), 9, 15.

21 Beham, “Russlandfeldzug,” 5.

22 Österreichischer Kameradschaftsbund, ed., Kamerad in Feldgrau: Denkmal der Treue; Mahnung für alle (Wels: Verlag Rudolf Traunau, n. D. [1955]), 162.

23 Beham, “Russlandfeldzug,” 5-7.

24 The massive Eastern front is where the bulk of Ostmärkers fought and died and fell into captivity during World War II, see Germann, “Austrian Soldiers,” 34-38; see also Bertrand Michael Baumann, Österreicher in der Deutschen Wehrmacht: Soldatenalltag im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Vienna: Böhlau, 2009).

25 Karl B., “Erinnerungen an Stalingrad,” unpublished manuscript, Wels 1954 [no page numbers].

26 On July 6, 1942, the 100th Infantry Division was renamed the 100th Jäger Division, see Georg Tessin, Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939-1945, vol. 6: Die Landstreitkräfte (Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag, 1972), 161-63; Hans Neidhardt, Mit Tanne und Eichenlaub: Kriegschronik der 100. Jäger-Division vormals 100. leichte Infanteriedivision (Graz: Leopold Stocker Verlag, 1981).

27 On Stalingrad as a turning point in World War II, see Guido Knopp, Stalingrad: Das Drama (Munich: Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag, 2006); Wolfram Wette and Gerd R. Ueberschär, eds., Stalingrad: Mythos und Wirklichkeit einer Schlacht (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Verlag, 1992); Horst Boog, Werner Rahn, Reinhard Stumpf, and Bernd Wegner, Der globale Krieg. Die Ausweitung zum Weltkrieg und der Wechsel der Initiative 1941 – 1943 (Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, vol. 6) (Stuttgart: dva, 1990); David M. Glantz and Jonathan M. House, Armageddon in Stalingrad: September-November 1942. The Stalingrad Trilogy, vol. 2 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009); Anthony Beevor, Stalingrad (New York: Viking Press 1999).

28 Beham, “Russlandfeldzug,” 19.

29 Boog et al., Der globale Krieg, 1057.

30 Paul Carell, Stalingrad: Sieg und Untergang der 6. Armee (Berlin: Ullstein, 1992) 210.

31 The information on Herman S. is based on a correspondence Günter Bischof carried on with him in the early 1990s; the information on the 1004 days he spent in Allied captivity (1943-1946) is recovered from a very detailed diary he wrote on pieces of paper in old German script while in captivity, copies of parts of which he shared with Bischof. He kept diary notes, which he managed to salvage and bring back home in spite of regular frisking and inspections while transferred from camp to camp. After his return home in February 1946, he typed up these notes and loose jottings, along with the letters he had sent to his mother that had arrived in Vienna, into a 134-page manuscript, see personal letter Herman S. to Bischof, 15 Apr. 1991, and diary entry January 4, 1944. The diary thus represents a contemporary document with a high degree of authenticity. The detailed diary entries are at times pages long. He was a sharp observer of the world around him and also recorded the intense emotional world of a prolonged and seemingly interminable existence behind barbed wire in considerable detail. Of the letters he had received from home and collected (107 from his mother), he was allowed to take back home only 10 when he left Camp Crossville, see diary entry, October 11, 1945.

32 About the smooth integration of the Austrian Army into the German Wehrmacht, see Richard Germann, “Austrian Soldiers in World War II,” in New Perspectives on Austrians in World War II, eds. Günter Bischof, Fritz Plasser, and Barbara Stelzl-Marx (Contemporary Austrian Studies, vol. 17) (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2009), 29-44 (here 29-31); this article is based on idem, “Österreichische Soldaten in Ost-und Südosteuropa 1941-1945: Deutsche Krieger – Nationalsozialistische Verbrecher – Österreichische Opfer?,” PhD diss., University of Vienna 2006.

33 Personal letter Herman S. to Bischof, August 5, 1991.

34 Ernst H. has left traces in the Soviet archives in a personal file as well as a file of his criminal trial due to his conviction as a “war criminal” in 1949, see personal file Ernst H.; d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA (Russian State Military Archives); criminal trial file Ernst H, d. 712, op. 1,. F. 1363, NARB (National Archives of Belorussian Republic).

35 Josef B.’s wartime experience is based on informal interviews conducted by his son Gűnter Bischof. These talks were never recorded, which obviously presents pitfalls for the historian. Josef B. also sketched out his World War II experience in a short written statement that provided a basic chronology, which is in the possession of Gűnter Bischof. Between my knowledge as a historian of World War II and Josef B.’s narrations, these conversations with snippets of information accumulated over the years into a coherent narrative. At one point in the mid-1990s, I took my colleague and mentor Stephen Ambrose to meet Josef B. at his home in Mellau; I translated a long conversation between the two of them, which also left a trace in Ambrose’s book Citizen Soldiers (1996).

36 Austrian mountain divisions had their baptism under fire in the Narvik campaign in the spring of 1940 in Norway and established a reputation as tough and committed Wehrmacht forces, demolishing the image of being lackadaisical soldiers (Kamerad Schnürschuh). “Alpine soldiering” became celebrated in the Wehrmacht, see Thomas R. Grischany, “Mental Aspects of Austrian Wehrmacht Service,” in: New Perspectives, eds. Bischof/Plasser/Stelzl-Marx, 45-65 (here 40); this essay is based on idem “The Austrian in the German Wehrmacht, 1938-1945,” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2007.

37 Omer Bartov, Hitler Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).

38 Overmans, “Das Schicksal der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen,” 415-25.

39 Harald Knoll, “Späte Heimkehr: Als Kriegsverbrecher verurteilte österreichische Kriegsgefangene in der Sowjetunion 1944 bis 1953,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft des Zweiten Weltkrieges, eds. Bischof/Karner/Stelzl-Marx, 167 – 83 (here 167 – 72); on the convictions of Austrian civilians by Soviet courts, see Stefan Karner and Barbara Stelzl-Marx et al, eds., Stalins letzte Opfer: Verschleppte und erschossene Österreicher in Moskau 1950 – 1953 (Vienna: Oldenbourg – Böhlau, 2009); Harald Knoll and Barbara Stelzl-Marx, “Sowjetische Strafjustiz in Österreich: Verhaftungen und Verurteilungen 1945 – 1955,” in Die Rote Armee in Österreich: Sowjetische Besatzung 1945 – 1955; Beiträge, eds. Stefan Karner and Barbara Stelzl-Marx (Graz: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2005), 275 – 322.

40 Barbara Stelzl-Marx, “Ein ganz normaler Kriegsverbrecher? Der Prozess gegen den ehemaligen Lagerkassier des Stalag XVII B Krems-Gneixendorf,” in Österreicher und Sudetendeutsche vor sowjetischen Militär-und Strafgerichten in Weißrussland 1945 – 1950, eds. Stefan Karner and Vjačeslav Selemenev (Graz: Selbstverlag des Vereins zur Förderung der Forschung von Folgen nach Konflikten und Kriegen, 2007), 368 – 406.

41 GUPVI stands for “Main Administration for Prisoner and Internee Affairs,” see Karner, Archipel GUPVI, 38.

42 On the Stalingrad camp system, see Andreas Hilger, Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in der Sowjetunion 1941 – 1956: Kriegsgefangenenpolitik, Lageralltag und Erinnerung (Essen: Klartext Verlag, 2000), 141 – 47.

43 Personal File Karl B., d. 884576, F. 460, RGVA, p. 34.

44 Ibid., 6.

45 Quoted in Rüdiger Overmans with Ulrike Goeken-Haidl, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriegs (Berlin: Propyläen Verlag, 2000), 136.

46 Beham, “Russlandfeldzug,” 34.

47 Personal File Karl B., pp. 1-6, d. 884576, F. 460, RGVA.

48 Cited in Beham, “Russlandfeldzug,” 41.

49 For similar letters indicating the antifascist mindset, see Wolfram Dornik, Michael Hess, and Harald Knoll, Burgenländische Kriegsgefangene und Zivilverurteilte in der Sowjetunion 1941 – 1956 (Eisenstadt: Burgenländisches Landesarchiv, 2007), 83.

50 Jörg Morré,“Umerziehung in der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenschaft: Deutsche und Österreicher in der ‘ Antifa’,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft des Zweiten Weltkrieges, eds. Bischof/Karner/Stelzl-Marx, 152 – 66 (here 152).

51 Albrecht Lehmann, Gefangenschaft und Heimkehr: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in der Sowjetunion (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1986), 50.

52 Personal file Karl B., p. 7, d. 884576, F. 460, RGVA.

53 Ibid.

54 Morré, “Umerziehung in der sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenschaft,” 152; for a report on the Antifa Academy in Talizy (“the university in the swamp and jungle”), see Otto Engelberg, “Die Antifa-Schuyle Talizy: Schule des ‘zwiedenkens’,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft, eds. Wolfgang Benz and Angelika Schardt (Biographische Quellen zur deutschen Geschichte nach 1945, vol. 10) (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1991), 65-84 (citation 67).

55 Personal File Karl B., p. 9, d. 884576, F. 460, RGVA.

56 Collective Diary entry July 26 – August 22, November 11, 1943, 29-30, 57

57 Letter to his mother, July 4, 1943 (arrived in Vienna on August 28, 1943), Diary, 21.

58 Mean Jewish camp cards seem to be a topos in the observation and memory of German POWs. There is also the topos of particularly helpful Jewish doctors in the camps. The fact is that there were few Jewish POW camps guards. Jewish exiles in the United States who joined the Army were usually trained to be utilized for POW interrogations like the wellknown “Ritchie Boys” at Camp Ritchie (Hermann Freudenberger, a historian who taught for many years at Tulane University, is an example). The British used German Jewish exiles in labor units and special commandoes. We are grateful to Rűdiger Overmans for pointing out this information.

59 Hitler personally did not approve any such prisoner exchanges until later in the war, see Neville Wylie, Barbed Wire Diplomacy: Britain, Germany, and the Politics of Prisoners of War, 1939 – 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).

60 Diary entries June/July 1943, 5-20; most of Herman S. observations are confirmed by the North African diary entries of Kurt Glaser, “Kriegsgefangener auf drei Kontinenten,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft, eds. Benz/Schardt; 131-43; see also Bischof, “Thesen zu einer Mentalitätsgeschichte,” 178-83.

61 The letter was sent on November 6, 1943, and arrived in Vienna on March 19, 1944, Diary entries, November 4, 1943, 54-56.

62 Letter to his mother, November 19, 1943, 59-60.

63 Letter to his mother, December 10, 1943 (arrived in Vienna on February 22, 1944), 67.

64 “Empress of Japan” entries, December 26, 1943, to January 2, 1944, 73-74.

65 This section begins with the heading: “AMERIKA!,” see diary entry, January 3, 1944, 75.

66 Grischany, “Mental Aspects,” in New Perspectives, eds. Bischof/Plasser/Stelzl-Marx, 54.

67 Diary entries January 3-4,, 1944, 76-77.

68 Diary entries 1944/1945, 78-111 (letter to Schöppel, 80; letter to his mother, November 11, 1945, 95). Andrew Frank Schoeppel, a Republican, was indeed the 29th governor of Kansas from 1943 to 1947.

69 Diary entries, November 27 to December 1, 1945, 111.

70 Personal File Ernst H., pp. 2-3, d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA.

71 Stalag XVII B Krems-Gneixendorf later became famous as a result of Billy Wilder’s Hollywood classic movie “Stalag 17,” Barbara Stelzl-Marx, Zwischen Fiktion und Zeitzeugenschaft: Amerikanische und sowjetische Kriegsgefangene im Stalag XVII B Krems-Gneixendorf (Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag, 2000).

72 Concerning the work details among POWs in Soviet captivity, see Karner, Im Archipel GUPVI, 136-69.

73 Personal File Ernst H., pp. 2, 9, d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA.

74 Manfred Zeidler, “Der Minsker Kriegsverbrecherprozeß vom Januar 1946: Kritische Anmerkungen zu einem sowjetischen Schauprozeß gegen deutsche Kriegsgefangene,” in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 52, no. 2 (April 2004): 211 – 244; Arkadij Krupennikov, “Gerichtsverfahren gegen Kriegsverbrechen Ende der vierziger und Anfang der fünfziger Jahre,” in Die Tragödie der Gefangenschaft in Deutschland und in der Sowjetunion 1941 – 1956, eds. Klaus-Dieter Müller, Konstantin Nikischkin, and Günther Wagenlehner (Cologne: Böhlau Verlag, 1998), 197 – 214 (here: 197-98).

75 Karner, Im Archipel GUPVI, 170 – 79; Knoll, Späte Heimkehr, 175.

76 Criminal trial file Ernst H, pp. 13-15, d. 712, op. 1,. F. 1363, NARB.

77 Ibid., 15

78 Ibid., 9; Personal File Ernst H., p. 15, d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA.

79 Andreas Hilger, Nikita Petrov, and Günther Wagenlehner, “Der ‚‘Ukaz 43’: Entstehung und Problematik des Dekrets des Präsidiums des Obersten Sowjets vom 19. April 1943,” in: Sowjetische Militärtribunale. Vol. 1:. Die Verurteilung deutscher Kriegsgefangener 1941 – 1953, eds. Andreas Hilger, Ute Schmidt, Günter Wagenlehner (Cologne: Böhlau, 2001), 177 – 210.

80 Personal File Ernst H., p. 15, d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA.

81 Ibid.; Criminal trial file Ernst H, 37, d. 712, op. 1,. F. 1363, NARB.

82 Cover of personal file, d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA; on the special camps for convicted POWs, see Andreas Hilger, “Die sowjetischen Straflager für verurteilte deutsche Kriegsgefangene: Wege in eine terra incognita der Kriegsgefangenengeschichte,” in: Sowjetische Militärtribunale, eds. Hilger/Schmidt/Wagenlehner, vol 1, 93 – 142 (here 104, 125).

83 Personal File Ernst H., pp. 16-17, d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA.

84 Ibid., 13.

85 Ibid., 18.

86 Heimkehrerlisten, Section 14, Austrian Ministry of the Interior, see Knoll/Stelzl-Marx, “Sowjetische Strafjustiz in Österreich,” 315-16.

87 Cover, Personal File Ernst H., d. 1869492, F. 460/p, RGVA.

88 Günter Bischof and Stephen E. Ambrose, Facts against Falsehood: Eisenhower and the German P. O. W.’s. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1992).

89 Research report by Daniel A. Jepson, “Historical and Archaeological Perspectives on the World War II Prisoner of War Camp at Fort Carson, Colorado,” Centennial Archaeology, Inc., 1990.

90 Matthias Reiß, “Die Schwarzen waren unsere Freunde”: Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in der amerikanischen Gesellschaft 1942-1946 (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh 2002).

91 Beham, “Der Russlandfeldzug,” 35; Heimkehrerlisten, Abteilung 14, Austrian Interior Ministry.

92 Harald Knoll, “Kriegsgefangenschaft und Heimkehr,” in “Österreich ist frei!” Der Österreichische Staatsvertrag 1955: Beitragsband zur Ausstellung auf Schloss Schallaburg 2005, eds. Stefan Karner and Gottfried Stangler et al. (Horn: Verlag Berger, 2005), 133-36 (here 134).

93 Beham, “Der Russlandfeldzug,” 35-36.

94 Attichy diary entries December 3, 1944, to January 4, 1946, 113-21 (Dante citation, 113).

95 Stenay diary entries, January 4 to 27, 1946, 122-29.

96 Haid-Ansfelden diary entries, January 31 to February 7, 1946, 131-34 (quotation 133).

97 Information gathered from Herman S. letters and book flyers he sent me. I am also grateful to Erwin Schmidl for filling me in on his former colleague Herman S.

98 See the Viennese POW in the Heilbronn Camp Dr. Otto Stur’s personal report to Bischof, February 23, 1990; for a composite picture of German POWs, see Paul Brägelmann, ed., Auf den Rheinwiesen 1945: 101 Tage Kriegsgefangenschaft (Cloppenburg: Verlag Günter Runge, 1991); see also Carrell/Böddeker, Die Gefangenen, 147-59.

99 Carrell/Böddeker, Die Gefangenen, 160-70; See also Helmut Hörner’s diary published in English translation A German Odyssey: The Journal of a German Prisoner of War (Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing, 1991), and Hans Jonitz, “In amerikanischer und französischer Gefangenschaft,” in Kriegsgefangenschaft, eds. Benz/Schardt, 85-130.

100 Springer, America’s Captives, 151-61; Ron Robin, Barbed-Wire College: Reeducating German POWs in the United States during World War II (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); Arthur L. Smith, Jr., The War for the German Mind: Re-educating Hitler’s Soldiers (Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1996).

101 See the Editorial by Günter Bischof, and the essays by Rafael A. Zagovec, Robert D. Billinger, Jr., and Rüdiger Overmans in: Zeitgeschichte 29 (May/June 2002): 109-47.

102 Grischany, “Mental Aspects,” 57.

103 Sönke Neitzel and Harald Welzer, Soldaten: Protokolle vom Kämpfen, Töten und Sterben (Frankfurt/M.: S. Fischer, 2011); Felix Römer, “Alfred Andersch abgehört: Kriegsgefangene ‚ Anti-Nazis ‘ im amerikanischen Vernehmungslager Fort Hunt,” in: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 58, no. 4 (2010): 563-98.

104 Biess, Homecomings; Svenja Goltermann, Die Gesellschaft der Überlebenden: Deutsche Kriegsheimkehrer und ihre Gewalterfahrung im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich: dva/Pantheon, 2011).