1 The European Council brings together the Heads of State or Government (Art. 4 TEU).

2 The advisory institutions are the Economic and Social Committee and the Council of Regions. See Art. 257 to 265 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009.

3 The Bundesversammlung is, in accordance with the Austrian Federal Constitution, the joint assembly of the two legislative bodies, the Nationalrat and Bundesrat. See Art. 38 of the Austrian Federal Constitution.

4 See Heinrich Neisser, “Wahlen zum Europäischen Parlament,” in 10 Jahre EU-Mitgliedschaft Österreichs: Bilanz und Ausblick, ed. Waldemar Hummer and Walter Obwexer (Vienna: Springer, 2006), 97-108.

5 Michael Huelshoff, “The European Council and EU Summitry: A Comparative Analysis of the Austrian and German Presidencies,” in Austria and the European Union, vol. 10, Contemporary Austrian Studies, ed. Günter Bischof et al. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), 106.

6 The Nationalrat comprises 183 seats. After the 1999 election, the seats have been distributed as follows: sixty-five to the SPÖ, fifty-two to the ÖVP, fifty-two to the FPÖ, and fourteen to the Greens.

7 Waldemar Hummer and Anton Pelinka, Österreich unter “EU-Quarantäne”: Die “Maßnahmen der 14” gegen die österreichische Bundesregierung aus politikwissenschaftlicher und juristischer Sicht, Chronologie, Kommentar, Dokumentation (Vienna: Linde Verlag, 2002).

8 For text on promoting solidarity among member states, see Art 2. of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009; for text on enhancing mutual political solidarity, see Title V: Provisions on a Common Foreign and Security Policy, Art 11 (2) of the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009

9 Hummer and Pelinka, “EU-Quarantäne,” 254.

10 Michael Gehler, “‘ Preventive Hammer Blow’ or Boomerang?”, in Austria in the European Union, vol. 10, Contemporary Austrian Studies, ed. Günter Bischof et al. (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2002), 180-222.

11 Art. 6 (1) of the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union stipulates: “The Union is founded on the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law, principles which are common to the Member States,” Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009.

12 Art.1 (F) of Part One—Substantive Agreements of the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 18 February 2009.

13 Art. 7 (2) in ibid.

14 Resolution on the European Council in Corfu, Official Journal C 205 (25 July 1994): 154.

15 See Art. 202 of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eurlex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009.

16 Art. 4 of the Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty on European Union, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009.

17 Martin Westlake and David Galloway, The Council of the European Union, 3rd ed. (London: John Harper, 2004), 223.

18 Ibid., 55.

19 Ibid., 334.

20 Another summit had been held with Japan during the Austrian Presidency. Austria worked for a more intensive dialogue with Japan based on the 2001 EU-Japan Action Plan.

21 Art. 154 (1) of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, Consolidated Version 1997, Official Journal C 340 (10 November 1997), EUR-Lex, http://eurlex.europa.eu/en/treaties/index.htm, accessed 26 February 2009.

22 Peter van Ham, European Integration and the Postmodern Condition: Governance, Democracy, Identity (London: Routledge, 2001), 43.

23 The West Balkan states are Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Kosovo, Albania, and Macedonia.

24 See Chris Rumford, The European Union: A Political Sociology (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002), 241.