Appendices
p. 277-288
Texte intégral
Appendix 1. Members of the College of experts
Name | Discipline | Institution | Country |
Nicholas Arndt | Geochimistry, economic exploitation of the resource | Grenoble Alpes University | France Canada South Africa |
Tamatoa Bambridge | Legal anthropology, pluralism, marine/land tenure | CNRS, USR Criobe, Moorea | French Polynesia |
Patrice Christmann | Geologie, strategy of mineral resources | BRGM, strategy Department, Orléans | Metropolitan France |
Pierre Cochonat | Marine geosciences, deep-sea explorations, mineral and énergy resources | formerly of Ifremer, Paris | Metropolitan France |
Carine David | Public law, environmental law, legal pluralism | New Caledonia University, Nouméa | New Caledonia |
Christian Jost | Geographie of the environment, risks, impacts | French Polynesia University, Papeete | French Polynesia |
Vincent Geronimi | Development economics raw materials | Université de Versailles St-Quentin | Metropolitan France |
Pierre-Yves Le Meur | Political anthropology, governance of resources and environment | IRD, UMR Gred, Nouméa | New Caledonia |
Sarah Samadi | Biology, evolution, fauna of sea-monts | Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Paris | Metropolitan France |
Antonino Troianiello | Public law, economic law, raw material reglementation | French Polynesia University, Papeete | French Polynesia |
Appendix 2. Description of the Monitoring Comittee
1The goal of the Monitoring Committee of the expert group review is to regularly monitor the progress of the work by the college of experts, to inform it on any potential comments based on the report from the president of the college and the session documents prepared by the IRD Service of innovation, expertise and valorization, and, lastly, to prepare the proper appropriation of the conclusions and recommendations submitted by the college of experts.
2Set up by the sponsors, the Monitoring Committee met four times:
- on 22 January 2015 after the first meeting of the college of experts held at the Representation of IRD, at Arue, Tahiti;
- on 7 July 2015, in videoconference after the second meeting of the college held in Paris;
- on 18 September 2015 after the third meeting held at the representation of IRD at Arue, Tahiti;
- lastly, on 23 November 2015, in videoconference, after IRD provided the preliminary report to the sponsors.
Appendix 3. Order of the Expert group review
Appendix 4. List of initial questions
3This list of initial questions below, validated by the sponsors, is the result of a preparatory work conducted during the Initial Workshop that was held on 3 and 4 July 2014, at Papeete.
Wording of the question |
Axis I La ressource et ses dimensions économiques |
I.1 What do we know about potential geological resources of French Polynesia? For what proportion of the French Polynesia EEZ do we have sufficient knowledge on resources (inferred, indicated, measured)? On the basis of current knowledge, where are located the mineral resources that could be mined over a 15 20-year timeframe? How accurately? |
I.2 What additional potential would bring an extension of the EEZ? |
I.3 What is the in situ economic potential of deep-sea mineral resources in FP? (possibilities hierarchy) |
I.4 What are the plausible economic opportunities in the ore mining sector in FP, comparing to the global market? |
I.5 What information or lessons can be learnt from existing advanced exploration projects (Solwara 1 in PNG, Atlantis 2 in mer Rouge)? |
Axis II Governance capacity: rules, responsabilities, state and non-state stakeholders |
II.1 Owing to the relative and swiftly evolving nature of the “strategic” interest of mineral resources, how to organize a clear and shared distribution of the competences between FP and France about exploration and mining mineral resources in PF? |
II.2 What is the hierarchy of norms in case of mining deep-sea resources? |
II.3 What are the legal constraints regarding the environmental law (local, national and international)? |
II.4 What are the dynamics for sustainable resources mining (redrafting of the French mining Code, possible revision of the Polynesian mining Code)? |
II.5 What are the changes of the applicable law (national, local, international) about authorisations of mineral resources exploration and mining? (with a particular attention to the deep sea)? |
II.6 What evolutions need to be considered for a reference tax framework (predictable, incentive, flexible)? |
II.7 What is the arena of stakeholders implicated or to implicate, when defining challenges? |
II.8 Issues of marine systems and mining conflicts (arbitrage of potentials) |
Axis III Technological challenges for exploration and mining |
III.1 What technologies are available today for exploration and extraction of deep-sea mineral resources in FP? |
III.2 What are the current and coming trends of technological evolutions in deep-sea exploration/mining (current R&D programs, industrial investments, orders of magnitude per country…)? |
III.3 What information or lessons can be learnt from the most advanced exploration-mining projects (ex. Solwara 1)? |
III.4 What are the best new technological and innovative opportunities, appropriate for FP? |
Axis IV Environnemental challenges for exploration and mining, and impact mitigation |
IV.1 What are the ecological vulnerability factors identified for resource mining? |
IV.2 What are the environmental impacts associated with exploration and mining deep-sea resources? What kind of impact studies are to recommend? |
IV.3 What measures should be taken in terms of preservation and mitigation of ecological functional mechanisms for fauna and flora of the deep sea? |
Appendix 5. List of the integral contributions (in the USB drive)
4The college of experts reworked the initial questions during the successive plenary meetings. They made moderate changes, improved the coherence of the list, sharpened the wording to work out a consolidated and comprehensive outline. These modifications have been presented to the Monitoring Committee and validated. Each question led to the drafting of a contribution, by one or more experts, referenced as a scientific article. The totality of these contributions is presented in digital version on the USB drive attached to this book.
Title of the contribution | Experts |
I-00 Glossaire | The expert group |
I-0 Introduction: characteristics and phases of a mining project | P. Christmann, N. Arndt, P. Cochonat, V. Geronimi, P.-Y. Le Meur |
Axis I Knowledge, social representations and resource economics | Coordination: V. GERONIMI |
I-1 Polynesian social representations, cultural practices, social use of the resource and of its environment | T. Bambridge, P.-Y. Le Meur, C. Jost |
I-2 What do we know about potential deep-sea geological resources of French Polynesia? | N. Arndt, P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, V. Geronimi |
I-3 Economic opportunities | P. Christmann, N. Arndt, P. Cochonat, V. Geronimi |
I-4 What additional potential would derive from an extension of the legal continental shelf? | P. Cochonat |
I-5 Economic scenarios dealing with polymetallic crusts | V. Geronimi, P. Christmann, P.-Y. Le Meur |
I-6 Rent distribution and spread: sustainability challenges | V. Geronimi, P.-Y. Le Meur |
Axis II Governance capacities: rules, responsabilities, stakeholders (state and non-state) | Coordination: C. David |
II-1 Division of legal competence between French government and French Polynesia, with regard to deep-sea mineral resources. | A. Troianiello, C. David |
II-2 Legal constraints and reference frameworks | C. David, A. Troianiello |
II-3 Possible developments of French and Polynesian law regarding deep-sea authorisation and mining | A. Troianiello, C. David |
II-4 Organisation of stakeholder participation | P.-Y. Le Meur, T. Bambridge, C. David |
II-5 Actors and governance: challenges, positions, interests, expectations | T. Bambridge, P.-Y. Le Meur |
II-6 Existing or required administrative and governance systems | T. Bambridge, C. David, P.-Y. Le Meur |
Axis III Technological challenges for exploration and mining | Coordination: P. Cochonat |
III-1 What technologies are available today for exploration and extraction; are they appropriate for the deep-sea resources of French Polynesia? | P. Cochonat, S. Samadi, N. Arndt |
III-2 Who are the stakeholders, their respective roles; what are the means available for deep-sea resource exploration? | P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, S. Samadi |
III-3. What are the projected exploration trends for deep-sea resources? | P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, S. Samadi, N. Arndt |
III-4. What are the current trends of technological developments? Can they be adapted for French Polynesia? | P. Cochonat, P. Christmann, S. Samadi, N. Arndt, V. Geronimi |
III-5. Infrastructures and human skills to support a deep-sea mining industry | T. Bambridge, P Cochonat |
Axis IV Environnemental challenges for exploration and mining | Coordination: S. Samadi |
IV-1 Ecosystems and relevant environments: state of knowledge | S. Samadi, C. Jost |
IV-2 Vulnerabilities and ecological resilience (ecological impacts) | S. Samadi, C. Jost |
IV-3 Interaction between deep-sea exploration/mining and other activities (fishing, tourism, environment, transport) | T. Bambridge, C. Jost |
IV-4 Socio-environmental recommendations | T. Bambridge, S. Samadi, P.-Y. Le Meur, C. Jost |
Axis V Cross-cutting issues | Coordination: N. Arndt |
V-1 What information or lessons can be learnt from existing exploration projects, worldwide? | N. Arndt, S. Samadi, P. Christmann |
Appendix 6. Acknowledgements
5François Bozzi, head of the strategy and evaluation, Secretariat General, High Commission of the French Republic in French Polynesia
6Éric Clua, in charge of Research and Technology, High Commission of the French Republic in French Polynesia
7Ian Corbett, geologist – mineral resources, Knoco South Africa
8Benjamin De Castro, student in earth sciences, Grenoble Alpes University
9Étienne de la Fouchardière, Deputy Head of the agricultural, rural and maritime policies Office, and Marie-Pierre Campo, public policies at sea, French Ministry of Overseas territories, Directorate General for Overseas territories, Public policy Branch
10Yves Fouquet, geochemist – mineral resources, Ifremer
11Priscille Tea Frogier, ex-Delegate for Research, French Polynesia
12Rémi Galin, mining geology, Head of the management and legislation of non-energy mineral resources Office, French Ministry of environment, sustainable development and energy
13Elisabeth Habert, Head of the cartography Service, IRD
14James R. Hein, geologist – mineral resources, U.S. Geological Survey
15Elie Jarmache, jurist – law of the sea, Secretariat General for the Sea / International Seabed Authority
16Monique Leguen, Geology Department Manager, Resources and Reserves, Eramet Nickel Division
17Jean-Yves Meyer, in charge of Research, French Polynesia
18Walter Roest, geophysicist, Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf / United Nations / Ifremer
19Voltina Roomataaroa-Dauphin, Head of the Translation and Interpretation Service, French Polynesia
20Marc Taquet, Representative, and the whole team at the Representation of IRD in French Polynesia
21Francis Vallat and his team, President of the Deep-sea Synergy Group, French Maritime Cluster and President of the European Network of Maritime Clusters
22Danie Van Aswegen and Jan NEL, geology – mineral resources, De Beers Marine
23Elisabeth Vergès, scientific director and Bernard Commère, French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research, Directorate General for Research and Innovation
24Éric Zabouraeff, Deputy Secretary General of the High Commission of the French Republic in French Polynesia
Appendix 7. Abbreviations
25AETR: Average effective tax rate
26BRGM: The French geological survey (Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières)
27CIMER: Interministerial Committee for the Sea (Comité interministériel de la mer)
28CLCS: Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
29CNRS: French Center for Scientific Research
30EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zone
31EIG: Economic Interest Grouping
32EIP: European Innovation Partnership for Raw Materials
33FCPE: Facilities classified for environmental protection
34IMF: International Monetary Fund
35IRR: Internal Rate of Return
36ISA: International Seabed Authority
37FOF: French Oceanographic Fleet
38GIS: Geographic information System
39IFREMER: French Research Institute for Exploitation of the sea
40IMMS: International Marine Minerals Society
41INSPIRE: Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community
42IRD: French Research Organisation (Institut de recherche pour le développement)
43MEDDE: French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy
44MENESR: French Ministry of National Education, Higher Education and Research
45NGO: Non-Governmental Organisation
46NPV: Net Present Value
47PFIC: Prior, free and informed consent
48PIG: Public Interest Grouping
49SER: Social and Environmental Responsibilities
50SIE: Small islands economies
51SLO: Social licence to operate
52SOPAC: SPC Geosciences Division
53SPC: Secretariat of the Pacific community
54TGIR: Very large research infrastructure (Très grandes infrastructures de recherche)
55UN: United Nations
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